Appendix:German cognates with English/Regular cognates with differing consonant values/Proto-Germanic Consonant Clusters

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Proto-Germanic Consonant Clusters

Proto-Germanic *liquid + velar stop
German lg ~ English llow

Proto-Germanic *z developed into Proto-West Germanic *r.

Standard German cognate Modern English cognate Meaning of German cognate Old English cognate Old Norse cognate Proto-Germanic root
Balg bellow(s) hide,
bellows		 bælġ *balgiz
Felge fallow felly,
rim		 fealh *felgō
folgen;
folgte;
(ge)folgt		 follow;
followed;
followed		 to follow folgian *fulgāną
schwelgen;
schwelgte;
(ge)schwelgt		 swallow;
swallowed;
swallowed		 to indulge (in sth.),
to wallow		 swelgan svelga *swelganą
Talg tallow tallow,
suet		 tælg *talgaz
German lg ~ English lly
Standard German cognate Modern English cognate Meaning of German cognate Old English cognate Old Norse cognate Proto-Germanic root
Balg belly hide,
bellows		 bælġ *balgiz
Felge felly felly,
rim		 *felgō
German rg ~ English ro, rough, rrow
Standard German cognate Modern English cognate Meaning of German cognate Old English cognate Old Norse cognate Proto-Germanic root}
Berg barrow mountain beorg *bergaz
borgen;
borgte;
(ge)borgt		 borrow;
borrowed;
borrowed		 to borrow,
to lend		 borġian *burgōną
Burg boro/borough castle,
fortification		 burh *burgz
Morgen ;
morgen		 (to)morrow morning;
tomorrow		 *murginaz
Sorge sorrow worry,
concern,
sorrow		 sorh *surgō
German rg ~ English ry, rry
Standard German cognate Modern English cognate Meaning of German cognate Old English cognate Old Norse cognate Proto-Germanic root}
bergen;
barg;
(ge)borgen		 bury;
buried;
buried		 to recover so./sth.,
to rescue,
to save so./sth.		 *berganą
karg chary meager,
barren,
poor		 ċeariġ *karagaz
würgen;
würgte;
(ge)würgt		 worry;
worried;
worried		 to strangle,
to gag,
to retch		 wyrġan *wurgijaną
German rk ~ English rrow
Standard German cognate Modern English cognate Meaning of German cognate Old English cognate Old Norse cognate Proto-Germanic root}
Mark marrow marrow mearh *mazgą
Proto-Germanic *stop + liquid or nasal
German gel ~ English l
Standard German cognate Modern German cognate Meaning of German cognate Old English cognate Old Norse cognate Proto-Germanic root
Hagel hail hail hæġl *haglaz
Nagel nail nail næġl *naglaz
Schnegel (biol.) snail slug snæġl,
sneġl		 *snagilaz
Segel sail sail seġl,
seġel		 *seglą
segeln;
segelte;
(ge)segelt		 sail;
sailed;
sailed		 to sail seġlian *seglōną,
*siglijaną
Vogel fowl bird fugol *fuglaz
German gen ~ English n
Standard German cognate Modern English cognate Meaning of German cognate Old English cognate Old Norse cognate Proto-Germanic root
Regen rain rain reġn,
rēn		 *regną
German ger ~ English r
Standard German cognate Modern English cognate Meaning of German cognate Old English cognate Old Norse cognate Proto-Germanic root
Lager lair lair,
camp		 leġer *legrą
German ter, tter ~ English ther
Standard German cognate Modern English cognate Meaning of German cognate Old English cognate Old Norse cognate Proto-Germanic root
Mutter mother mother móðir *mōdēr
Vater father father faðir *fadēr
Wetter weather weather *wedrą
German tr ~ English dr
Standard German cognate Modern English cognate Meaning of German cognate Old English cognate Old Norse cognate Proto-Germanic root
tragen;
trug;
(ge)tragen		 drag;
dragged;
dragged		 to carry,
to bear,
to wear		 dragan draga *draganą
tragen;
trug;
(ge)tragen		 draw;
drew;
drawn		 to carry,
to bear,
to wear		 dragan draga *draganą
tränken;
tränkte;
(ge)tränkt		 drench;
drenched;
drenched		 to water drenċan *drankijaną
Traum dream dream drēam draumr *draumaz
traurig dreary sad drēoriġ *dreuzagaz
trinken;
trank;
(ge)trunken		 drink;
drank;
drunk		 to drink drincan *drinkaną
Tropfen drop drop dropa dropi *drupô
Proto-Germanic *sibilant + nasal
German schm ~ English sm
