The following Proto-Altaic reconstructions, as well as Proto-Tungusic (or "Proto-Tungus-Manchu"), Proto-Mongolic, Proto-Turkic, Proto-Japanese, and Proto-Korean reconstructions, are from the Etymological Dictionary of the Altaic Languages by Sergei Starostin, Anna Dybo, and Oleg Mudrak (2003).[1] The list includes Proto-Turkic, Proto-Mongolian, Proto-Tungus-Manchu, Proto-Korean, and Proto-Japanese reconstructions from the Etymological Dictionary of the Altaic Languages. Each row corresponds to a purported cognate set.
The Proto-Altaic reconstructions below are listed only for reference, since the validity of Proto-Altaic is not universally accepted. In fact, Starostin's Proto-Altaic reconstructions are widely considered to be spurious. Altaic is a controversial language macrofamily proposal not accepted by many linguists. Nevertheless, Proto-Turkic, Proto-Mongolian (or Proto-Mongolic), Proto-Tungus-Manchu (or Proto-Tungusic), Proto-Korean, and Proto-Japanese are universally accepted as valid.
Note that Starostin et al. (2003) reconstructs Proto-Japanese, not Proto-Japonic, since the Ryukyuan languages are not included; and Proto-Korean, without Jeju or divergent Koreanic varieties.
| English gloss | Proto-Altaic | Proto-Turkic | Proto-Mongolian | Proto-Tungusic | Proto-Korean | Proto-Japanese |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| all | *mŭ́t῾ì | *büt- | *mòt- | |||
| all | *kŏp῾V | *Kop | *kow | *kupukte | ||
| ashes | *p῾oĺńe | *hüne-sü | *pulńe- | *papi | ||
| bark | *k῾ā́p῾à | *Kāpuk | *kàph- | *kapa | ||
| bark | *k῾éŕà | *Kaŕ | *kajir(a)- | |||
| bark | *k῾i̯ŭ̀rú | *Kɨrtɨĺ | *körü-sü | *xura-kta | ||
| belly | *kḗp῾V | *keweli | *kepel- | |||
| belly | *p῾ḕjló | *pắi | *pàrá | |||
| bite | *kĕ̀ma | *kem- | *kàm- | |||
| black | *kàru | *Kara | *kara | *kùruà- | ||
| blood | *či̯ū́nu | *či-su | *tí | |||
| bone | *p῾èjńé | *ja-su | *s-pjə́ | *pə̀niá | ||
| breast | *č῾ằjǯV | *čeɣeǯi | *ča(i)ǯan | *čjə́č | *tì(tí) | |
| breast | *kŏ̀k῾è | *kökön | *kuku-n | |||
| burn | *dĕ́kà | *jak- | *deg-ǯe-gi- | *thằ- | *dák- | |
| fingernail | *k῾i̯uml | *kimul-su | *kom(h) | |||
| fingernail | *t῾i̯óp῾o | *tòph | *túmá-i | |||
| cloud | *k῾òlmV | *kúrùm | *kùmua | |||
| cold | *k῾i̯ójŋo | *köji-ten | *xiŋǖ- | |||
| cold | *ši̯ogo | *sogɨ-k | *šig- | |||
| come | *gĕ̀le | *gẹl- | *kə̀- | |||
| die | *bŭri | *bür-il- | *bu(r)- | |||
| dog | *ŋĭ̀ndó | *ɨt | *ŋinda | *ìnú | ||
| drink | *umV | *um(i)- | *mà- | |||
| dry | *k῾i̯óbarV | *Kūrɨ- | *kawra- | *káwá(ra)-k- | ||
| ear | *k῾ū̀jlu | *Kul-kak | *kúi | |||
| earth | *si̯ắŕi | *siraɣu | *hằrk | |||
| eat | *ǯē | *jē- | *ǯe-p- | *čā- | ||
| egg | *úmu-tki | *jumurtka | *ömdege | *umūkta | ||
| eye | *ni̯ā̀ | *ni-dü | *ńia-sa | *nú-n | *mà- | |
| fat | *i̯ā́gi | *jāg | *eɣü-kü | |||
| fat | *k῾i̯ắŕme | *ximū- | *kìrɨ́m | |||
| feather | *dgì | *jüg | *dekte- | |||
| feather | *p῾úńe | *hö-dün | *pánái | |||
| fire | *p῾ŏ̀re | *pɨ́r | *pə̀-i | |||
| fish | *di̯ági | *ǯiɣa- | *(d)íwuá | |||
| fly | *tēga | *degde- | *deg- | |||
| foot | *pằlgà | *palga-n | *pár | *pànkì | ||
| full | *čā́lo | *dōl- | *ǯalu- | |||
| full | *č῾áko | (*čak) | *čhắ- | |||
| full | *mìlt῾e | *milte- | *mìt- | |||
| give | *bi̯ṓr | *bēr- | *bū- | |||
| give | *i̯ā́tá | *tā- | *átá-pá- | |||
| go | *ŋḗni | *ŋene- | *nàń- | *ín- | ||
| good | *di̯òge | *tjōh- | *də̀- | |||
| green | *gȫk | *köke | ||||
| green | *li̯ŏga | *nogo-ɣan | *ĺog- | |||
| hair | *k῾íla | *Kɨl(k) | *xińŋa- | *ká-i | ||
| hair | *p῾úńe | *hü-sü | *puńe- | |||
| hand | *ŋā̀li | *el | *ŋāla | |||
| head | *mĕ́ĺǯu | *baĺč | *mə̀rí | |||
| hear | *tū̀ĺdi | *dōldī- | *tɨ̀d- | |||
| heart | *mi̯óńù | *miańam | *mằńằm | |||
| heart | *ǯŭ̀r(V)k῾e | *jürek | *ǯirüke | |||
| horn | *i̯op῾érV | *eber | *s-pɨ́r | |||
| I | *bĭ̀ | *bẹ- | *bi | *bi | *bà- | |
| I | *ŋa | *nà | *a- | |||
| know | *sā́ŕi | *sā- | *sir- | |||
| leaf | *li̯àp῾ | *japur-gak | *labči | *níph | ||
| lie | *dḕ | *jạ-t- | *dē | |||
| lie | *kejbe | *keb- | *kəjə- | |||
| lie | *nḗ | *nū-b- | *ná- | |||
| liver | *pi̯ā̀ki | *biagɨr | *pākin | |||
| long | *ŋṑla | *ŋōli- | *nàn-kà- | |||
| long | *i̯uŕo | *uŕɨ-n | *ur-tu | |||
| louse | *si̯ằjrí | *sirke | *sìrám(u)i | |||
| man | *ā́ri | *ēr | *ere | |||
| many | *mana | *mān(h) | *manai- | |||
| meat | *ši̯ằĺì | *sắrh | *sìsì | |||
| moon | *t῾i̯òlgu | *tắr | *tùkùi | |||
| mouth | *ắmo | *ama-n | *am-ŋa | |||
| name | *nĕ́re | *nere | *(n)ìrh- | |||
| neck | *mṓjno | *bōjn | *moŋa-n | *mjə-k | *nəmpV | |
| new | *nébì | *nebi | *nípí- | |||
| new | *zèjńa | *jaŋɨ | *sine | *sái | ||
| night | *dŭ̀le | *dolba | *duà | |||
| nose | *k῾i̯ŏŋa | *kaar | *xoŋa- | *kóh | ||
| not | *ā̀ni | *ā(n)- | *àn- | *nà- | ||
| not | *e | *e-se | *e- | |||
| one | *bi̯uri | *bir | *pitə | |||
| rain | *p῾i̯ằge | *jag- | *pí | |||
| red | *puli | *hula-ɣan | *pula- | *pɨ̀rk- | ||
| road | *mi̯óri | *mör- | *mítí | |||
| root | *ŋi̯ū̀ŋt῾è | *ündü-sü | *ŋǖŋte | *mə̀tə̀ | ||
| root | *pi̯oǯi | *hiǯa-ɣur | (*puǯuri) | |||
| root | *p῾ŭ́li | *pule- | *pɨ̀rhắi | |||
| round | *múra | *murV | *márə́ | |||
| round | *t῾òŋké | *toŋal- | *toŋkor- | |||
| round | *t῾òp῾ú | *tob- | *tùmpú-ra | |||
| round | *tegá | *deg- | *tögörig | |||
| sand | *mā́ro | *mòr’a῾i | *mana-n-kua | |||
| say | *k῾i̯ăli | *kele- | *kằró- | |||
| seed | *p῾ŭ̀ri | *urug | *hüre | |||
| sit | *ši̯ábu | *saɣu- | *súwá- | |||
| skin | *k῾ā́p῾à | *kàph- | *kapa | |||
| skin | *nā́ne | *jɨ̄n | *nansa | |||
| sleep | *ŋū́ju | *ū- | *ŋuja | *úi- | ||
| small | *ŋṓjču | *öčü- | *ŋüši- | |||
| small | *ńĭ̀ŋči | *ǯiǯig | *nisi | |||
| stand | *čŭ̀ra | *dur- | *tàt- | |||
| star | *p῾i̯ŏ́ĺo | *jul-duŕ | *ho-dun | *pjɨ̄r | *pə́sí | |
| stone | *ti̯ṓĺì | *diāĺ | *čila-ɣu | *ǯola | *tōrh | *(d)ísì |
| sun | *si̯ŏ̀gu | *sigū-n | *hắi | |||
| swim | *òje | *oji-mu- | *ə̀jə̀nk- | |||
| tail | *k῾i̯údo | *Kudruk | *xürgü | *s-kòrí | ||
| that | *t῾a | *Ti- | *te-re | *ta- | *tjə́ | |
| that | *č῾a | *ča- | *čā- | |||
| this | *é | *e-ne | *e- | |||
| this | *kō | *gȫ | *kɨ | *kə́- | ||
| thou | *si | *sẹ- | *si | *si | ||
| thou | *ná | *nə̀ | *ná | |||
| tongue | *k῾i̯ăli | *kele | *xilŋü | |||
| tongue | *si̯ṓjri | *hjə́ | *sìtá | |||
| tooth | *pala | *par | *pa | |||
| tooth | *sīĺa | *sīĺ | *si-dü | |||
| tree | *mū́ro | *mo-du | *mō | |||
| two | *ti̯ubu | *ǯiw-rin | *ǯube | *tubu | ||
| warm | *di̯ū̀lu | *jɨlɨ-g | *dula-ɣan | |||
| warm | *ōt῾a | *tằ- | *àtà- | |||
| water | *mi̯ū̀ri | *mū | *mɨ́r | *mí- | ||
| water | *ši̯uba | *sɨb | *u-su | |||
| we | *bĭ̀- | *bi-ŕ | *ba | *bue | *ú-rí | *bà- |
| what | *ŋi̯V | *nV | *ja-ɣu- | *nỼ | ||
| white | *si̯ā̀jri | *siarɨg | *hắi- | *sìruà- | ||
| white | *šā̀k῾a | *čaga-ɣan | *šāk- | |||
| who | *k῾a(j) | *kem | *ken | *xia | ||
| who | *ŋi̯V | *ŋǖ | *nú- | |||
| woman | *ĕ̀me | *eme | *ámh | *mía | ||
| far | *p῾ìrá | *ɨra- | *pàrú-ka | |||
| heavy | *ámbe | *mɨ̀- | *ə́m(p)ə́- | |||
| near | *dắgá | *jạgu- | *daga | |||
| near | *dằk῾ì | *jAkɨ- | *tìkà- | |||
| salt | *či̯obeŕV | *dūŕ | *dabu-su | |||
| short | *pi̯ŭ̀k῾ì | *hokar | *poKa- | |||
| snake | *mi̯ūko | *mogaji | *mǖkǖ | |||
| snake | *p῾jamV | *pắjàm | *pàim(p)V́ | |||
| thin | *k῾ĕ̀ńó | *kắnắr- | *kə̀má- | |||
| thin | *nèra | *nari-n | *ner- | *jɨ̄r-p- | ||
| thin | *ni̯ombu | *nim-gen | *niambu- | |||
| wind | *zăli | *jẹl | *sal-ki | |||
| worm | *k῾i̯ṓro | *Kūrt | *koro-kai | |||
| year | *ā́ńu | *oj | *ańŋa | |||
| year | *dĭ̀lo | *jɨl | *ǯil | *tə̀sì | ||
| year | *zēra | *sē | *sɨ̄r |
| Gloss | Proto-Altaic | Proto-Turkic | Proto-Mongolic | Proto-Tungusic | Proto-Korean | Proto-Japanese |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| interior of the mouth | **ăbu | *Ăburt | *owči | *(x)abu-ǯan- | ||
| elder relative, ancestor | **ăčV | *ăčaj / *ĕčej | *asī | *àčă- | ||
| to doubt | **áč῾u | *aču- | *ə̄ču-b- | *útákáp- | ||
| to fit, equal, similar | **ădV | *ădaĺ | *adali | *ada- | ||
| rain; air | **agà | *agaɣar | *aga | *ak-su | *àkî | |
| mouth, to open mouth | **ágà (~ e-) | *Agɨŕ | *ag- | *hà- | *ákúp- | |
| acid | **ā́gi | *ạ̄gu | *eɣe-de- | *(x)aK- | ||
| net; to spin, plait | **àgŋa | *āg | *aɣoga | *aŋ(g)a | *àm-, *àmì | |
| trade | **ằgò | *Agɨ | *(h)ag-su-, *(h)aɣu-ra- | *àkì | ||
| uninhabited place, wilderness | **agu-la | *aglak | *aɣula | *agulān | ||
| colostrum | **aguŕV | *ạguŕ | *uɣurag | |||
| to go, walk | **ā̀ja | *Aj- | *aja- | *āj- | *àjùm- | |
| a kind of duck | **ā̀jbi | *Ebür(d)ek | *ābu- | *û | ||
| grass | **ằjbo | *ebe-sü | *(x)abü- | *àwə̀- | ||
| to reach, come close | **aje (~ **ejo) | *aji-su- | *ə́jə́mp- | |||
| good, fitting | **ăjV | *ăja- | *(h)aja | *aja, *aju- | ||
| sour milk, melted fat | **ăjVrV | *ajran | *ajirag | *ajara- | ||
| a castrated animal | **akt῾V | *atan | *akta | |||
| to open, opening | **ák῾à | *àk- | *áká- | |||
| a kind of aquatic bird | **ak῾a- | *Akańa | *(h)akawna | *aKa | ||
| elder brother | **ā́k῾a | *(i)āka | *aka | *akā / *kakā | ||
| dirt, filth | **ák῾à (~ -k-,-o) | *(h)ag | *(x)aK- | *ákà | ||
| to advance gradually, slowly | **ắk῾è | *(i)akuru- | *(h)aki- | *ə́kúr(á)- | ||
| to dig, delve | **ằk῾ú | *uku- | *axiri- | *ùnkàt- | ||
| take, receive | **ắla | *ạl- | *ali- | *al(i)- | *á- | |
| hail, ice | **ála | *(x)al-dan | *ə̀r- | *árárái (~ -ría) | ||
| front side | **ā́la (~ -ē-) | *āl | *àr-p | |||
| to walk, step | **àlak῾u | *alku- | *àrùk- | |||
| fathom | **alda | *alda | *alda-n | *ară-m | *ata | |
| below, lower | **ale | *ăl | *àrái | *ə̀rə́- | ||
| weak, tired, confused | **ā̀le | *ăl- | *al- | *āli- | *ə̀rí- | *ərə-ka |
| net, sieve | **ălgi | *ĕlge- | *alga | *ərkəmi | ||
| to deceive, trick | **ā́li | *Āl | *aliɣa | *ali-, *alak- | *ìrbə̀ń- | *ira-p- |
| a kind of small animal | **álikV | *Ălaŋɨr | *(h)alag- | *(x)algi-n | *írúká | |
| unable, sick; being at service, man-at-arms | **ălpa | *ălp | *alba-n | *alba- | *àrphằ- | *apar- |
| good, beautiful | **àlu | *(h)olig | *(x)ala | *àr- | *ùrùpà- | |
| to destroy, kill | **ā̀lV | *Alk- | *ala- | *āli- | ||
| variegated | **ā́lV (~ **ē-) | *āla | *ala-g | *ər- | ||
| to cross (a mountain) | **ā́ĺa | *(i)āĺ- | *alu-s | *ala- | *asu | |
| to know; to listen, hear | **ăĺi | *ẹĺit- | *al-dar | *ala- | *ār- | |
| sand | **áĺi | *Aĺu | *ele-sü | *al- | *ísá-, *ísuá | |
| fresh crops, germinated seeds | **aĺV | *(i)ăĺ- | *(h)alir-su | *alu- | ||
| heavy, big | **ámbe | *amban | *amba- | *mɨ̀- | *ə́m(p)ə́- | |
| plough | **amča | *amač | *anǯi-sun | *anǯa | *anti | |
| mouth; taste | **ắmo (**amo-tʿa, **amo-sa) | *um-, *um-sa- | *ama-, *amsa-, *amta | *amŋa, *amta- | *más | *ámá-, *ántí |
| river, valley | **ā̀mú | *ama-n | *āmu- | *omi | *ùmí | |
| quick, timely | **ămV | *(i)am- | *(h)am- | *am- | *ām | |
| to be quiet; sleep | **ā̀mV | *ăm- | *amu-, *ami- | *ām- | ||
| to do wrong; to accuse, tease | **ā́nda | *āt-aĺč- | *anda- | *(x)an(d)u- | *áná- | |
| very | **ắni | *eŋ | *aŋ-ka | *ana- | *àńí | |
| not, negative verb | **ā̀ni | *en | *ā(n)- | *àn- | *nà-, *-(a)n-, *ìná | |
| to hold, present | **ā́ni | *ēnčü | *anǯu | *anī- | *ān- | |
| oath; comrade, match | **ā́nta | *Ānt | *anda | *anda | *ánta | |
| hill, slope | **ant῾a | *antaga | *əntək(h) | *antuma | ||
| to be quiet, sit | **ā̀ńe(-č῾V) | *Enč | *eje, *en- | *āńi- | *ànč- | *ə̀ntà- |
| moon; (moon cycle), year | **ā́ńu | *āń | *oj | *ańŋa | ||
| hole, crack, gape | **àŋa | *aŋ- | *aŋ, *aŋga- | *aŋa- | *ànà | |
| a kind of duck | **ăŋatV | *Ăŋ(k)ɨt | *aŋgir | *andi | *anti | |
| right | **ā̀ŋo | *oŋ | *eŋge- | *āŋ(gi)- | ||
| a kind of fragrant plant | **aŋt῾à | *Aŋduŕ | *(h)aǯVrgana | *(x)an(d)ikta | *àntùsà | |
| wild game | **ăŋu | *Ăŋ | *(h)oɣuna | *aŋa- | ||
| separate, different | **aŋV | *aŋgi- | *aŋa- | |||
| to enjoy, rest | **ā̀pi | *(i)abɨ- | *abu-ra- | *ā(b)- | *ìpàt- | *ìpà-p- |
| to wear out, be spoiled | **àpo | *obu-ra- / *obu-n- | *ebe- | *abu- | *àpà- | |
| elder in-law | **apuči | *Abuč-ka | *(h)abisu-n | *abusi | ||
| to take | **apV | *ạbuč | *abi- | *abgu- | ||
| father | **áp῾a | *apa | *ab | *apa | *àpí | |
| a kind of foliage tree | **àp῾akV (~ -k῾-) | *apaka | *(x)apkā- | *àpàkì | ||
| wind, vapour | **ap῾i | *Ep- | *aɣur | *apka | ||
| back, behind | **ằra | *ărka | *aru | *arka- | *àtuà | |
| a kind of insect | **ara | *araɣalǯin | *(x)arabgī | *ari | ||
| man | **ā́ri (~ **ḗra) | *ēr | *ere | |||
| barley, millet | **àrp῾á | *arpa | *arbaj | *arpa | *àpá | |
| witchcraft, craft | **ărV | *ar- | *arga | *ar- | ||
| open space | **ā́rV | *(i)āra | *ar- | *ara- | ||
| to change, sell | **arV (~ e-) | *Ar- | *aralǯi- | |||
| small, scarce; recent | **āŕa | *Āŕ | *araj | *ara- | *ārắi | *àrà-(ta-) |
| thorn, fang | **àŕì | *aŕɨg | *ariɣa | *(x)ar- (?) | *ìrà | |
| or | **aŕV | *aŕu | *ar- | |||
| to catch fire; hot | **ase (~ p῾-) | *ɨsɨg / *isig | *(h)asa- | |||
| horse | **ătV | *ăt | *aduɣu- | *abdu- | ||
| son, young | **at῾i | *Atɨ | *ači | *àtắr | *itua | |
| a kind of salmon | **aǯo | *(h)iǯe | *aǯi-n | *àjû | ||
| younger relative | **ā̀ǯV | *aǯi-n | *āǯi- | |||
| to bind | **bā́ | *b(i)ā- | *ba- | *pa | *bə́ | |
| sister | **bā́č῾V (~ **p-, -č-) | *bāča- | *bača-gan | |||
| face, colour | **bā̀dì | *bEd-le | *bāda | *pítápi (/ *pìtàpi) | ||
| a kind of bird (quail, dun-bird) | **bădo | *budur- | *bödüne | *badara | ||
| white, grey | **bagu | *buɣurul | *bag- | *pùhɨ́i- | ||
| happiness, joy | **bắja | *bAj-ra-m/k, bAj-ga | *bajar | *baj-li | *bái-m- | |
| place, to be located | **baja (~ -i̯a-) | *baji- | *bia, -gun | |||
| rock | **băjV | *bAjɨr | *baji-ča | *baj- | ||
| to look, watch | **bằka | *bạk- | *baKa- | *pò- | *bàkàr- | |
| to divide | **bằká (~ -o) | *baK- | *bàká- | |||
| pole, pillar | **báku (~ -a) | *bakna (~ -g-) | *bagana | *baksa | *pò | |
| small cattle | **bāku (~ -k῾-) | *bākana | *bog | |||
| knucklebone | **băkV | *bakań | *bagul- / *bugul- | *baK- | ||
| to slide, sweep | **bā̀k῾a (~ -k-) | *bāKa- / *bāKu- | *pàk- | |||
| a sharp instrument | **bā̀k῾ù | *bokursɨ | *baki | *bāgba | *pukusi | |
| child, young | **bāla | *bāla, *bāldɨŕ | *balčir | *baldi- | *bàràpa(i) | |
| sable | **balu | *bulagan | *bali- | *puruki | ||
| early, ancient | **bằlu | *baldɨr | *bala- | *pùrù- | ||
| to kick | **băŋk῾i | *böŋk- | *baŋ-sala- | |||
| goods, to possess, earn | **bā́ra | *bār | *bari- | *bara- | *pə̄r- | |
| right, straight, direct | **bā̀rì | *bEr- | *baraɣun | *bāru | *pàrằ- | *pìtà |
| a kind of cloth | **bā̀ri | *bẹr | *baraɣa | *bārga- | *pār | |
| to rejoice, be proud | **bāŕa (~ -o) | *bAŕ- | *bar-da- | *bāra-či- | *báráp- | |
| wide, thick | **bằŕ | *bAŕɨk | *bar- | *baru-n | *pắr | *pìrə̀- |
| opposite, inimical | **baŕV | *bAŕ | *bar-lug | *bargi- | ||
| payment, loan | **bási | *basɨg | *basa- | *pskūi’í-, pskú- | *písák- | |
| a kind of plant (for making ropes) | **bằtò | *buta- | *batu-kin | *bàtà | ||
| dirt | **bằt῾í | *bat- | *bat-ga | *batu-n | *ptắi | *pìntì |
| early | **bằǯá | *bAja | *baǯi- | *pàjá- | ||
| bait | **bĕ́ | *beŋ | *be | *bái (~ biá) | ||
| thick, large | **bĕ̀dù | *bEdü-k | *bediɣün, *büdüɣün | *burgu- | *pɨ̀rɨ̀- | *pùtuà- |
| a kind of ferment | **begV | *bEgni | *beɣe- | *bege | ||
| man; self, body | **bĕ̀je | *beje | *beje | *bə̀ | ||
| an ungulate animal | **béjo | *bEje | *baji-ta-su | *bejū- | *bí (~ *bə́i) | |
| young, short time | **bàka | *baga | *bekte- | *bàkà- | ||
| a kind of fish | **bek῾ú | *bEkre | *bekir | *beKe | *pok | *punku |
| waist, lap | **bēle (~ -i) | *bẹ̄l(k) | *belkeɣü | *belge | ||
| to be acquainted, assist, employ | **bèli | *bil- | *bele- | *bele- | *pɨ́rí- | |
| pale | **bĕ̀ló | *balaj | *beli | *pằrk- | *pàrá- | |
| hysterics, panic, mourning | **belV | *bEliŋ | *belbe- | *beli(n) | ||
| red clay, dirt | **beńa | *bAńak | *beŋ-ge- | *pání | ||
| daughter-in-law | **bĕ̀ré | *beri- | *bener | *bə̀tə́- | ||
| peace | **bĕŕa | *bAŕ- / *bAr- | *berele- | *bere | ||
| sea, ford | **bétà / **pédà | *pedē- | *pàtá-h, *pàdắr | *bátá | ||
| numerous, great | **bēǯu | *bāj, -tak | *buǯa- | *beǯun | *piji(n)ta- (~ pui-) | |
| I, 1st person pronoun | **bĭ̀ | *bẹ- | *bi, *min-; *ba, *man- | *bi; *bue, *mü-n- | *úrí | *bà- |
| to be, sit | **bíju | *büji- (< *bijü-) | *bi- | *b(u)í- | ||
| to mix, knead | **bilč῾i | *biĺči- | *bilča- | *bilča- | *pìč- | *písípə́ |
| wrist | **bĭli | *bilek | *beɣelej | *bile-n | ||
| a kind of predator | **bī́re | *bȫrü | *ber- | *birin | ||
| throat, to swallow | **bi̯alge | *balgu- | *bilga | |||
| dirt, mud | **bi̯ălu | *bạl- | *bul- | *bul- | *piro | *pu- |
| harm, wound | **bi̯ā́ĺča | *biāĺč | *bilčawu | *bial- | *bánsá-pápí | |
| knee, ankle | **bi̯ắĺmi | *bAĺmak | *belberkej | *bialebki | *parmak (~ -ă-) | *pínsá |
| to build, construct | **bi̯are | *b(i)ar-k | *bari- | *biri- | ||
| penthouse, decking | **bi̯ási | *bAs-tɨrma | *bi(a)sere- | *písásí | ||
| place | **bi̯ŏ̀ga | *baɣu- | *buga | *pá | *bà | |
| to be cold, freeze | **bi̯ŏ̀gi | *beɣe-re- | *bog(i)- / *begi- | *pìja-, *pì | ||
| dirt, patina | **bi̯ŏ́k῾à(rV) (~ **p-) | *bakɨr | *boki(r) | *pə́kə́rí | ||
| end (of a branch etc.) | **bi̯ŏla | *bAldak | *bol- / *bul- | *bule | ||
| a kind of bush, spiraea | **bi̯ŏla | *bạl-gɨn | *balčirgana, *baldargana | *boloka | *pùrò | *bàrà(m)pì |
| arm muscles | **bi̯ŏ́li | *b(i)altɨr | *bul-čiŋ, *bul-čir- | *bola-n | *pằrh | *píntì |
| time, agree upon time | **bi̯ólò | *bolǯu- | *bila- | *bə́rì | ||
| all, completely | **bi̯olo | *bile (bula) | *bul-tu | *bil- | ||
| a kind of predator | **bi̯ònV | *bAnu | *bońa | |||
| color, shape | **bi̯or | *bArɨk (?) | *baraɣa | *borkan | *púrí | |
| give; take, collect | **bi̯ṓr | *bēr- | *bū- | *pírí-p- | ||
| bank, rift | **bi̯óro (~ -ŕ-) | *borgija | *bir-kan | *pìrə́ | ||
| calf, lamb | **bi̯ŏ́ŕu | *buŕagu | *biraɣu | *biaru | *puruk | *pítú-nsí |
| field, mountain slope | **bi̯òsá | *basɨg | *bosoga | *bàsái | ||
| to cover | **bi̯ŏ́t῾è | *bạt- | *büte-, *büteɣe- | *pútá | ||
| a kind of weed, pigweed | **bi̯udi | *budurgana | *pìrăm | *pìjú | ||
| cold, fog | **bi̯údò (~ p-) | *bud- | *budaŋ | *pújù | ||
| gruel, paste; to swell in water | **bi̯ùdo (~ -u) | *botka | *budaɣa | *pɨ̄d-, *pɨ́dVh | *pùjàkà- | |
| down, feather, curly | **bi̯udu | *bɨdɨk (*bɨdńɨk) | *buǯi- / *boǯi- | *bodu- | *pí-n-kai | |
| wheel, pommel of a saddle | **bi̯úga | *büɣü-rge | *pàhói | *bà | ||
| rock, hill | **bi̯ŭ́ge | *bögür | *böɣerüg | *bug- | *pàhói | *bə |
| a kind of insect | **bi̯ūgi | *bȫg | *böɣe-sü | *bugu-tuna | *pìwə̀-musi | |
| joint | **bi̯ugu | *bogum | *bog-tu | *bog- | *pu | |
| blood | **bi̯ùjlu (~ -i) | *bülüŋ | *boldu- | *píh | ||
| well, spring | **bi̯ujri | *bürü-dü | *bira | *ù- | *bì | |
| side (of body), thigh | **bi̯ū̀k῾a (~ -u) | *bɨkɨn | *bokaɣur | *bōKan | ||
| vessel; gourd | **bi̯uk῾e | *buKu- | *pàk | *pùkù(m)pái (~ -ia) | ||
| to bow, bend | **bi̯ŭ̀k῾í | *bük- | *bök- | *buk- | *pìnkàm- | |
| wick | **bi̯ule | *bilik | *bulin | |||
| to rub, whet | **bi̯ŭ́le | *bile- | *büle- | *bula | *pjə̀ró | |
| to soak, gush forth | **bi̯ŭ̀lò | *bulak | *bul(ka)-, *bilka- | *blkü- | *purɨ- (~ -ɨ-) | *pùrə̀ (~ -ua) |
| to abandon, lose | **bi̯ura | *bɨrak- | *burī- | *pə̄ri- / *pằrí- | *pàra-p- / *pára-p- | |
| flea | **bi̯ure | *bürče / *bürge | *bürge | *pjə̀rók | ||
| one | **bi̯uri | *bir | *büri | *pìrɨ́- | *pitə | |
| to hide | **bi̯ùsí (~ p-) | *bus- | *pskɨ́- | *pìsə́-ka | ||
| body; intestines, belly | **bòdà | *bod | *boda | *bàtà | ||
| a kind of platform | **bodi (~ -e) | *böd | *bedu- / *budu- | *ptə́i (?) | ||
| pregnant (of animals); to bear a bastard or miscarry | **bŏga (~ -u, -o) | *bogaŕ | *boɣo- | *bogī- | *pằi- | |
| to paint, variegated | **bŏ́gdu | *bodo- | *budu- | *bugdi | *púti | |
| wizard, holy | **bògé | *bögü | *bogda | *bugu-ča | *bə̀nkám- | |
| empty, meagre | **bojĺe | *boĺ | *bol- | *pɨi- | ||
| to learn, be attentive | **bójĺo | *boĺgu- | *bolgu-ɣa- | *pằihó- | *bə́sí-pa- | |
| esteem | **bóju | *bujur- | *boj | *buje- | *pằi-hắ- | *úja / *bíjá |
| rib, breast bone | **bŏ̀kà | *bokana | *bogoni | *boka- | *bàkì | |
| to lie in ambush | **bŏ́ke | *buk- | *büg- | *bokan- | *bə́ká-s- | |
| to stop up | **bṑki (~ -e) | *bök- | *bögle- | *bōk- | ||
| throat, Adam’s apple | **bŏ̀ku | *boguŕ (/*bokuŕ) | *bagalǯaɣur | *bukse | *pùkùm- | |
| to be | **bṓlo (~ -e) | *bōl- | *bol- | *bə́r- | ||
| an indirect relative | **boĺe | *böĺük | *büli | *bulu- | ||
| a kind of cedar, pine | **bŏĺi | *böĺ | *bujil- / *büjil- | *bolgikta | *pusi | |
| to divide | **bóra (~ -ŕ-) | *borī- | *pə̄rí- | *bár- | ||
| to cover, cover | **bṓrk῾i | *bȫrk | *bürkü- | *púk- | ||
| badger | **borso(k῾V) | *borsuk, *borsmuk | *borki | *ùsɨ̀rk | *bə̀sákí, *ùsákí | |
| dust; smoke, whirlwind | **bŏ́ru (~ -a,-o) | *bur-uk | *bur-gi- / *bür-gi- | *bure-ki | *pằrằ-m | |
| grey | **boŕV | *boŕ | *boro | |||
| to bind | **bŏ̀t῾é | *büči | *botā- | *pɨ̀th- | *pə̀ntə̀k- | |
| to dry on fire, under the sun | **buč῾o (~ -o-) | *bučal- | *bučī- | *pčōi- | *pə̀tə̀-pər- | |
| to attach, follow, accompany | **buda | *bodu- | *boda- | *pə̄t | ||
| heat, steam | **bū́gà | *būg | *baɣa-gi- | *bugar | *bák- | |
| wrong, bad | **bùjre | *buruɣu | *ōi- | *bàrə̀- | ||
| chain, rim | **bŭ̀kà | *bukagu | *bugu- | *boKi- | *bàkù | |
| pea, nut, cone | **bŭkrV | *burčak | *buɣurčag | *boKari, *boKa-kta | *phắs | |
| leg, thigh | **bū́ktV | *būt | *begdi / *bugdi | |||
| hill, mound | **bū̀k῾e (~ -i) | *bük | *buka | *būKa | *puk (~ -ɨ-) | |
| to doubt, be stupid | **buk῾V | *bukinid- | *buK- | *puki | ||
| to stir, shake, smear | **bŭ́li | *bulga- | *büli- | *bul- | *púr- | |
| cloud | **bŭlu (~ -a, -o) | *bulut (*bulɨt) | *bol- | |||
| to grab, find | **bŭlV | *bul- | *buliɣa- | *bule- | ||
| ice, jelly-like substance | **bulV | *bul- | *belu / *bul- | |||
| confusion, fright | **bū́ĺa | *būĺ- | *bala- | *bolga- | *básúr- | |
| joint, sinew | **bŭ̀ĺì (~ -o-) | *büli-ken | *bul- | *pùsì | ||
| to pity, be sad | **bŭ̀ĺo | *bulī- | *pɨ̀rə́- | *bə̀sì- | ||
| to howl | **bū̀ŋe | *böŋre- | *büŋsi-, *büɣüre- | *būni- | *bàmià-k- (~ -ai-) | |
| beard | **bŭrdV | *burut | *burǯi- | *burgakta (/*gurgakta) | ||
| to cover, shade | **bū̀ri (~ -i̯ū-, -e) | *bürü- | *bürü- | *bū- | ||
