Proto-Germanic *z developed into Proto-West Germanic *r.
Standard German cognate | Modern English cognate | Meaning of German cognate | Old English cognate | Old Norse cognate | Proto-Germanic root |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Balg | bellow(s) | hide, bellows |
bælġ | *balgiz | |
Felge | fallow | felly, rim |
fealh | *felgō | |
folgen; folgte; (ge)folgt |
follow; followed; followed |
to follow | folgian | *fulgāną | |
schwelgen; schwelgte; (ge)schwelgt |
swallow; swallowed; swallowed |
to indulge (in sth.), to wallow |
swelgan | svelga | *swelganą |
Talg | tallow | tallow, suet |
tælg | *talgaz |
Standard German cognate | Modern English cognate | Meaning of German cognate | Old English cognate | Old Norse cognate | Proto-Germanic root |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Balg | belly | hide, bellows |
bælġ | *balgiz | |
Felge | felly | felly, rim |
*felgō |
Standard German cognate | Modern English cognate | Meaning of German cognate | Old English cognate | Old Norse cognate | Proto-Germanic root} |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Berg | barrow | mountain | beorg | *bergaz | |
borgen; borgte; (ge)borgt |
borrow; borrowed; borrowed |
to borrow, to lend |
borġian | *burgōną | |
Burg | boro/borough | castle, fortification |
burh | *burgz | |
Morgen ; morgen |
(to)morrow | morning; tomorrow |
*murginaz | ||
Sorge | sorrow | worry, concern, sorrow |
sorh | *surgō |
Standard German cognate | Modern English cognate | Meaning of German cognate | Old English cognate | Old Norse cognate | Proto-Germanic root} |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
bergen; barg; (ge)borgen |
bury; buried; buried |
to recover so./sth., to rescue, to save so./sth. |
*berganą | ||
karg | chary | meager, barren, poor |
ċeariġ | *karagaz | |
würgen; würgte; (ge)würgt |
worry; worried; worried |
to strangle, to gag, to retch |
wyrġan | *wurgijaną |
Standard German cognate | Modern English cognate | Meaning of German cognate | Old English cognate | Old Norse cognate | Proto-Germanic root} |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mark | marrow | marrow | mearh | *mazgą |
Standard German cognate | Modern German cognate | Meaning of German cognate | Old English cognate | Old Norse cognate | Proto-Germanic root |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Hagel | hail | hail | hæġl | *haglaz | |
Nagel | nail | nail | næġl | *naglaz | |
Schnegel (biol.) | snail | slug | snæġl, sneġl |
*snagilaz | |
Segel | sail | sail | seġl, seġel |
*seglą | |
segeln; segelte; (ge)segelt |
sail; sailed; sailed |
to sail | seġlian | *seglōną, *siglijaną | |
Vogel | fowl | bird | fugol | *fuglaz |
Standard German cognate | Modern English cognate | Meaning of German cognate | Old English cognate | Old Norse cognate | Proto-Germanic root |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Regen | rain | rain | reġn, rēn |
*regną |
Standard German cognate | Modern English cognate | Meaning of German cognate | Old English cognate | Old Norse cognate | Proto-Germanic root |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Lager | lair | lair, camp |
leġer | *legrą |
Standard German cognate | Modern English cognate | Meaning of German cognate | Old English cognate | Old Norse cognate | Proto-Germanic root |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mutter | mother | mother | móðir | *mōdēr | |
Vater | father | father | faðir | *fadēr | |
Wetter | weather | weather | *wedrą |
Standard German cognate | Modern English cognate | Meaning of German cognate | Old English cognate | Old Norse cognate | Proto-Germanic root |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
tragen; trug; (ge)tragen |
drag; dragged; dragged |
to carry, to bear, to wear |
dragan | draga | *draganą |
tragen; trug; (ge)tragen |
draw; drew; drawn |
to carry, to bear, to wear |
dragan | draga | *draganą |
tränken; tränkte; (ge)tränkt |
drench; drenched; drenched |
to water | drenċan | *drankijaną | |
Traum | dream | dream | drēam | draumr | *draumaz |
traurig | dreary | sad | drēoriġ | *dreuzagaz | |
trinken; trank; (ge)trunken |
drink; drank; drunk |
to drink | drincan | *drinkaną | |
Tropfen | drop | drop | dropa | dropi | *drupô |
Standard German cognate | Modern English cognate | Meaning of German cognate | Old English cognate | Old Norse cognate | Proto-Germanic root |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
schmal | small | narrow | smæl | smalr | *smalaz |
schmeißen; schmiss; (ge)schmissen |
smite; smote; smitten/smited |