Standard German cognate Modern English cognate Meaning of German cognate Old English cognate Old Norse cognate Proto-Germanic root
schmal small narrow smæl smalr *smalaz
schmeißen;
schmiss;
(ge)schmissen		 smite;
smote;
smitten/smited		 to throw smītan *smītaną
schmerzen;
schmerzte;
(ge)schmerzt		 smart;
smarted;
smarted		 to hurt smeortan *smertaną
Schmied smith smith smiþ smiðr *smiþaz
Schmiede smithy smithy smiðja *smiþjǭ
schmieren;
schmierte;
(ge)schmiert		 smear;
smeared;
smeared		 to smear smyrja *smirwijaną
schmuggeln;
schmuggelte;
(ge)schmuggelt		 smuggle;
smuggled;
smuggled		 to smuggle smūgan smjúga *smeuganą
Schmutz smut filth,
dirt,
smut
schmutzig smutty filthy,
dirty,
smutty
German schn ~ English sn
Standard German cognate Modern English cognate Meaning of German cognate Old English cognate Old Norse cognate Proto-Germanic root
Schnee snow snow snāw snær *snaiwaz
Schnegel snail slug sneġl *snagilaz
Schnur snare cord,
string		 snara *snarhǭ
Proto-Germanic *gj
German ck ~ English dg
Standard German cognate Modern English cognate Meaning of German cognate Old English cognate Old Norse cognate Proto-Germanic root
Brücke bridge bridge bryċġ *brugjǭ
Ecke edge corner,
edge		 eċġ *agjō
Hecke hedge hedge heċġ
Mücke midge midge,
gnat,
mosquito
Rücken ridge back,
ridge		 hryċġ *hrugjaz
Proto-Germanic *ht
German cht ~ English ght
Standard German cognate Modern English cognate Meaning of German cognate Old English cognate Old Norse cognate Proto-Germanic root
acht eight eight æhta *ahtōu
Bucht bight bay,
bight,
bight		 *buhtiz
dicht tight dense,
tight		 *þinhtaz
(Ge)fecht fight fight feoht
fechten,
focht,
(ge)fochten		 fight,
fought,
fought		 to fence,
to fight		 feohtan *fehtaną
Flucht flight flight flyht *fluhtiz
flüchtig flighty fleeting,
superficial,
fleeing
Furcht fright fear fryhtu
(Ge)wicht weight weight wiht *wihtiz
(Ge)sicht sight face *sihtiz
Knecht knight servant cniht *knehtaz
leicht light easy,
light		 lēoht,
līht		 *linhtaz
Licht light light lēoht *leuhtą
Macht might might,
power		 meaht,
miht		 *mahtiz
Nacht night night niht *nahts
nächtlich nightly nocturnal,
nightly		 nihtlīċ
nicht nought not nōwiht
Pflicht plight duty pliht *plihtiz
Recht ,
recht		 right right riht *rehtaz
Schlacht (on)slaught killing,
battle		 sleht
schlecht slight bad sliht *slihtaz
schlicht slight plain,
simple		 sliht *slihtaz
Sicht sight sight *sihtiz
Tochter daughter daughter dohtor *duhtēr
Proto-Germanic *hw
German ∅ ~ English gh /∅/
Standard German cognate Modern English cognate Meaning of German cognate Old English cognate Old Norse cognate Proto-Germanic root
nah nigh near neah *nēhw
German ch ~ English gh /∅/
Standard German cognate Modern English cognate Meaning of German cognate Old English cognate Old Norse cognate Proto-Germanic root
durch thorough through þuruh *þurhw
durch through through þurh *þurhw
nach nigh after nēah *nēhw
Nachbar neighbor neighbor nēahġebūr *nēhwagabūrô
German w /v/ ~ English wh /ʍ/
Standard German cognate Modern English cognate Meaning of German cognate Old English cognate Old Norse cognate Proto-Germanic root
Wal whale whale hwæl *hwalaz
wann when when
was what what hwæt *hwat
weder whether neither hwæþer *hwaþeraz
Wei whey whey hwǣġ,
hwæġ,
hweġ		 Proto-West Germanic *hwai
Weile while while hwīl *hwīlō
weiß white white hwīt *hwītaz
Weizen wheat wheat hwǣte *hwaitijaz
welch- which which hwilc,
hwilċ		 *hwilīkaz
Welpe whelp puppy,
cub		 hwelp *hwelpaz
wenn when if,
when		 hwænne
wie why how hwȳ,
hwī		 *hwī
wo where where hwær *hwar
Proto-Germanic *lik
German lich ~ English ly
Standard German cognate Modern English cognate Meaning of German cognate Old English cognate Old Norse cognate Proto-Germanic root
gütlich goodly friendly gōdlīċ *gōdalīkaz
jährlich yearly yearly ġēarlīc
männlich manly male,
manly,
masculine
nächtlich nightly nocturnal,
nightly		 nihtlīċ
täglich daily daily dæġlīċ
tödlich deadly deadly dēadlīċ
weiblich wifely female,
feminine		 wīflīċ
Proto-Germanic *lw
German lb ~ English llow