| to die, perish | **bŭri (~ -ŕ-, -o-, -e) | *bür-il- | *bu(r)- | |||
| to break, crush | **bùro (~ -o-, -ŕ-) | *burči- | *bur- | *bə̀r- | ||
| kidney, liver | **bŭsi (~ -o-, -e) | *bögse(k) < *bös-ge(k) | *büse | *bosa-kta | ||
| itch, scab | **bŭ̀té | *büt- | *bodu(ɣa) | *butu- | *pàtákài | |
| to beat, break | **bŭ̀t῾ù (~ -o-) | *buta- | *bute-, *butekte- | *putɨ’ič- | *pùt- | |
| sack | **čằbà (~ -o) | *ǯaPku | *čar | *tàpàra | ||
| helmet, headgear | **čabV | *daɣulga | *ǯabuka | |||
| a kind of small predator | **čágo | *ToK- (?) | *ǯeɣe-ken | *ǯagari | ||
| pine, larch | **čā́kte | *Tɨ̄t | *ǯagda | |||
| full, fill | **čā́lo | *dōl- | *del- | *ǯalu(-m) | *čăra- | *tár- |
| a kind of broad-leaved plant | **čălù | *dal | *daldawu | *ǯali-kta | *čùr-kí | *tùrù |
| to hesitate, argue | **čā̀ma | *dam- | *ǯām- | *tàmiàrap- (~ -ai-) | ||
| a kind of tree | **čamu | *dom | *ǯamu | *tum(u)i | ||
| gift, loan | **čaŋgu | *ǯaŋ(g)- | *tu(n)ku- | |||
| a kind of foliage tree | **čărikV | *dẹrek | *čirgaj | *ǯarikta | ||
| to repeat, again, always | **čĕk῾a | *d(i)akɨ | *daki- | *ǯeki | *təkə | |
| a kind of small animal | **čĕ́lV | *ǯele-kī | *čār | *tái (~ -ia) | ||
| to split, hole, crack | **čḕlV | *dil- | *čilüɣe | *ǯēlge | ||
| firm, strong | **čikŕo | *Tɨgra- / *Tɨgɨŕ | *čiɣirag | *diktu (~ ǯ-) | *čirk- | *tíkàrà |
| power, ability | **číńo | *dɨŋ | *čineɣe | *ǯiŋ | *čɨ̄ń- | *tíná-m- |
| to listen, consider | **čĭŋV | *dɨŋla- / *diŋle- | *čiŋla- | *ǯiŋ- | ||
| slow, sluggish | **čipV (~ -b-) | *čibda- | *ǯibge | |||
| a kind of ungulate animal | **či̯adu (~ **či̯oda) | *T(i)adun | *dudura- | *ǯudura | ||
| sweet, taste | **či̯ā́tu (~ **t-) | *dāt | *dadu- | *ǯutī | ||
| ten | **či̯obe (~ **t-) | *ǯuba-n | *təwə | |||
| salt; bitter, acid | **či̯obeŕV (~ -i̯abu-) | *dūŕ | *dabusu | *ǯujar- | *čjə̄r- | *túrá- |
| to give, exchange | **či̯ŏge | *dẹg- | *düji- | *ǯugē- | *čù- | *tai (~ *tia) |
| a kind of small animal (squirrel, otter) | **či̯oke | *dEgiŋ | *ǯuku-n | *čúi | ||
| ice, hail | **či̯òlú (~ t-) | *dolu | *ǯalka | *tùrárá | ||
| thousand | **či̯ùmi | *Tümen | *čɨ́mɨ́n | *ti | ||
| blood; spirit, breath | **či̯ū́nu | *dɨ̄n | *čisu | *ǯun- | *tí | |
| to scratch | **či̯ŭru (~ -a) | *dɨrŋa-k | *ǯurū-, *ǯura-n | *čūr | ||
| even, straight | **či̯uŕi | *düŕ | *čir- | *čɨ̀rɨ̀- | ||
| string, to string | **či̯úŕu | *diŕ- | *dürü- | *čur- | *túrá | |
| front, front part | **čŏĺe | *döĺ | *döli | *ǯule | *čɨrə | |
| pulp, mushroom; lip | **čṓtakV (~ -ukV) | *dōtak | *ǯudakta / *ǯedukte | |||
| to stand | **čŭ̀ra | *dur- | *ǯur- | *čàrí | *tàt- | |
| swift stream, current | **čúrka (~ -i̯o-) | *dargil | *ǯurku | *tákí, *tanki-t- | ||
| that, beyond, not very far | **č῾a | *ča- | *čā- | *čə̀ | ||
| to pinch | **č῾abo | *čibka | *čaba- | *čūb- | ||
| army, war | **č῾abu | *čAbuĺ(č) | *čaɣur | *čabu-ka | *tupa- | |
| sound, fame | **č῾ā́bu | *č(i)āb | *čuw | *čab- | *tuáp- | |
| scorpion, viper | **č῾adVbV | *čAd(b)an | *tatipi | |||
| a kind of plant (reed) and its bast | **č῾ge | *čɨg (~ -ɨ̄-) | *čaɣal-su | *čjòhắi | ||
| resin, juice | **č῾aju (~ -e-) | *čAjɨr | *čɨ̀r- | *tuju | ||
| sand, sandbar | **č῾ā́jV (~ -ē-) | *čāj | *čeɣel | |||
| breast | **č῾ằjǯV | *čičig (/*čɨčɨg) | *čeɣeǯi | *ča(i)ǯa-n | *čjə́č | *tì, *tìtí |
| a kind of coniferous tree | **č῾ā̀ki | *čEket | *čigör- | *čāK- | ||
| many; be full, enough | **č῾áko | *čok | *čak | *čhắ- | *tákú-páp- | |
| to wrap, tie | **č῾ak῾a | *čak- | *čaK- | *čhằ- | *ta(n)k- | |
| forearm | **č῾ak῾e | *čɨkan(ak) | *čaxan | *čjàkái- | ||
| a kind of insect | **č῾ăk῾i | *čekü-rtke | *čoku | *čaKu- (~ š-) | ||
| section, prop (in a building) | **č῾ak῾V | *čaku | *čaKi- | *čhái | ||
| membrane, bark | **č῾ali | *čEl(p)- | *čalban | |||
| sharp, to cut | **č῾àlù | *čal- | *čali | *čal- | *tùrù(n)kì | |
| to suffer hardships | **č῾amo | *čAm | *čima- | *čamu-li- | *čắmh- | *tamar- |
| a kind of tree | **č῾ámo (~ -e-) | *čAm | *čöme-sü ? | *čămh | *támú-kui | |
| a kind of small animal | **č῾ā́mro | *čārba- (*čārma-) | *čindaga | *čamduk- | ||
| building | **č῾àńè (~ **č-, -e-) | *čáń | *tə̀nə̀ | |||
| people, gathering | **č῾aŋo | *čiɣul- | *čaŋit | *č(j)ōŋ | *tami | |
| to chop, hit | **č῾ăp῾a (~ -u, -i) | *čap- | *čabči- | *čapka | *čak- | |
| glue, clay | **č῾ăp῾a (~ -u, -i) | *čap- | *čabaɣ(u) | *čapa | ||
| a kind of horned animal | **č῾ap῾i (~ **č῾ep῾a) | *čepiĺ | *čaɣa | |||
| bare, barefooted | **č῾are (~ -ŕ-, -o) | *čira-ma | *čara-ku | |||
| to cut off, tear off | **č῾àro | *čar | *čari- | *čărɨ- | *tàt- | |
| cheek, cheekbone | **č῾ăǯV | *čAj-na- | *ǯaǯi- | *ǯaǯi- | ||
| branch, forked branch; staff | **č῾ḗbV | *čĀb- | *čib- | *čebu-(gan) | ||
| to press, squeeze | **č῾éč῾í | *čeče-re- | *čìčɨ́r- | *tíntí- | ||
| flower | **č῾eč῾u | *čeček | *tutu(n)si | |||
| a kind of insect | **č῾egV(nV) | *čeɣV- / *čiɣV- | *čegene- | *čìnə́i | ||
| to strike fire | **č῾ĕ́k῾à (~ -i̯a-) | *č(i)ak- | *čaki- | *či(K)u- (~ -e-) | *čhắ- | *ták- |
| handle | **č῾èk῾ù (~ **č῾i̯ok῾e, -k-) | *čEkük / *čEküč | *čhái | *tùkà | ||
| part of shoulder close to neck | **č῾ek῾V | *čekn | *čekerej | |||
| a kind of cloth | **č῾ēk῾V | *čĒk- | *čegedeg | *čeKe | *čjə́k- | |
| rag | **č῾ep῾à | *čepürek | *čoɣu-da- | *čapa- (~ -ă-) | *tapai | |
| ulcer, furuncle | **č῾ḗp῾u | *čɨ̄pgan | *čijigan | *čepe | *čjūpók | |
| snow, to freeze | **č῾era (~ -o) | *čar- | *čar | |||
| to twist, turn | **č῾ibe | *čebir- | *čüw | *čib- | ||
| spout, prick, penis | **č῾č῾V | *čiči- | *čiču | *čči | ||
| wet, moisture | **č῾iju | *čɨj-ɨk | *čiɣig | *čikpa- | *čī-n, *čhuk- | *tuju |
| to stamp, ram; stamped path | **č῾ika (~ -u) | *čɨgɨr | *čig | *čiKi- | ||
| bead, treasure | **č῾ĭ̀k῾à | *čEk- (~ -i-) | *čiku- | *tàkàrà | ||
| to cut, cutting instrument | **č῾ĭ́k῾ā́ | *čikā- | *tánkání | |||
| to rise, sprout | **č῾ĭk῾a (~ -o, -u) | *čɨk- | *čiki | *čiK(i)- | *čhi- | |
| straw, chaff | **č῾ik῾ò | *čigit / *čɨgɨt (~ -k-) | *čiɣire | *čixe- | *čùkɨ́r | *təkusa |
| pivot, bolt | **č῾ĭ̀k῾o (~ -k-) | *čɨkanak | *čigta | *čiKi | *čítóri | *tikiri |
| to swell | **č῾ī́ĺč῾u | *sīĺč | *čulčaji- / *čelčeji- / *čili- | *čilču- | *tu(n)si-m- | |
| knuckle, cartilage | **č῾ī̀me | *čEmirčik | *čimöge | *čīme- (~ š-,-ǖ-) | *čəŋk- (< *čəm-k- ?) | |
| to pinch, pluck (with fingers) | **č῾ĭ́mu | *čɨm- | *čim- | *čm- | *čum | *túm- |
| top, edge | **č῾ī̀mu | *čɨm- / *čum- | *čimarkai | *čīme | ||
| a kind of fish | **č῾imV | *čima | *čime | |||
| sharp edge, peg | **č῾ipV | *čib | *čibe | *čibuke | ||
| branch, sharp branch | **č῾ī́p῾a | *čɨ̄p | *čipa- | |||
| to press (with fingers), pinch | **č῾íp῾ú | *čip- | *čìp- | *túmpə́-m- | ||
| small bird | **č῾ĭ̀p῾ | *čɨpčɨk | *čuwčali | *čipi- | *čjə̄pì | *tùmpá-mái (~ -ia) |
| to stink, be rotten | **č῾ĭre | *čẹr | *čer | *čiri- | *čiri- | |
| to cut, scrape | **č῾ire | *čert- | *čire- | |||
| to drag, draw | **č῾iŕV | *čiŕ- | *čir- | |||
| foam, bubble | **č῾i̯abo (~ **č῾i̯obe) | *čeɣer | *čobī- (~ š-) | |||
| oyster, shell | **č῾i̯abVk῾V | *čiabikta | *čjòkài | |||
| cold, frozen snow | **č῾i̯aga | *ča(g)-su | *čiaga | *čhằ- | ||
| time | **č῾i̯āk῾e | *čiāk | *čag | *čiK- | *čək | *tə̀kì |
| small | **č῾i̯ā́k῾e (~ -u) | *čĀka | *čaka | *čjāk-, *čjə̄k- | ||
| temple; ear | **č῾k῾i | *čẹke | *čiki | *čaKar | *čăkami | |
| to spread, open wide | **č῾i̯ale | *čala- | *čildi- | |||
| to talk nonsense, babble | **č῾i̯ālu (~ **č῾i̯ōla) | *čAl- | *čal- | *čōlī- | ||
| a kind of thorny plant | **č῾i̯álV | *č(i)alɨ- | *čulkir | *čil- | *tára | |
| a sharp bone, sharp instrument | **č῾i̯aŋu (~ **č῾i̯oŋe) | *čeŋe | *čoŋkī- | *čə̄ŋ (~ *čjə̄ŋ) | ||
| groin, hip | **č῾i̯apa | *čabi | *čiabu- | |||
| grass, weed | **č῾i̯ṑk῾e (~ -k-) | *čekin | *čūKa | *soksăi | *tùkúsi | |
| to agree, confirm | **č῾i̯ŏ̀k῾ó | *čok- | *čoku- | *čixa | *tə̀nká- | |
| grey, light | **č῾i̯ṓli (~ -e, **č῾i̯ā́lo) | *čĀl | *čil- / *čel- | *čolka | ||
| to hobble, tether | **č῾i̯ŏli (~ -e, **č῾i̯ălo) | *č(i)al-, *č(i)alma | *čilbur | *čulupkī- | ||
| crippled | **č῾i̯olu | *čol- | *čile- | *čial- | *čə̄rk | *tur- |
| a kind of clothing | **č῾i̯op῾a (~ **č῾i̯ap῾u) | *čAp | *čuba | *čop- | ||
| water container, vessel | **č῾i̯op῾è | *čap- | *čöɣerüm | *čup- / *čop- | *č(j)apa- | *tə̀pî (~ -ua-) |
| a kind of foliage tree | **č῾ra | *čar- | *čara-su | *čuru- | *čori- | |
| scarce, poor | **č῾i̯ū́a | *čɨ̄gań | *čukag | *čuki | ||
| to tie up, bandage | **č῾i̯ugu | *čɨg- | *čig | *čuga- | ||
| a kind of insect | **č῾i̯ū̀me (~ -i) | *čümeli | *čīme- (~ š-,-ǖ-) | *čóm | ||
| round(ed) object | **č῾i̯úmu | *čɨmur | *čom- | *čumbu- | *túmúnsí | |
| seed, cone | **č῾i̯umu | *čɨm | *čöme | *čum- / *čim- | ||
| a kind of insect | **č῾i̯ū́p῾a (~ -u) | *čɨ̄pɨn | *čubali | *čope- | ||
| small, narrow | **č῾i̯ŭ̀p῾ì | *čüɣe-n | *čip- | *čòp- | *tìpì-sà- | |
| ashes, glowing coals | **č῾ṓga | *čōg, -ak | *čuguk (~ -b-) | |||
| to peck, gouge | **č῾ṑk῾a | *čok- | *čoki- | *čōk(i)- | *čhắ- | |
| cheek bone | **č῾òk῾e (~ -i̯u-) | *čügde | *čoku | *čjókái | ||
| to incline, sink | **č῾ŏk῾i | *čök- | *čökü- | *čoK- | *čùk- | *tuku-(m)pap- |
| steppe | **č῾ŏli (~ -e) | *čöl | *čolid | *čulbi- | ||
| together, all | **č῾óme | *čöm | *čuŋnu | *tə́mə | ||
| stack, to stack | **č῾omi (~ -e) | *čömele | *čomu- | *čum- | ||
| to cram, stop up | **č῾òmu (~ -i̯o-) | *čắm-, *čằm- | *tùm- | |||
| dregs, dirt | **č῾op῾i (~ -e) | *čöp | *čöb | *čupa | ||
| pike | **č῾ṑrV | *čortan | *čurukai | *čōr- | ||
| bundle | **č῾ùgù | *čug | *čug- | *čok | *tùkà | |
| to jump, trot | **č῾ukV (~ -o-) | *čogi- | *čuKe-rē- | *čhú- | ||
| a kind of fish | **č῾úk῾i (~ -i̯u-) | *čüke | *čòkɨ́i | |||
| to grow less, shrink | **č῾uli | *čülik- | *čölü- | *čulbi- | *čūr- | |
| grey | **č῾upa | *čubar | *čabidar | *čub-rī- | ||
| through | **č῾up῾V | *čoɣu | *čup- | |||
| near; to follow | **dắgá | *jạgu- | *daɣa-ri- | *daga | *ta(h)- | *dánká- |
| enemy, alien | **dằgì | *jagɨ | *dajin | *dagu-r | *tōi | *(d)ìkùsà |
| shoulder bone, back | **dagV | *jagɨr, *jagrɨn | *dajira / *daɣari | *daga- | ||
| coverlet | **dáku | *jogurgan | *dakan- | *dúká | ||
| follow, near | **dằk῾ì | *jAk-ɨn | *daka-, *daga- | *daxa- | *tìkà- | |
| a kind of building | **dala (~ -e-) | *dal | *da | |||
| to roast, burn | **dàli | *dölü | *dalga- | *tàr- | *(d)ìr- | |
| glue; to glue, stick | **dā̀li | *jẹli-m | *ǯil- | *dāl-bu- | ||
| sweet, tasty | **dalo | *jl-ɨnčga | *dal-di | *tằr- | ||
| to shake, sway | **dalp῾V (~ -e-, -p-) | *jelpi- / *jalpɨ- | *delbe- / *dalba- | |||
| nape, withers | **dā́lV (~ -ē-) | *jāl | *dalaŋ | *tər-mi | ||
| to close, hide | **dằĺà (~ -o) | *jaĺ- | *dal- | *dal(i)- | *tjə́r | *dàsìrə̀ |
| only | **dā̀mù | *dāmu | *dùmài | |||
| blame, guilt | **dằŋk῾V (~ t-) | *daŋ- | *tə̀nká | |||
| to cross (a mountain) | **dā̀pà | *daba- | *dāb- | *dàmà | ||
| to freeze | **dari (~ t-) | *dereji- | *dar- | *(d)ita- | ||
| back, waist | **dărV(mV) | *jarɨn | *dere(me) | *darama | ||
| to regulate, govern | **dasa | *jAsa- | *das- | *dasa- | *tàs- | |
| a flat cover | **dắsi | *jAs- | *dasinga | *dasi- | *tìsài | |
| to lie | **dḕ | *jạt- | *de-b- | *dē- | *dàntə̀-r- | |
| young (of birds or animals) | **debV | *jabrɨ | *deɣü | *debere | ||
| feather, wing | **dgì | *jüg | *ǯiɣür | *dekte- | *(d)íká | |
| needle, thorn, arrow | **dḕgni | *(j)igne | *ǯeɣü-wün | *dēŋgu | *(d)inka | |
| to burn | **dĕ́kà | *jak- | *deg-ǯe-gi- | *thằ- | *dák- | |
| a kind of reed or bamboo | **dék῾à | *jEken | *dek- | *deke- | *tái | *tákái |
| harness, hook | **dek῾V (~ -k-) | *jEk- | *deken | |||
| mane; collar | **dḗlì | *jēl | *del | *delü-n | *(d)iárì | |
| flat, wide | **dĕ̀lp῾à | *jalpɨ | *dalba- | *delpi-n | *tàpìra | |
| to burst, break | **dĕ̀lp῾i | *deĺ- | *delbe- | *delpe- | *timpə- | |
| soft, fluffy | **dĕp῾a (~ **t-) | *dep- | *tàpók- | |||
| to shake, sway | **déru (~ -ŕ-) | *derbe- | *der(gi)- | *dúr- | ||
| to flatten, flat | **deŕa (~ -o) | *jạŕ- | *daru- | *tàrì- | ||
| hem | **dible | *jEl(b)- | *dewel | *dilbi- | ||
| tar, to melt | **dijV (~ **t-) | *dī | *tī- | *(d)í- | ||
| udder | **dile | *jẹlin | *deleŋ | *dilba | ||
| year; sun, sun cycle | **dĭ̀lo | *jɨl | *ǯil | *dilačā | *torč | *tə̀sì |
| juice, resin | **dilu | *jülük / *juluk | *ǯilij | *dilgu | ||
| brain | **dilu | *julɨŋ / *jülüŋ | *ǯiluɣa / *ǯulaj | *dili | ||
| to win | **diŋe | *jẹŋ- | *dejil- | *diŋe- | ||
| to guard, preserve | **dísa | *ǯise- | *disu- | *jásí-nap- | ||
| fish | **di̯ági (~ -i̯o-) | *ǯiɣa- | *thi | *(d)íwuá | ||
| flat surface, land | **di̯ā́no (~ **di̯ṓne) | *jān | *denǯi | *dunse | ||
| a small animal (flying squirrel) | **di̯ari | *jar- / *jer- | *ǯirke | *ǯ(i)arami (~ d-) | *tằràmí | *(d)ìtàti |
| good, better | **di̯òge | *jẹg- | *ǯaɣa | *tjōh- | *də̀- | |
| socks, stockings | **di̯okt῾V (~ t-) | *degtej | *dokta | |||
| a kind of predator | **di̯úblu (~ -a) | *jolbars | *ǯilar | *dolbi | ||
| a kind of foliage tree | **di̯ŭlgu (~ -a) | *jɨlgun | *dolugana | *dulgikta | ||
| warm | **di̯ū̀lu | *jɨlɨ-g | *dulaɣan | *dūl- | *dù | |
| wing, fin | **di̯up῾ú | *ǯiber | *tumpasa | |||
| inside, middle | **dṑ (~ t-) | *do- / *du- | *dō | *tắi | ||
| withers, back | **dṓn(e)k῾V | *jōnak | *döŋ(ge) | *doŋka | *tɨ̀ŋ | |
| to go, walk, approach | **dōre | *jorɨ- / *jüri- | *dürbe- | *dūrē- | *də́r- | |
| rule, permission | **dòru | *jor- | *dura- | *dora(n) | *dùrù- | |
| weak, slack, emaciated | **dòru | *jor- | *doru | *duru- | *dùrù- | |
| a kind of badger | **dorVkV | *jorukan | *dorugun | *driken | ||
| skilled, accustomed | **dubi (~ t-) | *düj | *dub- | |||
| night | **dŭ̀le | *düli- | *dolba | *duà, *duà-rû | ||
| mad, crazy | **dū́li | *jǖl- | *dülei | *dulbu- | *tor | |
| to burn, set fire | **dure (~ t-, -ŕ-, -i) | *dür- | *dur- | |||
| ring | **dŭŕi | *jüŕ- | *dörü | *dur- | ||
| that (deictic root) | **é | *ạ(-n) | *e-ne | *e- | *ā-mò | *á- |
| not | **e | *e-se | *e- | |||
| to join, meet | **èbà | *ab- | *aɣu-lǯa- | *ebu-re- | *àbór- | *àp- |
| to winnow, fan | **ĕbà | *ebis- | *ebiri- | *apu- | ||
| marshmallow, hollyhock | **éba(-ku) | *(h)abuga | *ebke- | *à’ók | *ápúpi | |
| to carry on the back | **ĕ̀bè | *eɣüre- | *ebe- | *ə̀p- | *ə̀p- | |
| to be weak, to wither | **ebí | *ebe- | *ə̀bí- | *impu-sia- | ||
| egg | **èbla | *o(bɨ)l-duruk | *(h)eɣülde | *(x)elū- | *árh | |
| enough, big | **ebo | *(h)öɣ- / *(h)öb- | *ebi- | *ò’ắ- | ||
| worm, snake | **ebVrV | *ebren | *ūre | *bə̀rə̀tì (~ -ua-) | ||
| to see, understand | **ḗbǯo | *ȫ(j)- | *üǯe- | *eǯe- | ||
| early, morning | **éča | *esī | *àčhắm | *àsâ | ||
| be weak, exhausted | **ēč῾o | *ạ̄č | *eče- | *ə́č- | *ə̀tə̀r- | |
| thing, goods | **ĕda | *ed | *aǯi- / *ada- | *idegē (/*e-) | ||
| silly, evil | **ēda | *Ada | *ada | *ēde- | *ántá | |
| host, husband | **ĕdV | *Edi | *eǯen | *edī- | ||
| to rise, lift | **ḗga | *(i)āg- | *(h)ag-sa- | *ek-se- | *á(n)ká- | |
| to bend | **ĕgi (~ -e, -a) | *eg- | *eɣe- | *ege- | *ə̀i- | |
| shoulder, collarbone | **egmV | *egin | *eɣem | *emu-ge | ||
| big, many | **ḗgó | *ẹ̄g-id- | *aɣu- | *egdi | *ə̀’uí- | *ənki-rə |
| to twist, spin | **egVrV | *egir- | *eɣere- | *ə̀rɨ̀ | ||
| to be afraid | **éjá (~ -o) | *Ej-men- | *aju- | *ájá- | ||
| to hurry | **ḗjba | *ēb- | *(h)abad | *ebV- | *áwá-tá- | |
| bad, weak | **ĕ̀ka (~ -o) | *ek- | *(h)egel | *eke | *àk- | |
| to paw, hit with hooves | **èk῾á | *agsa- | *(h)agsa- | *ekte- | *ànkà-k- | |
| elder sister | **ĕk῾à (~ -o) | *eke | *eke, *egeče | *eKe / *keKe | *kjə̄-čìp | *kaka |
| sufficient | **éli | *el- | *ele- | *ər- | *ír- | |
| peace | **ḗlV | *ēl | *el | *elke | ||
| deer | **ĕlV(-k῾V) | *elik | *ili | *(x)elkēn | ||
| to cover | **ḗĺpo | *ēĺü- | *(h)olbug | *elbe-, *eldu- | *ə́sə́p- | |
| to scratch, rake, row | **ḗĺV | *ēĺ- | *ele- | *elbe-s- | ||
| donkey | **ĕĺǯu | *eĺgek | *elǯigen | *eji-ken | ||
| to come | **ema (~ -o) | *amada- | *eme- | |||
| to stay, be left, leave | **ĕ̀ma (~ -o) | *emē-n- | *àmà- | |||
| woman, female | **ĕ̀me | *eme | *eme | *emV | *ámh | *mía |
| to avoid, taboo | **èmi (~ a-, **ime) | *emge- | *emiɣe- | *ìm- | ||
| front | **emo | *ömgen | *emü- | *ume- / emu- | ||
| to suck | **emV (~ **ami) | *em- | *em-kü- | |||
| saddle, belt | **emV(ŋV) | *ẹ̆dŋe-r | *emeɣe-l | *emu-l | ||
| middle, width | **ḗna(kV) | *ēn | *eŋ | *(x)ene-kǖ | *ánh | *nàká |
| young of an ungulate | **ènŋù | *ạnkaj | *unagan | *(x)enŋe- | *ùmà | |
| to beware, attention | **enu (~ -o) | *anu- | *(h)an- | *(x)en-te- | ||
| pain, sickness | **ḗnV | *ēn- | *ene-ri, -l- | *enū- | ||
| mother, elder sister | **ĕ́ńa | *ana / *eńe | *eńi- | *ə̀ńí | *ánái | |
| a kind of vessel | **eńa | *ańak | *ajaga(n) | *eńukē | ||
| chin, jaw | **ēŋa(k῾V) | *ēŋ | *(x)eŋge | *ánk- | ||
| shoulder, back part | **eŋsV | *eŋse | *ə̀skə́i | |||
| to think, understand | **ēŋV | *āŋ, *āŋ-la- | *aɣuda-la- | *eŋē- | *ə̀mə̀-p- | |
| cloud, darkness | **ḕŋV | *eɣüle | *ēŋ- | |||
| to hunt, kill | **ḗpo | *Āb | *aba | *wā- (= *ebā-) | *ə́p- | |
| breast, rib | **ép῾á | *eb- | *əp- | *ámpárá | ||
| bread, food | **ep῾ò | *Epej | *aɣag / *haɣag | *epe | *páp | *əpə-mənə |
| big | **ĕ̀p῾o | *Ap / *Ep | *aba- | *opɨ- | *ə̀pə̀- | |
| grandfather | **ép῾V | *ebü-gen | *epu | *ə̀p- | ||
| to be | **ĕ̀ra | *er- | *ere- | *eri- | *àr- | |
| rough | **ḗra | *Ērig | *ar- | *ar- | *árá- | |
| early | **ḗre (~ -i) | *ẹ̄r | *er-te | *erü-n | *ìrɨ̀- | |
| a kind of box, enclosure | **érga (~ -u) | *erge | *(h)ergi-neg | *(x)erge | *ə̀rí | |
| a kind of fruit | **èrì | *erük | *üril | *ɨrɨm | *ìtàpi | |
| to wrap, tie | **erka | *Arka- | *arga- | *ə̀rk- | ||
| clean | **ĕ́ro | *ạrɨ- | *ariɣ- | *áráp- | ||
| skin | **ĕ̀rù (~ -ŕ-) | *ar-su | *eruke- | *ùrə̀kə̀ (/*i-; ~ -ua-) | ||
| to go astray, mistake | **ḗŕa | *āŕ- | *ereɣü | *er- | *ə̀rjə́-b- | *árá- |
| a kind of grass, wormwood | **eŕmu | *eŕen | *erme | *òrmí | ||
| to take care of | **ḕs | *es | *asara- | *ēske- | *às-kàb-, *às-kí- | *ìsàma- |
| unripe, sour | **eso | *ẹsür- | *es- | *esi-kin | *àsì- | |
| to take care of, to deal with | **ḗt῾a | *ēt- | *ete- | *àtáŋ | *átúkáp- | |
| elder relative | **ĕ́t῾è | *Ata / *Ete | *ečige | *(x)eti- | *àtắ | *tətə, *ti |
| thread, to quilt | **èt῾i (~ -t-) | *Etek | *etu- / *ute- | *ìtuá | ||
| to take; to put | **ga | *Ko- | *ga- | *kà- | ||
| branch, bough | **gàč῾i (~ **gèč῾a) | *gač- | *káčí | |||
| one of a pair | **gằgtà | *Kat | *gagča | *gagda | *kàtà | |
| oar, boat pole | **gằjá | *K(i)aj-guk | *ga(j)- | *kàjí | ||
| sorrow | **gằju | *Kadgu | *gaj | *gaja- | *kəi’əm | *kùjà- |
| surprise | **gajV | *KAj- | *gajika- | *gaji- | ||
| to hate, wild | **gắli | *K(i)al | *galǯaɣu | *galu- | *kíráp- | |
| clear (of sky, weather) | **gălV | *K(i)alɨ- | *galu- | |||
| to contest | **gaĺi | *gali- | *kjəru- | *kisuap- (~ *kisəp-) | ||
| concubine, co-wife | **gămo | *Koma | *gama | *kòmá | ||
| to explain, tell, say | **găŋi (~ -i̯a-) | *geŋe- | *geɣe- | *g(i)aŋna- | ||
| protection, care | **gàp῾á | *gabi- | *kàmpà- | |||
| arm | **gàrá (~ -e-) | *Karɨ | *gar | *kàtá | ||
| light | **gari (~ -ŕ-, -o) | *gere-l | *garpa | |||
| sharp edge | **gằŕ | *geŕ | *gara | *kárh | *kàtànà | |
| wild goose | **gā̀ŕV | *Kāŕ | *gār(u)a | |||
| crane, aquatic bird | **gaso (~ -i) | *geske | *gasa | |||
| strong, very | **găte | *ged | *küdür | *gata- / *kada- | *kətə | |
| fur on animal’s paws | **gàtù | *godu / *gudu-, *gutu- | *gata- | *kùtù | ||
| berry, to gather berries | **gằt῾a (~ -t-) | *Kat- | *gata- | *kə̀t- | *kàtai | |
| shell, husk | **gébó | *Kạb- | *gawr-su | *gub- (~ *geb-) | *kòbɨ̀i | *kámpí |
| light, empty | **gĕbo | *geb- | *güji- | *gebu- | ||
| back (of head), behind | **gĕ́dì | *ged | *gede | *gedi-muk | *kítà | |
| to be angry | **gĕ́gà (~ -o) | *KAkɨ- | *gaɣa- | *geg- | *kákúat- | |
| hook, bend | **gék῾á | *Kek- / *Kak- | *gek- | *gek(u)- | *kánkám- | |
| to search, hunt | **gĕ̀la | *gele- | *gelē- | *kàr- | ||
| to come; to go | **gĕ̀le | *gẹl- | *gel- | *gel- | *ká- | *kə̀- |
| to screen (from light), disappear | **gḕĺa | *Köĺ- | *gēl- | *kɨ̀rɨ̀mə́i | *kàsùm- | |
| to complete, fill in | **gèmo | *gömür- | *gemu | *kăm- | *kə̀m- | |
| stern, boat | **gḗmo | *gẹ̄mi | *gemu ? | *kòmắr | ||
| to suppose; unexpected | **gèná | *gEne | *gene- | *kàná- | ||
| to bend | **gḕnŋa | *KAŋɨr- | *gana- | *gē(n)ŋe- | ||
| male, self | **gentV (~ k-) | *ẹntü (-nd-) | *gendü | |||
| to disappear, obscure | **gep῾V | *geɣe- | *gepe- | |||
| many | **gera (~ -o, -u) | *garu- | *gere-n | |||
| word, name, witness | **gĕ̀rè(bV) | *gẹr-tü | *gere(-ɣe) | *gerbǖ | *kɨ́r, *kɨ́r-bə́r | *kə̀tə̀, *kə̀tə̀-pà |
| a kind of pheasant | **gérki | *Kerke- | *girgawl, *k- | *kínkisí | ||
| house, house poles | **gĕrV | *gerekü | *ger | *gerbe- | ||
| to watch, look | **get῾V | *gete- | *gete- | |||
| mare | **gibe | *KEbel | *gewü-n | *gibu- | ||
| notch, to cut aslant | **gijo | *Kɨj- | *gia- | *ki | ||
| to shine, glitter | **gìlè (~ -i, -o) | *gil(b)a- | *gilta- | *kìrà- | ||
| curved object | **gilu (~ -o, -a) | *Kɨlɨ | *gil- | *gil- | ||
| cold | **gĭ̀ĺò | *Kɨĺ | *gil- | *kìsàra-(n)ki | ||
| defect | **gíme (~ **gemi) | *Kem | *gem | *kìmɨ́i | ||
| bone | **gire (~ -ŕ-) | *gere | *giram-ksa | |||
| shore; road | **giru | *Kɨrgak | *giri | *kírh | ||
| girl, mate | **gī́ŕa (~ -o,-u) | *Kɨ̄ŕ | *girkī | |||
| goose, duck | **gi̯ằlá | *galaɣu(n) | *gileŋē- | *kàrí | ||
| to stay behind, be separated | **gi̯ā́la | *Kiāl- | *gal- | *giala- | *kára- | |
| thick, whole | **gi̯ălu | *Kalɨŋ | *goli- | *gulu-kun | ||
| ring, bracelet, precious stone | **gi̯ā́ĺu | *KĀĺ | *goldi | *kòrhói | *kusirə | |
| wild onion | **gi̯aŋu | *gEmürgen | *guŋur | *k(u)i | ||
| to stretch, spread | **gi̯ări | *ger- | *girke- | *kə̄r- | ||
| acacia | **gi̯ắru | *KArakan | *gur- | *kor- | *kútí- | |
| wave, stream | **gi̯àru | *goru-ka / *gori-ka | *guru- | *kjə́r | ||
| to walk, step | **gi̯ằŕá | *gEŕ- | *gar- | *giari- / *gira- | *kàtí | |
| to curse, horrify | **gi̯aso | *Kias- | *ges- | *gos- | *kasi- | |
| a kind of flower | **gi̯óč῾e | *gEč- | *gečigene | *kòč | ||
| belly, stomach | **gi̯odV | *gede-sün | *gudige | |||
| ? to butt, horn | **gi̯oje | *gujā- | ||||