to throw | smītan | *smītaną | |
schmerzen; schmerzte; (ge)schmerzt |
smart; smarted; smarted |
to hurt | smeortan | *smertaną | |
Schmied | smith | smith | smiþ | smiðr | *smiþaz |
Schmiede | smithy | smithy | smiðja | *smiþjǭ | |
schmieren; schmierte; (ge)schmiert |
smear; smeared; smeared |
to smear | smyrja | *smirwijaną | |
schmuggeln; schmuggelte; (ge)schmuggelt |
smuggle; smuggled; smuggled |
to smuggle | smūgan | smjúga | *smeuganą |
Schmutz | smut | filth, dirt, smut |
|||
schmutzig | smutty | filthy, dirty, smutty |
Standard German cognate | Modern English cognate | Meaning of German cognate | Old English cognate | Old Norse cognate | Proto-Germanic root |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Schnee | snow | snow | snāw | snær | *snaiwaz |
Schnegel | snail | slug | sneġl | *snagilaz | |
Schnur | snare | cord, string |
snara | *snarhǭ |
Standard German cognate | Modern English cognate | Meaning of German cognate | Old English cognate | Old Norse cognate | Proto-Germanic root |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Brücke | bridge | bridge | bryċġ | *brugjǭ | |
Ecke | edge | corner, edge |
eċġ | *agjō | |
Hecke | hedge | hedge | heċġ | ||
Mücke | midge | midge, gnat, mosquito |
|||
Rücken | ridge | back, ridge |
hryċġ | *hrugjaz |
Standard German cognate | Modern English cognate | Meaning of German cognate | Old English cognate | Old Norse cognate | Proto-Germanic root |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
acht | eight | eight | æhta | *ahtōu | |
Bucht | bight | bay, bight, bight |
*buhtiz | ||
dicht | tight | dense, tight |
*þinhtaz | ||
(Ge)fecht | fight | fight | feoht | ||
fechten, focht, (ge)fochten |
fight, fought, fought |
to fence, to fight |
feohtan | *fehtaną | |
Flucht | flight | flight | flyht | *fluhtiz | |
flüchtig | flighty | fleeting, superficial, fleeing |
|||
Furcht | fright | fear | fryhtu | ||
(Ge)wicht | weight | weight | wiht | *wihtiz | |
(Ge)sicht | sight | face | *sihtiz | ||
Knecht | knight | servant | cniht | *knehtaz | |
leicht | light | easy, light |
lēoht, līht |
*linhtaz | |
Licht | light | light | lēoht | *leuhtą | |
Macht | might | might, power |
meaht, miht |
*mahtiz | |
Nacht | night | night | niht | *nahts | |
nächtlich | nightly | nocturnal, nightly |
nihtlīċ | ||
nicht | nought | not | nōwiht | ||
Pflicht | plight | duty | pliht | *plihtiz | |
Recht , recht |
right | right | riht | *rehtaz | |
Schlacht | (on)slaught | killing, battle |
sleht | ||
schlecht | slight | bad | sliht | *slihtaz | |
schlicht | slight | plain, simple |
sliht | *slihtaz | |
Sicht | sight | sight | *sihtiz | ||
Tochter | daughter | daughter | dohtor | *duhtēr |
Standard German cognate | Modern English cognate | Meaning of German cognate | Old English cognate | Old Norse cognate | Proto-Germanic root |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
nah | nigh | near | neah | *nēhw |
Standard German cognate | Modern English cognate | Meaning of German cognate | Old English cognate | Old Norse cognate | Proto-Germanic root |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
durch | thorough | through | þuruh | *þurhw | |
durch | through | through | þurh | *þurhw | |
nach | nigh | after | nēah | *nēhw | |
Nachbar | neighbor | neighbor | nēahġebūr | *nēhwagabūrô |
Standard German cognate | Modern English cognate | Meaning of German cognate | Old English cognate | Old Norse cognate | Proto-Germanic root |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Wal | whale | whale | hwæl | *hwalaz | |
wann | when | when | |||
was | what | what | hwæt | *hwat | |
weder | whether | neither | hwæþer | *hwaþeraz | |
Wei | whey | whey | hwǣġ, hwæġ, hweġ |
Proto-West Germanic *hwai | |
Weile | while | while | hwīl | *hwīlō | |
weiß | white | white | hwīt | *hwītaz | |
Weizen | wheat | wheat | hwǣte | *hwaitijaz | |
welch- | which | which | hwilc, hwilċ |
*hwilīkaz | |
Welpe | whelp | puppy, cub |
hwelp | *hwelpaz | |
wenn | when | if, when |
hwænne | ||
wie | why | how | hwȳ, hwī |
*hwī | |
wo | where | where | hwær | *hwar |
Standard German cognate | Modern English cognate | Meaning of German cognate | Old English cognate | Old Norse cognate | Proto-Germanic root |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
gütlich | goodly | friendly | gōdlīċ | *gōdalīkaz | |
jährlich | yearly | yearly | ġēarlīc | ||
männlich | manly | male, manly, masculine |
|||
nächtlich | nightly | nocturnal, nightly |
nihtlīċ | ||
täglich | daily | daily | dæġlīċ | ||
tödlich | deadly | deadly | dēadlīċ | ||