Standard German cognate Modern English cognate Meaning of German cognate Old English cognate Old Norse cognate Proto-Germanic root
gelb yellow yellow ġeolu *gelwaz
Schwalbe swallow (bird) swallow (bird) swealwe *swalwǭ
Proto-Germanic *mb
German mm ~ English mb
Standard German cognate Modern English cognate Meaning of German cognate Old English cognate Old Norse cognate Proto-Germanic root
dumm dumb dumb dumb *dumbaz
Kamm comb comb camb kambr *kambaz
klimmen;
klomm;
(ge)klommen		 climb;
clomb/climbed;
clumb/climbed		 to climb climban *klimbaną
Lamm lamb lamb lamb,
lomb		 lamb *lambaz
Proto-Germanic *mf
German nf ~ English f, v
Standard German cognate Modern English cognate Meaning of German cognate Old English cognate Old Norse cognate Proto-Germanic root
fünf five five fif *fimf
sanft soft soft sēfte *samftijaz
Proto-Germanic *ngij
German ng ~ English nge
Standard German cognate Modern English cognates Meaning of German cognate Old English cognate Old Norse cognate Proto-Germanic root}
sengen,
sengte,
(ge)sengt		 singe, <br?> singed,
singed		 to singe senġan *sangijan
zwingen,
zwang,
(ge)zwungen		 twinge,
twinged,
twinged		 to force *twangijaną
Proto-Germanic *rs
German rsch ~ English ss
Standard German cognate Modern English cognates Meaning of German cognate Old English cognate Old Norse cognate Proto-Germanic root}
Arsch ass arse ears,
ærs		 ars *arsaz
Barsch bass (fish) perch bærs *barsaz
Proto-Germanic *sk
German sch ~ English sc, sk
Standard German cognate Modern English cognate Meaning of German cognate Old English cognate Old Norse cognate Proto-Germanic root}
Schabe scab scabies skabb *skabbaz
Schade(n) scathe damage,
harm		 skaði *skaþô
schrappen;
schrappte;
(ge)schrappt		 scrape;
scraped;
scraped		 to scrape skrapa
Schürze skirt apron skyrta *skurtijǭ
Proto-Germanic *sl
German schl ~ English sl
Standard German cognate Modern English cognate Meaning of German cognate Old English cognate Old Norse cognate Proto-Germanic root}
Schlacht (on)slaught killing,
battle
schlecht slight bad sliht *slihtaz
Schlehe sloe sloe slāh
Schleim slime slime slīm slím *slīmą
schlicht slight plain,
simple		 sliht *slihtaz
schlummern;
schlummerte;
(ge)schlummert		 slumber;
slumbered;
slumbered		 to slumber,
to doze		 *slūm-
Proto-Germanic *sw
German schw ~ English sw
Standard German cognate Modern English cognate Meaning of German cognate Old English cognate Old Norse cognate Proto-Germanic root
Schwade swath swath;
waft		 swæþ
Schwalbe swallow (bird) swallow (bird) swealwe *swalwǭ
Schwan swan swan swan,
swon		 *swanaz
Schwarm swarm swarm swearm *swarmaz
schwärmen;
schwärmte;
(ge)schwärmt		 swarm;
swarmed;
swarmed		 to swarm,
to adore,
to gush
Schwein swine swine swīn *swīną
Schweiß sweat sweat swāt *swait-
schwelgen;
schwelgte;
(ge)schwelgt		 swallow;
swallowed;
swallowed		 to indulge (in sth.),
to wallow		 swelgan *swelganą
schwellen;
schwoll;
(ge)schwollen		 swell;
swelled;
swollen/swelled		 to swell swellan *swellaną
Schwert sword sword sweord *swerdą
schwimmen;
schwamm;
(ge)schwommen		 swim;
swam;
swum		 to swim swimman *swimmaną
schwören;
schwor;
(ge)schworen		 swear;
swore;
sworn		 to swear by/on so./sth. (NOT: to curse) swerian *swarjaną
Proto-Germanic *wr
German r ~ English wr
Standard German cognate Modern English cognate Meaning of German cognate Old English cognate Old Norse cognate Proto-Germanic root
rächen;
rächte;
(ge)rächt		 wreak;
wrought/wreaked;
wrought/wreaked		 to avenge,
to take revenge		 wrecan *wrekaną
Recke
(in legends) 		wretch valiant wræċċa,
wreċċa		 *wrakjô
reißen;
riss;
(ge)rissen		 write;
wrote;
written		 to tip,
to tear		 wrītan *wrītaną
ringen;
rang;
(ge)rungen		 wring;
wrang/wrung/wringed;
wrung/wringed		 to wrestle wringan *wringaną
Rist
(physiol., otherwise rare)		 wrist back of the hand,
instep,
withers		 wrist *wristuz
ritzen;
ritzte;
(ge)ritzt		 write;
wrote;
written		 to carve,
to scratch		 wrītan *wrītaną
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