| bird of prey | **gjk῾u | *göjke | *giax(ü-n) | |||
| dawn, daylight | **gi̯òjńu | *gün(eĺ) / *guńaĺ | *gegeɣe < *geɣeɣe | *giańam | *kúi | *ka(i) |
| to run, send | **gi̯ŏ̀ó | *Kog- | *güji- | *gik- | *kàká- | |
| to burn, fire | **gi̯ola (~ -ĺ-, **gi̯alo) | *gal | *gul- | |||
| to be unhappy, endure | **gi̯òlo | *Kol- | *golu- | *gil- | *kə̀rápá- (~ -uo-) | |
| edge; eyebrow | **gi̯ṓĺV | *K(i)āĺ | *gula | |||
| to swell, form blisters | **gi̯ṓp῾e | *Kāp- | *göb- / *güb- | *kòpó-m- | *kəp(u)i (~ -ua-) | |
| a kind of reed | **gi̯óra | *KAr(a)gu | *gurbi | *kántúrá | ||
| to cut, carve, shear | **gi̯óro (~ -ŕ-) | *gur- | *giri- | *kár- | ||
| skin disease | **gi̯ṑŕe (~ **gi̯ā̀ŕu) | *KEŕi- | *gōr- | |||
| stick, pole | **gi̯ose (~ -i, **gi̯aso) | *gesi-ɣün | *gusa | |||
| to hit, pound | **gi̯ube | *Küb- | *güb- | *kuwa- | ||
| to smoke, roast | **gi̯ūbe | *gübeč | *gǖb- | *kūb- | *káwə́r- | |
| thin, short | **gi̯ū̀la | *Kɨl- | *gulbi- | *gōl- | *kàrú- | |
| to stretch | **gi̯ŭldo | *Kula- | *gulda- | *gülde- | ||
| male deer | **gi̯uli | *Külmüŕ | *gil- | |||
| to strain liquid | **gĺe | *Köĺ-er- | *gile- | *kə̀rɨ̀- | *kə́s- (~ -ua-) | |
| to smoke, fume | **gi̯ū̀ĺo (~ -e) | *golu-mta | *gǖl- | *kər- | *kùsù-(m)p- | |
| to extinguish | **gi̯ū̀p῾a (~ -u) | *Kɨp- | *gūp- | |||
| to search, hunt | **gŏ̀bè (~ -o) | *Kob- | *guji- | *gob- | *kə̀p- | |
| valley | **goblu | *Kōl | *gowl | *gola | *kōr | *kura |
| beautiful | **gòbù (~ -u-) | *gowa | *kōb- | *kùpà- | ||
| to be diligent, persistent, to endure | **gòdè | *Kodur- | *güǯi- | *kə̀tàpa- | ||
| down, to lower | **gódú | *Kodɨ | *gudu- | *kúntá-r- | ||
| a kind of ferment | **gṑje | *göjü- | *gū (~ *gǖ) | *kɨ̄i- | *ki | |
| different, other | **gojV | *gojar | *goj / *gia | *kía | ||
| a kind of reed or leek | **gokV | *Koga (~ -k-) | *gogu- | |||
| high, peak | **gók῾ì (**-dV) | *gögde- | *gugda | *kòkái | *kúkì | |
| a kind of weapon for sea-hunting | **gòlí | *gölmi | *goli | *kùrúrí | ||
| log, wooden block | **goli | *göl- | *göle- (~ -ü-) | *gola | *kura-i | |
| female of an ungulate | **goli (~ -e) | *göle | *gulu- | |||
| to bury, put bones | **gṓli (~ -e) | *gȫli- | *gulī- | |||
| a kind of insect | **goŋV(ŕV) | *Koŋuŕ | *guwur | *guŋgu | *kūm(p)- | |
| stump | **góp῾á (~ -u-) | *gobur | *kámpú | |||
| to beat, hit | **gṓp῾i (~ -e) | *gȫp- | *göbi- | *gupuj- | ||
| to starve, be empty | **górà (~ -ŕ-) | *guri- | *gure- | *kòrh- | *kárà | |
| to see; understand | **gŏ̀re | *göŕ (= *gör-s) / *gör- | *gori | *gur- | *kɨ́rì- | |
| to move, be irritated | **gṓŕV | *Kōŕ-ga- | *gurba- | *gori- | ||
| a kind of fish | **got῾ò (~ -u-, -e) | *gutaɣar | *gutkē- | *kəti (~ -ua-) | ||
| eagle | **guči (~ -e) | *güči- | *gusi | |||
| straight, vertical | **gudV (~ -o-) (?) | *goda- | *goda- | *kòt- | ||
| to love, like | **gŭjŕe | *güŕel | *goju | *guǯej | *kò’í- | *kuà-p- |
| curve, hook; to cling to | **gŭ̀k῾à (~ -o-) | *gok- | *guk- | *kàk- | ||
| to tether, bind | **gū́ldi | *gǖl- | *güldi- | *gulde- | ||
| dwelling, cottage | **gū̀lì | *gül | *gūle | *kùrà | ||
| to rob, attack, torture | **guna | *Kun- | *gani | *gun- | ||
| to think | **gū̀no | *Kun- | *guni- | *gūn- | *kɨ̀nɨ̀r- | *kə̀nə̀-m- |
| empty, hollow | **gúpu (~ -o-) | *gobi- | *gub- | *kùp- | ||
| flour | **gure | *Kürüĺ | *guril | *kằrằ | *kuà | |
| palate | **gurgi | *Kurgak | *güreɣe | *gorgakta | ||
| wide, broad, thick | **gŭri | *gür | *gür | *gora | *kūrk- | |
| to slander, go mad | **gùri | *Kür | *gör- | *gori- | *kɨ̀rɨ̀- | *kùrùp- |
| deer, game | **gúri (~ -o-, -ŕ-, -e) | *görüɣe- | *gurma- / *gurna- | *kòrání | ||
| to unfasten, (un)tie | **gŭ̀ŕi | *güŕ- | *görü- / *gürü- | *gurē- | *kɨ̀rɨ̀- | *kùr- |
| elder male relative | **gusa (~ -o-, -č-) | *gusin | *kasə | |||
| bitter, sour | **guša | *gasi-ɣun | *goši- | |||
| to deteriorate | **gū́t῾ù | *Kūtuŕ | *gutu- | *gutu- | *kutu- | |
| a deictic root | **i | *ɨ-na- | *i-nu- | *i | *í | *i |
| door, yard | **ìbè | *eb | *eɣüde | *ib-le | *íp | *ìpùa |
| grain | **ìbè (~ -p-) | *ebin | *ibi- | *pjə́ | *ìpì | |
| a kind of vessel | **ibk῾V | *ükek | *(h)ükeg | *ibkē-n | *ukupa | |
| to go, reach, get ready to go | **ĭ̀če | *iču- | *is- | *ìsuà(n)k- | ||
| inside | **ič῾u | *ič | *(h)iči- | *utu | ||
| to hope, see | **ič῾V | *(h)iča- | *iče- | |||
| to follow, lead, arrange | **idV | *Eder- | *iǯi | *idu- | ||
| soot, smoke | **ijsV | *ɨjs | *(h)isu | |||
| to be insolent, angry, flamed up | **ī́k῾è | *ēke- (~ ī-) | *(h)egde- | *ikē- | *ìkɨ́i- | *íká-r- |
| to live, settle | **ĭ̀k῾i (~ -o) | *ix- | *ìk- | |||
| evident, visible | **ìla | *iler- | *ile | *il- | *àràp-ar- | |
| to drive | **ile | *ẹl-t-, *ẹl-č- | *ileɣe- | *ilbe- | ||
| front, before | **ílék῾a (~ **élík῾a, -k-) | *il(i)k | *(x)elekē-s | *áráka- | ||
| third (or next after three), consisting of three objects | **ìlù | *ölöŋ | *ilan | *ùrùpu | ||
| to stand, become | **ilV (~ -ĺ-) | *ili- | *īr- | |||
| to rub, smear | **iĺa | *ɨĺɨ- | *(h)il(b)i- | *ilba, *ile- | *əru- | |
| to fry, burn | **īĺa | *ɨ̄ĺ(č) | *ila- | *(x)ila- | ||
| fish bait | **īĺbi | *(h)ilbeɣe-sün | *īlbī | *i(n)sa-r- | ||
| work, craft | **ī́ĺi | *īĺč | *üjile | *(x)ilga- | *īr | *isa-bə, *ísá-m- |
| to hope, believe | **iĺkV | *ɨĺan- / *iĺen- | *ilga- | *ilkV- | ||
| now | **ìmé | *em- | *(h)ima-gta | *ime- | *ima- | *ìmá |
| a kind of vegetable | **ìmè (~ -i) | *máh | *ìmə̀ (~ -ua) | |||
| younger sibling | **ī̀na | *ini | *īnan | *àńằ | *ànî | |
| to laugh | **ińo | *(h)inije- | *ińe- | *ūń- | ||
| to neigh | **íŋo | *ɨŋɨra- | *iŋča- | *iŋi- | *íná-nak- | |
| shallow place | **iŋV | *(x)iŋā | *jə̄ (< *i’ə) | *ía | ||
| shell | **ipa (~ -b-) | *(h)ibawu | *ibu-kta (~ *igu-kta) | *apampi | ||
| cold, winter | **ipe (~ i̯a-) | *ebül | *ibaksa | |||
| mouth; to say | **ip῾i (~ -p-,-e) | *(x)ipke- | *íp | *íp- | ||
| to come, enter | **ī́re | *ẹ̄r- | *ire- | *ī- | *ítá-r- | |
| to rot, pus, be sick | **ìri (~ **e-) | *iri- | *(h)ereke- | *ìtà- | ||
| song | **íru | *ɨr | *ira-ɣu | *ir-ke- | *ɨrp- | *útà |
| omen, divination | **ī̀rú | *ɨr- / *ir- | *irwa | *īrme- | *ùrá | |
| to be ashamed, shy, hostile | **ī́ru | *īr- | *(h)ir-ba- | *ire(n)te- | *ɨrɨ- | *útúa- |
| trace, furrow | **ī́ŕu | *īŕ / *ɨ̄ŕ | *(h)iraɣa- | *iru-n | *ìráŋ | |
| to crush, grind; bite | **ìsú | *ɨsɨr- | *(x)ise- | *ɨsɨr- | *ùsú | |
| to pinch, pluck out | **isV | *iske- | *is- | |||
| to eat | **ite (~ **eti) | *et-mek | *ide- | |||
| board | **ìtí | *(h)ideɣür | *(x)ite | *ìtá | ||
| to rely, trust, take upon oneself | **ĭ̀t῾á | *itege- | *(x)iti | *àntùkàr- | ||
| to hit, push | **ìt῾ù | *it- | *ete- | *ùt- | ||
| a kind of (big) bird | **it῾VKV | *it- | *itiknija | |||
| to fall over, shake | **i̯ā́ga | *iāg- | *(h)egeji- | *iaga- | ||
| a kind of disease | **i̯ā́ga (~ -i) | *īg | *(x)iag- | *ia ~ *ai | ||
| fat | **i̯ā́gi | *jāg | *eɣükü, *öɣekü | *iag-ǯakta | ||
| hips, space between hips | **i̯agu (~ **i̯oga) | *(i)ag | *aɣarčak | *oga | ||
| liquid, flow | **i̯àk῾ì (~ -k-) | *iak- | *iaKu | *ìkà-i | ||
| light, white | **i̯ā́k῾V | *Āk | *jagaɣan | *ixere | *ikɨr- | *áká- |
| female; to seduce, to frolic | **i̯áĺa | *eĺi | *ə̀r’ù- | *ásuámp- | ||
| hole, pit | **i̯ámu | *(i)am | *(h)uma- | *umu- | *ùmúk- | *úmá- |
| a kind of small predator | **i̯ánti(-kV) | *(i)anduk (~ -nt-) | *iandaku | *jə̀ń | ||
| line, furrow | **i̯ańu | *En | *(h)oji-su | *ońa- | *ùnài | |
| to bend, turn; hook | **i̯ằpV | *ebir- | *eb- | *oboka | *àpùkuà | |
| to break | **i̯ap῾i (~ **i̯op῾u) | *ebde- | *iapu- | |||
| adze | **i̯ap῾u | *Apɨl | *oɣuli | *upa | ||
| to hide, conceal | **i̯ăp῾u (~ **i̯ŏp῾a) | *Apɨ- | *(h)ob | *op- | ||
| lower jaw, chin | **i̯ằré | *Erin | *eriwü- | *irki | *ə̀tə́(n)kapi | |
| wild beast of prey | **i̯àrgi (~ -o) | *iarga | *írhì | |||
| young (of an animal) | **i̯aru | *Arkun (?) | *(h)ori | *ora- | *ə̀rí- | |
| to give, gift | **i̯ā́tá (~ -t῾-) | *(i)ātag | *tā- | *átápá- | ||
| near, come near | **i̯obo (~ **i̯ubi) | *ojira | *ibē- | |||
| skin, to tan | **i̯ŏ́de | *ed- | *(h)ideɣe | *(x)odinsa | ||
| to hang on (smth.), hang on hook | **i̯ṓle | *īl- | *elgü- | *ol- | *ori | |
| food | **i̯oĺe | *(i)aĺ, *(i)aĺ-a- | *öl | *ulī- | ||
| to weave, bind | **i̯ṓĺe | *ēĺ- | *(h)el-tü- | *ul- | *jə̄r- | |
| to crawl, move | **i̯òmke | *Emgek- | *ömkeri-, *önkeri- | *ùnkə̀k- | ||
| weave (nets), net | **i̯oŋo (~ **i̯uŋi) | *(h)öɣesi | *inŋi- | |||
| to cover; to wear | **i̯òpe | *ibeɣe- | *upsi | *psɨ́- | *ə̀p- | |
| horn | **i̯op῾érV (~ **i̯ap῾órV, -ŕ-) | *eber | *opora | *s-pɨ́r | ||
| male, young male | **i̯òre | *ẹr-kek | *(h)üreɣe | *ur | *óràpí | *ə̀tə |
| top of head, head | **i̯ŏ̀t῾à(mu) (~ **i̯ằt῾ò-) | *utumuk | *utu | *àtàmà | ||
| a kind of berry | **i̯ṑt῾íkV | *ōkta | *òtắi | *ìtí(n)kuà | ||
| to be hungry, exhausted | **i̯ùbú | *öje- | *(x)ob- | *īb-, *ìbúr- | *ùwá- | |
| to dig, hole | **i̯úb | *oba | *(x)ub-gā | *úwa- | ||
| to become free, retire, disappear | **i̯ū̀ču | *ɨč- | *ōs- | *us- | ||
| ornament | **i̯uda | *udī- | *aja | |||
| to imitate, to simulate | **i̯ude | *öd-kün- | *əja(n)si | |||
| to choose | **i̯udi(rV) | *üdür- | *ödü- | *iàr- ~ *aìr- | ||
| wonder, supernatural | **i̯ŭdu | *ɨduk | *id- | *(x)odu | *i / *ju | |
| to lead, direct | **i̯ū́du | *ɨ̄d- | *udu- | |||
| child, son | **i̯uga | *ogul | *öɣele ~ *oɣala | *àhắi | ||
| to knead, press, crush | **i̯ū̀ge | *ög- | *uɣur | *ǖ(g)- | ||
| enclosure for cattle | **i̯ugerV | *ögür | *ugi(r)- | *ur- | *bəri | |
| river, small river | **i̯uge(ŕV) | *ügüŕ (~ *ö-) | *üjer | *ugē(r)- / *ug-be(n) | *jə̀hɨ́r | *ùrà |
| up, above | **i̯úgu | *jüg- | *öɣe-, *ög-se- | *ug- | *ùh | *ú-pa- |
| to weep, howl | **i̯ùjŋula | *ɨjŋala- | *ujila- | *ùnàr- | ||
| to measure, compare | **i̯úle | *ül-, *öl-č- | *üli- | *ül(k)e- | *ə̀rkùr | |
| hollow, hole, intestine | **i̯ùlò | *oluk | *(h)olugaj | *ül- | *ùruà | |
| to tie, strap, belt | **i̯ùme (~ -o) | *(h)umaji- | *(x)üm- | *ùmɨ̀i- | *ə̀mpí | |
| a kind of clothing | **i̯umi | *(i)öm | *emü- (*ömü-) | *(x)im- | ||
| a kind of fruit or berry | **i̯úmu | *imiti (~ *ɨmɨt) | *uma-kta | *úmái | ||
| to help, gather | **i̯umu | *im- | *öm- | *umī- | *umur- | |
| notch (on arrow) | **i̯ŭ́ne | *oni | *ün- | *ònắi | ||
| to live, rest | **i̯ŭ̀ni | *ün-ǯi- | *in- | *nūi | *ìnə̀-tí | |
| cow | **i̯unu | *in-gek (/*ɨn-gak), *in-ken | *üniɣen | |||
| to breathe, smell | **i̯uńŋu (~ -a) | *ɨn-tɨk | *(h)oŋguli- | *uńŋu- | ||
| to be ashamed, taken aback | **i̯upo | *ubut | *ubaj | *üb- | *əpəpə- | |
| a kind of foliage tree | **i̯ure | *ɨrgaj | *ürē-kte | *ori | *utu-kui | |
| joy | **i̯ùru | *ɨra | *urma | *uru- | *ùrià- | |
| to gather, crowd | **i̯úrù | *irk- | *ir-, *irge- | *urū- | *ur | *ú(n)tì |
| fat; brain | **i̯ū́ŕgi (?) | *ǖŕ | *irg | |||
| long; late | **i̯uŕo | *uŕɨ-n, *uŕa-k | *urtu, *uri-du | *(x)ir- ~ (x)ür- | *òrá- | |
| to grow, sprout | **i̯úse | *ös- | *ös- | *üse- | *ìsàk | |
| thick liquid | **i̯ū́t῾e | *ȫt | *öte- | *üt- | ||
| oar | **kabari | *kajiɣur, -bu(r) | *kabri-kī | *kapiara | ||
| enclosure | **kábó | *keji-d | *kaba- | *kòbắr | *kámpiá | |
| a kind of ferment | **kàbro | *Kor | *kowr | *kabu-kta | *kòr- | *kàrà- |
| wish, intent | **káče | *Kɨča | *kači | *kasaga- | *kə́sí-rápa- | |
| to pass, go through | **kăči | *geč- | *kas- | |||
| covering, skin | **káč῾u | *KAč-(g)ač | *kuči- | *kaču- | *kàč | |
| a kind of foliage tree | **kắdaŋV (~ k῾-) | *Kadɨŋ | *kaduŋ | *kání-pà | ||
| strong, oppressive | **kádì(rV) | *Kadɨr | *keder | *kadara-ku | *kítú- | |
| a kind of harness (bridle) | **kádù | *kada- | *kadala / *kadara | *kùr’ə́i | *kútúwá | |
| rock, mountain | **kadV | *K(i)aja (?) | *kada | *kada- | ||
| willow, elm | **kagVlV (~ k῾-) | *K(i)agɨl | *kajila(r)- | |||
| crayfish, tick | **kajamV | *Kạm- | *kiamk- | *kàjàmí | ||
| to love, covet | **kaje (~ k῾-) | *Kɨj- | *kaji- | |||
| animal | **kaji | *gejik | *kaji- | |||
| clear, clean | **kàji (~ k῾-, g-) | *kāi- | *kìjùa- | |||
| nail, bar; to stick into | **kā́jta | *Kāta- | *kada- | *kiata-kun | *kìt | *kiátá (~ *káitá) |
| tanned skin, leather | **kaku (~ -k῾-) | *KAkma | *kaK- | |||
| bright, shine | **kák῾á | *kaka-rkaj (~ -g-) | *kakta- | *kánká- | ||
| angry | **kā́k῾i | *Kēk- | *kek- | *kaKi | ||
| to belch, choke | **kā́k῾i | *gēkir- | *kekere- / *kakira- / *kaka- | *kaxa- | *kài’ò- | |
| to smell (of burning) | **kak῾o | *Kok- | *kaku- | *kakti- | ||
| a kind of building, fence | **kā́k῾ò | *Kōk-uĺ | *kaK(u) | *kákì | ||
| family, gathering | **kala | *kal- | *kara | |||
| heap, to pile up | **kā́la (~ k῾-, -e-) | *Kāla- | *kali- | *kari- | ||
| a kind of hat | **kàla (~ **k῾-, -e-) | *Kalpak | *kalbaŋ | *kár | ||
| knife, to cut | **kằle | *Kɨlɨ̄č | *kaliki | *kə̀r- | ||
| to change, borrow | **kălo | *Kalɨm | *kala- | *kalma-gda | *kắr- | *kár- |
| to split, divide | **kalt῾o | *Kolak | *kalta-s, *kelte- | *kalta | *kằră- | |
| a kind of fish | **kalu | *kul- | *kali | |||
| near, to come near | **kalV (~ -ĺ-) | *kalu- | *kal- | |||
| a kind of water plant | **kĺe | *Kɨ̄ĺ-gun | *kolim | *kalčukta | ||
| a kind of vessel | **kaĺpa | *KAĺuk / *KAlgak | *kalbuga | *kala-n | *kasipa | |
| to unite, together | **kàma | *KAmug | *kam- | *kamur- | *kàmà-p- | |
| a kind of fish | **kāma | *kām- | *kàmór-thi | *kamasu | ||
| a kind of cloth | **kami | *KEmek | *kemerlig | *kam- | ||
| boiled substance, alcohol | **kàmo | *Kumɨŕ | *kimur | *kamnu- / *kamdu- | *kàm- | |
| to fold, close | **kamp῾o | *kamki- | *kamp- | *kắm- | ||
| wind, whirlwind | **kámsa (~ k῾-) | *Kasɨrku | *kabsara- | *kánsá-i | ||
| a kind of vessel, ladle | **kắmča | *Kamɨč | *kumǯija | *kamiču | *kámású | |
| be weak, oppress | **kāmV | *KĀma- | *kama- | *kama- | *kam- | *kə̀mà-r- (~ kuàmà-r-) |
| to be satisfied | **kā́na | *Kān- | *kanu- | *kan-dari- | *kánáransu | |
| dewlap, peritoneum | **kanti | *Kandɨr | *kančir | *kanda | ||
| to reach, attain | **kā̀nt῾V | *kanu- | *kānta- | |||
| swan | **kā̀nu | *kuna | *kāŋgu | *kón | ||
| helminth | **kaŋne | *Kɨna | *kaŋa(r) | |||
| dog | **káŋV | *KAŋ-čɨk | *kači-kān | *kàŋ- | ||
| to break, fragile | **kăpi | *gebre- | *kebere- | *kab- | ||
| to cover, sack | **kp῾á | *Kāp | *kab-t- | *kup- | *kàmpú- | |
| to squeeze, press together | **kăp῾è | *Kɨp- | *kajiči | *kap- | ||
| opposite, enemy | **kàra (~ k῾-) | *Kar- | *kar- | *kàtà- | ||
| to look, observe | **kara (~ -u) | *Karak | *kara- | *kara- | *kàrm- | |
| thin stick, rod | **kàra(ma) | *Karmak | *kar- | *kármó | *kàrimə̀ | |
| bow, to shoot from a bow | **kare | *Kɨrɨĺ / *kiriĺ | *karbu- | *kar- | ||
| a kind of aquatic bird | **karmo | *Kordaj (< *Korm-daj ?) | *karmu- / *karbu- | *kằrmjə́kí | *kàmə́mái (~ -ia) | |
| a kind of weed, cockle | **kàrò(mV) (~ k῾-) | *KAramuk | *karaɣu, *karbaɣur | *kara (~ *x-) | *kắràč | *kàràmùsì |
| fox, marten | **kărsi | *KArsak | *kirsa | *karsi | ||
| black | **kàru (~ k῾-) | *Kara | *kara | *kùruà- | ||
| a kind of bird | **kărV | *K(i)ar- | *kar- | *kara- | ||
| to prohibit, be in one’s way | **kasa | *kasi- | *kas- | *kə̀sɨ́r- | *kasi-m- | |
| young cow, heifer | **kaserV (~ k῾-) | *Kɨsɨr | *kasirag | |||
| to tickle | **kāšu(kV) | *Kɨ̄čɨk, *gīči- | *giǯige | *kašaka- | *kúsú(n)kúr- | |
| to mix, join | **kat῾ (~ -t-) | *Kat- | *kudku- | *kata- | *kata- | |
| to knock (of hooves), trot | **kā́t῾e | *Kɨ̄tɨr- | *katari- | *kata- / *kete- | *kə̀thí- | |
| field, steppe | **kébà(rV) | *keɣere | *keber- | *kápí | ||
| slanting, oblique | **kĕ̀č῾á | *Kač- | *keče | *kečeri- | *kjə́čh | *kàntúa |
| side | **kéč῾à | *kə̀čh | *kátà | |||
| to lie | **kejbe | *keb- | *kebi- | *kìbúr- | *kəjə- | |
| crab; tick | **kḗjna (~ g-) | *gĒne | *kə̄i | *kání | ||
| to boil | **keju (~ k῾-) | *Kạjɨn- | *kajira- | *kò’ɨ̀- | ||
| to pass beyond | **kḕju | *Kej- | *kēj- | *kúaja- | ||
| breast, chest, ribs | **kekŋV | *gEgrek | *keŋgir- | *keŋ-tire | ||
| palate, throat | **kek῾V | *gekir-dek | *kekü- | *kexere | ||
| to rise, jump up, soar | **kela (~ k῾-, -o) | *Kạl(ɨ)- | *kali- | |||
| daughter-in-law, bride | **kele (~ -i, -o) | *gẹlin | *keli | |||
| variegated, spotted | **kelta(rV) | *Kartal | *kaltar | *kelder | ||
| to scrape, rub | **kèĺčo | *Kạĺčɨ- | *kalča- | *keli- | *kắr- | *kàsù-r- |
| bald, bald spot | **kèĺǯo | *KAĺ(č)ga | *kalǯa- | *kór(čhí) | *kàsìrà | |
| stove, cauldron | **kéma (~ k῾-, g-) | *Kemeke | *kàmá | *kámá | ||
| to gnaw, bite | **kĕ̀ma (~ -o) | *gEmür- | *kemeli- | *kem-ki- | *kàm- | |
| shoulderblade | **kemŕa | *Ebŕe | *kemde- | *kende | ||
| a kind of fruit with seeds inside | **kemV | *kemeke | *kemu-kte | *kām | ||
| a kind of ungulate animal | **kḕnda | *KAt | *kandagaj | *kēnde | ||
| a kind of coniferous tree | **ke(n)da (~ -o) | *Kạdɨ | *kende- | |||
| threshold, gate | **kenta | *kende- | *kántuà | |||
| late | **kènǯé | *gEnč | *kenǯe | *kə̀nsə́ | ||
| front leg, armpit, angle | **kēńa | *Kājnat | *ka(i) | *keńe- / *kuńe- | *kanai | |
| distress, envy | **kḕńu | *köń- (~ -j-) | *ken- / *kin- | *kēńe- | *kuna- | |
| hollow, empty | **kĕ̀ŋi | *geŋiŕ | *keŋ-, *köŋ- | *keŋ- | *kíń- | |
| to bite, gnaw | **keŋV | *KEŋdi- | *keŋi- | |||
| to chew | **kēpu | *gēb- | *kebi- | *keb- | *kùp- | |
| upper part of body (trunk) | **kĕpV | *gebde | *keberdeg | *keb-te | ||
| face, shape | **kḗp῾à | *gēp | *keɣe | *kepe | *kápúa | |
| belly | **kḗp῾V | *gēp- | *keweli | *kepel- | ||
| belly; body, ribs | **kéra | *Kạrɨn | *kerimuk | *kari | *kárá-(n)tá | |
| to bind, wind around | **kèra (~ -ŕ-) | *kere- | *kerge- (*kergi-) | *kàràm- | ||
| a kind of bird of prey | **kḗrdu (~ k῾-) | *Kạ̄rt- | *kaǯir | *kútí | ||
| paunch | **kergV (~ **k῾-) | *Kergük | *kerken- | |||
| back, to return | **kèro | *gErü | *kari- | *kə̀tàpa- | ||
| to fight, kill | **kéro | *gEröĺ- | *kere- | *kere-, *kerbe- | *kūr- | *kə́r- |
| old, worn out | **kĕ̀ru (~ **k῾-) | *Kạrɨ | *kari-, *kar-si- | *kùtà- | ||
| a kind of predator | **keru(ĺV) | *KArɨĺ- | *kereldüg | *kelte- (< *kerelte-?) | *kar- | *kunturi |
| to suffer | **késa | *kes- | *keseɣe- | *kesē- | *kjəs- | *kásíká- |
| thing, sort, order | **késu | *küsü-nüg | *kese | *kə̀s / *kàs | *kúsá | |
| luck, joy | **kesV (~ k῾-, -i-) | *kesig | *kìs- | |||
| mule, barren | **kĕta (~ -t῾-, -o, -u) | *KAtɨr | *kači- | *ketem | ||
| much, many, excessively | **két῾ò | *ketü | *kete, *kēter | *kằtằk- | *kátù | |
| to do, to make | **ki (~ **k῾i) | *Kɨl- | *ki- | *kì-túk- | ||
| a kind of foliage tree | **kĭ̀ba (~ -p-) | *Kɨbak / *Kabak | *kibē | *kàpài (~ -ia) | ||
| a kind of grass | **kìjá | *Kɨj(g)ak | *kija- | *kijo-kta | *kójōm | *kàjá |
| vapour, steam; anger | **kijmV | *Kɨjm- | *kimura- | *kīmu- | *kīm | |
| to bite; rub, scrape | **kìkú | *Kik- | *kegǯe- | *kik- | *kùkúm- | |
| to arrange, intend | **kímo | *Kɨm- | *kima- | *kim- | *kímá- | |
| bran, millet | **kìp῾é | *kẹpek | *kibag | *kipe | *kìmpí | |
| attentive, strict | **kìp῾í (~ -e, -o) | *kib(i)-si- | *kib-ča- | *kìmpì-si- | ||
| to cut, mince | **kìro | *Kɨr- | *kira- | *kire- | *kìr- | |
| a kind of big wild animal | **kirsi (~ k῾-) | *kirs | *kisa | |||
| a kind of vessel, receptacle | **kī́rsu | *gīŕ | *kɨ̀rɨ́s | |||
| a kind of bird of prey | **kī̀ŕa | *Kɨŕ-, *Kɨrguj | *kīran | |||
| to press, squeeze, rub | **kíso | *Kɨs- | *kisa- | *kis-k- | *kɨ̀s- | *kə́sə́nká- |
| certainly, verily | **kiso (~ **kose, k῾-, g-) | *kɨ́s | *kəsə | |||
| to wait, take time | **kít῾u (~ k῾-) | *kičiɣe- | *kìtɨ́r’ó- | *kútúrə(n)k- (~ -ua-) | ||
| to lose, disappear | **kíǯV (?) | *kiǯ- | *kíjá- | |||
| hole; mouth | **ki̯ā́č῾ù | *KĒčir | *kačir | *kuči-n | *kútí | |
| to put on, wear | **ki̯adi | *ged- | *kedü- / *keǯi- | *kí- | ||
| seam, to sew, lace | **ki̯àdi | *K(i)adɨ- | *kaǯi | *kiade-le- | *kjə̀d- | |
| relative | **ki̯ā́du (~ k῾-) | *Kādɨn | *kadum | *kjərăi | ||
| to bake, boil | **ki̯ằgru | *KAgur- | *kaɣur- | *kurgi- | *kɨ̀rh- | *kùrì-dà |
| wind, air | **ki̯àjú | *KAj | *kuj | *kuje | *kùrì- | *kùjù-r- |
| shell | **ki̯aka (~ -k῾-) | *kiaK-ta / -ikta | *kàkî | |||
| a kind of aquatic bird | **kma | *kemerleg | *km- | *kàmà’ótí | *kàmuâ | |
| ghost, spirit | **ki̯ằmò | *Kiam | *keme- | *kum- | *kàmù-i | |
| top, top of head | **ki̯amp῾a | *k(i)amak / *k(i)apak | *kiama / *kiapa | *kàmá | *kàm(p)- | |
| beaver; bear | **ki̯ằmù | *Kạma | *kuma | *kōm | *kùmà | |
| a kind of vessel | **ki̯àntú | *Kendük | *kundaga | *kondi | ||
| a kind of board | **kŋe | *K(i)aŋ | *kaŋga | *küŋile | ||
| depth; edge | **ki̯àpì | *köb- | *kiabu- | *kìphí- | *kìpà | |
| turtle, crayfish | **ki̯ap῾a | *kab- | *kiakp- / *kiapk- | *kə̀púp | *kap- / *kam- | |
| hoof, heel | **ki̯àp῾ù (~ k῾-, -e-u, -a-u) | *kajir- | *kúp | *kupi-(mpi)su | ||
| crow, raven | **ki̯ăro | *KArga | *kerije | *kori | *kằr- | *kara-su |
| need, necessity | **ki̯ăru | *gẹrge- | *kara | *kor-pi- | *kari- (?) | |
| salmon, a kind of fish | **ki̯áta | *K(i)atɨr- | *kadaraŋ | *kiata | ||
| sharp tool; notch | **ki̯ā́tu | *gēt- | *godoli | *kota | ||
| stern, steering oar | **ki̯áó | *KAdɨk | *kitüge | *kude | *kántí | |
| sand, steppe, earth | **ki̯aǯurV | *Kạjɨr | *kuǯir | *kuǯur- | ||
| nasty | **ki̯oči (~ -e, **ki̯ačo) | *KAč- | *kečeɣü | *kus- | *kùč- | |
| to go, walk | **ki̯ód | *ködel- | *kiad- | *kə̄d- | *kájuáp- | |
| pale | **ki̯ójbu | *Kuba / *Koba | *kubakaj | *kiaba- | *kú-i | |
| long; far | **ki̯olo (~ k῾-, -ĺ-, -i̯u-) | *kolo | *kìr- | |||
| to steal, deceive | **ki̯oĺa | *K(i)aĺ- | *kula-gai | *kola | *kasu-m- | |
| quiver, ornaments for quiver | **ki̯ŏ̀ĺe | *Keĺ | *kul-da- | *kulmaki | *kə̀nsìrì | |
| a kind of grass | **ki̯omga | *KAmgak | *kamkag, *kamgaɣul | *kumga | ||
| dandruff, mould | **ki̯onŋu (~ k῾-) | *Koŋak | *kine | |||
| a kind of weed | **ki̯ońo (~ k῾-) | *Konak | *köɣene | *kìńɨ́m | *kə̀mài | |
| a kind of vessel | **ki̯opu | *Kobga | *kob- | *kiaba- | ||
| a kind of aquatic bird | **ki̯òpù | *kiab- | *kùpìnà | |||
| to roll, churn | **ki̯ṓr | *Kiār- | *kor- / *kör- | *kur- | *kurum- | |
| pear, fruit | **ki̯òrtème | *gErtme | *kedemen | *kù(n)tàmə̀nə̀ | ||
| rank, position, measure | **ki̯óru | *Kur | *kiri | *kiaru | *kòrằ- | *kúrá |
| to enclose, enclosure | **ki̯osa | *Kasɨ | *kasi- | *kosi- | ||
