지다

Korean

Pronunciation

• (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA^(key):
• Phonetic hangul:

Etymology 1

First attested in the Jīlín lèishì (鷄林類事 / 계림유사), 1103, as Late Old Korean 耻 (Yale: *ti-).

In the Hangul script, first attested in the Worin seokbo (月印釋譜 / 월인석보), 1459, as Middle Korean 디다 (Yale: ti-ta). Original meaning: "to fall; to drop".

Verb

지다 • (jida) (infinitive 져 or 지어, sequential 지니) (intransitive)

1. (auxiliary, after the 어/아 infinitive) to become, to get: turns adjectives into processive verbs; expresses change in state.

   ‎새롭다 (saeropda, “to be new”) + ‎지다 (jida) → ‎새로워지다 (saerowojida, “to become new”)

   ‎용감하다 (yonggamhada, “to be brave”) + ‎지다 (jida) → ‎용감해지다 (yonggamhaejida, “to become brave”)

2. (auxiliary, after the 어/아 infinitive) forms intransitive or passive verbs from processive verbs; see usage notes.

   ‎지나가다 (jinagada, “to pass, go through”) + ‎지다 (jida) → ‎지나가지다 (jinagajida, “to be possible to pass, go through”)

   ‎막다 (makda, “to block”) + ‎지다 (jida) → ‎막아지다 (magajida, “to be blocked”)

   ‎주다 (juda, “to give”) + ‎지다 (jida) → ‎주어지다 (jueojida, “to be given”)

3. (auxiliary, after the 어/아 infinitive, unproductive) suffix which formed intransitive passive constructions; usually the constructions have deviated from the original modern meaning of the verbs.

   Coordinate term: 뜨리다 (-tteurida)

   ‎부수다 (busuda, “to break”) + ‎지다 (jida) → ‎부서지다 (buseojida, “to be shattered”)

   ‎떨다 (tteolda, “to tremble”) + ‎지다 (jida) → ‎떨어지다 (tteoreojida, “to fall”)

4. (of the sun) to sink; to set; to go down

   Antonym: 뜨다 (tteuda)

5. (of flowers, also figurative) to wither and fall; to scatter; to be scattered

   Antonym: 피다 (pida)

   • 2003, “하망연 [hamang'yeon]”, in 대장금 OST:

     바람에 지는 아련한 사랑

     baram-e jineun aryeonhan sarang

     a vague love which disappears with the wind

6. to come out (with a wash); to be removed; to be washed off
7. (obsolete, original meaning) to fall

Usage notes

• For the second auxiliary sense, the meaning of the suffix differs if the verb is intransitive, intransitive passive, or transitive.
  • For intransitive verbs, the suffix usually adds the meaning of potentiality, which, usually, goes over the speaker's expectations of the action happening.
  • For intransitive passive verbs, the suffix doesn't add any special meaning. This is usually done when the base transitive verb cannot take 어지다 (-eojida): 읽다 (ikda) -> 읽혀지다 (ilkyeojida), but *읽어지다 (*ilgeojida) is not correct. However, do note that this use of 어지다 (-eojida) is seen to be incorrect by the National Institute of Korean Language.
  • For transitive and ditransitive verbs, the suffix forms an intransitive verb with passive meaning. In such case, not every verb can have 어지다 (-eojida) added to it; see above.

Derived terms

Suffix

—지다 • (-jida)

1. Attached to nominal or verbal roots to form adjectives carrying the meaning of “with the characteristics of...”.

Conjugation

Etymology 2

First attested in the Worin seokbo (月印釋譜 / 월인석보), 1459, as Middle Korean 지다 (Yale: ci-ta).

Verb

지다 • (jida) (infinitive 져 or 지어, sequential 지니) (transitive)

1. to carry on one's back; to bear

   등에 짐을 지다. ― Deung-e jim-eul jida. ― to carry a load on one's back

2. (figurative) to undertake; to be charged with (the duty of); to assume (the responsibility of)
3. (figurative) to fall into (debt); to incur (a debt)

   10억원의 빚을 지다. ― Sibeogwon-ui bij-eul jida. ― to owe 1 billion won

Conjugation

Derived terms

Etymology 3

First attested in the Bullyu dugongbu si eonhae (分類杜工部詩諺解 / 분류두공부시언해), 1481, as Middle Korean 디다 (Yale: ti-ta).

Also attested in the Beonyeok Bak Tongsa (飜譯朴通事 / 번역박통사), before 1517, as Middle Korean 지다 (Yale: ci-ta).

Verb

지다 • (jida) (infinitive 져 or 지어, sequential 지니) (transitive or intransitive)

1. to be defeated; to lose; to be beaten

   Synonyms: 패(敗)하다 (paehada), 패배(敗北)하다 (paebaehada)

   Antonym: 이기다 (igida)

   게임에서 지다 ― geim-eseo jida ― to lose a game

   경기에서 지다 ― gyeonggi-eseo jida ― to lose a match

   싸움을 지다 ― ssaum-eul jida ― to lose a battle

2. to surrender (to); to bow (to)
3. to be inferior (to); to be second (to)

Conjugation

Derived terms

• 뒤지다 (dwijida)

Middle Korean

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /tsita/

Verb

지다 (cita)

1. (auxiliary) to want, to desire
   • 14th century?, “鄭石歌 (Jeongseok-ga)”, in 樂章歌詞 (Akjang Gasa):

     그쇠텰초를머거아유덕ᄒᆞ신님여ᄒᆡᄋᆞ와지이다

     ku soy tyelcwo-lul mekeya yutek-hosin nim yehoyowa cingita

     Only if that cow eats iron grass shall I desire to depart from my virtuous lover