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U+4FAF, 侯
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4FAF

CJK Unified Ideographs

Translingual

Stroke order
9 strokes

Han character

(Kangxi radical 9, +7, 9 strokes, cangjie input 人弓一大 (ONMK), four-corner 27234, composition ⿱⿱𠃍 or ⿱⿱)

Derived characters

References

  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 103, character 7
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 633
  • Dae Jaweon: page 218, character 20
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 167, character 1
  • Unihan data for U+4FAF

Chinese

trad.
simp. #
2nd round simp. 𫶬
alternative forms ancient form
𥎦 ancient form
𬾗 historical variant
𬾃 historical variant
Wikipedia has articles on:

Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character
Shang Western Zhou Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Oracle bone script Bronze inscriptions Small seal script Transcribed ancient scripts


References:

Mostly from Richard Sears' Chinese Etymology site (authorisation),
which in turn draws data from various collections of ancient forms of Chinese characters, including:

  • Shuowen Jiezi (small seal),
  • Jinwen Bian (bronze inscriptions),
  • Liushutong (Liushutong characters) and
  • Yinxu Jiaguwen Bian (oracle bone script).

Pictogram (象形) – a target for arrows.

Etymology

"target" > "prince, marquis"
(OC *ɡoː)'s connection to archery is noted by Schuessler (2007), Theobald (2017), Goldin (2021), etc. Goldin further relates it to (OC *ɡoː, *ɡoːs, “arrow with metal tip”), which Schuessler instead relates to (OC *ɡoːʔ, *ɡoːs).
Schuessler (2007) proposes an Austroasiatic etymology, comparing (OC *ɡoː) to Khmer គាស់ (kŏəh, to raise (a crossbow) with a view to aiming), Khmer (kpoḥ, to be raised up, clearly visible), & Khmer (goḥ, to hit (squarely)).
When meaning "target > prince, marquis", possibly distinct from (OC *ɡoːʔ, *ɡoːs, “(head >) ruler > queen”) (Schuessler, 2007; Goldin, 2021).
Its derivatives, from sense "target (n.) > to target (v.)", are (OC *ɡoːs) & (OC *koːn, *koːns), both meaning "to watch" (Schuessler, 2007); contra Lau (1999), who thinks sense "to watch" to be fundamental and "target; lord, marquis" to be derivatives..
"to be; to have"
Austroasiatic (Schuessler, 2007). Compare Proto-Vietic *kɔːʔ (to have, to be) and Proto-Monic *gooʔ (to get, to possess); compare also Jingpho gu³¹ (to have).

Pronunciation 1


Note:
  • hô͘/hiô - literary (incl. surname in Xiamen and Zhangzhou);
  • kâu - vernacular (incl. surname, dated in Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou);
  • hâu - vernacular (incl. surname in Quanzhou and Taiwan).
Note:
  • hou5 - all senses (incl. surname);
  • gao5 - surname.

  • Dialectal data
Variety Location
Mandarin Beijing /xou³⁵/
Harbin /xou²⁴/
Tianjin /xou⁴⁵/
Jinan /xou⁴²/
Qingdao /xou⁴²/
Zhengzhou /xou⁴²/
Xi'an /xou²⁴/
Xining /xɯ²⁴/
Yinchuan /xəu⁵³/
Lanzhou /xou⁵³/
Ürümqi /xɤu⁵¹/
Wuhan /xəu²¹³/
Chengdu /xəu³¹/
Guiyang /xəu²¹/
Kunming /xəu³¹/
Nanjing /xəɯ²⁴/
Hefei /xɯ⁵⁵/
Jin Taiyuan /xəu¹¹/
Pingyao /xəu¹³/
Hohhot /xəu³¹/
Wu Shanghai /ɦɤ²³/
Suzhou /ɦɤ¹³/
Hangzhou /ɦei²¹³/
Wenzhou /ɦau³¹/
Hui Shexian /xiu⁴⁴/
Tunxi
Xiang Changsha /xəu¹³/
Xiangtan /ɦəɯ¹²/
Gan Nanchang /hɛu²⁴/
Hakka Meixian /heu¹¹/
Taoyuan /heu¹¹/
Cantonese Guangzhou /hɐu²¹/
Nanning /hɐu²¹/
Hong Kong /hɐu²¹/
Min Xiamen (Hokkien) /hɔ³⁵/
/kau³⁵/
Fuzhou (Eastern Min) /hɛu⁵³/
Jian'ou (Northern Min) /e²¹/
Shantou (Teochew) /hou⁵⁵/
Haikou (Hainanese) /hɔu³¹/

Rime
Character
Reading # 1/1
Initial () (33)
Final () (137)
Tone (調) Level (Ø)
Openness (開合) Open
Division () I
Fanqie
Baxter huw
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang
/ɦəu/
Pan
Wuyun
/ɦəu/
Shao
Rongfen
/ɣəu/
Edwin
Pulleyblank
/ɦəw/
Li
Rong
/ɣu/
Wang
Li
/ɣəu/
Bernhard
Karlgren
/ɣə̯u/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex
hóu
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex
hau4
BaxterSagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character
Reading # 1/1
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin)
hóu
Middle
Chinese
‹ huw ›
Old
Chinese
/*ˁ(r)o/
English feudal lord

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. * as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character
Reading # 1/1
No. 5139
Phonetic
component
Rime
group
Rime
subdivision
0
Corresponding
MC rime
Old
Chinese
/*ɡoː/
Notes

Definitions

  1. marquis; lord
  2. (obsolete) target
  3. (obsolete) to be, to have
  4. a surname
      ―  Hóu Xiàoxián  ―  Hou Hsiao-hsien (Taiwanese film director)

Compounds

Descendants

Sino-Xenic ():
  • Japanese: (こう) (, marquess)
  • Korean: 후(侯) (hu, marquess)
  • Vietnamese: hầu (, marquess)

Others:

Pronunciation 2


Note:
  • hô͘ - literary (common);
  • hō͘ - literary (rare);
  • hāu - vernacular (rare).

Definitions

  1. Only used in 閩侯闽侯 (Mǐnhòu).

Japanese

Kanji

(Jōyō kanji)

  1. marquis
  2. lord
  3. daimyo

Readings

  • Go-on: (gu)
  • Kan-on: こう (, Jōyō)
  • Kun: まと (mato, )きみ (kimi, )

Korean

Etymology

From Middle Chinese (MC huw).

Pronunciation

Hanja

Korean Wikisource has texts containing the hanja:

Wikisource

(eumhun 제후 (jehu hu))

  1. hanja form? of (marquis; lord)
  2. hanja form? of (target in archery)

Compounds

References

  • 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전/電子字典.

Vietnamese

Han character

: Hán Nôm readings: hậu, hầu

  1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

References