| to singe, heat | **ki̯òt῾è | *Kat- | *kete | *koto-ran- | *kə̀tài (~ -ua-) | |
| to cry, cough | **ki̯uču | *Kɨč-gɨr- | *kuča- | *kusi- | *kìčhɨ́-m | *kusam- |
| to slander, swear | **ki̯ūč῾ú | *Kɨ̄č- | *koči | *koči- | *kùčíčh- | *kùntə̀-k- |
| to attend, be respectful | **ki̯ū́di | *gǖd- | *kidu- | *kìrí- | ||
| shore, border | **ki̯udu | *Kɨdɨg | *kiǯaɣar (< *kiǯi-ɣar) | *kudē | *kui (~ -ə-) | |
| a kind of bird | **ki̯ujilV | *kojil- | *kilu- | *kɨ́irjə́kí (~ *kɨ́rjə́kí) | *kiari (~ *kairi) | |
| a kind of foliage tree | **ki̯úli | *kilde | *koro- | *kírí | ||
| a blood-sucking insect | **ki̯uma (~ -i̯o-, -o) | *Kumĺuj | *küme (~ -i-) | *kə̄mə̀rí | ||
| sand, dust | **ki̯umo | *Kum | *kumaki | *kime (~ -ü-) | ||
| person; people, country | **ki̯úne | *Kün | *küɣün, *-m- | *kün- | *kúní | |
| silk, mulberry | **ki̯ùp῾u | *Kɨp | *kib | *kupen | *kīp | *kùpá |
| thought, attention | **ki̯ùp῾ù | *Kɨpɨ- | *kuji- | *kob-ta | *kùpà- | |
| woodcock, woodpecker | **ki̯ure | *Körtük | *kur | *kürekte | ||
| to wink | **ki̯urumV | *kirm- / *Kɨrm- | *korim- / *kirim- | |||
| a kind of vehicle | **ki̯úŕu | *Kɨŕak, *Kɨŕagu | *kür-dün | *kur- | *kúrúmá | |
| insufficiency, debt | **ki̯ū̀ta (~ -t῾-) | *Kɨt | *kōta | *kàta- | ||
| a kind of fox | **ki̯ùtí | *küderi | *kitiri | *kìtúnái | ||
| this | **ko (~ **k῾-) | *Kö | *kü | *kɨ | *kə́- | |
| cloth, clothing | **kobe (~ -i) | *Köbüŕ / *Kebiŕ | *kubča- | *kuberi | ||
| to freeze | **kóbe (~ k῾-, -p-, -p῾-) | *köbsi- | *kə́pə́r- | |||
| hollow, cavity | **kŏ́bú | *Kobuk | *koɣu-su | *kobi / kebi(ŋe) | *kōr- (?) | *kúmpuá |
| to nomadize, transport | **kóčè | *göč- | *köske | *kuči- (~ -š-) | *kə́sì | |
| ram | **koč῾V (~ k῾-, -č-) | *Koč | *kuča | |||
| pipe, chimney | **kogĺu (~ -o, -a) | *Koguĺ | *koɣul-aj | *kula-n | ||
| to be deficient, damaged | **kṓk῾à | *Kōk- | *koki- | *kuKe- | *káká- | |
| breast, to suck; heart | **kŏ̀k῾è | *göküŕ | *kökön | *xuku-n / *kuku-n | *kokăi- | *kə̀kə̀rə |
| blue, green | **kṓk῾e (~ -i) | *gȫk | *köke | *kuKu | ||
| rubbish, dirt | **kŏ̀k῾ò | *Kok | *kokir | *kuk-pun | *kə̀k- (~ -ua-) | |
| to be afraid, distressed | **kŏ̀lé | *Köl- | *kulči- | *kul- | *kə̀rə́- | |
| time | **kólè (~ k῾-) | *Kolu | *küli- | *kə́rə̀ | ||
| to harness | **kōli (~ -e) | *gȫl- | *köl- | |||
| hub, wheel hub | **kòĺbèk῾V (~ -o-) | *Koĺ-luk | *kolkibči | *kulbuka | *kə̀sìki | |
| to freeze | **koĺi (~ k῾-, -i̯-, -e) | *Köĺ- | *köl-de- | |||
| young of animals | **kṓĺi(kV) (~ g-, -e) | *kȫĺek | *gölige | |||
| mat, carpet | **kṓme (~ -o) | *Kōm | *köm | *kuma-lān | *kə́mə́ | |
| fist, wrist | **kòmpo | *Kop- | *kombo- | *komba- | *kə̀mpusi | |
| neck, part of breast | **kómp῾i | *gömül-dürük | *kömürge | *kumpe(ke) | *kúmpí | |
| box, frame | **kómtV | *Komta | *komta-n | *kámátí | ||
| clothes | **kòna(-kV) | *kunar | *kuŋge | *kànkà- | ||
| leather, cloth | **kṓńi (~ -e) | *gȫn | *kön-ǯile | *kằńằm | ||
| brown, black | **kòŋa | *Koŋur | *koŋ- | *koŋna- | *kắnắrh | *kànkâ-i |
| bell | **kōŋa | *Koŋra- | *koŋku | *kōŋā- | *káná-i | |
| to tear out, uproot | **kŏŋe | *Koŋur- | *koŋ- | *kɨ̀ń- | *kənsu- | |
| deaf | **koŋgV | *koŋgor | *koŋga | |||
| to break, break in halves | **kòŋti (~ -e, **ki̯uŋtu) | *könde-le | *koŋda- | *kùntàk- | ||
| to plane, whet | **kopV | *Kobuĺ, *Kobuĺa- | *kobiki | *kuba- | ||
| to bend; elevation, convexity | **kŏp῾é | *göpe(ne) | *köb- / *küb- | *kupe- | *kòp-, *kùp- | *kəmpu |
| navel | **kṓp῾i (~ -e) | *gȫpek | *köj | *kop | ||
| all | **kŏp῾V | *Kop | *kow | *kupukte | ||
| to freeze | **kóre | *Kört | *kör | *kuri- | *kə́r- | |
| a kind of vessel | **kòrke | *Körke | *korgu | *kurke | *kúkì | |
| a kind of big fish | **koru | *Kor(t)- | *korbu | *koru | *kòrài | *kùntírà |
| nut | **kŏ̀ru (~ -ŕ-) | *kuri | *kắrái | *kùrù-i | ||
| chain, ring | **kósV (~ -u-) | *kosa | *kùsɨ́r | *kúsárì | ||
| edge, protrusion | **kŏše | *Kösri | *kosiɣu | *koša | *kìsɨ́rk | *kùisì (~ -ə̀i-) |
| lever | **kóšì | *köse- | *kösi- | *kuši-pun (~ -č-) | *kosak | *kúsàpì |
| hole | **kòt῾e | *göt | *kota-gar | *kota- | *kút | |
| to lift, raise | **kŏt῾i | *göt- | *kötü- | *kutu- | *kutu- | |
| village, locality | **kòt῾V (~ k῾-, -u-) | *Kutu | *koto | *kót | ||
| to wish, hope, like | **kúbé | *güb- | *köw-, *küw-, *köɣe-r | *kub- / *keb- | *kuámpə́- (~ -ú-) | |
| drum | **kubirgV (~ k῾-) | *Kübrüg | *keɣürge / *köɣürge | |||
| pole, shaft | **kúbù (~ -o-, -p-) | *Kubak (~ -p-) | *kobil | *kúpì | ||
| power | **kūči | *gǖč | *küči-n | *kusǖ- | *kóčắk | |
| to hold in arms | **kū́či (~ k῾-, g-, -č῾-, -o, -u) | *Kūč- | *kòč- | |||
| to be submerged; to pour out | **kùdá | *Kud- | *kodori- | *kàntùk- | ||
| relative-in-law | **kude | *güde- | *kuda | |||
| quilted clothes, trousers | **kugi (~ -k-, -e) | *küg-dü | *kukču | *kă’oi (~ *ko’ăi) | ||
| swan | **kū̀gù | *Kugu | *kūku | *kòhài | *kùkùpí | |
| a kind of aquatic bird | **kúja | *kajil- | *kuju- | *kə̀jú, kə̀ijú | ||
| a kind of nut | **kúja | *kuju-kta | *kài’òm | *kaja | ||
| thick, saturated | **kujV (~ k῾-, g-) | *Koju-g | *kə̄-r- | *kuá- | ||
| meat | **kúk῾è | *kuKu- | *kòkí | *kuaku-mi | ||
| a kind of ungulate | **kúlme | *Kulum | *kulan | *ku(l)ma- | *kuáma | |
| servant, slave | **kū̀lV | *Kul | *kēlu-me (< *kūle-me ?) | |||
| snake, worm | **kulV (~ -o-, -ĺ-) | *kulī-n | *kùrjə̀ŋí | |||
| oak, oak-tree | **kúĺap῾V | *kolopo-kta | *kàràp | *kásípà | ||
| enclosure | **kuĺV (~ -o-) | *Koĺ | *kuli-, *kuli-ti- | |||
| a musical instrument | **kúma | *Komuŕ | *kumu-n | *kə̀mɨ́nkó | ||
| a kind of vessel | **kumba(ka) | *Kumgan | *kombuga | *kōmba | *kámá | |
| hollow, cavity, inner angle | **kúmi (~ -o-) | *kömüg | *kum- | *kùm-k | *kúma | |
| eyebrows, hair on temples | **kumi (~ -o-, -e) | *kömü- | *kum- | *kùmìt | ||
| to wrap up, cover | **kŭ̀mu | *Kum- / *Kɨm- | *kumi- | *kum- | *kàm- | *kùm- |
| one of several wives | **kune (~ g-) | *güni | *kuanami | |||
| to fold, twist | **kunu (~ **k῾-) | *Kun-da- | *kuni- | *kùniàr- | ||
| skin, leather | **kúńà (~ k῾-) | *Kuńak | *kujag | *kámì | ||
| moth, worm | **kúńe | *güńe / *guńa | *kuńī-kta | *kə̀ńúi | *ká | |
| heart, middle | **kúŋe (**kújŋe) | *göjŋ-il | *kuŋ- | *kà’ón-tắi | ||
| child | **kŭŋi | *güŋ | *köw, *köw-ɣün, *kewken | *kuŋā | *kúa | |
| rump, anus | **kuŋt῾V (~ -o-) | *Koŋ | *koŋdu-, *koŋǯi- | *kuŋdu- | *kuŋtuŋ- | |
| light (of weight), floating on the surface | **kup῾e | *köbü- | *kepu- ~ *kopu- | *kàpắi- | ||
| a musical instrument | **kùp῾ŕó (~ k῾-) | *Kopuŕ | *kuɣur | *kə̀tə́ | ||
| part | **kùp῾Ỻ (~ k῾-, -o-) | *kubi | *kùmpà-r- | |||
| sheath, basket | **kúra(mV) | *Kurman, *Kurug-luk | *kor, *korum- | *kor-, *kormaki | *kátáma | |
| to run, quick | **kure | *Küre- | *kur(u)- | *kora- | *kɨrk- | |
| wattle, fence, enclosure, building | **kuri | *Kur- | *kürijen | *kori | *kuru-wa | |
| a kind of clothes | **kúro(mV) | *Kur | *kormaj | *kurumV | *korɨm | *kə́rə́mə́ |
| to cut out, sharp | **kū̀rV | *Kurč | *kurča | *kōri- | ||
| autumn; rain, storm | **kū́ŕe (~ -i) | *gǖŕ | *kura | *kure- | ||
| a kind of grass | **kusu (~ k῾-, -o-) | *kosi- | *kòsàrí | *kùsà | ||
| to rot | **kùši (~ -o-) | *kušu | *kùsɨ̀- | *kùsà- | ||
| nut | **kušu | *Kusɨk | *kusiga | *košikta | *kusi | |
| intestine | **kušV | *kos, *koskinag | *kuči (~ -š-) | |||
| fortune | **kùt῾á | *Kut | *kutug | *kutu-ri | *kàntuá | |
| bog, marsh | **kut῾i (~ -t-) | *Küte(re) | *kuta | *kutai | ||
| neck, collar | **kùǯi (~ **kòǯe) | *küǯüɣün | *kuǯu- / *kuǯi- | *kíč | ||
| to deceive | **k῾ăbo | *Kob- | *kaɣur- | *xab- | *kə̄- | |
| to run, drive | **k῾ăču | *KAč- | *kočur- | *xasa- | ||
| kind, sort | **k῾ač῾e | *xačin | *kàčí | *kə̀tə̀ | ||
| side, to turn | **k῾ada | *KAdɨr- | *kadawra- | *xadaga- | ||
| to scrape off, scraper, tool for processing skins | **k῾ádí(-rV) | *KEdir- | *kederge | *xargan | *káintúr- | |
| to be worn out, destroyed | **k῾àd | *KAdu- | *kidu- | *xadü- | *kùntù-ra- | |
| who, interrogative pronoun | **k῾a(j) | *kem, *Ka- | *ken, *ka- | *xia (*xai) | *ka | *ka |
| to break, tear off | **k῾ắka | *KAk- | *kaka- / *kaga- | *xak- | *kák- | |
| a large domestic animal | **k῾akt῾o | *Kotuŕ | *xakta- | *kə̀tə̀pì | ||
| doll | **k῾ằkú | *KAgur | *xaku-kan (/*k-) | *koāŋ | *kùnkù-tú | |
| wait, be late | **k῾ala (~ -u) | *Kal- | *kala | *xalā- | ||
| snow, snow-flakes | **k῾ale | *Kɨla-gu | *kilaɣa | *xalu- | ||
| girth, tug | **k῾alo | *Kolaŋ | *xala- | *koraŋ | ||
| wild garlic, leek | **k῾alVbV | *KAlba | *kalijar | |||
| napless skin, membrane | **k῾ăĺi | *keĺ | *kali-sun | *xalukta | ||
| reed, a kind of grass | **k῾ằĺo | *KAĺak | *kal- | *xalī- | *kắr | |
| to help, easy | **k῾àmo | *kömek | *kim-da | *kòmá-b- | *kàmàp- | |
| dung, faeces | **k῾amo | *Kom- | *komu- | *amū- | ||
| match, other side | **k῾ā̀no | *Kon- | *kani | *xān-gi- | *kànàp- | |
| hair, long hair | **k῾aŋa | *koŋgurčag | *(x)aŋulī | *kə̀’úč | *kàmì | |
| to buy, pay back | **k῾ápa | *xab- | *kàphɨ́- | *káp- | ||
| strong, power; to swell | **k῾àpe | *kab- | *xabu-l- | *kə̀pà- | ||
| to scrape, rasp, plane | **k῾ăpra | *K(i)arba- | *kawra- | *xarpu- / *xarpi- | ||
| fan, bellows | **k῾ā́pri | *kȫrü- | *keɣürge | *xarpu- | *kūr- | |
| to bring close, rub against | **k῾apV | *Kab- | *kabi | *xab- | ||
| a kind of vessel, box | **k῾àp῾à | *Kapɨrčak, *Kapsak | *kaɣurčag, *kajirčag | *xapsa | *kàpì | |
| bark, skin | **k῾ā́p῾à | *Kāpuk | *kawda- | *xabda(-nsa) | *kàph- / *kə̀ph- | *kapa |
| bladder, film | **k῾āp῾a (~ -i, -u) | *Kāp | *kabičak | *xap- | *kapo | |
| barrier | **k῾ăp῾ù | *Kap- | *kaɣa- | *xapki- | *kupai | |
| a stinging insect | **k῾ap῾u | *KApuŋ (?) | *kubilǯagana | *xapina(bu) | ||
| to press, grasp | **k῾ap῾V | *Kap- | *kab- | *xap-ki- | ||
| tide, ebb-tide, flood | **k῾ăra | *KAr- | *kargi- | *xarba | *kátà | |
| edge | **k῾ā̀re | *Kɨr | *kira | *xāri- | ||
| a kind of cloth | **k῾áru | *KArs | *kormu-sun | *xara-musa | *kòró | |
| to scrape, grind, bite | **k῾aŕa (~ -u, -i) | *Kaŕ- | *karu- | *xar-kü- | *kār- | |
| place between limbs | **k῾ā́sa | *Kạ̄sɨk | *kasa | *xasa-kī | *kàsằm | |
| to cut; piece | **k῾ắsi | *kes- | *kasu- | *(x)asu- | *kàsk- / kə̀sk- | *kínsú |
| leash, trap, net | **k῾ăsi | *kes- | *xasu- | |||
| thorn, thorny tree | **k῾ásV | *xasī-kta | *kàsắi | |||
| corpse | **k῾ébá | *gEbre | *keɣür | *(x)eburen | *kámpánái | |
| river, bay | **k῾ébà | *xebe | *kái (< *kabi) | *kápà | ||
| wind, fog | **k῾ĕdò | *Kad | *küdeŋ | *xedün | *kəti (~ -ua-) | |
| nine | **k῾egVnV | *xegün | *kəkənə- | |||
| to slide, swim | **k῾ḗja (~ -o) | *Kāj- | *kajiba- | *xeje- | ||
| a kind of small animal | **k῾ela (~ -o, -u) | *Keleŋü | *kaliɣun | *xel- | ||
| mortar | **k῾èlńí | *kẹli | *xelńi | *kìnái | ||
| belt, waist | **k῾éĺe | *keĺč | *xelgeńe | *kə́sí | ||
| a small wild animal | **k῾ĕ̀ĺú | *Küĺül | *kerelǯegene | *xeldegde (-gǯe) | *kùsá(m)pú | |
| a kind of reed or leek | **k῾éma | *Kamɨĺ | *kamgar | *xeŋgukte | *kámá | |
| sharp, sharp tool | **k῾èmá | *xemer | *kàmá | |||
| intestines; liver | **k῾èmì | *kim | *xemu-gde | *kìmuà | ||
| wide | **k῾ḗmŋV | *gēŋ | *kem | *xemŋe | ||
| wall, wall mat | **k῾ḗnVt῾a | *K(i)ā(j)nat | *kana(n) | *xondari | ||
| edge | **k῾eńo | *Kạń | *kajaɣa | *kā̆ń | ||
| light, thin | **k῾ĕ̀ńó | *Keŋe- | *köŋgen | *xeńü- | *kắnắr- | *kə̀má- |
| a kind of blade | **k῾éńo | *kaji- | *xeńe | *kằńắi | *káná-i | |
| spacious, free | **k῾eŋa | *kaŋka- | *xeŋ- | |||
| to be burnt | **k῾eŋV | *keŋsi- | *xeŋ(-gu-) | |||
| husk, shell | **k῾èpà | *kebü- | *kebe | *kàpì | ||
| side | **k῾épà (~ -b-) | *Kaptal | *kabta-su | *xebu-, *xebte | *kápá | |
| to change, price | **k῾èpù | *Kẹbi-ĺč- | *kubil- | *káps | *kupua- | |
| to dry out, become fragile; to break | **k῾ĕ̀p῾è | *kep(i)- | *kewü- | *xep- | *kə̀pə̀- | |
| to become wet, sprinkle, overflow | **k῾ĕ̀p῾ó | *kajila- | *xep- | *kə̀mpə̀ra- | ||
| curved bone | **k῾ep῾orV | *KApur- | *kabir- | *xebti- | *kùpɨ̀rə̀ŋ | *kə̀m(p)ùrá (~ -ua-) |
| frog, toad | **k῾er | *Kɨr-bāka / *Kur- | *xerekī | *kòr’oàŋ’í | ||
| to shout, speak | **k῾ēro | *Kạrga- | *kara/ija- | *xērī- | *kátár- | |
| to go round, walk round | **k῾erV (~ -ŕ-) | *kere-, *kerü- | *xerē- | |||
| bark | **k῾éŕà | *Kaŕ, *Kaŕ-dɨŕ | *kajir(a)- | *xerekte | *kárà | |
| to remunerate, repay | **k῾ĕ̀ŕo | *Kaŕgan- | *kerig | *xeri- | *kə̀tə̀-pə̀k- | |
| spool, spool string | **k῾ĕsa (~ -o) | *K(i)as- | *xesi- | *kasai | ||
| to overcome, contend | **k῾ĕ̀ta | *Katar- | *kadagala- | *xete- | *kàt- | |
| to tear apart, rip | **k῾et | *Kotar- | *kadu- | *xetü- | ||
| hard | **k῾ét῾ò | *Kạt | *kata- | *(x)etu- | *kùt- | *kátá- |
| to rip, tear apart | **k῾ĕǯa (~ -o) | *Kajɨra- | *kaǯa- | *xeǯe- | ||
| ash tree | **k῾íbà | *Kebrüč | *küjir- | *xiba-gda | *kápiàru(n)tai | |
| handle | **k῾ibù | *Kiben-te | *kiɣi- | *xīb- | *kúpá | |
| small; young of animals | **k῾ič῾V (~ -č-) | *kičük /-g | *kičig | |||
| to deviate, slant | **k῾ī̀jĺu | *Kɨjĺ- | *kelbe-, *kilu- | *xī(l)- | *kùsù- | |
| hair | **k῾íla | *Kɨl(k) | *kilga-su | *xiń-ŋa- (< *xil-ŋa-) | *kār(h)- | *kái |
| a kind of fish or lizard | **k῾ile | *keler / *keleŕ / *kelte | *kilim | *xilkun | ||
| stalk, stem | **k῾ílo | *Kɨl-ga- | *kil-gana | *xila- | *kɨ̀rɨ̀h | |
| fetters | **k῾ìĺa | *kiĺe- | *kelbeɣür | *xil- | *kár | *kàsi |
| cutting tool | **k῾ĭ̀régV | *kerki | *kiröɣe | *xirege | *kìrí | |
| dirt, dirty | **k῾ìri | *kir | *kir | *(x)ir- | *kìtà-nà- | |
| to scrape, file | **k῾ĭ̀rka | *Kɨrk- | *kirga- | *xigdi- | *kɨrk- / *kắrk- | *kàk- |
| snow, hoar-frost | **k῾ĭrma (~ -u, -o) | *Kɨr- | *kirmag | *xima-ŋsa | ||
| saddle | **k῾írù | *kürtün | *kira | *kìrɨ́má | *kúrà | |
| to peel, skin | **k῾i̯ā̀bu | *K(i)ab | *kaɣul- | *xū(be) | *kjə- / *kib- | |
| ends of bow, brace | **k῾i̯áčo | *KAča-, *KAča-gu (?) | *kičir | *xusu- / *xuse- | *kòčái | *kasunkapi |
| itching, pungent | **k῾i̯ằda | *xidar | *kằráb- | *kàjù- | ||
| dry | **k῾i̯ăk῾e (~ -k-, -a) | *KAk | *kagda- | *(x)igǯa- | ||
| hot, ashes | **k῾i̯āla (~ -ĺ-) | *kala- | *xial- | |||
| tongue | **k῾i̯ăli | *kele- | *kele- | *xilŋü | *kằró- | |
| dirt, unpleasant odour | **k῾i̯aĺu (~ **k῾i̯oĺa) | *KAĺan | *kuluŋ- | *xola- | ||
| blood; blood vessel | **k῾i̯ā́no | *Kiān | *xuŋī-kta | |||
| a kind of young ungulate | **k῾i̯ā́p῾a | *KĀpan | *kab- / *kobu- | *xiap- | ||
| a kind of insect, butterfly | **k῾i̯àp῾e | *kepelek | *kibe | *kə̀pə̀rə́nkí (~ -ua-) | ||
| elbow, shoulder bone, cubit | **k῾i̯ā́rà | *K(i)arɨĺ | *kari | *(x)iarū-n | *kárà | |
| thin snow, hoar-frost | **k῾i̯ā́ra (~ -i̯ō-) | *Kiār- | *karig | |||
| a kind of insect | **k῾i̯ā̀re | *K(i)arɨnč-ɣa | *kürid | *xīrükte | *kằr-kə̀mɨ́i | *kìrì(n)kíri-su |
| fat | **k῾i̯ắŕme | *Kiaŕɨ | *karbin | *ximū-ŋkse | *kìrɨ́m | *kuama |
| bladder, scrotum | **k῾i̯ŏba(kV) (~ **k῾i̯ăbu(kV)) | *KAbuk | *kuwkan | *xubgu | ||
| dry | **k῾i̯óbarV (~ -i̯u-) | *Kūrɨ-k,-gak | *kawra- | *(x)ur- | *kobār- | *káwá(ra)-k- |
| touchwood, tree fungus | **k῾i̯ŏbe | *Kiab | *köbdü | *xub(u)te | *kua | |
| milt, roe | **k῾i̯oča (~ **k῾i̯ačo) | *xusakta | *koči | *ka(n)su | ||
| poles in a frame | **k῾i̯oge | *kegej | *keɣe-sün | *xuge | ||
| spine, skeleton | **k῾i̯ṑk῾ò | *kokima- | *xīKeri | *kakurai | ||
| marrow | **k῾i̯ome | *kEmük | *kemi | *xumā-n,-kin, *xum-nu | ||
| to throw (upside down) | **k῾i̯ṓme | *Kām- | *kömeri- | *xumu- | ||
| a kind of fragrant and edible plant | **k῾i̯omo(lV) | *Kumlak | *kömeli | *ximŋe-kte | *kamira | |
| hemp | **k῾i̯ŏ́nt῾ | *kendir (*kentir) | *xonta-kta | *kántí | ||
| nose | **k῾i̯ŏŋa | *K(i)aŋ-(ɨr)- | *kaar | *xoŋa- | *kóh | *kan-k- |
| head of clan | **k῾i̯óŋi | *K(i)aŋ | *(x)uŋ- | *kù’ɨ̀i | *kímí | |
| soot, to catch fire | **k῾i̯óp῾é | *Kạp- | *xupu-ŋksa | *kúmpá- | ||
| worm; gad-fly | **k῾i̯ṓro | *Kūrt | *koro-kai | *xirga- | ||
| a kind of tree with red berries or red bark | **k῾i̯óŕa | *Kaŕɨlgan / *Karlɨgan | *karg- | *(x)or- | *kátúrá | |
| lamb, deer | **k῾i̯ŏŕo (~ -u) | *Koŕɨ | *kurigan | *xir- | ||
| a kind of foliage tree | **k῾i̯ŏ̀sú | *kusu- | *xisi- | *kùsú | ||
| to scrape, shave | **k῾i̯òše | *Kas | *kisu- | *xuši / *kuši | *kùsà / *kə̀sà-i | |
| a kind of stinging insect | **k῾i̯ṑt῾ekV | *Kạtku-č | *kedgene | *xūkte | *kúitə́kí | |
| side, direction | **k῾i̯ŏ́ǯa | *KAj- | *kaǯiwu | *xoǯa-n | *kằč- | *kajə-r- |
| voice, sound | **k῾i̯ube | *kü(b) | *küw- | *xǖ- (*xüb-) | *kubɨi- | *kə̀wâi |
| box, coffin | **k῾i̯ubu | *kob-du, *kob-tu | *xobu-r / *xebu-r | *kobVr | *k(u)i | |
| animal’s paw, skin from animal’s paw | **k῾i̯ū̀ča (~ -u) | *Kɨč | *xōsa | |||
| to scrape; claw, sharp stick | **k῾i̯ùčù | *Kɨč- | *kučil- | *xosī-kta | *koč | *kùsì |
| a kind of cereal | **k῾i̯ū́č῾i (~ -č-) | *kȫče | *küč- | *kìčàŋ | ||
| tail | **k῾i̯údo(rgV) | *Kudruk | *kudurga | *xürgü | *s-kòrí | |
| palate, jaw | **k῾i̯ū̀ge | *Kögme | *köɣemej | *xǖkte | *kə̀húm | *k(ù)i |
| root, stem | **k῾i̯ujk῾è | *kök | *xüj(k)e | *kòkɨ̀rí, kòkòrí | *kùkùi | |
| cold wind, fog, North | **k῾i̯ŭ́jŕo | *Kuŕ | *koji- | *kúi-rí | ||
| to exchange, trade, hire | **k῾i̯ū́le | *kȫle | *kölü-sü | *xül- | ||
| to wind, plait | **k῾i̯ŭli | *kül-, *kült- | *küli- | *xil(i)- | ||
| sable, squirrel | **k῾i̯ū́ĺa | *kīĺ | *kulgana | *xulu-kī | ||
| person | **k῾i̯uĺe | *kiĺi | *kulunča | *(x)ile (~ -ü-) | ||
| navel | **k῾i̯ū́ĺnu | *kīn, *kīn-dük | *köjil-sü | *xulŋu- | ||
| nail, needle | **k῾i̯uml | *kimul-su | *xülme | *kom(h) | ||
| sleeve, elbow; top of boot | **k῾i̯ū̀nč῾o | *Konč | *kanču- | *xǖnčē-n | ||
| heavy, load | **k῾i̯une | *kündü | *(x)ünī- | |||
| to long for, covet (sexually) | **k῾i̯ŭnu | *Kɨn- | *kina- | *(x)on- | *kunank- | |
| punishment | **k῾i̯ū́ńa | *Kɨ̄jn | *könüɣe- | *xuńi- | *káná- | |
| thread, cloth | **k῾i̯ùńí | *köjŋe-lek | *kejeŋ | *kính | *kìnú | |
| sheath, scabbard | **k῾i̯ū́ńu (~ -a) | *Kɨ̄n | *kuj | *xunǯi- | ||
| to bend, bow | **k῾i̯úŋu | *Kɨŋ- | *kiji- / *keje- | *xuŋke- / *kuŋke- | *kúnkúm- | |
| worm, grub | **k῾i̯uŋu | *kiɣur- | *xuŋVl- | *kuà | ||
| to sew | **k῾i̯up῾e | *köpi- | *köbe- | |||
| twenty | **k῾i̯ura (~ -u) | *Kɨrk | *kori | *xorin | ||
| guest, neighbour | **k῾i̯ure | *Kir-deĺ | *kür- | *(x)üremē- (~ -i-) | ||
| to reach, treat | **k῾i̯ū́re | *gīr- | *kür- | *xür- | *kūr- | *kúrá- |
| to feed, eat | **k῾i̯úrge (~ -o) | *KUr(g)- | *korgan | *xürgi- | *kúrá-p- | |
| young (animal, fish) | **k῾i̯ŭrpe | *körpe | *körbe | *xürbe | ||
| heavy; hard, difficult | **k῾i̯ùru | *Kɨr- | *xur-ge | *korắ- / *koro- | *kùrù-sì- | |
| bark, shell | **k῾i̯ŭ̀rú | *Kɨrtɨĺ | *körü-sü | *xura-kta | *kúr | *kùrí |
| ashes, soot | **k῾i̯ŭ̀ru(mV) | *Kurum (< *Kɨrum) | *kirbu-su | *xurum-sa | *kur | |
| to covet | **k῾i̯uŕa (~ -u) | *Kɨŕ | *kuriča- | *xur- | ||
| red, reddish; brown, dark | **k῾i̯ū́ŕu | *Kɨ̄ŕ- | *küre- (*küri-) | *xuri- | *kùrí | *kúrá- |
| bad behaviour | **k῾i̯úsè | *küs- | *kosiŋ | *kúsài | ||
| to wish | **k῾i̯ū́se | *kǖse- | *küse- | *xüse | *kəs- | |
| to vomit | **k῾i̯ŭso | *Kus- | *xüse- | |||
| armpit | **k῾òbàni | *Kōjn | *koŋ- | *xobanī | *kàpìná | |
| to finish, abandon | **k῾ŏda (~ -u) | *Kod- | *xod- | |||
| limb, extremity | **k῾ŏjli | *Kol | *köl | *xolda-n | *kūi-mə̀rí | *kuru-(n)-pusi |
| plenty | **k῾òké | *kök | *kog-si- | *xugdi | *kɨh- | *kə̀kə́-ta- |
| to bind, wrap | **k῾ókì | *kök | *kugu-s- | *xuku- | *kúkúr- | |
| hinge, hook | **k῾ōkí | *kök, *köken | *kögene | *kūkta | *kunki | |
| to dry, get stale | **k῾óla (~ -u-, -i̯o-) | *xolga | *korh- | *kárá- | ||
| lake, basin | **k῾ṓli | *ȫl | *küjil-sü | *xule- | *kằrắm | |
| to row, boat | **k῾òlke | *kölge | *xulki- | *kə̀nk- | ||
| shadow, cloud | **k῾òlmV | *köl- | *KVlm- | *kúrùm | *kùmua-N | |
| oak-tree | **k῾olV (~ -u-, -ĺ-) | *xola- | *kur | |||
| couple, to couple, combine | **k῾ŏ́ĺba | *Koĺ | *kolbu- | *xulbü- | *krb- | *kásá |
| to dig | **k῾ŏ́mi | *göm- | *xumu- | |||
| to soak | **k῾mo | *Kōm | *xum- | *km- / *kắm- | *kuam- | |
| fungus | **k῾ómp῾ | *kömbe, *kömbe-lek | *xum(p)- | *kōmphúi- | *kámp(u)í | |
| offering, respect | **k῾ṑmu | *Kom- | *kōmá | *kuma | ||
| drought, hunger | **k῾òmu (~ -o, -a) | *Komɨĺ- | *komu-kai | *xomī- | *kắmắr | |
| ladle | **k῾ōńi | *kȫjnek | *kunija | *xuńa- | *kùńí | *kúm- |
| dirt | **k῾oŋi (~ -e) | *köŋ | *xońi- | |||
| film, covering | **k῾ŏ̀p῾e (~ -i) | *köpe | *köɣe | *xup- | *kóp | |
| be complete, all | **k῾óp῾ì | *köp | *köb-čin | *xup- | *kòp- | *kúpá-pa- |
| foam | **k῾óp῾i (~ -e) | *köp- | *köɣe- | *xapu- ~ *xopu- | *kə̀phúm | |
| rift (in a river), bridge | **k῾óp῾ìra | *köpür, -üg | *köɣürge | *xupuru | *kápárá | |
| to protect, guard | **k῾ṓra (~ -o, -u) | *Kōrɨ- | *kori- | *xurā- | *kằrí- | |
| hill; embankment, boundary | **k῾ori | *Korum | *küri | *xurē | *kòráŋ | *kùrùa (~ -ruâ) |
| short; diminish, grow less | **k῾oru | *Kor(a)- | *koru- | *xurumü- | *korh- | |
| dung, excrements | **k῾ṑrV (~ -ŕ-) | *korgul | *xōri-kta | *kərɨm | ||
| to entangle, fetter | **k῾ŏši (~ -e) | *kös- | *kösi- | *xušī- (~ -č-) | ||
| joy, joke | **k῾ubà (~ -p-) | *Kɨb (*Kub) | *xebī- / *kupī- / *xupī- | *kapaju- | ||
| a kind of fish | **k῾ube (~ -p-) | *kobku | *xuja (< *xubi-ja?) | *kuàp(u)î | ||
| a kind of star | **k῾ū̀čV | *Kučɨk | *xōsi-kta | |||
| affair, trade | **k῾ude | *küdü- | *kuda-ldu- | *xuda | ||
| a kind of skin working instrument; worked skin | **k῾ùdì | *kidiŕ | *ködü-sü | *xudekī | *kùtùpìkì | |
| ear; to hear | **k῾ū̀jlu (~ -o) | *Kul-kak | *kul-ki | *xūl- | *kúi | *kí-k- |
| to peel | **k῾ùkè | *Koguĺ (?-k-) | *xuK- | *kuàk- | ||
| a kind of big fish | **k῾ùla | *kalimu | *xol-sa | *kàra- | ||
| reed, rush | **k῾ul(g)o | *Kulga | *kulu-su | *xulgu- | *kōr | |
| yellow, brown, grey | **k῾ŭli | *Kula | *küjilen | |||
| to heat, burn | **k῾uli (~ -e) | *kül- | *kölči- | *xuldü | ||
| to dig, cave | **k῾úli (~ -o-, -ĺ-) | *küle-mǯi | *xulē- | *kùrhə́ŋ | ||
| to roll, turn | **k῾úlo | *Kul- | *kol-ki- | *xol- / *xul- | *kùbɨ̀r- | *kə́rə́-mp- |
| bark, scales; scab | **k῾úĺa | *Kuĺ | *kolta-su, *koli- | *xolda-ksa | *kásá | |
| a kind of big bird | **k῾ū̀ĺa (~ -o,-u) | *Kuĺ | *kuladu | *xōlī | ||
| black; coal | **k῾ume (~ -i̯u-) | *kömür | *kə̄m- | |||
| tent, temporary dwelling | **k῾umi (~ -e) | *küme | *kömürge | *xoma- | ||
| weak, lean | **k῾umV (~ -o-) | *komur, *komsa | *xum- | |||