weiblich | wifely | female, feminine |
wīflīċ |
Standard German cognate | Modern English cognate | Meaning of German cognate | Old English cognate | Old Norse cognate | Proto-Germanic root |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
gelb | yellow | yellow | ġeolu | *gelwaz | |
Schwalbe | swallow (bird) | swallow (bird) | swealwe | *swalwǭ |
Standard German cognate | Modern English cognate | Meaning of German cognate | Old English cognate | Old Norse cognate | Proto-Germanic root |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
dumm | dumb | dumb | dumb | *dumbaz | |
Kamm | comb | comb | camb | kambr | *kambaz |
klimmen; klomm; (ge)klommen |
climb; clomb/climbed; clumb/climbed |
to climb | climban | *klimbaną | |
Lamm | lamb | lamb | lamb, lomb |
lamb | *lambaz |
Standard German cognate | Modern English cognate | Meaning of German cognate | Old English cognate | Old Norse cognate | Proto-Germanic root |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
fünf | five | five | fif | *fimf | |
sanft | soft | soft | sēfte | *samftijaz |
Standard German cognate | Modern English cognates | Meaning of German cognate | Old English cognate | Old Norse cognate | Proto-Germanic root} |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
sengen, sengte, (ge)sengt |
singe, <br?> singed, singed |
to singe | senġan | *sangijan | |
zwingen, zwang, (ge)zwungen |
twinge, twinged, twinged |
to force | *twangijaną |
Standard German cognate | Modern English cognates | Meaning of German cognate | Old English cognate | Old Norse cognate | Proto-Germanic root} |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Arsch | ass | arse | ears, ærs |
ars | *arsaz |
Barsch | bass (fish) | perch | bærs | *barsaz |
Standard German cognate | Modern English cognate | Meaning of German cognate | Old English cognate | Old Norse cognate | Proto-Germanic root} |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Schabe | scab | scabies | skabb | *skabbaz | |
Schade(n) | scathe | damage, harm |
skaði | *skaþô | |
schrappen; schrappte; (ge)schrappt |
scrape; scraped; scraped |
to scrape | skrapa | ||
Schürze | skirt | apron | skyrta | *skurtijǭ |
Standard German cognate | Modern English cognate | Meaning of German cognate | Old English cognate | Old Norse cognate | Proto-Germanic root} |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Schlacht | (on)slaught | killing, battle |
|||
schlecht | slight | bad | sliht | *slihtaz | |
Schlehe | sloe | sloe | slāh | ||
Schleim | slime | slime | slīm | slím | *slīmą |
schlicht | slight | plain, simple |
sliht | *slihtaz | |
schlummern; schlummerte; (ge)schlummert |
slumber; slumbered; slumbered |
to slumber, to doze |
*slūm- |
Standard German cognate | Modern English cognate | Meaning of German cognate | Old English cognate | Old Norse cognate | Proto-Germanic root |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Schwade | swath | swath; waft |
swæþ | ||
Schwalbe | swallow (bird) | swallow (bird) | swealwe | *swalwǭ | |
Schwan | swan | swan | swan, swon |
*swanaz | |
Schwarm | swarm | swarm | swearm | *swarmaz | |
schwärmen; schwärmte; (ge)schwärmt |
swarm; swarmed; swarmed |
to swarm, to adore, to gush |
|||
Schwein | swine | swine | swīn | *swīną | |
Schweiß | sweat | sweat | swāt | *swait- | |
schwelgen; schwelgte; (ge)schwelgt |
swallow; swallowed; swallowed |
to indulge (in sth.), to wallow |
swelgan | *swelganą | |
schwellen; schwoll; (ge)schwollen |
swell; swelled; swollen/swelled |
to swell | swellan | *swellaną | |
Schwert | sword | sword | sweord | *swerdą | |
schwimmen; schwamm; (ge)schwommen |
swim; swam; swum |
to swim | swimman | *swimmaną | |
schwören; schwor; (ge)schworen |
swear; swore; sworn |
to swear by/on so./sth. (NOT: to curse) | swerian | *swarjaną |
Standard German cognate | Modern English cognate | Meaning of German cognate | Old English cognate | Old Norse cognate | Proto-Germanic root |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
rächen; rächte; (ge)rächt |
wreak; wrought/wreaked; wrought/wreaked |
to avenge, to take revenge |
wrecan | *wrekaną | |
Recke (in legends) |
wretch | valiant | wræċċa, wreċċa |
*wrakjô | |
reißen; riss; (ge)rissen |
write; wrote; written |
to tip, to tear |
wrītan | *wrītaną | |
ringen; rang; (ge)rungen |
wring; wrang/wrung/wringed; wrung/wringed |
to wrestle | wringan | *wringaną | |
Rist (physiol., otherwise rare) |
wrist | back of the hand, instep, withers |
wrist | *wristuz | |
ritzen; ritzte; (ge)ritzt |
write; wrote; written |
to carve, to scratch |
wrītan | *wrītaną |