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Chinese
Pronunciation
| Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
|
| Character
|
溝
|
壑
|
| Reading #
|
1/1
|
1/1
|
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin)
|
gōu
|
hè
|
Middle
Chinese
|
‹ kuw ›
|
‹ xak ›
|
Old
Chinese
|
/*ˁ(r)o/
|
/*qʰˁak/
|
| English
|
irrigation canal
|
moat; canal
|
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:
* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. * as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;
* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
|
| Zhengzhang system (2003)
|
| Character
|
溝
|
壑
|
| Reading #
|
1/1
|
1/1
|
| No.
|
4185
|
5616
|
Phonetic
component
|
冓
|
壑
|
Rime
group
|
侯
|
鐸
|
Rime
subdivision
|
0
|
0
|
Corresponding
MC rime
|
鉤
|
𦞦
|
Old
Chinese
|
/*koː/
|
/*qʰaːɡ/
|
Noun
溝壑
- ravine; gully
- (literary, figurative) predicament; straits; difficult situation
志士不忘在溝壑，勇士不忘喪其元。
志士不忘在沟壑，勇士不忘丧其元。 - From: Mencius, c. 4th century BCE
- Zhìshì bù wàng zài gōuhè, yǒngshì bù wàng sàng qí yuán.
- (please add an English translation of this usage example)
Synonyms
- (ravine): 坑溝／坑沟 (Southern Min)
- (predicament):
- 危境 (wēijìng)
- 厄 (literary, or in compounds)
- 困厄 (kùn'è) (literary)
- 困境 (kùnjìng)
- 地步 (dìbù)
- 時艱 / 时艰 (shíjiān) (difficult times at present)
- 畏景 (wèijǐng) (literary, figurative)
- 處境 / 处境 (chǔjìng)
- 逆境 (nìjìng)