| to burn, get burnt | **k῾ùńe | *köń- | *köɣe | *kɨ̀ńɨ̀r- | *kuànkàra- | |
| knot, to tie knots | **k῾ū̀ńi (~ -e) | *küjir | *xūńē- | |||
| to freeze, snow | **k῾uŋgo (~ -o-) | *kuŋgar- / *küŋger- | *xuŋ-da- | *kənkə(r)- | ||
| basket | **k῾ùre | *Küri- | *xurid- | *kórí | *kuà | |
| intestine, belly | **k῾úrgo (~ -u) | *Kurg-sak | *kurkag | *xurke- | *kùrə̀i | |
| to rake up | **k῾ri | *küre- | *kura-, *kurija- | *xeri- / *xeru- | *kur- | |
| pole; finger, toe | **k῾ŕa | *Kŕguk | *kuruɣu, *-gu | *xurū | *kàràk | |
| a kind of fur animal | **k῾uŕe (~ -i) | *Küŕen | *kürene | *xur- | ||
| glowing coals | **k῾ū́ŕkV | *kȫŕ | *xurk- | |||
| a kind of tree (cedar, oak) | **k῾usa | *kusi | *xusikta | *kasi | ||
| to itch, scab | **k῾ut῾V (~ -o-, -t-) | *Kotur | *xutu- | |||
| trace, to follow | **k῾uǯV | *koǯi- | *xuǯa | |||
| part of stomach, bladder | **k῾uǯV | *kuǯirkaj | *xuǯük | |||
| hat, umbrella | **k῾Ỽsá (~ k-, g-, -č-) | *kás | *kàsá | |||
| on this side, near | **la- | *naɣa- | *la-kV, *la-ŋ | *njək | ||
| moss, lichen | **lā̀blè | *lujilV | *lālbi-kta / *lelu-kte | *nə̀rì | ||
| more, better | **làbò | *jaba | *lab / *naj | *lab-du | *năboi | *nàpə́ |
| rope, long hair, rags | **labỼ / **lebỼ | *job-lač (*jabu-lač) | *lab- / *lob- | *lab- / *leb- | *nòh (< *nVbVh) | *nàp- |
| a kind of plant with drooping branches | **láčà (~ **ĺ-) | *lasa- | *nə̀čhúr | *násì | ||
| to glue, stick to | **làjp῾V | *jạp-ɨĺč- | *niɣa- | *labgān-, *lipa- | *nàimpà-r- (~ -ia-) | |
| a kind of foliage tree | **lako | *jöke | *nüger- (~ nigür-) | *laKa- | ||
| dirt, dregs | **làku (~ -k῾-) | *lag | *lakti- / *legdi- | *núká-r- | ||
| a kind of bird | **lak῾ | *jakɨl- | *lag | *lakun | *nokočiri | |
| a kind of big fish | **lak῾a (~ -k-) | *laka | *laka | *nakatai | ||
| a kind of plant with edible root | **lā̀k῾a (~ **ĺ-) | *lāk- | *nək- | *nànkui | ||
| to bend, hang, hanger | **làk῾ù | *naki- | *laxu- | *náks | *nuki | |
| sticky substance | **làlè | *jilik | *nila- | *lala | *nə̀rì | |
| weak, exasperated | **lalV | *jalk- | *nal-, *nalk- | *lali- | ||
| convenient, helpful | **lami | *jAmak | *limbaj | *nam | ||
| a kind of bag | **lā́mo | *jĀmčɨk | *nambuga | *lam(b)a | *nằmằčh | |
| sea, wave | **lā̀mò (~ -a) | *namug | *lāmu | *nàmì | ||
| dirt, slime | **lằŋi | *laj | *laŋga | *nìnkə̀r- | ||
| flat, broad | **láp῾ì | *jap- | *labta- | *lapta- | *nàp- / *nə̀p- | *nípá |
| sloppy job | **lā́ŕgu | *jạ̄ŕ- | *nargi- | *largī | *nòrắs | *núká-r- |
| wave, storm | **lā̀t῾á (~ ĺ-) | *lāta | *nàntá | |||
| heavy, clumsy | **laǯV | *noǯo- | *laǯu | |||
| to eat greedily | **lebV (~ -p-) | *labsi- | *lebge- | |||
| to go out, break forth | **lḕja | *niɣe- | *lēj- (*lī-) | *ná- | *nà-r- / *nà-s- | |
| to intend, demand | **lèjk῾á | *neke- | *leKe- | *njə̀kí- / *nə̀ikí- | *niànkà-p- | |
| kerchief, pendant | **lélugV | *jaglɨk | *nolga | *lelu(ke) | *nòríkái | |
| fresh, raw; vegetables | **lēmo | *jẹ̄miĺč | *lamaɣa | *nằmằrh | *nàmâ | |
| meat, fat (of animals) | **lemV | *jạm- | *lami- | *lemuk | ||
| to incline, sway, shake | **leńa | *jAń-ka- | *naji-(gu)- | *leŋgī- | ||
| swamp | **lépù(-nV) (~ -b-) | *labku, *lobku | *lebē(n)- | *nɨp(h) | *númà | |
| to rise, high | **lép῾ó (~ **ĺ-) | *lep- / *lupu- | *nòph- | *nə́mpə́r- | ||
| to weep, cry | **lī́gà (~ **ĺ-) | *jɨ̄g-(la-) | *ligi- | *nák- | ||
| sound, to sound | **li̯ája | *najita- | *leje- / *ńiaja- (< *liaja-) | *nái | ||
| a kind of big fish | **li̯àmba (~ **ĺ-, -o) | *liamba- | *nàmà(n)tù | |||
| leaf | **li̯àp῾ | *japur-gak | *labči | *níph | *nàpài | |
| spleen | **li̯ap῾V | *japal | *niɣalta | *lipče | ||
| green, dark | **li̯ŏga | *jạgɨŕ | *nogoɣan | *ĺog- | *nò-nắ- | *nà |
| bow | **li̯òmù | *jüm- | *lumu | *liam- | *dùmì | |
| a kind of insect | **li̯òŋè | *newne, *neɣüne | *loŋ- | *nə̀mì (~ -ua-, -ui) | ||
| resin, clay, dirt | **li̯ùbu (~ -i̯a-) | *luw- | *lū | *nì (~ *nù-i) | ||
| thick, dense | **li̯uu | *jigi / *jɨgɨ | *nigta / *lüg / *lug | *lōgdi, *luku(tu) | ||
| to swallow, drink | **li̯ŭ̀mo (~ ĺ, -e) | *lümŋe- | *nəm-ku- | *nə̀m- | ||
| a cutting instrument | **lok῾o (~ -u-) | *loxa | *nə̀kə̂ | |||
| chisel, drill | **lòŋé (~ -u-) | *luŋu | *nə̀muí (~ -əi) | |||
| nest (of rodents) | **lop῾V | *nowkai | *lopi(gi) | |||
| bridle | **lŭge (~ -i) | *jügen | *luksi | |||
| to bow, bend | **lúke | *jükün- | *nugu- | *loka- | *nə́kí (~ -ua-) | |
| wild pig | **luko | *nogtu- | *luke- / *lukte (*lekte) | *nɨktai (?) | ||
| to take off (clothes) | **lùku (~ **ĺ-, -o-, -k῾-) | *luK- | *nùk- | |||
| to break through | **lúk῾ì (~ -o-) | *nüke- | *lokta- | *núk- | ||
| lynx, wild cat | **lk῾Ỽ (~ -k-) | *nogu-ɣal | *luKV | *nɨk- | *niàkua (~ *nàikua) | |
| a kind of small wild animal | **lumV | *jumra- | *lomun | *nenme- (~ *l-) | ||
| a kind of fur animal | **lúŋa | *nagaj | *loŋ-sa | *nə̀ŋ’úrí | *ná-i | |
| morning or evening dawn | **lúŋu (~ **ĺ-, -o-, -i) | *luŋur | *nò’ɨ̀r | *núN- / *núiN- / *núaN- | ||
| to burn; warm | **lŭ̀rkV (~ **ĺ-, -i̯u-,-i̯o-,-o-) | *lurgi- | *nòk- / *nuk- | *nùkù- | ||
| a kind of plant | **ĺábó | *jaba | *debeɣe | *labikta / *lebukte | *náimpú | |
| bad, evil | **ĺā̀k῾è | *jek | *ǯeke-j (< *ǯike-j) | *lāK- | *nək- | *nəkə |
| fur clothes | **ĺak῾V (~ -e-) | *jaku | *daku | *leKu (/ *laKu) | ||
| string, strap | **ĺā̀p῾o (~ -i) | *deɣe-sü | *lāpV-ki | |||
| bifurcated pole | **ĺā́p῾V | *jāpa(k) | *daɣaga(n) | *lap- | ||
| to hate, abhor | **ĺḕgì | *jigren- (~ -e-) | *ǯig- | *lēgī- | *nìkù- | |
| a kind of aquatic bird | **ĺekleKV | *eglek | *deglej | *leg(l)ek- | ||
| to run, ride, hurry | **ĺḗlV | *jēl- | *ǯilu- | *lelu- | ||
| to be lazy, negligent | **ĺèmo | *dömü- | *lemūk- | *nàmàka- | ||
| a kind of predator | **ĺeŋgV | *ǯiŋger | *leŋgur | |||
| feather, down, wool | **ĺep῾a (~ -o, -u) | *jAp | *daɣaki | *lepu- | ||
| dark red, violet | **ĺip῾ú | *(j)ip- | *ǯibi | *lipe- | *numpa- | |
| to run away | **ĺi̯ŏ̀ki | *ǯigutu- | *luktu- | *nìnká- | ||
| name; spell, divination | **ĺi̯ŏ́mo(ŋa) | *jom, *jom(ŋ)ak | *dom, *domag | *nim-ŋā- | *ni’jaki | *ná(N) |
| to ransom, ask | **ĺi̯ul | *jul- | *doli- | *ll- (~ -ü-) | *nai (~ *nia) | |
| to sew, pierce | **ĺi̯ŭ̀p῾ù | *jɨp / *jip | *ǯeɣeg (< *ǯiɣeg) | *lup- | *nupi- | *nùp- |
| to accuse, blame | **ĺoŋgV | *joŋ | *doŋgud- | *loŋ-si- | ||
| a kind of deer | **ĺóre (?) | *ǯüre | *lor- (?) | *nòrằ | *nərə ~ *nuarua | |
| snow | **ĺū̀ńi (~ -e) | *lūńe | *nūn | |||
| a negative particle | **ma | *-ma- | *-me | *mō-t | *-ma- | |
| worm, insect | **mbči | *meče | *maši- | *músí | ||
| to fast, hunger | **máč῾à | *bAča- | *mačag | *maču- | *mátúr- | |
| target | **máč῾Ỽ | *màč- | *mátua | |||
| to miss, fail, bad luck | **maja | *bAńɨ- | *maɣu | *maja- | ||
| protecting spirit | **maji | *baj (~ -ń) | *maji-n | *mi | ||
| temple, forehead, ear | **màjŋì | *bejŋi | *maŋlai | *mìmì | ||
| go-between | **májŋV | *maŋa | *mjə̀nɨ́rí | *mániák- | ||
| fat | **majV | *bań | *majaɣa | *majā | ||
| to be deceived, perplexed | **mak῾é | *mek(e)- | *maka- | *mə̀k- | *mənka-r- | |
| to wind, twist, bend | **mao | *makiji- | *makti- | *mằi- | ||
| far, rare | **mála | *mali- | *mə̄r- | *márá | ||
| honey, plant oil | **male | *bạl | *milaɣa- | *mala | ||
| stick, cudgel | **màli | *baltu | *milaɣa | *mala | *már | |
| disease, wound | **mā̀li | *bAlɨg | *milan | *māl- | ||
| to bend, twist | **màlt῾e | *möltür- / *multur- | *maltu- | *mə̀ntì- | ||
| to dig, bury | **mált῾u | *baĺtar (?) | *malta- | *malta- | *mùt- | *úntú-m- (< *múntú-m-) |
| room | **màlù | *malu | *maru | *mùruà | ||
| wild cat | **máĺe | *bɨńĺ(ɨk) | *malur | *mala- | *músásà(m)pì | |
| many, big | **mana | *bạnɨ- ~ *bonɨ- | *mandu- / *mantu- | *mani | *mān(h)- | *manai- |
| to learn, try | **mána (~ -o) | *man-dū- | *máná(m)p- | |||
| swaddling-clothes | **mànč῾u (~ -i̯a-) | *mančuj | *mùtù-kí | |||
| a kind of elk | **măndo | *botu | *manǯi | *manda-ksa | ||
| useless, insufficient | **mā́n | *būn | *mana- | *múná-si- | ||
| paw, hand | **mā́ńa | *bĀń- | *mańa | |||
| a kind of fish | **mańu(k῾V) | *bańak- | *munig | *māńgu / *mańma | *mə̀ijùkí | *mùná(n)kí |
| big, strong | **maŋga (~ -o) | *maŋga | *manki- | |||
| cicada, a kind of insect | **mŋi | *bAŋɨŕ (~ -s) | *mana- | *mằijàmí | *mìmìnsúkù | |
| joy | **maŋi (~ **meŋa) | *beŋi | *maɣa- | |||
| to refuse, quarrel | **màra (~ -ŕ-) | *margu- | *mari- | *mār- | *màtuàp- | |
| sand, stony earth, marsh | **mā́ro | *bōr | *mara- | *mar- | *mòr’ái | *mana-n-kua |
| to roll, bend | **máro (~ -ŕ-) | *marija-, mirija- | *mari- | *mằr- | *mát(u)áp- | |
| heap, crowd, many | **maru (~ -ŕ-) | *mar(b)u | *muri, *múr | *mə́rə́, *múrà | ||
| more, stronger | **mása | *bAsa | *masi | *masi | *más- | |
| to shamanize, dance | **mébo (~ -p-) | *mebu- | *máp- | |||
| monkey | **mḗča | *bĒčin | *mečin | *masi | ||
| to shake, sway | **meju | *bań- | *maji- | *mej- | *mūi- / *mùi’ú- | |
| to pull out | **mĕ̀ko | *meK(u)- | *mắi- | *mə̀k- | ||
| to be in a bad position | **mék῾à | *mak- | *meK- | *màk- | *máká- | |
| meat; part of body | **mék῾ù | *mikan | *meKile | *múkúrua | ||
| a kind of fish | **melo | *bẹl | *melu | |||
| a kind of berry | **mĕlu | *bẹleĺ | *mojil- | *mlikte | ||
| to become stale, overripe, wither | **mèl | *mel-me- ? | *mằrằ- | *mùrá- | ||
| to stir up | **mĕ̀ĺba (~ -p-) | *melbi- | *mànsì-(p)- | |||
| head | **mĕ́ĺǯu (~ -a) | *baĺč | *malǯa-, *melǯe- | *meli-mu | *mə̀rí | |
| female breast; foster-mother | **mḗmV | *mēme (*bēme) | *mömü | *meme | ||
| first of all | **ménč῾o (~ **mi̯ónč῾a, -nč-) | *mònčjə́(i) | *mántù | |||
| self, body | **mḕnò | *bu(-n) (?) | *mön | *mēn | *móm | *mə̀nə̀ |
| garlic, onion | **ménrV | *maŋgir, *maŋgina | *meŋgu- | *mànắr | *mìrà | |
| dwelling place, village | **meń | *maji-kan | *mēne- | *mằńằrh | *múrà | |
| shape, face | **méŋa | *bEŋiŕ | *maji-kaj | *mána-i | ||
| to run, trot | **mĕŋa | *baŋ | *meŋde- | *meŋ- | ||
| mole, scar | **meŋe (~ -i, -a) | *beŋ | *meŋge | *məŋ | ||
| whole | **méŋu | *men-dü | *meŋde- | *mú-i | ||
| a kind of berry | **méra | *bürü-lgen | *maril | *mrVŋV | *mə̀r’úi | |
| spot | **méru (~ -ŕ-) | *merije- / *marija- | *merī- | *múrá | ||
| wild apple, grape | **mésV | *mes(k)u- | *mə̀s | |||
| to ask | **mèto | *möči- | *mete- | *mūd- | *mə̀tə̀-ma- | |
| bird’s crop or navel; pudenda | **mét῾i(-rkV) | *böteke | *motoka | *mə̀rtə̀kə́n | *mitua | |
| most | **mét῾ò | *-med | *mằt | *mə́tə̀-mə̀ | ||
| full, fill | **mìlt῾e (~ -i) | *melteji- | *milte- | *mìt- | ||
| a kind of grass | **mińa (~ -o, -u) | *bɨńan | *mìnàrí | |||
| large number, thousand | **míŋa (~ -o, -u) | *bɨŋ | *miŋgan | |||
| arrow | **mro | *bǖri | *merge-n | *mrV | ||
| to move, climb | **mi̯ač῾e | *mača- | *miči- | *mìčhɨ́- | ||
| glory, praise | **mi̯àga | *bAgatur | *magta- | *mg- | *mār | *màwə̀-s- |
| illness, stomach sickness | **mi̯ăk῾ó | *b(i)ăk | *mekeji- | *muxa- | *manka | |
| frog | **mi̯ā́k῾o | *b(i)āka | *mekelej, *melekej | *moKo(lV)- | *mə̀kùrí | |
| neck | **mi̯ák῾ù | *bAkan | *muKa | *mòk | *múk- | |
| fur | **mi̯ak῾u | *makalaj | *muKa | *muku | ||
| bright, to shine | **mi̯ali(-k῾V) | *bAlk- | *mel- | *mia(l)- | *mằrk- | |
| a kind of evergreen tree | **mi̯alu | *bAla- (?) | *majila-su | *molari | *murua | |
| to measure, measure | **mi̯àĺà | *malu | *miali- | *már | *màsù | |
| to be confused, hesitate | **mi̯ā́ni | *bȫn | *men- | *mian- | *mɨ̀ńɨ́i- | |
| male, mature | **mi̯àrà (~ -ŕ-) | *miare- | *màrà | |||
| a cutting or grinding tool | **mi̯ā̀sò | *mese | *mōsa | *màsà- | ||
| to bend | **mi̯at῾è | *mata- | *mita- | *mətər- | ||
| head skin, face | **mi̯at῾i | *bĕt | *metü | *miata | ||
| to hate, dislike | **mi̯oje | *mejeɣe- | *mujē- | *mùi- | ||
| to become overripe, rot | **mi̯ójńi (~ -n-) | *bAńɨl | *munī- | *mằi-b- | *mínə́-r- | |
| to be mislead, mad | **mi̯ŏjo | *boj- | *mija- | *mì-čhi- | *maju(a)- | |
| to bow | **mi̯ók῾ | *bok- | *meküji- | *miaxu- | *mánká- | |
| to present, gift | **mi̯óle | *bẹlek | *melǯe- | *mula- | *mūr- | *mə́ráp-, *mər- |
| to creep, slide | **mi̯olk῾o | *mölki- | *milkü- / *mirkü- | *məkə-jəp- (~ -ua-) | ||
| full, to fill, thick | **mi̯ólo | *bol | *mel- / *möl- | *mila- | *mīr- | *mə́r- |
| hare | **mi̯óńde | *bAńɨ- | *möndele | *mundu-kān | *mə́m- | |
| heart; breast | **mi̯óńù | *miańam | *mằńằm | *múnà-i | ||
| red, blood-red | **mi̯oŋe | *min-či- / *men-te- (?) | *muŋsi | *məmi (~ -ua-) | ||
| to hurt, damage, wound | **mi̯ore | *bert- | *mer | *mur-dul- | *miar- (~ *mair-) | |
| to long, show affection | **mi̯óre (~ -ŕ-) | *mereji- | *mur- | *mútú-m- | ||
| road, track; to follow | **mi̯óri | *bar- | *mör | *mōr- | *mítí | |
| joint | **mi̯ót῾i | *möči | *mằtằi | |||
| land | **mi̯ot῾ì (~ -u-) | *mut | *mita (~ -u-) | |||
| dragon | **mi̯údu | *muduri | *mìrɨ́ | *múi (~ *mə́i) | ||
| shoulder | **mi̯ū̀jre | *mörü | *mǖre | *mə̄i- | *mə̀t- | |
| a kind of hammer | **mi̯úkč῾ | *mukča | *màčhí | *mútì | ||
| snake | **mi̯ūko | *böke | *mogaji | *mǖkǖ | *múkátai | |
| stump, horn foundation | **mi̯uktu (~ -i) | *mugǯi- | *mugde-ke | *mìth | ||
| ignorant | **mi̯uĺi | *mulgu- | *mul-(di-) | *mòrắ- | *misu- | |
| ice, hail | **mi̯ū́ĺi | *bū(n)ŕ | *möl-sü, *möl-dür | *múrúi | *mínsə́-rá- | |
| a kind of skin or cloth | **mi̯ùní (~ -o-) | *mune- | *mìnə́ | |||
| a kind of of badger | **mi̯ū̀nǯù | *minǯi | *mōika | *mùnsìnà | ||
| suffering | **mi̯uŋo | *buŋ | *muŋ | *miŋnī- (~ -ü-) | *munkua- | |
| wheat | **mi̯urgu | *murgi | *mírh | *mùnkí | ||
| water | **mi̯ū̀ri | *mören | *mū | *mɨ́r | *mí(-n-tú) | |
| to press, damage | **mi̯uŕu | *buŕ- / *boŕ- | *muru- | *mīr- | ||
| a kind of flour | **mi̯usi | *musi | *musi | *mìsí | *mìsə́ | |
| to bind, strand | **mi̯úsu | *musgi- | *mɨsk- | *músú(m)p- | ||
| to smile | **mi̯usu (~ -a, **mi̯osi) | *misije- | *musim- | |||
| to know, believe | **mti | *büt- | *mede- | *mute- | *mìt- | |
| edge, end | **mṓč῾a (~ -u, -o) | *būč-gak, -mak | *muč- | *mằčh- | ||
| bend, circle | **módè (~ -u-, -o) | *moda- | *mùd-Vph > *mùrVph | *mə́tə́-pər- | ||
| neck | **mṓjńo | *bōjn | *mundaɣa | *moń-ga-n, *moń-pen | *mjə-k | *nəmpV |
| all, whole | **móju | *muja- | *măin | *múina | ||
| to sow, scatter | **mŏ̀k῾a (~ -u-, -k-) | *moK- | *màk- | |||
| old, aged | **mók῾ì | *bük-tel- (~ ö) (?) | *mökü- | *muxu- | *muk- | *múkási |
| dirt | **mŏk῾V | *bok | *moki- | *muK- | *muk | |
| blunt, short | **mola (~ -u-) | *moli- | *melu- ~ *mulu- | *marV- (?) | ||
| sick, weak | **mòle | *bül- | *mul- | *mɨră- | *mə̀rə̀- | |
| to cut into pieces | **mṓli | *bȫl- | *möli- | *ml- | *mằrằ- | |
| ridge, corner | **mólu | *bul- | *mulu | *mằrằ | *múná-i | |
| to bite, gnaw | **móĺe | *mölǯi- | *mul- | *mɨ̀r- | *músír- | |
| to knead, press, stroke | **mónŋo | *boŋ | *mun- | *monŋi- | *mằn-čí- | *mə́m- (~ -uá-) |
| a kind of fruit | **mṓńe (~ -o) | *bōń- | *mono-su | *moja- (-ń-?) | *mə́mə́ (~ -ua-) | |
| round | **mṓŋi (~ -e) | *bōn-čok | *möɣer | *muŋu-, *muŋbu- | *mūŋ- | |
| a kind of weed | **mṑro | *mōr- | *mắr | *mə̀ (~ *muà) | ||
| horse | **mórV | *bura (?) | *mori | *murin | *mằr | |
| blunt, hornless, hairless | **múbè | *müjide | *mub-(up)- | *mə̄bi- / mɨ̀bi- | *mápí-rə(n)ka- | |
| branch (of a pine, conifer) | **mùč῾e | *möčir | *muči-kta | *màtú | ||
| soon, finally | **mude | *mödü | *mudan | |||
| bonfire | **mūga | *maj | *mōgdi | *mákí | ||
| bank, earth | **múgdà | *bodun | *muǯi | *megdī / *mugdī | *màt(h) | *mátì |
| to coil, turn round | **mùgdó (~ **mògdé) | *muǯi-, *moǯi- | *mugdi- | *mɨ̀rɨ̀- | *mə̀ntə̀r- | |
| horn; cartilage, tendon | **mújŋi | *bujŋuŕ (*büjŋüŕ) | *möɣer-sü (-ŋ-) | *muŋi | *mɨ̀i’ìm | |
| a bird of prey | **mujre | *bürküt | *muri | *māi | ||
| to cut, tear | **mū̀jV | *mǖ- (*mūj-) | *mɨ́i- | |||
| to wrap, tie up | **múk῾è | *muku- | *muK- | *moka- | *mák- | |
| to suck | **mk῾è | *bök- | *meke | *muKu- | *mə̀k- | *màkà-nàp- |
| a kind of fish | **mū̀k῾é | *mök- | *mōk- | *mànkúrúa | ||
| male | **mūk῾o (~ -u) | *būka | *mok- | *muxa- / *muxe- | ||
| mole | **mŭ̀k῾Ỻ (~ -o-) | *muktu- | *mənkura / *munkura | |||
| a kind of deer | **mula | *bulan | *maral | *mul- | ||
| a kind of small wild animal | **muma (~ **mema) | *mamu-wna | *mume- / *meme- | *mami | ||
| defect, lack | **mùne | *bün | *mun-du- | *màntù- | ||
| wrong, mad, uneasy | **múnu | *bun- | *mun- | *moŋ-nV- (*mon-ŋV-) | *múntú-ká- | |
| to guard, graze | **mùńa | *mana- | *mun-di- | *mòńí- | *màmuà-r- | |
| a kind of deer | **mūńa(kV) | *buńgak | *mōń(i)ka- | *manaka | ||
| angle | **muŋĺe | *büŋüĺ | *moŋla | *masu- | ||
| mist, rain | **múŋna | *bunar | *maŋ- | *meŋ- / *muŋ- | *mah | |
| round; turn, return | **múra | *bur(a)- | *murui | *murV- | *muri | *márə́ |
| tree, forest | **mū́ro | *mo-du (< *mor-du) | *mō | *mōi(h), *mòró | *mə́rí | |
| steam, spirit | **mùsi | *bus | *mösü(n) | *musun | *mùs- | |
| swamp, pond | **mū̀sV (~ -ō-, -i̯ō-) | *mūsa | *mós | |||
| to complete, gather together | **mŭ́t῾ì | *büt- | *möči- | *mute- | *mòt- | *muta |
| an interrogative root | **mỺ | *-mi | *-mu, -mi | *mɨ̀ | *mə́-si | |
| thou | **ná | *-ŋ | *nə̀ | *ná | ||
| net, fish-trap | **nable | *jɨlɨm | *nalba | |||
| seven | **nad | *jẹt(t)i | *nada-n | *nìr-kúp | *nana- | |
| to envy, wish | **naja | *najida- | *nadi- | *nàità-m- (~ -ia-) | ||
| pole, shaft | **nàje | *najü | *nə̀ | |||
| age | **nàjĺV (~ -e-) | *jāĺ | *na-su | *náh | ||
| lake, river | **najV(rV) | *naɣur | *niāru | *nāih | ||
| a kind of skin | **nak῾i (~ -o) | *nekej | *naKita | |||
| earth, land | **nālV | *jalaŋ | *nala- | *nā | *nàráh | |
| testicle | **nā̀mo | *jum- | *(n)im | *nāma / *māna (*māŋa) | ||
| skin | **nā́ne | *jɨ̄n | *nansa | |||
| grief, pity | **nàsà | *nasa- | *nàsàkài | |||
| a kind of plant, cereal | **nát῾a (~ l-, -t-) | *jAt- | *nāt | *nátúmái | ||
| summer, midday | **nāǯV | *jāj | *naǯir | *náč | ||
| to lie, put | **nḗ | *niɣu- | *nē- | *nū-b- | *ná- | |
| new | **nébì | *jub-ga | *niɣu-n | *nebi | *nə̄- | *nípí- |
| to scrape, scrape off (skin); to fade | **nĕ̀č῾á | *ničügen | *neču- | *nàntá- | ||
| late | **neč῾è (~ l-) | *jEče | *nɨ̀č- | *nə̀tì | ||
| snag, root | **negle (~ -a) | *newle | *nelge | *nə̄r | *nài (~ nìa) | |
| a kind of deer | **negre (~ -i) | *jẹgre-n | *ne(r)gdi | *nɨrə- | ||
| louse, nit | **neji | *ni-sa- | *nej(l)e- | *ní | ||
| even, equal | **néji | *nej | *neje- | *ní- | ||
| to leave, put aside | **nĕ̀ko | *nögü-ɣe | *neku- | *nòh- | *nə̀k- | |
| lowland, water meadow | **neku | *nigu | *nekte | |||
| to weave | **nek῾u | *neke- | *nuki | |||
| friend, relative | **nek῾V | *nökör | *neku- | |||
| new-born; spring | **nelk῾V | *nilka | *nelki | |||
| fringe | **nèĺbù (~ -p-) | *nelbi | *nùsà | |||
| a kind of cloth, coat | **nelmu | *jAlma | *nolom | *nelme- | ||
| to add, exceed | **nema | *jem- | *neme- | *nə̄m- | ||
| to patch | **nĕ́mè | *jama- | *nem- | *neme- / *nama- | *nə́mì | |
| female relative (sister or brother’s wife) | **nĕ́ŋu | *jeŋe | *nagaču | *neŋu- | *nù’ɨ̀i | |
| to spread, cover | **nĕ̀p῾é | *jap- | *nebseji- | *nep-te- | *nìp- | *nə̀mpú- (~ -ua-) |
| a kind of insect, butterfly | **nep῾V(ĺV) | *japɨĺgak | *naɣalinkaj | *nelbige (?) | *nàpắi | |
| thin, flat | **nèra | *jAr- | *nari-n | *ner- / *nar- | *jə̄rp- (< *njə̄r-p- ?) | *nàràs- |
| a kind of big tree | **nèra (~ -ŕ-) | *nara-su | *ner- (~ ń-) | *nàrà | ||
| name; announcement, order | **nĕ́re | *jạr- | *nere | *(n)ìr(h)- | *nə́r- | |
| to fly; to rise | **néro | *jAr-man- | *narba- | *nere- | *nằr- | *nə́r- |
| flat, to flatten | **nèse (~ -o) | *nese- | *nə̀s- | |||
| to smoke, to smell | **nìbi (~ -e) | *neɣü- | *nibu(p)- | *nắi | *nìpə̀-p- | |
| clay, to smear | **nibĺa | *joĺa | *ńiblü- | *nasur- | ||
| face, resemblance | **nī́bŕo | *jǖŕ | *niɣur | *nər- | ||
| duck | **nī̀kV (~ -i̯ā-) | *nigu-sun | *nīKǖ | |||
| to become sour, ripen | **nìk῾é | *negsi- | *ńeK- ~ *niK- | *nìk- | *nìnkà- | |
| to grind, crunch; knead | **nĭ̀k῾ú | *jɨk- | *niku- | *ńKi- | *nìkì- | *nə̀nkə̀-p- / *nùnkù-p- |
| old, grown-up | **nilko (~ -u) | *jɨlkɨ | *nɨ̀rk- | |||
| fat in the intestines, fat food, roe | **nĭmči(-k῾V) | *(j)inčgek | *nimǯi-ge, *nümǯi-ge | *nim(u)kse | ||
| top of head | **nīme | *jem-kek | *nīme-kte | *nìmáh | *mínái | |
| burden, load | **nìŋi | *niŋu- | *ni(ŋ)- | *nì | ||
| spine | **nĭ̀ra | *jɨr- | *niruɣu | *niri- | *nà(n)tùki | |
| a kind of foliage tree, elm | **níre (~ -ŕ-, -o) | *nir- | *nɨ̀rɨ́p | *nírai | ||
| weak, quiet | **nìt῾á | *jit- | *nete- | *nita- | *njə̀th- | *nàntà- / *nə̀ntə́- |
| sharp weapon, a kind of knife | **nìt῾à | *jiti | *nitula- | *nát | *nátá | |
| eye | **ni̯ā̀ | *jāĺ ‘tear’ | *nidü | *ńia-sa | *nún | *mài, *mì- |
| storm, natural disaster | **ni̯ā̀bo (~ -o-) | *jubug (~ *jabug) | *nöɣe-le- | *ńō-kte | *nàw(u)í | |
| to forget, refuse | **ni̯ač῾i | *niča- | *ńaču- | *nìč- | ||
| to suffer, pine, tarry | **ni̯ā̀da (~ -i̯o-) | *jAdna- | *naǯa- (< *naǯi-) | *ńāda | *nàjàm- | |
| pus, snot | **ni̯ā̀ji | *nij- | *ńā- | |||
| neck, vertebra | **ni̯ăke | *jaka | *nigur-su | *nikimna | ||
| mild, soft | **ni̯ák῾ì | *ńaKa | *nə̀k | *níkuá- / *níkí- | ||
| shallow, shallow place | **ni̯ála | *jAl-kɨ-,-pak | *naliɣur | *niala- | *nằrằ | |
| blade, sharp | **ni̯ā̀lo | *nüjile- | *ńūl(u)- | *nắrh | *na | |
| tin, lead | **ni̯ā̀lpá | *ńālban | *nàmári | |||
| raw, fresh | **ni̯ā́ĺi | *jāĺ | *nilaɣu | *ń(i)ali- | *năr | |
| a kind of vessel | **ni̯áme | *jAm | *namaɣa | *nim(b)a | *nìmắr | |
| to ride, mount | **ni̯amńa | *namna- | *ńamńa- | |||
| to arrange, steer | **ni̯ańa | *jań- | *ńiani- | *nama- | ||
| calm, quiet | **ni̯áŋa | *ńaŋa | *nánkì | |||
| to curse, swear | **ni̯ắŋe | *jAŋɨl | *niɣül-, -g- | *niŋī- | *nə́nə́sír- | |
| field, grazing place, hunting place | **ni̯àŋu / **ŋi̯àŋu | *ŋuŋi / *ŋoŋi(- | ||||
| young; spring, summer | **ni̯ā́ŕ | *jāŕ | *nirai | *ńar-gu- | *njə̀rɨ́-m | *nátù |
| thin | **ni̯ombu | *nimgen | *nem(i)- / *niambu- | |||
| one, single | **ni̯ŏŋe | *jaŋɨŕ | *nige(n) | *noŋ- ~ *non- | *njə̀nɨ̀(k) | *nəmi |
| to heat | **ni̯ṑri | *nurma | *ńūre- | *nìrà(n)k- | ||
| to untie, unwrap | **ni̯òru (~ -ŕ-) | *ner- (?*niar-) | *nắrí- | *nura- | ||
| heavy, clumsy | **ni̯oso (~ **ni̯usi) | *nüser | *nis- | |||
| to burn, boil | **ni̯údi | *nidu- | *nùd- | *ní- | ||
| fist | **ni̯údurgi | *jɨdruk / *judruk | *nidurga | *nurga | *nínkír- | |
| to put in | **ni̯ugu (~ l-) | *jɨg- | *nöɣe- | *njə̀h- | ||
| warm; soft, mild | **ni̯ùmà | *jɨm-ĺčak | *nomu- /*neme- / *nima- | *ńume-/ *ńama / *ńem- | *nàmià | |
| hair | **ni̯ū̀ra(-k῾V) (~ -ŕ-) | *norakai | *ńūrikte | *narot | ||
| song and dance | **ni̯uru | *jɨr | *nürgi- | *ńur(g)a- | *nòr- | |
| to become wet, soak | **ni̯úŕe | *jüŕ- | *nor- | *ńr- | *núrá- | |
| to pound, pestle | **ni̯utu (~ -a) | *nidü- | *nutiku | |||
| to seize, steal | **nòču | *noču- | *nùsùm- | |||
| lovely | **nṑdà (~ -ū-) | *nōdi | *nàtùkà- | |||
| to burn, flame | **nóle | *jula | *nöl- | *nul- | *nuri- | *nə́rə́-sí |
| to pass | **nŭ̀k῾é | *nögči- | *nuK- | *nuànkà- | ||
| to rob, oppress | **nuli | *julɨ- | *nölüɣe | *nùrɨ́- | ||
| task, important affair | **numu (~ l-, -i) | *jumuĺ | *nume | *numa | ||
| a kind of grass | **nńa | *jon-ɨrčka | *nimniɣa | *ńuńV | *nàńí | *nàntúna |
| wool, down | **nŭ́ŋu | *juŋ | *nowur- | *nuŋari | *núnuá | |
| chief, master | **nuŋu | *jɨŋak | *nuŋ- | *nùsí (?) | ||
| to pile, stack | **núra | *norum | *nora- | *nar- (~ -ă-) | *nárá(m)p- | |
| slow | **nure (~ -ŕ-) | *nör- | *nur- | *nàrhó- | *nərə- (~ -ua-) | |
| dwelling place | **nū́ru (~ -o) | *jūrt | *niruɣu | *nora- | *nùrí | |
| a kind of berry, grape | **núŕi (~ -e) | *jüŕüm | *nüre | *nure | *nùrúk | |
| young, child | **ńabĺu(-ǯV) | *ǯulǯa-gan | *ńabǯa- | *mus- | ||
| shoot, sprout; teeth, gills | **ńằjla (~ -o) | *ǯal-magaj | *ńal- | *ní | *mài | |
| young | **ńā́ĺba | *jāĺ | *ǯalaɣu | *ńalba- | *masa- | |
| goat, deer | **ńàme | *jɨmga | *ńamī- | *jə́m-sjó | ||
| a kind of tree | **ńam(ń)ekt῾V | *jɨmurt | *ǯimuɣu-su | *ńamńikta | *nàmòk | *mə̀mìti |
| turf, moss | **ńamo | *jom (?/*joŋ) | *ǯim | *ńamulsa | ||
| to turn back; again | **ńā̀na | *jAn- | *ńān | *mani-ma | ||
| a kind of small bird | **ńanŋa | *ǯana | *ńa(n)ŋa- | *mami- | ||
| dirt, to smear | **ńáŋa | *ńaŋ- | *mámíra- | |||
| nut | **ńaŋo | *jAŋgak | *ǯiɣag | *ńaŋu- | *mamai | |
| a young male deer (elk) | **ńargu | *jargun | *ǯorgul | *ńargu- | ||
| to be annoyed | **ńéč῾ù | *jačan- | *ńeču- | *mútúkár- | ||
| place on the back of an animal | **ńĕka (~ -o, -u) | *jAgɨr | *ǯagal | *ńegde | ||
| East or South (wind), warm season | **ńéŋńi | *ǯeɣü-n | *ńeŋńe | *mínámí | ||
| earth, floor | **ńĕra | *jẹr | *ǯir- | *ńerke | ||
| luck, fortune | **ńésa | *ńes- | *mású-rá- | |||
| a kind of thorny tree | **ńíkrV | *ǯeɣergene | *ńikri-kta | *míkúri | ||
| to polish, scrape | **ńiĺu (~ -o) | *jɨĺ- | *ǯilgü- | *nili- | *(n)īr- | |
| host, guest | **ńĭ̀mi (~ -e) | *ńime- | *nīm | *mìmà-p- | ||
| thin, narrow; short | **ńĭ̀ŋči | *jiŋč-ge | *ǯiǯig | *nisi- | *mìnsìkà- | |
| a kind of weed, bush | **ńipV | *ǯiba | *nibēkte | |||
| a kind of big fish | **ńiro (~ -ŕ-) | *ǯirga | *ńiru- / *ńeri- | *mərəkə (~ -ua) | ||
| low, level; side of the mountain | **ńi̯ama | *jAmač | *nam | *niama | *mama | |
| to curse, harm | **ńi̯áme | *jem-ür- | *ǯime | *ńim- / *ńum- | *namɨra- | *mə́má- |
| trace | **ńi̯àmi | *jam | *ǯim | *ńiam- | ||
| to pinch (hair) | **ńi̯ằrke | *jarkak | *ǯirge- | *nirku- | *mə̀(n)k- | |
| to draw | **ńi̯ăŕe (?**ĺ-) | *jạŕ- | *ǯiru- | *ńiru- | *nìrk- | |
| man, young man | **ńi̯àŕì | *jeŕne | *ǯer-me- | *ń(i)ari | *nắr-ná- | *mì(n)tù |
| to walk, to go out | **ńba | *ńē(b)- ~ *ńū(b)- | *ní- | *màwə- (~ -u) | ||
| son-in-law, nephew | **ńi̯ṑgè | *jEgin | *ǯeɣe | *ńōg- | *mùkuâ | |
| green, vegetable | **ńi̯ṓĺe (~ -i) | *jāĺ-ɨl | *ǯöl(ü)ge | *ńoli- | ||
| cold | **ńi̯oŋe | *jEŋ | *ǯiŋ-de- | *ńeŋde- / *ńuŋde- | ||
| front, in front, front side | **ńi̯ṑpo | *ǯöb | *ńōb- (/ *ńāb-) | *njə̀p | *màpiâ | |
| strap, rag | **ńi̯oru | *jur- | *ǯur- | *ń(i)ara-, *ńiarma- | ||
| to close (eyes, mouth) | **ńi̯ŭmi | *jüm- / *jum- | *ǯimüji- | *ńim- | ||
| to adze, scrape off | **ńi̯ūno | *jōn- | *ǯoma-gul | *ńüŋ- | ||
| direction, sign | **ńi̯ūŋne | *jȫn | *ǯöŋ | *ńuŋ- | *muna-i | |
| liquid faeces | **ńi̯ū̀ŋńù | *jin (/*jɨn) | *ǯuŋgag | *ńōŋńa | *nú(ŋ)- | *ùmì |
| a kind of weed | **ńi̯uŕge | *jiŕ | *ǯürgij | *nirge- (~ -ü-) | *mərəkəsi | |
| to pluck, pick out | **ńŏ̀lo (~ -u-) | *jol- | *ǯul- | *ńl- | *mə̀r- | |
| arrow, harpoon | **ńóro (~ -u-, -e) | *ǯoruɣa | *ńuru (~ -i) | *mə́rí (~ -ua-) | ||
| six | **ńu- | *ǯirgu-ɣa- | *ńu-ŋu- | *mu- | ||
| entertainment | **ńū̀bV | *juba- | *ǯuɣa | *ńōba | ||
| water bird, goose | **ńugńa | *jugak | *ńuŋńakī | *nə̄ńí | ||
| warm, to burn | **ńūje | *ǯöɣe- | *ńē- | *muája- | ||
| gum, juice | **ńuk῾V (~ -k-) | *juk / *jok | *ńuK- | |||
| thigh | **ńuŋe | *ǯoɣa | *ńuŋī | *muàmuâ | ||
| plant glue | **ńū̀t῾Ỽ | *ǯutaŋ | *ńūte | *mə̀ti (~ -ua-) | ||
| gland | **ńỺjVrV (~ -g-, -ŕ-) | *nojir | *ńeru / *ńiru | *múrá-ua | ||
| 1st person pronoun (oblique stem?) | **ŋa | *na-m- | *nà | *a- | ||
| hand | **ŋā̀li | *el, -ig | *ŋāla | |||
| a biting insect | **ŋalma | *ŋalma- | *àmû | |||
| debt | **ŋā̀nsa | *asɨg | *nāŋsa | *nàs- | ||
| clear sky | **ŋăńa | *ańaŕ | *ńaŋńa | *àmâi | ||
| to take smb. with (oneself) | **ŋā̀ńì | *naji- | *ŋāni- | *nīń- | *ìmuà | |
| fright, be afraid | **ŋḕlu | *jAl- | *ŋēle- | *nōr-ra- | *ùrà-m- | |
| to go (down, away) | **ŋḗni | *ēn- | *neɣü- | *ŋene- | *nàń(ắ-) | *ín- |
| to attack, tease | **ŋḗnu | *jān(u)- | *naŋ-si- | *ŋen- | *una-kas- | |
| day, sun, light | **ŋḕrá | *jạr-ɨn | *naran | *ŋēr(i)- | *nár | *àrí- |
| dog | **ŋĭ̀ndó | *ɨt / *it | *ŋinda- | *ìnú | ||
| deceased, funeral | **ŋi̯àbi | *jẹbe- | *ŋiabi | *mə̀ (~ *muà) | ||
| lower side | **ŋi̯aji (~ -e) | *ej- | *ŋia- | *nằrí- | ||
| nose, part of nose | **ŋi̯àkča | *nagčar-kaji | *ŋiaksa, *ŋiaksi-n | *nằčh | ||
| dog, wolf | **ŋi̯ā̀k῾u | *eker | *nokaj | *ŋōKe | *nəkori | |
| fir-tree | **ŋi̯ā̀ŋe | *ŋiāŋ-ta | *mə̀mì (~ -ua-) | |||
| to pour | **ŋi̯ŏbu | *ju(b)- | *jeɣü-le- | *ńiabe- | *nūb- | |
| to rise, elevation | **ŋi̯ṑk῾è (~ -k-) | *jok- | *ŋōKe ~ *ŋēKu | *ə̀kə̀- | ||
| red, pink; yellow | **ŋi̯ōle | *Āl | *öle | *ŋule- | *nùrɨ́- | *mùrà-sákì |
| three, thirty | **ŋ | *otuŕ | *gu- | *mi- | ||
| smell | **ŋi̯ūja | *jɨd (?) | *ŋō- | *nái | ||
| root | **ŋi̯ū̀ŋt῾è | *ündü-sü | *ŋǖŋte | *mə̀tə̀ | ||
| what, who (interrog. pronoun) | **ŋ | *nē | *jaɣu-n-, *jaɣuma | *ŋǖ | *nú- | *nỼ |
| thin, small | **ŋṓjču | *ōču- | *öčü- | *ŋüši- (*ŋujši-) | *nằč- | *úsú- |
| long; extend | **ŋṑla | *ula- | *nolig | *ŋōli- | *nắr- | *nàn-kà- |
| straight | **ŋònŋi | *öŋ-ed- | *üne- | *ŋunŋe | *ùmà- | |
| to surpass, win, contest | **ŋṑŕa | *oŕ- | *ŋōr-ča- | *àràsuap- | ||
| to be able | **ŋūja | *u(j)- | *ŋū- | *a- | ||
| long hair | **ŋū̀je | *öjek | *öjekeji | *ŋūjelse | *bə̀ | |
| to sleep | **ŋū́ju | *ū-dɨ-, *ū-dɨ-k-la- | *nojir | *ŋu(j)a | *úi- | |
| a kind of clamp | **ŋúpu (~ -o-) | *gub- | *ŋubi | *úpái | ||
| young male | **ŋurV | *urɨ | *gura | *ŋur | ||
| heel | **ŋŭ̀sí (~ -o-) | *ösügeji | *ŋusē- | *ùsírə | ||
| this, that (deictic particle) | **ó | *o(-l) | *on- | *u- | *ə́- | |
| dawn | **obri (~ -e) | *ürüŋ (*örüŋ) | *öwr | *(x)oru- | ||
| late, evening | **óče | *öčüge | *ə̀čə́i | *ə́sə́- | ||
| bad, anger | **ṓč῾é | *ȫč | *öče- | *(x)uč- (~ -š-) | *ə́ntə́- | |
| day, time | **odi (~ -e) | *öd | *üd- | |||
| lonely, orphan | **ŏ̀ge | *ög- | *ügej | *ugī | *ói | |
| to swim | **òje | *üji- / *oji-mu- | *ujV- | *ə̀jə̀nk- | ||
| life, age | **ŏ̀je | *öj (?) | *üje | *uju- | *ə̀jə̀- | |
| small fruit | **ójle (~ -i) | *ölir | *ulīn-kta | *òijə́s | ||
| to sew, pierce | **ṓjV | *ōj- | *oja- | *uji- | ||
| to sing, recite | **oki | *okɨ- | *üge | *(x)og- ~ *(x)ok- | *o’ăi- | *uka-ip- |
| to belch, nauseate | **ṓki (~ -e) | *ȫk- | *ogi-, *ogsi- | *oKor- | ||
| sharp point, notch | **ŏ̀k῾à | *ok | *oki | *ok- | *àkuàjaì | |
| to grieve, be angry | **òk῾è | *ökün- | *uki-la- | *(x)ukt- | *ə̀kə̀-r- | |
| wife, female | **òè | *ög (*ök) | *oki-n / *öki-n | *uKu- | *ə̀ku | |
| to put, heap; to give | **ṓk῾è | *ȫk- | *ök-, *ög- | *oK- | *ukɨr | *ə́k- |
| deep place, place far from the shore | **ōk῾e (~ -k-) | *ȫkü | *(x)uK- | *əki | ||
| coire | **ok῾V | *(h)ok- | *oxa- | |||
| to die; to be hungry, exhausted | **ŏli (~ -e) | *öl- | *öl- | *(x)olbu- | ||
| female (of animals), pig | **óligV (~ u-) | *Vlagŕɨn | *ölögčin | *uligan | ||
| to be startled, annoyed | **olu | *ol- | *(h)ul-, *(h)ül- | *ola- | *uru-sa- | |
| to be, become; to come | **ṑlu | *ol-ur-, *ol(u)-tur- | *ol- | *ō- | *ó- | |
| a kind of grass | **oĺa | *oĺ- | *(h)ulalǯi | *asi | ||
| ford, shallow place | **óĺa (~ u-, i̯-) | *(h)olam | *ola- | *ásá- | ||
| chest bone, collar bone | **oĺi (~ -e) | *öĺün | *(x)uli-n | |||
| hip; back part, buttocks | **ŏ́mu | *omV- | *(h)omu- | *omga | *òmìnòi | |
| shoulder, collar bone | **omuŕV | *omuŕ | *omur- | |||
| high | **ṓni | *ȫn- | *öndü- | *un-tu | *untu | |
| angle | **ṑni (~ -e) | *önčüg | *ōn- | |||
| to fall, lie | **ṑnV (~ ū-) | *una- | *ōn- | |||
| shaman, spirit | **ṑńè (~ **ū-, -o) | *oŋgo-n | *ūńi- | *ə̀nì | ||
| a kind of small wild animal | **óŋdu | *utɨŕ | *oŋda | *òńắrí | *uni | |
| exterior, front | **òŋè | *öŋ / *oŋ | *öŋge | *ə̀mə̀ | ||
| windpipe, part of neck | **òŋi(čV) | *öŋüč | *öŋgül- | *uŋ-se, *uŋnu- | *ùnà(-nsi) | |
| food, pasture | **ŏ́ŋke (abundant) | *(h)öŋ | *oŋka | *ə́nkə́-r- | ||
| same, self; lonely | **oŋne | *öŋ | *önü- | *ənə | ||
| to drink, inhale | **ṓp῾à | *ōp- | *uw(u)- | *apa-ik- | ||
| to wear out, be wasted, have a bad appearance | **op῾á(rV) | *op-ra- | *(h)obur | *(x)upara- | *ampu- | |
| lung(s) | **ŏ̀p῾ìkV | *öpke | *owuski ~ *awuski | *upVkte | *púhóa | *pùkùpùkùsi |
| powder | **op῾V | *opa | *(h)ow | *upa | ||
| hill, heap of stones | **ṓp῾V | *ōpuŕ | *obuɣa | |||
| clan, family | **ṓp῾V | *ōpa | *obug | |||
| to plait, weave | **ṓre | *ȫr- | *ör- | *ōr | *ə́r- | |
| to be frightened, startled | **ṑr(e)kV | *ürk- | *ürgü- | *(x)ūrkan- | *ə̀ntə̀rə̀k- | |
| to cover | **ŏ́ri (~ -e) | *ört- | *örü- | *ura- / *ur-ke | *òrái | |
| to dig | **ŏri (~ -e) | *or- | *örüm | *urī- | ||
| to cry, shout | **óru | *orɨ | *ori- / *uri- | *or- | *úru-tápa- | |
| inner side | **ŏ̀rù | *or- | *oro- | *(x)urī- | *ùrà | |
| river, to flow | **orusi | *örs, *örsen | *urus- | |||
| deer, antelope | **orV | *orga | *(h)oroŋgo | *oran | ||
| to mow, hay | **ŏrV | *or- | *orā-kta | |||
| other, one of two | **ŏŕe (~ -i) | *öŕ-ge | *öre- | *urē- | ||
| middle, inside | **ṓŕì | *ȫŕ | *örü | *uri | *útì | |
| to rise, up | **ṓŕi | *ǖŕ (/*ȫŕ) | *ergü- (*örgü-) | *òrắ- | *ura(i) | |
| to be bad, guilty | **ŏ̀se | *osa- | *ös | *us(a) | *ə̀sə̀r- | |
| to move, change place | **ŏ̀ti (~ -t῾-) | *öt- | *oči- | *(x)utur- | *tɨ- | *ùtù-r- |
| fire; hot, warm | **ōt῾a (~ -t-) | *ōt | *(h)očki-n | *(x)utinŋe | *tằ- | *àtà- / *àtù- |
| old | **ṓt῾è | *ȫtü- | *öte- | *(x)ut- | *ə́tə́-nà | |
| sound | **ŏ́t῾è (~ -t-) | *öt- | *öči- | *(x)ot- | *ə́tə̀ | |
| grass | **ŏt῾k῾V | *ot | *(h)otul | *okta | ||
| bushes, low trees | **ót῾ó(rV) | *otrug | *utu-n / -r | *ə́ntə́rə́ | ||
| tent, house | **ŏ̀t῾ù (~ -t-, -i) | *otag | *utē-n | *ùtàina (~ -ia-) | ||
| to play | **òǯa | *oj- | *oǯu- | *(x)oǯu | *àjà- | |
| to swim, flow | **pábVrV (~ p῾-, -p-, -ŕ-) | *pabri- | *pápúr- | |||
| to spread; flag, standard | **pắdà | *bAd-rak / *bAd-ruk | *bad- | *pad- | *pátà | |
| to moisten, dip | **pằgdì (~ p῾-) | *pagda- | *ptɨ́- | *pìtà- | ||
| to shine, glitter | **pàjá (~ p῾-) | *paja- | *pàjá- | |||
| to add, increase | **pā̀jbu (~ p῾-) | *pāb- | *phó | *pùjà- (~ -w-) | ||
| a kind of grass | **pàje (~ p῾-) | *pajī-kta | *pə̀ (~ *puà) | |||
| owl | **pā̀jkù | *bĀjk- | *beg- | *pige (~ *piage) | *púhuə̀ŋ | *pùkù- |
| spring or autumn wind | **pàjò (~ p῾-) | *pajī- | *pàjàtì | |||
| rock, cliff | **pā̀ko (~ p῾-, -k῾-, -e) | *pākta | *pəki | |||
| to insert, shut in, sew in | **pák῾à (~ **p῾-) | *paKū- | *pàk- | *pák- | ||
| a kind of fish or sea animal | **pák῾ | *buka (= *boka) | *paxan | *pòk | *púká | |
| tooth | **pala (~ **p῾-) | *palV | *par | *pa | ||
| to be ashamed | **pā̀lčà | *balči- | *pālǯe- | *pàntù-i | ||
| foot | **pằlgà | *bAlak | *palga-n | *pár | *pànkì | |
| a kind of fish | **pā́li | *bālɨk | *bilaɣu | *palu | *pírámái | |
| to be separated, divided | **pā̀li | *bẹldir | *belčir | *pālan | *pə̄r- | *pìràk- |
| hammer | **pằluk῾V | *bAlka | *haluka | *paluka | ||
| shadow | **pàńé (~ p῾-) | *pańa- | *pám | *pə̀nə́ (~ -ua-) | ||
| ornament, attire | **pańi (~ p῾-) | *pani- | *pìń- | *pìnâ | ||
| work, order | **pap῾ó (~ p῾-, -b-) | *(h)eb | *paba (~ -p-) | *pampi- | ||
| mighty, brave | **parki | *berk | *berke | *parga | ||
| to buy, sell | **pā̀ró (~ p῾-, -ŕ-) | *pār- | *pắrh- | *pàrá-p- | ||
| to press, pinch | **pằsi | *bas- | *pasu- | *ps-kí- | *pìsà- / *pə̀sə̀- | |
| to run, hurry | **pasi (~ p῾-) | *hesüre- | *pasi- | *pàs- / *pàč- | ||
| to get, get into | **pàt῾á | *bat- | *pàt- | *pàtàr- | ||
| louse, biting insect | **pā̀t῾e | *bɨt | *batagana | *pānta- / *pēnte- | *pátắrí | |
| loom, detail of a loom | **pát῾ò (~ **p῾-) | *pata-n | *pằtằi | *pátà | ||
| to be ashamed | **peč῾i (~ p῾-) | *hiče- | *pečke- | *pɨ̀skɨ́rì- | ||
| spot, ornament | **pédá | *bEdiŕ | *beder | *pede- | *pantara | |
| wart | **pegò (~ p῾-, -e) | *heɣü | *pegu(-ŋkte) (~ -b-) | *pəkurə (~ -ua-) | ||
| to be embarrassed | **pek῾a | *bakar-da- | *peku- | |||
| big, solid, firm | **pĕ̀k῾i | *bek | *hike | *pegdi | *phək (< *pəkh) / *pak | |
| to wish, plan | **pḗk῾ò (~ b-) | *bẹ̄ken- | *baka- | *pàkàr- | ||
| hot, warm | **pek῾V (~ p῾-) | *peku- | *pukh (~ -ɨ-) | |||
| a figure made of stone or clay | **pélaba(nV) | *bAlbal | *barimal | *pelbu | *páníwá, *panipai, *panima | |
| lip; to munch, eat | **pĕ̀ma (~ p῾-) | *pemu- | *pàm- | |||
| flame, light | **peńo (~ **b-, **p῾-, -o-) | *pằńắ- | *pənə | |||
| dust, ashes | **pép῾à | *baɣa-su | *pepke- | *pap | *páp(u)í | |
| gland, callus | **pĕ́rV | *ber | *ber-seɣü | *peri | ||
| to feel discomfort, trouble | **pĕ́ŕe (~ -i) | *bẹŕ- | *berbeji- | *peru- | ||
| handle | **pĕ̀sá (~ -o) | *basu- | *hesi | *pesin | *pàsú-i | |
| to drop, fall | **pètá (~ **p῾-, -t῾-) | *pet-ke- | *ptə̀rə́- | *pàtá- | ||
| to dance | **pḕǯo | *böǯi- | *pēǯe- | *pàjà-s- | ||
| to rub, plaster | **píla | *bila- | *pilki- | *pằrằ- | *pár- | |
| a kind of hawk | **pĭ̀le | *bElin | *heliɣe | *pilakta | ||
| to become overripe, pickled | **pĭ̀ĺǯi | *biĺč- | *(h)ilǯi- | *pil(b)- | *pìrí- | *pìsì-kuá |
| scar, pimple | **píńŋe | *bẹńŕ | *beɣere | *pinŋa | *pɨ̀ńɨ̀rɨ̀m | |
| needle | **píńŕa | *bińŕ (*biŋŕ) | *birim | *pia | *pànắr (/-r-) | *pàrí |
| to separate, emit | **pĭ̀ŋa (~ **p῾-) | *piŋta- | *pànà- | |||
| beak, nose | **pĭ́rò (~ b-) | *burun (*burɨn) | *pūrì | *kútí-(n)-pírù | ||
| to insert, press between | **pĭ̀sa (~ p῾-) | *pisa- | *ps-kì’ú- | *pàsàm- | ||
| seed, grain | **pisV (~ p῾-, -i̯a-) | *pise- | *psí | |||
| a kind of weed, panicum | **pi̯áge (~ p῾-) | *pig- | *phí | *píjái | ||
| liver | **pi̯ā̀ki | *biagɨr | *pākin | |||
| fortress, group of houses | **pi̯ắlagV | *bialɨk | *balaga-sun | *palVga | *pái | |
| face (colour), colour | **pi̯ànà (~ **p῾-) | *pian- | *s-pám | |||
| a kind of small bird | **pi̯api (~ **p῾-) | *piabi | *pjə̄p-sāi | *pipa | ||
| finger, finger width (measure) | **pi̯àri | *biarŋak | *pargan | *pắr | *pia | |
| to suffer | **pi̯ằt῾è | *b(i)at | *hataɣa- | *pita- | *pə̀tə̀p- / *pùtùk- | |
| tough; swift | **pi̯ā́t῾e | *biāt | *bat- | *pit(a) | *patɨk / *potɨk | |
| a kind of weed | **pi̯ŏ̀ka | *bakɨr | *(h)agi | *puka | *phá (~ *páh) | *pàkuá- |
| buttock | **pi̯óko | *bögse | *pika | |||
| a kind of small bird | **pi̯ŏ́ltorV (/-ld-) | *bɨldur- (*buldɨr-) | *bolǯir- / *boldur- | *pilti- | *pìtùrí | *pàtuâ |
| a kind of plant | **pi̯ṓro | *bōr- | *burga- | *piregde | ||
| wrinkle, callosity | **pi̯óro(-k῾V) (~ -i̯u-) | *burkɨ | *boruɣa | *pirki- (~ -ü-) | ||
| stairway, step (of stairs) | **pi̯ósò | *bAs-kɨč | *bosuga | *pise- | *pásì | |
| root | **pi̯oǯi (~ p῾-, -i̯u-) | *hiǯaɣur | *puǯuri | |||
| to mince, saw | **pi̯ŭ̀bi | *bij- | *(h)üji- | *pubu- | *pjàpắi- | *piwa- |
| to tear, split, cut | **pi̯ŭ̀č῾à | *bɨč- | *biči- | *puče- (~ -š-) | *pčɨ́č- | *pàtùr- |
| a kind of insect | **pi̯ŭ́k῾í | *bökelek | *böküne | *peKe (< *puKe ?) | *pínkúrásí | |
| short | **pi̯ŭ̀k῾ì (~ p῾-) | *hokar | *poKa- | *pìkù- | ||
| a kind of fish | **pi̯úŋu | *bɨŋɨt | *boŋčiliki | *poŋdV | ||
| to tie up, strangle | **pŏ́ga | *bog- | *boɣo- | *poga- | ||
| kidneys, testicles | **pŏ́gí(-rV) | *bögür, *bögrek | *böɣere | *pugi- / *puki- | *pɨr / *pur | *púnkúri |
| deer (male) | **pŏ́gV (~ -u-) | *bugu, -ra | *bojir | *pegu(le)- | ||
| vessel; boat | **pòjńỺ (~ p῾-) | *haji-ǯagan | *pắi | *pùná-i | ||
| child, young (of animals) | **póju (~ **p῾-) | *puj(u)-, *puj-kte | *pùthjə̀ | *pítə̀ | ||
| to run, run away | **póki (~ -k῾-, -e) | *bög-si- | *pukti- | |||
| deep | **pōki (~ p῾-) (?) | *(hü)gün | *pùkà- | |||
| to dig, cut off; a cutting instrument | **pŏ̀k῾è (~ -k-) | *bügde (~ -ö-) | *hoktal-, *(h)okčira- | *poK- | *pə̀kə̀ | |
| smoke | **póńe (~ p῾-) | *huni- | *puń- | *pɨ̀ńə̀k | ||
| bud | **pòŋa (~ **p῾-) | *poŋga | *poŋ’ori | *pànà | ||
| to snow, rain | **pŏ̀ru | *bora- | *boruɣa | *pur- | *pora | *pùr- |
| breast, breast bone | **pótirkV | *büdürkei | *putukā | *pútúkə́rə́ | ||
| to think, intend | **pōto (~ -ū-, -i̯ū-) | *bodu- | *pōt- | *ptɨ́-t | *pə́tua | |
| two, pair; half | **puč῾ù (~ b-,-i̯u-o,-i̯a-u) | *buč-uk | *pča-k | *puta- | ||
| distressed, restive | **pū̀gò | *bug | *pūg- | *pə̀k(a)- | ||
| craw, crop | **pŭ́k῾a | *bokak | *bakawu, *bakalaɣur | *pukēn | ||
| all, complete | **púk῾V | *bük- | *puK- | *pukh | ||
| to swell | **púla (~ -o-) | *bul- | *pul- | *párá- | ||
| red | **puli (~ p῾-,-ĺ-, -o-e) | *hulaɣan | *pula- | *pɨ̀rk- | ||
| last year; to become old, wear out | **pŭ́lo | *bɨldur (/*buldɨr) | *boli- | *polo-kta | *pə́rə́-(m)pə- | |
| to ride | **pū́ne | *bǖn- | *hunu- (/ *unu-) | *punŋe- | ||
| year, spring / summer | **pùnV (~ p῾-, -o-) | *hon | *pune- | *póm | ||
| musk smell, bad smell | **puŋga (~ p῾-, -i̯u-) | *huŋga-su | *poŋga | *pāŋkui | ||
| leaf, bud | **púre | *bür | *bor- | *pá | ||
| pipe | **pure | *burgu | *bürije-n | *patiku | ||
| to wink, wrinkle | **pŭ̀ŕi (~ -e) | *büŕ- / *bür- | *hür- | *puri- | ||
| outside, exterior | **pūsa | *busu- | *pūski- | *pàsk | *pásí | |
| a kind of fish | **púsa (~ -i̯o-) | *basiŋga | *puse- | *pansai | ||
| to break through, break out | **puse | *bös- | *pos- | *pansa- | ||
| to quilt, weave | **pŭ̀ti (~ -i̯u-, -e) | *büt- | *hüde- | |||
| a kind of berry | **put῾iuk῾V | *putumukte | *ptárkì | |||
| poplar, branch, stick | **pū́t῾ò | *būta- | *buta | *pota | *pə̀tɨ́r | *pəta |
| cuckoo | **pỼt῾ok῾V (~ p῾-, b-) | *pə́kúk- | *pə̀tə̀tə̀kí-su | |||
| to open, split up | **p῾ač῾V | *ač- | *(h)ača | *pač- | ||
| blessing, favour | **p῾ač῾V (~ -č-) | *ačɨ- | *hači | |||
| to separate, some, other | **p῾āda | *adɨ- | *pādi | *ptắ-n | *pá(n)tú- | |
| wall | **p῾ádo | *(h)adar | *padira- | *pằrằm | ||
| sober, attentive | **p῾ā́dV | *ād- | *hada- / *haǯi- | |||
| foot, foot sole | **p῾ágdi | *adak | *(h)adag | *pagdi(-kī) | *pí(n)túmai (~ -ia) | |
| to dig, cave | **p῾àgò (~ -e-, -a, **p῾ùgà) | *haɣur | *phằ- | *pàkà | ||
| box, vessel | **p῾ágò (~ p-) | *paga, -ča, -kī | *phắkái | *pákúa | ||
| part | **p῾āji | *hejil- | *pā | *pia | ||
| to rub off, wipe off, cut off | **p῾ajo | *ajɨt- | *haɣu- | *pajū- | *pūi- | *pajas- |
| field, level ground | **p῾ā̀là | *ala-n / *ala-ŋ | *pāla-n | *pə́r(h)- | *pàrà | |
| relationship, friendship | **p῾aĺi | *ẹ̄ĺ | *pal- (~ -ā-) | |||
| palm (of hand) | **p῾ā́ĺŋa (~ -e) | *āja | *haliga(n) | *palŋa | ||
| to trace, investigate | **p῾ā́nŋi | *ēŋe- | *hana- | *panŋū- | *pima- | |
| shaman, sorcery | **p῾ăp῾a | *apačɨ, *apakɨ | *hab | *pap- | *papur- | |
| to attack | **p῾ap῾o | *op- | *hawl- | |||
| cross-beam, constructing piece | **p῾árà | *ara-n | *(h)aran-ga | *para(n) | *párì | |
| to be tired | **p῾ā́ra | *ạ̄r- | *(h)ari- | *paru- | *parh- | *pátá- |
| man, people | **p῾are (~ -e-) | *Eren | *haran | |||
| excrement | **p῾arkV | *ark | *hargal | *parga- (~ -rk-) | ||
| thill | **p῾ărV | *arɨĺ | *(h)aral | *para | *parko | |
| to hang | **p῾ắsi | *as- | *(h)asa- | *pasi- | *písà(n)k- | |
| fish fin; gills | **p῾átà(kV) (~ -t῾-) | *atkak | *pati(ke) | *pátá | ||
| uncultivated land, field | **p῾át῾à | *Atɨŕ | *(h)atar | *pàt(h) | *pátà / *pàtá | |
| to strike, hit | **p῾ā̀t῾à | *ạt- | *(h)atalga | *pāt(i)- | *pat- | *pàtà-k- |
| bottom, lower side | **p῾ắt῾à(-kV) | *ạt(kɨ-) | *hatku | *pata, *pataka | *pàtók | *pátá |
| trousers, boots | **p῾ā́t῾i | *ētük | *pati | *pàtì | ||
| to be unable | **p῾ē | *jada- | *pē- | *piá-r- (~ -ai-) | ||
| to be tired, defeated | **p῾ḗč῾V | *ēč- (~ ī-) | *heče- | *peče- | ||
| energetic | **p῾edí | *ide (/*ede) | *(h)ide | *pede | *pintua- | |
| brain, head | **p῾ḕjk῾V | *heki | *pējKe | *pákì | ||
| belly, liver | **p῾ḕjló | *helige | *pēlbu- | *pắi | *pàrà | |
| bone | **p῾èjńé | *(j)ẹ̄n-čik | *ja-su | *peń-ŋen | *s-pjə́ | *pə̀nià |
| to emit, throw | **p῾èk῾à | *ek- | *haka-la- | *peK- | *phɨ́- | *pàk- |
| acid, astringent | **p῾ĕk῾V | *ek-ĺči- | *(h)ekeɣü | *pekču- | ||
| to mock; to feel mocked at, be shy, distracted | **p῾éle (~ -o) | *elük | *hel- | *pel- | *pə́rá- | |
| to walk, to run | **p῾ĕ̀ĺo | *ẹĺ- | *hülde- | *peli- (/*puli-) | *prb- | *pàsìr- |
| thread, twist a thread | **p῾émi | *himer- | *pem- / *pim- | *pímə́ | ||
| a kind of edible root | **p῾eńu | *Ań | *(h)ojimu | *peńe-kte | ||
| to gape, hole | **p῾éŋi | *eŋ- | *peŋ- | *pə̀ŋ- | *pímá | |
| a kind of insect | **p῾ép῾a | *apa- | *haba-kai | *pep- | *pápái | |
| bee | **p῾ḗra | *ārɨ | *herbekei | *perē- | *pə̄r- | *pátí |
| edge | **p῾èrì | *Erneg | *hir- | *pere | *piàrì | |
| to tie round, surround | **p῾erkV | *hergi- | *perke- | |||
| to wish, desire | **p῾ĕ̀ro | *er- | *(h)eɣe-re- (< *here-re-?) | *per- | *pắrá- | *pər- |
| thumb | **p῾erV | *erŋek | *herekei | *peru- | ||
| old, former | **p῾èsì (~ -a-) | *es-(kü) | *(h)esi | *ps-kɨ́i, *ps-tái | *pìsà-si | |
| to step, walk | **p῾ḗta | *āt- | *(h)ada- | *pete- | ||
| meat; skin | **p῾ḕtá | *et | *(h)adaska | *pētē | *pàntá | |
| name, to call | **p῾ḗt | *āt | *pete- | *pɨ̀rɨ̀- / *pɨ́rɨ́- | *pəta-ja- | |
| to pinch | **p῾et῾V (~ p-, -t-) | *pet- | *ptɨ́-t-, *ptằ- | |||
| to drink, pour | **p῾ĭč῾i | *ič- | *(h)ečüg-le- | *piče- | ||
| rib, breast bone | **p῾ĭjk῾e | *ejekü | *piKen | |||
| spindle, part of loom or cross-bow | **p῾íjo | *ijik | *pia-la- | *pu- | *pí | |
| to file, polish, rub | **p῾ī́k῾è (~ -k-) | *ẹ̄ke- | *piKi- | *pík- | ||
| to fly, soar, flap | **p῾ī̀le (~ -i) | *hele- | *pīlu- | *pìrù(n)kap- | ||
| to dry, heat | **p῾ìlo | *hil- | *pile- | *pə̀- | ||
| a kind of nut or berry | **p῾ĭ̀mà | *pimi-kte | *pām | *pàmì | ||
| sign | **p῾ĭ́mù | *ɨm | *(h)im | *pim- | *púmì | |
| far | **p῾ìrá | *ɨra- | *hiri-če- | *pàrú-kà- | ||
| bank, steep bank | **p῾ire (~ -ŕ-) | *her-gi | *piri | *pi(n)tipa | ||
| to pray, bless | **p῾ĭru | *ɨr- | *hiruɣe- | *pirugē- | *pīr- | |
| acid, salty | **p῾i̯ā́č῾o | *iāčɨ-g | *pč- | *pčắ- | ||
| rain | **p῾i̯ằge | *jag- | *(h)aɣa- | *pigi-n | *pí | |
| stripes, rope ornaments | **p῾i̯agu | *hoɣu-sur | *pg- | *poh | *pu | |
| hot; sun, day | **p῾i̯agV | *heɣe- | *pigi- | *pài | *pí | |
| mighty, heavy | **p῾i̯àká | *iagɨr | *piaKa | *pànkiá- | ||
| a kind of small bird | **p῾i̯àlbí | *jelbe | *pialakī | *pìmpárí | ||
| strap | **p῾i̯ā̀le | *jelö | *hila-su | *pīl(a)- | *pírái (~ -ia) | |
| lightning, thunder | **p῾i̯àlk῾i | *jAlkɨ- | *pialki- | *pə́nkái | *pìkàr- | |
| to crush | **p῾i̯ắnč῾i | *jạnč- / *jenč- | *niča- / *niǯa- | *pianči- | *pínták- | |
| hen, chicken, hazel-hen | **p῾i̯ani | *jaŋgali | *pinukī | *pjəŋ- | *pina | |
| a kind of worm | **p῾i̯ári | *(h)irukai | *piaru | *pə̀r- | *pìrû | |
| to spin, plait, wrap | **p῾i̯áru | *ar- | *horiɣa-, *horči- | *por- | *pòròkí | |
| to split, crack | **p῾i̯ā́rV | *jār- | *jara- | *pri- | ||
| nest | **p῾bu | *uja | *heɣür | *pubi / *pebi | ||
| pair, couple | **p῾i̯òk῾e | *ẹk(k)i | *(h)ekire | *pə̀kɨ́- | *pə̀ká | |
| blanket, skin (as covering) | **p῾i̯ole | *Eltiri | *hel-de- | *pul-sa | *pərə | |
| to pray, sacrifice | **p῾i̯ŏlge | *ạlkɨ- | *(h)ergül | *pulga- | *pə(n)k- (~ -ua-) | |
| fly, midge | **p῾i̯oli (~ -ĺ-) | *hilaɣa-n | *pulmi-kte | *pắrh | ||
| way, path; patch, precipice | **p῾i̯ṓlo | *jōl | *pile- | *pjər- | ||
| star | **p῾i̯ŏ́ĺo | *jul-duŕ (*-dɨŕ) | *hodu | *pjə̄r | *pə́sí | |
| to cut through, grind | **p῾i̯ṑpo (**p῾ṑjpo) | *ob- | *(h)öb- | *pībē- | *pìpɨ́i- | *pə̀pur- |
| to walk, go away | **p῾i̯ṓp῾ | *(j)ēp- | *jabu- | *pupē- | *pápúr- | |
| back, West | **p῾i̯ṑrí | *ār-t | *hörö-ne | *perki-n / *purki-n | *pìntárí | |
| to screw, carve, scratch | **p῾i̯ŏ̀ŕe (~ **p῾ĕ̀ŕo) | *ẹŕ- | *(h)erü- | *pur- / *per- | *pə̀r- | |
| light | **p῾i̯ŏt῾e (~ -t-, **p῾i̯ăt῾u) | *ạt- | *puta- | *pjə̀t | ||
| to wake, cause | **p῾i̯udo (~ p῾i̯odo) | *od- | *(h)uda- | *pidu- (~ -ü-) | ||
| to flay, cut | **p῾i̯ùgV | *eg-dü | *(h)öɣe-le- | *püg- | *púi-, *pó | *pà |
| a kind of tree | **p῾ju | *ɨ, *ɨ-(ń)gač | *hoj | *pōj-, *pōj-ki- (> *piā-kī-) | *pə- | *pí |
| a kind of rope, embroidery | **p῾i̯ukò | *oka | *(h)ugulǯa | *püKV- | *puki | |
| ash tree | **p῾i̯ula | *hulija-sun | *pula | *pari | ||
| a small wild animal | **p῾i̯un | *enük (~ *ünek) | *hünegen | *püń- | ||
| other | **p῾i̯ŭŋi | *öŋi | *puŋtu | *pina | ||
| to twist, twirl | **p῾i̯ùŋi | *eŋir- | *puŋ- | *pìniàr- | ||
| to be afraid, angry | **p῾i̯ŭ̀ri | *hurin | *purkē- | *pìrù-m- | ||
| to take off, scrape off | **p῾i̯úsa | *hisuge | *pusi- | *pàs- | *pásám- | |
| to sprinkle | **p῾i̯ŭsi | *üskür- | *hösür- | *pisu- / *pusu- | *pòsòi- / *pusɨi- | |
| carving, sign | **p῾i̯ū̀so | *pǖsi-ke- | *psɨ́- | |||
| to crawl, squat | **p῾ŏ̀ba | *(h)oji-či- | *pebi- | *pàp- | ||
| spark; to extinguish | **p῾ṑči (~ -e) | *öč- | *pōsi- | |||
| to be proud, rejoice | **p῾ŏ́gè | *ög- | *(h)öɣegsi- | *pə́kə́r- | ||
| snake | **p῾jamV | *uman | *jamu | *püjmur | *pắjàm | *pàim(p)V̂ |
| pain, sore | **p῾oje (~ -i̯u-,-i̯o-, -i) | *höɣe | *puje | |||
| trousers, stockings | **p῾ojme (~ -o) | *ojma | *hojimu-su | *pe(j)m- | *pəmuta | |
| a kind of fruit | **p῾ójV | *puju- | *pằi | |||
| environs | **p῾okt῾o(-rV) | *otar | *hogtorgui | *pokta | *pàthàŋ | *pətəri (~ -ua-) |
| to swell | **p῾óu | *okra | *puk- / *pok- | *pak- (~ -ă-) | *púkúrà- | |
| a kind of clothing | **p῾òk῾à (~ -u-, -k-) | *uk | *pokta | *pàkàmà | ||
| to fall, lie | **p῾ok῾e | *ök- | *(h)öke- | *pukelē- | ||
| to trample, kick | **p῾ŏk῾i (~ -k-, -e) | *ökče | *peK- / *poK- | |||
| ox, cow | **p῾ŏk῾i (-ŕV) (~ -e) | *öküŕ | *hüker | *puKur / *puKun | ||
| wet, succulent; grass, plant | **p῾ṓle | *ȫl | *pul- | *pɨ̀rh- | ||
| ashes; grey | **p῾oĺńe | *oń (~ -j) | *hüne-sü | *pulńe- | ||
| breast, part of breast | **p῾òme | *ömül-dürük | *(h)ün-Külčig | *pum-te | *púmh | |
| to walk (in a substance) | **p῾ŏ́mu | *omač- | *homba- | *pom- | *púm- | |
| wrinkle, to wrinkle | **p῾ońa (~ -e-) | *hani- | *pońi- / *peńi- | |||
| to crush, break, tear off | **p῾ṑńŋa | *oŋur-, *oŋ- | *pōnŋa- / *pēnŋa- | *pằńằ- | *pànà- | |
| mildew, slime | **p῾ŏŋe (~ -i) | *öŋeŕ | *(h)öŋgür | *puŋ- | ||
| fire; to burn | **p῾ŏ̀re | *ört | *(h)örde- | *puri- / *piri- | *pɨ́r | *pə̀-i |
| top | **p῾ṓre | *ȫr- | *horaj, *horgil | *pora-n | *pərə | |
| feather, wing | **p῾ore (~ -i̯-, -ŕ-) | *(h)örbelge | *purakī | *pərə | ||
| trace | **p῾ṑrV | *oruk | *horum /-im | *pōr-da- | *pórám | |
| to burn, singe | **p῾ŏ̀t῾è | *üt- | *hutuɣa | *put- | *pɨ̀th-, *ptɨ́-, *ptí- | |
| hole | **p῾ṓt῾è | *ǖt | *hütü- | *putē | *pot | *pətə |
| broom, stick | **p῾ùb(a)gV | *ubɨg | *pebgure (/*pu-) | *púi | *pàpákí | |
| sack, bellows | **p῾ubá-ktV | *huwta | *putakān | *pampuki | ||
| wart, pimple, excrescence | **p῾uču | *uč- | *pusi(-kV) | *pə̀čɨ́m | *pùsù-mpái | |
| to blow | **p῾ùčV (~ **p-, -o-) | *pus- | *pùčhə́i | *pùsù-(m)pur- | ||
| a kind of willow, blossoming bush | **p῾úč῾í (~ -o-) | *hüčije- | *puči- | *púntí | ||
| willow, maple | **p῾ude (~ -i̯u-) | *öd(r)eŋi | *huda | *pode- | *ptə́rkí | |
| to follow | **p῾ŭdi | *ud- | *hüde- | *pude- | *ptɨ- | |
| tinder; excrescence | **p῾ugu (~ -o) | *ugu- | *huɣula | *pug(i)ju- | ||
| to attack, rob | **p῾ŭgV (~ -k-) | *ogrɨ | *pukču- | |||
| to whirl, boil | **p῾uje | *üjük | *hujil- | *puju- | ||
| to stiffen | **p῾ūji | *ujɨ- | *(h)öje- | *pū- | ||
| to mix | **p῾ujme | *hüjime- | *pume- (~ -ü-) | *pə̀mɨ́r- | ||
| to nauseate | **p῾ujV | *hoji- | *puji- | *pə- (~ -u-) | ||
| thigh, rump | **p῾ukǯi | *(h)ögǯeg | *pogǯV | |||
| to rub, wipe off | **p῾ū́k῾ŋi | *ǖk- | *hüŋgü- | *puŋku | *púk- | |
| to be left, surplus | **p῾ŭle (~ -i) | *üle- | *hüle- | *pule- | ||
| root, foundation | **p῾ŭ́li | *(h)ölmej | *pule- | *pɨ̀rhắi | *pú- | |
| cheek | **p῾ŭ̀lo | *hurul | *pul- | *pór- | *pə̀-pə́ (~ -ua-) | |
| possessions, estate | **p῾ulu (~ -o) (?) | *ulu-ĺ | *pùrɨ̀r | |||
| to open up | **p῾ŭ̀ĺi | *üĺ- | *pule- | *pɨ́rh- | ||
| a kind of big predator | **p῾uma (~ p-, -i̯u-, -e) | *pomā- / *pume- | *pə̄m | |||
| a kind of insect | **p῾ŭ̀nte | *hötün | *pundimi | *pántó | *pə̀taru (~ -ua-) | |
| to hit the target | **p῾ŭnV | *una- | *honu- | *penū- / *punū- | ||
| nose; smell, to smell | **p῾úńe | *hünir | *puń- | *páná | ||
| hair; feather | **p῾úńe | *hü-sü | *puńe- | *pánái | ||
| fade, exuviate | **p῾ùŋké | *oŋ- / *öŋ- | *(h)oŋgu- | *puŋk- / *peŋk- | *pə̀ŋkɨ́r- | *pànká- |
| seed | **p῾ŭ̀ri | *urug (~ *or-) | *hüre | *pur- | *pòrì | *pú |
| to shake | **p῾ŭ́ri | *ur- | *(h)üre- | *por- | *púrú-p- | |
| to blow | **p῾ū̀ri (~ -e) | *ür- | *(h)uri- | *pū- | ||
| forest | **p῾ŭrV | *orman | *pure | |||
| rope, lasso | **p῾ŭrVk῾V | *uruk | *huraka | *purka | ||
| to crush | **p῾ŭŕi (~ -e) | *üŕ- | *hürü- | *puru-, *purgu- | *pɨr- | |
| to kick, knock | **p῾ŭ̀ske | *(h)öskil- | *poske- | *pànsìk- | ||
| rope; woof, yarn | **p῾út῾à (~ -o-) | *otgun | *huta | *put- | *patak (~ -ă-) | *pátà |
| many, ten / hundred (an auxiliary stem) | **p῾VbV | *ōn | *ha- | *poba | *-pə ~ *-pua | |
| to buy, sell | **sa | *sat- | *sà- | *sirə | ||
| to hinder, obstruct | **sábà | *sab- | *saɣa- | *sápár- | ||
| sign | **sāba | *sāb- | *saɣam | *sab(i)- | *sàmpàk- | |
| a kind of big fish | **sắbí | *sEbrük | *sabu- | *símpí | ||
| service | **sábó | *sab- | *sibe-gčin | *sab- | *sámpúrap- | |
| wise, careful | **sā̀č῾i | *sEč- | *seče-n | *sāče- | *sita-ta- | |
| to cry, shout | **sagè | *sɨgɨt- | *siɣu-g- | *sag- | *sakai(m)p- | |
| old, age | **sago (~ z-) | *seɣü-der | *sag-d- | *sằ-n | ||
| a kind of coniferous tree | **ságú | *sagɨr, *sagrɨ | *sak-si- | *súnkúi | ||
| a kind of vessel | **sagu | *sAgut | *sag-su | *sòth | ||
| clear, dawn | **sằja (~ z-) | *saj- | *sāi- | *sàjà- | ||
| to filter, ooze | **săjgo | *sag- | *saɣa- | *saji-ǯa (~ -g-) | *sắi- | *sú |
| to notch, pierce | **saji | *sAj- | *seji- | *saji- | ||
| knucklebone | **sajk῾V | *siaka | *sajKa | |||
| interval, space between | **sajo | *saja- | *söɣem | *saja | *sai (~ sia) | |
| to stick out, protrude, stand | **sajri | *ser- | *sar(b)aji- | *sara- | *sjə́- | |
| heap, pile, hill | **sằkà | *saka | *saK- | *sàh- | *sàkà | |
| to jump, shake | **sā́ki | *sēk- | *sege- | *saka- | ||
| magpie | **sakosako | *sagɨsgan | *siɣaǯigaj | *saksa(ki) | *kàsàsákì | |
| edge, end (of a stick, pole) | **sák῾a (~ -k-) | *sakanak | *saku- | *sákí | ||
| luck in hunting | **sák῾a (~ -k-, -o) | *saKa | *sáki | |||
| sharp instrument, to cut, split | **sàk῾a (~ z-) | *sak-pi | *sàkí- | *sàk- | ||
| a kind of fish | **sàk῾ò (~ z-) | *sakan- | *sòkóarí | *sàkâi (~ -ia) | ||
| salt | **sak῾o (~ z-, -u) | *saKV | *sòkòm | |||
| a kind of stinging insect | **sak῾u(rV) | *sakɨrtka | *sag | *su(n)karu | ||
| to ferment | **săk῾V | *sakɨŕ / *sagɨŕ | *saga- / *saka- | *saku | *sàk- / sə̀k- | |
| to dislike, neglect | **sali | *sal- | *sali- / *sel- | *sirh- | *sira- | |
| a kind of board, frame | **salkV | *sāl | *salga | *salk- | ||
| to be separated | **sálo (~ **z-) | *sal(u)- | *salga- | *sằr- | *sár- | |
| loose | **saĺ(b)i | *seĺ- | *sel(b)-, *salb- | *sala- | *sər- | |
| to love | **sáĺo (~ z-) | *sali- | *sằràŋ | *sású-p- | ||
| shape, appearance | **sāmo | *som | *sāma | *sámà | ||
| quick, short time | **sằmpi | *sAp (~ -b) | *samba-ga(n) | *sampa- | *spằrằ- | *sìmpà-raku |
| tar, soot, fumigation | **sằmù | *samala ? | *samŋī-n | *sùmì | ||
| shaman | **sám | *süme | *samā-n | *súmiá- | ||
| a kind of fish | **sámV | *sam- | *sámpá | |||
| to hang down, lower | **sanǯV (~ z-) | *sanǯi- | *sanǯika | |||
| hole, interval | **sáńo (~ z-) | *saŋa- | *sằńí | |||
| bird dung | **sańV(-k῾V) | *saŋk | *saŋga- | *sańa | ||
| to envy | **saŋe (~ z-) | *saŋgu- | *sài’ó- | *sənia-m- | ||
| cold, cool | **sằŋo (~ **z-) | *seɣü- | *saŋu-n, *saŋu-ksa | *sàmù- | ||
| smoke | **saŋu(ńV) (~ z-) | *suwnag | *saŋńan | |||
| brace, vice | **sápa | *sabak | *sabsalga | *sabga | *sàpók | |
| to hit, throw | **sapV (~ -e-) | *saba- | *saba- | |||
| stick, pole | **sắp῾í | *sibeɣe | *sap-kun | *sə̀p | *sìmpá ~ *símpá | |
| long hair | **sằp῾í | *sapak | *sabaga | *sap- | *sap- | *sìmpái |
| to sprinkle, scatter | **săp῾í | *sep- | *sabir- / *sibere- | *sabda- | *sp- | *simpuki |
| shore | **sàp῾ì | *sEp | *sapsV | *sìpə̀ | ||
| monkey | **sara (~ **sero, **sura, **si̯ora, **z-) | *sar-magčin, *sar-bačin | *sàrû | |||
| locust, dragon-fly | **sarču (~ **š-) | *sarɨnčga | *čarča- | *čačaraku | *čằnčárí | *sunsu-musi |
| to drip, splatter | **sark῾V | *sark- | *sark- | *sargi- | ||
| a kind of blossoming plant | **sáro | *sarga- | *sere- / *serke- | *sara-ča | *sátúkí | |
| weak, exhausted | **sàrpa (~ -p῾-) | *sarp | *sarba-ɣa | *sàmpù- | ||
| a kind of tool | **sàrp῾a | *sa(r)pan | *sorbi | *sarpukī | *sárp | *sàpí |
| colt, foal | **sarp῾e | *sɨp | *sarbaɣa | |||
| a kind of needle | **sarp῾i (~ -e) | *sạp- | *sarpu- | |||
| to be worn out, torn | **saru | *saran | *sar-ni- | *sutar- | ||
| a bird of prey | **sàru (~ -e-) | *sar(ɨ) | *sar | *súrí | ||
| eyelash, eyebrow | **sarumV (~ z-, -ŕ-) | *sormu- | *sarimi- | *sə̀m | ||
| song, feast | **sarV | *sarɨn | *sari | |||
| to be rare, thinned out | **sā̀rV | *sAr- | *sar- | *sār- | ||
| to get cold, freeze | **saŕi | *sAŕak / *sArk- | *ser- | |||
| to know; beware, feel | **sā́ŕi | *sEŕ- (~ -ē-) | *seri- | *sā- | *sari- | *sír- |
| fence, village | **sáŕo | *soŕak | *siröge | *saru | *sátuá | |
| a kind of big fish | **sā́ŕo(-gV) | *sāŕV-gan | *siröge | *sarga- | ||
| to slander, condemn | **sàǯV | *saj- | *seǯig | *saǯī- | *sài-r- (~ *sià-r-) | |
| to love, have fun | **sebe | *seb- | *sebki- | *sebǯe- | *sipɨ- | *sua(m)pa-p- |
| strange, supernatural | **sebV(nV) (~ z-) | *sebe-ɣün | *seben | *sòn (< *sVbVn) | ||
| to think, determine | **sèdá (~ z-) | *sede-, *sed-ki- | *sàntàmà- | |||
| nose bone | **sedurk῾V (~ z-) | *sadurkaj | *serge- | |||
| to litter, mat | **ségì (~ z-) | *seg-l- | *seg- | *skắr- | *sík- | |
| nape, back of head | **segsV | *sügsün | *segseji- / *sogsoji- | *sekse- | ||
| a kind of small fur animal | **segu | *sogur (~ -a-) | *sowsar | *segep(ke) | ||
| healthy; blood | **sḕgù | *sạg | *saji(n) | *sēgV- | *sà’ó-náb- | *sùkù-jaka |
| relative by marriage | **sejŋi | *siŋil | *seŋgi | *sjā’òŋ | *sai (~ sia) | |
| three, a three-part object | **séjra (~ z-) | *sereɣe | *sə̄ih | *sárápí | ||
| thin, rare | **sèjV | *sedre- (< *sej-re-) | *seji- | *sēr | *sə́ri | *sài- (~ *sià-) |
| bolt, hinge | **sela (~ -o) | *salma / *salŋu | *silbi- | *selu-(mi)- | *saru | |
| mutually | **séle (~ z-) | *selü- | *sə̀rɨ̀ | *sə́rə́-p- | ||
| oar, spoon | **sèĺbò (~ z-) | *selbi-ɣür | *súr | *sànsì | ||
| to get lost, deviate | **sēma | *sAm- | *samur- | *sēm- | *sámá- | |
| fat | **sĕme (-a) | *semiŕ | *semǯi | *semesik | *sam | |
| caution, attention | **sḕmi (~ z-) | *sēme- | *sàm- | *símìas- | ||
| rust | **sèmpa (~ z-, -o) | *septu / * semtu | *sàmp(u)ì | |||
| heel, ankle | **sĕ̀ni | *sinčök (~ -e-) | *seńu- | *sín | ||
| hole | **sḕnV | *sen- | *sēn | |||
| fringe, hair lock | **seŋa (~ -o, -u) | *sAŋak / -at | *saŋ- | *seŋne | ||
| to throw, scatter | **sĕpo | *sabur- | *sib- | *sebu- | *supuk- | |
| inner fat, entrails | **sepV | *sebe-sü | *sebe | |||
| to grip | **sép῾à | *siɣü(re)- | *sepe- | *sápár- | ||
| to wave, sway | **sep῾a (~ -o) | *sapɨ- | *sebe- | *sep- | ||
| side, inner side | **sèp῾ó | *saba | *sōp | *sə̀mpá | ||
| stick, rod | **sèp῾ù (~ š-) | *sạp | *sibsi-rga | *sùpà-dai | ||
| a kind of garlic | **sera (~ -u, -o) | *sarɨmsak | *sar- | *sergu- (~ -ǯ-) | ||
| table, prop | **seri | *serü | *sireɣe | *seri | *sìr’ə́i | *sì(n)tí |
| thread, embroidery | **sēri (~ z-, -ŕ-) | *serē- | *sīr | |||
| a kind of blossoming bush | **srko | *surgar | *seŋkürē | *sằrkó | *sákúra | |
| to be curved, coiled | **sero | *sạr- | *sariwu | *sàrí- / *sə̀rí- | *sər- (~ -ua-) | |
| a kind of box or bag | **seru(k῾V) (~ z-) | *sarku | *seruk | *sə̀rk | *sùr(u)ì | |
| buttock, to defecate | **sèrỼ | *sɨrɨ- ~ *sarɨ- | *sari- | *seri(gi) | *sìrì | |
| to order, threaten, incite | **sése | *ses | *sesu- | *sìskú- | *sə́sə́- | |
| deer, wild animal | **sési | *sạs-na- (?) | *sesi-n | *sàsắm | *sisi | |
| thou | **si | *sẹ- | *si | *si | ||
| bitter, bitter plant | **sìbi | *sibüt | *sibag | *sipa (~ -b-) | *psɨ́- | *sìmpù- / *sìpə̀- |
| to tuck up, tie up | **sĭ̀bi | *sib- (*süb-) | *siɣu- | *sib- | *sìmpàr- | |
| wedge, to wedge | **sibo (~ z-) | *sibaga | *siba- | *sobija-ki | ||
| to suspend | **sidí (~ š-) | *südre- | *sidur- | *sīd- | *sinta-r- | |
| tassel, string | **sido (~ -u, **si̯udu, š-) | *sɨd- | *siǯim, *sidem- | *stɨ́i | ||
| to rub off, peel off | **sidu (~ -o, -a) | *sɨdɨr- | *sidur- | *sidu- | ||
| young boy or girl | **sidV (~ z-, -i̯a-) | *sida- | *stắr | |||
| border, interval | **sĭ̀gà | *sɨgra | *sig- | *sàkàpì | ||
| sigh, holding breath | **sĭ̀gà (~ z-) | *seɣüre-sü | *sigu- | *sàkùrì | ||
| to look, search | **sígá (~ z-) | *sigiɣa- | *sig- | *čhắč- | *sánk- | |
| rain, (snow) storm | **sigí (~ z-, -e, -o) | *siɣurga | *sig- | *sinkúrai | ||
| thick growth | **sĭ̀gó | *siguj | *sigǖ | *sìnkài- | ||
| deer, horned animal | **sĭgò | *sɨg- | *seɣenek (~ -i-) | *sig- / *seg- | *sika | |
| to insert | **sĭ́gú (~ **š-) | *sɨg- | *siɣa- | *súnká- | ||
| gift, offer | **sĭ̀jŋò | *sɨjŋ | *süj | *siŋu- | *sə̀nàpà- | |
| to press, knead | **sìjp῾ó | *sɨjpa- | *sibka(r)- | *sip- | *spù-pɨ́i- | *sìmpò-r- |
| ear-ring | **siju | *sɨrga | *süji-ken | *sia-kan | ||
| to bite, break | **sī́ju (~ -o) | *sɨ̄- | *süji- | *sia- | ||
| a detail of the house entrance | **sík῾e (~ -k-) | *sekü | *seg | *siK- | *síkímí | |
| a plant with specific smell or taste | **sík῾è (~ š-, **sék῾ì) | *sikür | *síkími | |||
| to press | **sĭ́k῾ù (~ š-) | *sɨk- | *sika- | *skằ- | *súkú-má- | |
| evening, dream | **sik῾V (~ z-, -k-) | *sikse | *skú-m | |||
| completely, additionally | **sìlá (almost) | *sil ? | *sila | *sila | *sàrá | |
| dew, liquid; hoar-frost | **sila | *sil- | *sil- | *sile- | *sə̀rí | |
| to rub, clean | **sī́la | *sīl- / *sɨ̄la- | *silu- | *silkü- | *sə̀r- | *sárá- |
| to tremble, quiver, be benumbed | **sĭ́lgù | *silk- | *silgeɣe- | *silgü- | *sir- | *súkúm- |
| strap, yoke, dewlap | **silV (~ z-, -ĺ-) | *silaŋ | *sil- | |||
| a kind of vessel | **sílV (~ z-, -ĺ-) | *silV | *sìrɨ̀ | |||
| sharp stick; tooth | **sīĺa | *sīĺ / *sɨ̄ĺ | *sidü | *sila(-bun) | *sár | *sàs-, *sàsì |
| a kind of bird | **sìmò | *sɨm | *similǯen | *sim- | *sìmài | |
| to be silent, whisper | **simo (~ -u) | *sɨm- | *sim- | |||
| to meet an obstacle | **símta | *sɨmta- | *simda- | *sámáta- | ||
| to suffer, endure | **sĭ̀ni (~ -e, -o) | *sinal- | *sinŋi- | *sìnə̀-(m)p-, *sìnuà-(n)k- | ||
| double bone (of animals) | **siŋra | *sɨŋɨr- | *siɣira | *sire- | ||
| sinew | **síŋri | *siŋir | *sinda-su | *sire- | *sì’úr | |
| bone; shin bone | **sìŋù | *siŋök / *sɨŋok | *siɣa | *siŋa- | *sɨ̀in | *sùnài |
| clay, to smear | **sípa | *sɨba- | *siba- | *siba- | *sápá | |
| worm, insect | **sipa (~ š-, -u, -o) | *sɨbuĺgan | *sibaǯi | |||
| swamped ground, swamp vegetation | **sī̀pe | *seb- | *siber | *sībe | *símpà / *sìmpá | |
| to whisper, cough | **sĭ̀pi (~ z-, -o) | *sibi- | *sibu- | *sìpa- | ||
| a kind of tree | **sìpò (~ **z-) | *sibür | *sibu- | *súp(h), *sùphɨ́r | *sìpì | |
| a kind of small bird | **sipV (~ z-, -b-) | *sibawu | *sibi | |||
| a kind of pipe | **sī́p῾í | *sīpek | *sib- | *simpai | ||
| to spy; slander | **sĭ̀p῾i (~ z-, -p-) | *sibsi- | *sipki- | *sìpù- | ||
| hill, high mountain | **sira (~ -u) | *sɨrt | *siru- / *siro- | *sirk- | ||
| to quilt, sew together | **sĭra (~ -u, -o) | *sɨrɨ- | *siri- | *sira- | ||
| a measure of length or width | **sire | *sere | *siru | *sirə | ||
| thick hair, bristle | **sirp῾a (~ -o,-u) | *sɨrt | *ser- / *sir- | *sirpa-kta | ||
| pain | **siŕu (~ -o) | *sɨŕ- | *sir- | *sir | *sìrɨ́m | |
| to baste, cloth | **sísu (~ z-) | *sisegej | *sise- | *sɨs- | *súsuá | |
| to think, worry, be anxious | **sít῾ì (~ z-) | *sitü- | *sita- | *sìtɨ́rə́p- | *sítáp- | |
| ladder, framed wall | **sìt῾ò | *sita | *sitkī | *satări | *sìtə̀mi | |
| bands tied to sacrifices | **sit῾Ỻ (~ z-, š-) | *seter | *sintai (~ -ia) | |||
| to sew, perforate, awl | **si̯ăbi | *siböge | *sibi- | *hō- | ||
| a kind of stick | **si̯ā̀bo | *seɣül | *sōba | *sàwùa | ||
| a kind of foliage tree | **si̯ā̀gi | *següt | *siɣer | *siakta | ||
| nit, louse | **si̯ằjrí | *sirke | *sirke | *sire- | *hjə̀ | *sìrám(u)i |
| white | **si̯ā̀jri | *siarɨg | *sira | *siarū- | *hắi- | *sìruà- |
| chaff, husks | **si̯aku (~ z-) | *saga- | *suK- | *skór | *suku-mə | |
| to think, worry | **si̯ā́k῾à | *siāk- | *sege-, *seke- | *siaK- | *skắi- | *sákà- |
| a kind of small fur animal | **si̯alo(-kV) | *sialɨk | *sileɣü-sü | *solüki | *sɨra- | |
| wound, pain | **si̯ame (~ -i, -i̯o-) | *sim-si- | *hə̀mɨ́r | |||
| to be distressed, think with sadness | **si̯ā́ńi | *siāń- | *sinu- | |||
| a kind of big fish | **si̯āŋa | *siaŋa- | *sama-i | |||
| yellowish, greyish | **si̯ăŋe(rV) (~ z-) | *saɣar- | *siŋa(r)- | |||
| to wither, rot | **si̯ā́p῾í (~ z-) | *sebesüre- | *siaba- (~ -p-) | *símpə́m- | ||
| to add, addition | **si̯ắp῾ú | *sep- | *sup- | *súmpa- | ||
| scar, wound | **si̯arpu | *sorbi | *surba-kta | *hə̄r- | ||
| earth, sand; marsh | **si̯ắŕi | *siaŕ | *siraɣu | *siru- | *hằrk | *situ |
| noise, sound | **si̯ā̀sa | *ses | *siasi-n | *sàsà- | ||
| to ill-treat, betray | **si̯ata | *siat-ga- | *sadur | |||
| freckles, pimples | **si̯obe (~ -p-) | *seb- | *seb | *subgu | ||
| to flee; to pursue | **sč῾i | *suč- | *soči- | *suča- | *čòčh- | *sítá-(n)kap- |
| cross-bow, arrow | **si̯oga | *sAgn | *saɣali | *sug- | *hoàr | *sa |
| back, back skin | **si̯óga | *sagrɨ | *sajir / *saɣari | *sogda-nsa | *hə̀- | *sá- / *sə́- |
| vein, sinew | **si̯ŏ̀gdú (~ z-) | *sudal | *sigde | *sùntí | ||
| wart; pock-mark | **si̯òge | *sgöl (/ *sögil) | *söɣel | *sogi- | *hók | |
| shallow, shallow place | **si̯ŏ́gu | *sɨg | *siɣa-r | *sigi- | *sú | |
| sun; sky | **si̯ŏ̀gu | *sigūn | *hắi | *suà-rá | ||
| to consider, count | **si̯ōje | *sā(j)- | *siɣü- | *sū- | *hjə̄i- | |
| to suck, to lick | **si̯ṓjri | *sōr- | *soru- | *hjə́, *hàr-hắ- | *sìtá | |
| pole, tent made of poles | **si̯ṓjru | *sɨ̄ruk / *sūrɨk | *surgaɣag | *siaraŋ | *hjə | |
| loop, lace | **si̯ōku (~ z-) | *segel-dereg | *siaKu | *suki | ||
| small, few | **si̯ŏ́k῾ù | *siKe- | *hòk- | *sùkù- / *sùkuà- | ||
| to be hollow, crack | **si̯ŏ́k῾ù | *suk- | *sekeɣe / *segeɣe | *six- | *skɨ́-m, *skí- | *súk- |
| to make, put | **si̯óle | *sal- | *hằ- | *sỺ- | ||
| some internal organ | **si̯ŏlo | *solak | *söl- | *silu-kta | ||
| easy, quick, smart | **si̯ōlu | *sila-magai | *siali- | *húrí- | *sura- | |
| to mock, slander | **si̯ṓĺe | *siāĺ- | *sila- | *sulu | *hār- | *sə́sír- (~ *suásír-) |
| wet snow, hoar-frost | **si̯òmì (~ z-) | *simarga | *sumu | *sìmə̀ | ||
| to close, bind tight | **si̯ṑmi (~ z-) | *sima- | *sōm- | *sìmà-r- | ||
| one, single | **si̯óna | *sŋar (< *s(i)an-gar) | *sondu- | *soni | *hằnàh | *sa-, *sane |
| night | **si̯ono (~ z-) | *söni | *siŋkē | |||
| vertebra, spine ramification | **si̯oŋre | *sEŋir | *seɣer | *soro-ptun | ||
| rib | **si̯ŏ̀pe (~ -i) | *sabar | *sübe- | *subi- | ||
| sideway, to follow by sideway | **si̯ŏ́p῾è | *sap- | *supti- | *sə́p- | ||
| thorn, thorny bush | **si̯ṓp῾ì | *siāpan | *süje | *sup- | *sípína | |
| oval-shaped, conus-shaped | **si̯ŏp῾u | *supɨ | *sibo- | *sip- | ||
| female or gelded ungulate animal | **si̯orek῾V (~ -i-) | *sarɨk | *serke | *surki | ||
| to flow, be soaked | **si̯òri | *sora- | *hɨ̀rɨ̀- | *sìtà-t- | ||
| sinew | **si̯ŏ̀rme | *sirmö- / *sirbö- | *sumu- | *hím | ||
| to scoop; to wash | **si̯ŏ́su | *sus- | *sisa- | *sìs-, *sɨ́s- | *súsú-k- | |
| behind, bottom | **si̯óti (~ **z-) | *sido | *soti | *stá(h) | *sítá | |
| thigh, hip | **si̯ót῾e (~ **si̯at῾u) | *satan | *hə̀túi(h) | |||
| sharp stick | **sǯe | *söje- | *seǯi- | *suǯa-ku | ||
| water | **si̯uba (~ -u) | *sɨb | *usu | |||
| to be hoarse (of voice) | **si̯ū̀bi (~ **z-) | *söɣe- | *sīb- | *sùb- | *siwa-(n)kara- (~ -p-) | |
| end | **si̯ū́bu | *sīb-ri | *seɣül | *sube- | *sìbúr | *súwá-i |
| diarrhoea | **si̯uču | *sɨč- | *čiča-ga | *sosa- | *čɨ̀čhɨ́i- | |
| a hoof deformation | **si̯udu (~ -a) | *sɨdɨr-gak | *södürge | *sudu | *sia (~ *sai) | |
| yellowish, light | **si̯ū́jro | *sūr | *sirga | *sür- | *sjə̄i- | |
| a kind of bird | **si̯ŭ̀i (~ **š-) | *süglin | *skuə̀ŋ | *sìnkî | ||
| to copulate, insert | **si̯ū̀ku (~ -a) | *sik- | *sige-d- | *sōKān | ||
| a kind of worm | **si̯ŭli | *sül- | *silV- | |||
| gall | **si̯ūli (~ z-, -ĺ-) | *söl-sü | *sī, *sīl-se | |||
| conifer, pine tree | **si̯ulu (~ **z-, -ĺ-) | *silmeɣü-sü | *sol- | *sór | ||
| dark, obscure | **si̯umi | *süm | *süme- | *sim- | ||
| cough | **smk῾i | *simük, *simki- | *simki- | *sàik- ~ siàk- | ||
| a kind of grass, flower | **si̯ùmu | *sim- | *sum- | *sùm- | ||
| to hear, observe | **si̯ū́na | *sɨ̄n | *sonos- | *s(j)ən- | ||
| fade, extinguish | **si̯ū́ni | *sȫn- | *sönü- | *sī- (~ -ǖ-) | *sín- | |
| a kind of knife or lance | **si̯únŋi | *süŋgü | *sumun | *siŋńa- | *sòní | |
| island, shallow place | **si̯únŋu (~ z-) | *sinaɣa- | *suŋnī- | *súná | ||
| form, shape | **si̯ùnu | *sɨ(j)n | *süne-sü | *sùn-kata | ||
| hoar-frost | **si̯ùŋe | *seŋ | *söŋ | *süŋü- | *sə́ŋ- / *sə́n- / *sán- | *sùnsù- |
| fight, wrestling | **si̯úŋe | *söŋü-ĺ / *süŋü-ĺ | *süŋkē- | *súmápú | ||
| to sink | **sŋu | *siŋ- | *siŋge- | *suŋta | *síntúm- | |
| to whine, weep | **si̯ùŋu | *siŋ- (~ -ɨ-) | *soŋa- | *sùná- | ||
| a kind of flying insect | **si̯ŭ́ŋV(-kV) | *siŋek | *simaɣul | *süŋke | *sáimì (~ -ia-) | |
| arrow; fight, battle, success in battle | **si̯ū́ra | *sɨ̄r- | *sur | *sori | *sàră- | *satu-i |
| ant, insect eggs | **si̯uru (~ z-, -ŕ-) | *sirgolǯi | *sura | *sɨr- | ||
| sound | **si̯ŭ́ŕe | *söŕ | *sür- / *sur- | *sür- | *sòrắi | |
| to flow, drip | **si̯ŭ̀ŕi | *süŕ- | *sür- | *sir- | ||
| to drag; sleigh | **si̯uŕo | *soŕ- | *siru- | *sùr’úi | *sə́rì (~ *-ui, -əi) | |
| a kind of bamboo | **si̯úsa | *sɨs | *susē-gde | *sàsắr | *sásá | |
| to throw out, push out | **si̯útu (~ **z-) | *side- | *sut- | *sòt- | *súta- | |
| milk, a kind of liquid | **si̯ū́t῾i (~ -t-) | *sǖt | *ü-sü-n | *site- | *stɨ́- | |
| a kind of small animal | **si̯uǯakV | *sɨčgan | *čičaguli | *suǯakī | ||
| to scoop | **sōdV (~ z-, -ū-) | *sōda | *stɨ́- | |||
| drunken, alcoholic drink | **sógà (~ -u-) | *sUg- | *sogta- | *sù’ɨ̀r | *sáká-i | |
| to breathe, breath | **soge | *soglɨ- | *süji- | *sug- | *sūi- | |
| a kind of meat dish | **sogì | *sögül- | *suɣumaj | *sugulē-n | *suki-jaki | |
| a kind of onion | **sogŋV | *soŋgina | *seŋKule (< *soŋKule?) | |||
| to search, choose | **sogú | *soŋgu- | *sugele- (/ *segule-) | |||
| to curse | **sṓjk῾ì | *sȫk- | *sögeɣe- / -k- | *sujKu- | *sikar- | |
| to kneel, be inclined | **soke | *sök- | *sögüd- | *suku- | ||
| to split | **soke (~ -i̯u-, -k῾-) | *sök- | *sə̀nk- | |||
| stuffed guts | **sokV | *sogut / *soktu | *sugu- | *sokta | ||
| to be harmed, deceived | **sṑk῾e | *sökel | *sögüɣe | *sōk- | *sòk- | |
| to be lax, loose | **sṓlo | *sōl | *sula | *sula- | *săr- | *səra- (~ -ua-) |
| yellow, bleak | **sṑlV | *sol- | *sō- | |||
| gore, gusset | **sòmú (~ z-) | *sumu | *soma | *sắmái | *sùmí | |
| trace, back, behind | **sònŋu | *soŋ | *sun-du- | *soŋka (~ *sonŋV-ka) | *sùm- | |
| dog hunt, dog rope | **sŏ̀nu | *sonar | *suna | *sànhằiŋ | *sùnà-tər- | |
| to ask, inform | **sṓra | *sōr(a)- | *sori- | *sure | *sátə́- | |
| a kind of dish, basket | **sóra (~ z-, -u-, -ŕ-) | *sora | *sòr- | *sárá | ||
| well, very, extremely | **sū | *su | *sō | *su | *su | |
| steam, odour | **suba (~ -bg-) | *sogul- | *sabsa- | *subgi- | ||
| to tie, bind | **suba (~ -o, -u) | *sub-luk | *soji- | *sub- | ||
| a 1-year-old animal | **subV (~ z-, -p-) | *subaj | *sube | |||
| soot, coal | **súču (~ **si̯účo, **z-) | *čučal(i) / *čičula | *sùsk | *sùsû | ||
| sweet | **sūč῾i | *sǖči- | *čöčügej | |||
| to spit out, spurt | **suda | *sud- | *sadara- | |||
| a kind of water-bird | **sugá | *sugen (~ -b-) | *sói | *sankí | ||
| inside, deep inside | **súgò (~ -o-) | *soglɨ- | *suɣu(wu) | *sug- | *so’ok | *sə́kə́ |
| a kind of weed | **sugú (~ -o-) | *suji-ka | *suga-kta | *sɨŋ’a | *sunkai, *suKaN- | |
| sour | **suji (~ z-, si̯uju) | *suje- | *sɨ̀i-, *sūi- | *sù- | ||
| green plants, edible plants | **sùjli | *suli / *süli | *söl | *sol-gi | *súi | |
| to scoop, bucket | **sŭ́ku | *sogur- | *sugu- | *soKa- | *sok-kori | *súkúp- |
| deer, female deer | **sūku | *sūkak | *sogu(ɣa) | *sog-ǯe- | *su(n)karu | |
| a kind of fish | **suku (~ z-, -o-) | *sogoču | *sugǯansa | *sukai | ||
| branches, tamarisk | **suk῾e | *süksük | *sukaj | *suK- | *sak- | |
| village | **suk῾ì (~ **š-, **z-, **sik῾u) | *sɨ́k- | *suki | |||
| nose, part of nose | **suma | *sum- | *samsaɣa | *soŋgi- | ||
| a kind of weed, hemp | **súme | *süm- ? | *sömü-sü | *sum- | *sàm | *sua |
| piece of wood | **sume (~ z-) | *sumun | *suama | |||
| seed, grain | **sùnà | *sunu | *sànài | |||
| crest, hair lock | **sū̀na (~ z-, -i̯ō-) | *sančig | *sōna | |||
| to stretch | **sūnu (~ -o) | *sūn- | *sunu- | *sūn- | ||
| sour, acid, stinking | **sū̀re | *sirke | *sori- | *sūr- | *sə̄r- | *suarasi |
| to go away, drive away | **sū́ri | *sǖr- | *suru- | *sɨ́r- | ||
| root (of tooth), fang | **surV (~ z-, -ŕ-) | *surbalǯi | *surka | |||
| this, that (3d pers. pronoun) | **sỺ (~ **š-) | *-sɨ/-si | *sə́- | |||
| a kind of soup | **šàčú | *šasi-kan (~ -i-, -ü-) | *čə́s | *sùsí | ||
| small finger, index finger | **šā̀ke (~ **č῾-) | *čɨka-ń | *sige- / *čige- | *čāgdi (~ *š-) | ||
| white | **šā̀k῾a | *čakɨr | *čagaɣan | *šāk- | ||
| a celestial body | **šálpu | *čolbun | *čalbaka (~ š-) | *súmpárú | ||
| a kind of berry | **šaŋku | *čaŋɨĺ | *čaŋgis | *sunkuri | ||
| clear, light | **šā̀ŋu | *čAŋ | *čaŋ | *šā(ŋ)- | *sùm- | |
| upper part of throat | **šek῾a | *sakak | *sakaɣu | *čeKe- (~ š-) | ||
| sparrow | **šĕ̀rčú | *serče | *šču-kān | *sùnsúmaí | ||
| to bake, boil | **šero | *sira- | *čere- (~ *š-) | *sằr-m- | ||
| lattice, cross-bars | **šèru | *sar- | *sara- | *šerin | *sár | *sùntare |
| urine, to urinate | **šī́k῾i / **šī́k῾-di | *sīk | *siɣe- | *šiKē-n | *stòŋ | *sitə (~ -ua) |
| to suck, soak | **šĭ́mi | *simü- | *sime | *šime- | *sɨ́mɨ́i- | *sím- |
| small finger | **šimuč῾V | *čɨmɨč- | *šimučken | |||
| to sweep | **šĭp῾V | *sipür- | *siɣür- | *čipi- (~ š-,-ü-) | *psɨ́r- | |
| to melt | **šī̀rV (~ -ŕ-) | *siri- | *šīri- | |||
| to sit; be seated, implanted | **ši̯ábu | *saɣu- | *sà’ò-rí | *súwá- | ||
| small, narrow | **ši̯ábu | *sEb-re- | *saɣa- | *šoba- (~ -p-) | *súmp- | |
| a kind of rope, fabric | **ši̯àč῾í | *sačuk | *čeče | *sắčh | *sì(n)tú | |
| to see badly, have bad eyesight | **ši̯ā́k῾ù | *sĀkɨ- | *sokar | *šoKa- | *sjōkjə́ŋ | *súk- |
| piece of meat, flesh | **ši̯ằĺì | *silbi | *čilki (~ š-) | *sắrh | *sìsì | |
| island; forest | **šmì | *simek | *šumi (~ č-) | *sjə̄m | *sìmà | |
| sack | **ši̯ā̀mu | *sAmar | *sumal | *šūm- | *sjə́m | |
| to set fire, burn | **ši̯ā̀t῾ì | *sita- | *šāta (~ č-) | *stāi- | *sitə-ki | |
| wrinkle, gills | **ši̯óbi | *šoba- (~ -p-) | *síwá | |||
| a kind of metal | **ši̯ṓča | *siāč | *čas | *šušu | ||
| hair (of head), feather | **ši̯òče | *s(i)ač | *šoša- | *číčh | ||
| young of domestic animals | **ši̯ṓč῾ko | *čōčka | *šičukta | *sàskí | ||
| cold | **ši̯ogo | *sogɨ-k | *šig- | *sik- | *səjə | |
| juice | **ši̯ṑgV | *siɣü-sü | *šūkse | *skúr | ||
| to skin, peel | **ši̯ŏju | *soj- | *siɣal- | *čī- (~ *šī-) (< *šij-) | ||
| juice, fluid | **ši̯ṑlí | *söl | *silö | *šōla | *sìrú | |
| scoop, vessel | **ši̯ṑŋe | *seŋek | *sinaga | *šōŋ- | ||
| claw, to claw | **ši̯op῾a | *sabur | *šopa- | |||
| stake, pole | **ši̯ṑri (~ **ši̯ā̀ro) | *s(i)ar-ča | *siro | *šōra | ||
| bucket | **ši̯uga(lV) | *sugu | *saɣulga | *šugle- | ||
| thorn, (pine) needle | **ši̯ū̀jò | *sojagu | *sojuɣa | *šǖje | *sāi | *sə̀jà |
| sharp instrument | **ši̯ŭk῾u | *süke | *šuK- | *súkí | ||
| to twist, twisted threads | **ši̯ū̀po | *sub-luk (?) | *subu- | *šǖba | ||
| to suck, hold in mouth | **ši̯úp῾ù | *sɨp- | *siɣü- | *šupa- (~ č-) | *sp-ắr- | *súp- |
| to rub, polish | **ši̯ŭ́r | *sür(-t)- | *sürči- | *šürü- (/*šurü-) | *sɨ̀rh- | *súr- |
| beads | **ši̯ŭru | *sɨrɨčga | *sirü | *čuri- / *čurē- (~ š-) | ||
| to leak, ooze | **ši̯ŭŕu | *sɨŕ- | *sir- | *čurgī- (~ š-) | ||
| to dive, submerge, scoop | **šŏ́mo | *čom- / čöm- | *čomu | *šom- | *sằm- | *sə́má- |
| deep, hollow | **šŏŋe (~ -i) | *čöŋ- | *čoŋg- / *čöŋk- | *šoŋ- | ||
| a kind of fish | **tằbà (~ -p-) | *dabka | *dabā | *tàpì | ||
| bad wind, infectious disease | **tā̀bi | *dabul | *düjiren | *dā(b)- | ||
| trade, barter | **tabu | *dab- | *daɣ- | *tòbɨ́i | *tùpìjái | |
| to endure, obey | **tā̀bú | *daɣa- | *dābu- | *tùmpúnai | ||
| trap, to obstruct | **tā́de | *dɨ̄d- | *čidör | *dad- | *tət | |
| complete | **tagi | *degül | *deɣüren | *dagu- ~ -b- | ||
| sharp, to cut | **tago | *dogra- | *daɣa- | *da(ga)- | ||
| root, grass root | **tagù | *TAgna | *degne- / *dagna- | *daga | *tuku-nai | |
| to lean on | **taja | *daja- | *daji- (?) | *daja- | *tajə-r- (~ -ua-) | |
| big, good | **tā̀jV | *daja-gu | *daja- | *dāji | ||
| elder in-law, elder relative | **tā́jV | *dāj- | *dā | *dia (~ *dai) | ||
| snake, lizard | **táke (~ d-) | *dakV (?) | *tòirjòŋ | *tə́ká- | ||
| to attach, touch, reach | **tàk῾u | *dAk- | *duku- | *dak-sa- | *tàh- | *tùk- |
| wing, shoulderblade | **talo | *dalu, *dali | *tằr’ái | *tà-i | ||
| to be together | **tál | *delim | *dali- | *dali- | *tằrí-, *tăr-m- | *túrá- |
| to lick | **tā́lV | *dāla- | *dolɣa- | *dala- | ||
| other side, outer side | **tắĺbà | *daĺ | *dalba | *tàră- | *də́sə̀ | |
| harness | **tàĺbe | *duĺa- | *delbeg | *də̀sə̀p- | ||
| mat, mattress | **tā̀ĺ | *döĺe- | *dāli | |||
| to bind, rope | **tằnŋù | *daŋ- | *daŋ- | *tan | *tùnà | |
| to love, long for | **tàńo | *dańa-la- | *tń- | *tànuà- | ||
| shelf | **tāŋa | *dāŋsa | *táná | |||
| pig | **tā̀ŋo | *doŋuŕ | *dāŋu- | *to’a- | ||
| to hurry, gallop | **tapV | *dabra- | *dab- | *dab- | ||
| to stamp, press | **tā́p῾V | *dāp- | *dabta- | *dap- | ||
| swelling, hardening, tumour | **tara | *dar- | *darga | *tari | ||
| a kind of plant, reed | **tăra | *dạrɨ-g | *darki | *daragan | *tār | |
| to stretch, spread | **tā̀ro | *dar- | *dar- | *dār- | *tăr- | |
| follow, follow in a row | **tā́rV | *dārɨ- | *daraɣa | *dā-, *dara-n | ||
| to say, sound | **tḗ | *dē- | *dawu- | *de(b)- | ||
| pelvis, lower part of body | **tèbú | *debu(kī) | *tùmpì | |||
| high; top, mountain | **tēga | *dāg | *deɣe- | *deg- | *tə- | *tàkà- |
| mushroom | **tègà (~ -o) | *degunŋēkte | *tàkài | |||
| round | **tegá (/**t῾egá) | *deg- / *dög- / *dog- | *tög/körig | *thɨ- / *thə- | *tánka | |
| to make knots, tie to a hook | **teg | *düg- | *degeɣe | *deg- | ||
| to become loose, faint, tire | **tḗla | *dāl- | *del(u)- | *tarh- | *tar(a)- | |
| decking, duck-boards | **télki | *Tel | *deleg | *delkē- | *tɨ̀rkuə̀r | *(d)íká(n)ta |
| wild, mad, dumb | **tēlo | *dẹ̄l(b)ü- | *dele- | |||
| to split, strike | **telV | *del- | *dele- | *del- | ||
| ? female | **teĺV | *diĺi | *delku- | |||
| in vain, (scarcely) sufficient | **tḗma | *dēmin | *demej, *dömü- | *dem- | *tāmắi-n | *támá |
| to drip, soak | **tĕ́mo | *dam | *tằm- | *támár- | ||
| root; strength, soul | **tèmò (~ -a) | *dạmor | *daŋ-gi (< *dam-gi) | *tàmà | ||
| axle, spindle | **téŋgu | *deŋgil | *thòŋ | |||
| to wave, flap; fly | **tĕ́p῾é | *depre- | *debi- | *dep(-si)- / *dapsi- | *tə́mp- | |
| phlegm, secretion | **tĕ́re (~ -o) | *dẹr | *derbe- | *də́ntá-ri, -rai | ||
| surface, skin; color | **tḕrì | *dẹri | *čiraj | *dēre | *(d)ìrə̀ | |
| to pull | **tert῾a | *dart- | *tata- | *derde- | ||
| to gather, collect | **tēru (~ č-) | *dēr- | *dar-ta- | *tùtuàp- | ||
| respect, care | **tḕtu | *det- | *čida- | *dēdu- | *tùtù- | |
| swamp, water pool | **tèt῾o (~ -a, -u) | *TAdgun | *detu | |||
| a kind of blossoming bush | **tī̀búlka | *d(i)abɨlku | *čibaga | *dībekte | *tùmpákì | |
| elevation | **tī̀du | *dīdü (~ ǯ-) | *tùtə́n | *tùtùmí | ||
| to plant vertically | **tī̀k῾i | *dik- | *čike | *dīKē- | ||
| tongue; voice | **tilV | *dɨl / *dil | *dilga- | |||
| to sink, enter | **tire | *deriŋ | *diri- | *tɨ́r- | *(d)ír- | |
| thick, plenty | **tī́ri | *dīri- | *čirgaɣu | *dir- | *(d)ita- | |
| narrow; short | **ti̯ā́re | *d(i)ār | *ǯir- | *tjə̀r- | ||
| to touch, reach | **ti̯ok῾e | *dẹg- | *dökü- | |||
| spleen | **ti̯ṓle | *d(i)ālak | *deliɣün | *ǯō(l) | *tira (~ č-) | *(d)í (~ *(d)ə́-i) |
| stone | **ti̯ṓĺì | *diāĺ | *čilaɣu | *ǯola | *tōrh | *(d)ísì |
| two | **ti̯ubu | *TVbVr- | *ǯiwrin ~ *ǯuirin | *ǯube- | *tubu, *tuburh | |
| to pour | **ti̯ùke | *dök- | *tahi- | *tùk- | ||
| wedge, peg | **ti̯ū́ĺu (~ **č-) | *dīĺ | *ǯul- | |||
| to be full (of stomach, belly) | **todV | *dod- | *tude- | |||
| wild, ferocious | **tògà (~ č-, -k-, -u-) | *dog-si- | *tàkià- | |||
| falcon | **tógà (~ č-, -u-) | *dogan | *táká | |||
| mound, dam | **tógì (~ -u-, -u) | *dug- | *tuk | *túkà | ||
| a kind of fish | **togV | *Tog | *dogdur | *dukčā | ||
| four | **tṓj- | *dȫrt | *dör-ben, *dö-čin | *dügin | *də- | |
| base of a horn, callosity | **tok῾à | *Tok | *duku | *dokta- | *takua | |
| to plait, weave | **tok῾V (~ -k-) | *doku- | *duKu- | *tàh-, *th-ɨ̀r- | ||
| quiet, languid | **tole | *döle- | *döli-gen / *dölü-gen | *dulu- | ||
| progeny, generation | **tóle (~ -i̯o-, -i̯a-) | *döl | *də́ | |||
| to spin, turn round | **tòlu (~ ti̯ùlo) | *dolga- | *tòr- / *tùr- | *də̀r- | ||
| birch bark, vessel made of birch bark | **tṓŕu | *Tōŕ | *duru-sun | *duri | *turəi | *túrú(m)pài |
| end, edge | **túbù (~ -o-) | *daɣus- | *dubē | *tūih | *túpí | |
| to sound, howl | **tùdì (~ -o-) | *düdüne- | *dudu- | *tùtù- | ||
| to pound | **tŭ̀gì | *düg- | *tügsi- | *dug- | *tìh- | *tùk- |
| to make a sign | **tū́jk῾ú | *Tūkrag | *doki- | *duKū- | *tjək- | *túnká- |
| hill, top | **tújpè (~ d-) | *dobu / *döbe | *dǖ- (~ *düb-) | *(d)ípà | ||
| to listen, perceive | **tuju | *duj- | *duɣul- | *duja | *tua-p- | |
| barren | **tū̀lu (~ -o) | *dul(k) | *dūla- | *tur- | ||
| to hear | **tū̀ĺdi | *düĺ-ün- | *dōldī- | *tɨ̀d- | ||
| clear sky, noon | **tū̀ĺe | *düĺ | *düli | *dōlā | ||
| to bend down, fall | **tū̀ĺe (~ -i) | *düĺ- | *döli- | *dōl- | ||
| drum | **tumi | *düm- | *düŋgür | *tuntumi | ||
| cold, snot | **túmu (~ č-, -i, i̯u-o, i̯a-u) | *dum | *túm- | |||
| cold, frost | **tuŋa | *doŋ | *daɣara- | *doŋota | ||
| relative by marriage | **túŋì | *düŋür | *duŋ- | *túmà | ||
| bottom | **tū́p῾e (~ **ti̯ūp῾i, **č-) | *dǖp | *dow- | |||
| face | **turi | *dür | *düri | *duru-n | *tura | |
| to wrap, fold | **tūri | *dǖr- | *dörseji- | *tùtùm- | ||
| tube, round vessel | **tū́ti | *dǖtük | *doda-ka(n) | *tútú | ||
| that | **t῾à (**t῾è) | *ti-(kü) | *te-re | *ta- | *tjə́ | *tə̀- |
| foot, footwear | **t῾ā́bá | *dāpan | *tabag | *tabu- | *tàmp(u)î | |
| to pick up, collect | **t῾abi (~ -o) | *teɣü- | *tab- | |||
| to unfasten, disentangle | **t῾ằgè | *tajila- | *taga- | *tə̀k- | ||
| dirt (dust, clay) | **t῾ā̀go | *Tog | *tāksa | |||
| to float, slide | **t῾ā́ja | *tāj- | *taji-tu- | *tia- (*taj-) | *taju- | |
| a kind of vessel | **t῾àjrá | *TAr | *torku | *tājá | *tàrápì | |
| to scatter, disperse | **t῾ájri | *tara-, *tarka- | *tí- | *tír- | ||
| a kind of (foliage) tree | **t῾aklu | *togli | *talgīg | *tunkai | ||
| to be angry, swear | **t῾ắkta | *Tata- | *tagda- | *tátár- | ||
| to repair | **t῾ằkù | *Tagra- | *taku- | *tùkùr- | ||
| completely | **t῾akV | *tag | *taKa- | *tà’ằ- | ||
| ceremony, sacrifice | **t῾ắk῾ì | *toku | *taki- | *taKu- | *tíká-p- | |
| knee bow, knee cap | **t῾ak῾i (~ -u) | *TaK(ɨ) | *takim | *taxi | ||
| a kind of aquatic animal | **t῾ā̀k῾ò | *tāxVr | *tàkuà | |||
| a kind of tree | **t῾ák῾ù | *takti-kān | *tàk | *túkúi | ||
| to use | **t῾ák῾ù | *toki | *taKura- | *thắ- | *túkáp- | |
| salt, to pickle | **t῾ák῾ù (~ -k-) (?) | *taK(V) | *túká- | |||
| to plunder, seduce | **t῾ā́la | *tāla- | *tala- | *tàr’ái- | *tárá-s- | |
| open place, open sea | **t῾ā̀lV (~ -ĺ-) | *tala, *tal-b- | *tālgi- | |||
| thigh, hip | **t῾aĺp῾V | *taĺak | *talbag | *talpi | ||
| to taste, munch | **t῾àma | *tamsija- | *tami- | *tàmiàs- | ||
| wall, roof | **t῾āma | *Tām | *tama | *tamV- | *tám | *tàmùruá |
| to bestow, pay | **t῾ằma (~ -o) | *tama- | *tàmàp- | |||
| to put into, gather | **t῾ámu | *tama- / *tem- | *tama- | *tām- | *túm- | |
| to plunder | **t῾ànŋú | *tonu- | *tanŋa- | *tùmí | ||
| to count, recite | **t῾ănŋV | *tạnu- | *taŋna- | *taŋ- | ||
| to stretch, pull | **t῾āno | *teneji- | *tān- | *tằŋ-kắi- | *tana-pik- | |
| nose, part of face round nose | **t῾ā́nV (~ -ē-) (?) | *T(i)āna | *tanaɣa | |||
| a big number | **t῾aŋa | *taŋgu | *tamura | |||
| admiration; condolence | **t῾ā́ŋe | *tāŋ | *taŋ- | *tə́mú-ráp- | ||
| oath, God | **t῾aŋgiri | *teŋri / *taŋrɨ | *taŋgarag | *taŋgura- | *tinkir- | |
| shell, pearl | **t῾aŋnà | *tana | *taŋa | *tàŋ’àrí | *tàmà | |
| a kind of black bird | **t῾ằŋu | *taɣu | *taŋu- | *tùnkúm(u)í | ||
| to trick, caper | **t῾ápỼ | *Teb | *tebede- | *tabsa- | *tápá- | |
| to worship | **t῾áp῾à | *tap- | *taji- | *tap- | *tápútuá- | |
| to go through | **t῾ằp῾è | *Top- | *tawul- | *tap | *tə̀pə̀r- | |
| earth, dust | **t῾ăp῾o(rV) | *topra-k | *toɣur- | *tap- | ||
| a kind of small animal | **t῾ằrba | *Tabɨrga | *tarbagan | *targa | *tàtàkaí | |
| a kind of water bird | **t῾ari | *tArakaj | *čirökej | *tarmī | ||
| wild, wild animal | **t῾aso | *tosun | *tosi- | *tasaka | ||
| to hit, fight | **t῾at῾àk῾V | *tatki- | *tằthó- | *tatak- | ||
| to reach, arrive at, stay at | **t῾ằt῾e | *tata- | *tàtằ-d- | *tə̀ntùk- | ||
| rash, scabs | **t῾ā́t῾u | *tāt (/*tōt) | *tačir | *tuta-ril- | *tə̀tə́i | *tútú-(n)ká |
| to cut, chop | **t῾at῾V | *tata- | *tagdī- | *tàtắm- | ||
| time | **t῾éba | *Teb | *tew-ke | *támpì | ||
| to run | **t῾ḕbà | *tabɨĺgan | *tawlai | *tēb- | *tapasir- | |
| to help, assist, serve | **t῾ébo | *tab | *teb- | *tōb- | *tá(m)pa-p- | |
| to put | **t῾ebV | *debir- | *teɣe- | *teb- | *tú- | |
| to transmit | **t῾édù | *teǯije- | *tedē- | *tútáp- | ||
| to sit; bed | **t῾égè (~ -o) | *tege- | *thắ- | *tə́kə́ | ||
| edge, border | **t῾égè(-rV) | *Tegre | *teg | *tegē-r (/-n) | *tə́h | *tə́kə́rə́ |
| calm, quiet | **t῾ĕ̀ja | *tajibu- | *teje- | *tàjá-, *tàjù- | ||
| to put, set | **t῾ḕjbo | *tabi- | *tēb- | *tằbi- | ||
| piece, tear into pieces | **t῾ĕ̀kí | *tikö | *teke- | *tàhí- | *tìnkìr- | |
| to become thick (of liquids) | **t῾ékù | *tekti | *tùthə̀-b-, *tōi- | *túka- | ||
| kind, equal, level | **t῾èk῾á (~ -k-) | *tekiŕ | *teg-si | *tànk- | ||
| separate, solitary | **t῾ḗk῾í (~ -k-) | *tēk | *čig | *tínkáp- | ||
| bottom, foundation | **t῾ḗk῾o | *TĒk | *taka | *texēn | ||
| dirt | **t῾elbu | *TAlagu | *tolbu | *telbe | *tə̄rə̀b- | |
| string, spreader, to spread | **t῾ḗlù | *tēl | *tele- | *tel- | *túrù | |
| to sober up | **t῾ḕlV (~ -ĺ-) | *telere- | *tēl- | |||
| net string, net needle | **t῾ĕma (~ -o) | *temen | *tamasu | *teme- | *tamua | |
| scarce, rare | **t῾ème (~ -o-) | *temu- | *tɨ́mɨ́r- | *tə̀mə̀- | ||
| to burn, kindle | **t῾èmo (~ t-) | *Tạm- | *tə̀mə̀-s- | |||
| boat, raft | **t῾ḕmu | *tamara- | *tēmu | *tumu | ||
| to grope, search | **t῾emV | *temteri- | *temi- | |||
| to kick, shake | **t῾eŋa | *TEŋ- | *taŋga- | *teŋ- | ||
| lowland | **t῾ḕŋà | *tEŋ | *tēŋ- | *tànì | ||
| a kind of flying insect | **t῾èŋo | *teŋer- / *toŋor- | *toŋ’ăi | *tə̀m- | ||
| to catch, embrace, armful | **t῾ḕpá | *teberi- | *tēbe- | *tə̀pɨ́r- | *tàmpá | |
| tuft (of hair) | **t῾ĕp῾á | *tepö (-ü) | *tab, *tebeg | *teb- | *tapar | *tampua |
| to cover, obstruct | **t῾ep῾à | *tepku | *tə̀ph- / *tùph- | *tapa- | ||
| to hit, tip over | **t῾ĕ̀p῾a | *Tap-la- | *taɣ- / *tuji- | *tep- | *tàpú- | |
| to endure, abstain | **t῾èp῾à | *TEpiŕ | *tebči- | *tàpà- | ||
| warm, to burn | **t῾ep῾V | *tẹpi- | *tepe- | *tə̀b- | ||
| pair, to compare | **t῾ḕra | *tērī | *tàtùap- | |||
| hair, wool, thread | **t῾éra (~ -u) | *TAram | *terge- | *tə̀rh(í) | ||
| a big cutting instrument | **t῾ĕ̀rbò | *törpi-gü | *tarbagaj | *terin | *tàtì | |
| to think | **t῾erk῾o (**t῾erVk῾o) | *TẹrKe- | *tariki | *terge- | ||
| eagle, vulture | **t῾ĕ́ŕa (~ -o) | *dAŕ | *tarbalǯi | *ter- | *tátú | |
| bald | **t῾eŕo | *daŕ (~ -ā-) | *tar- | *tăi- / tắrk | ||
| dirt, dung | **t῾ḕŕù | *tEŕek | *tērgēn | *tə̄r- | *tùtì | |
| thou | **t῾i | *či | ||||
| camel, elk | **t῾ĭbŋe | *debe | *teme-ɣen | *tibŋa | ||
| louse | **t῾ijV | *Ti- | *ti-kte | |||
| to stuff into, press into | **t῾ĭ́ù | *tɨkɨ- | *čiki- | *tiki- | *tìk- | *túk- |
| to fear, hate | **t῾ik῾V | *tik- | *čikul | *tiKun-, *tiKul- | ||
| noise, sound, to make noise | **t῾ĭ̀má (low) | *Tiŋ(mi) | *čimeɣe | *tim- | *tamɨr- | *tàmár- |
| to search | **t῾ìnt῾a | *tint- | *tàntùna- | |||
| far | **t῾íp῾ò (~ t-, -e-, -b-, t῾ap῾e, t῾i̯op῾e, t῾i̯ap῾e) | *ptɨ́- | *tə́pə́- | |||
| straw | **t῾i̯op῾o | *topon | *tìp | |||
| head | **t῾ire (~ -ŕ-, -i) | *teriɣün | *tiru- | |||
| to press, make a support | **t῾ī́ri | *dīre- | *tirē- | *tìrɨ̀- | ||
| to take, snatch | **t῾ī̀ro | *tī- | *tɨ̀r- | *tə̀r- (~ -ua-) | ||
| morning | **t῾iru (~ -i̯u-) | *tirga (~ -ü-) | *tutə (~ -ua) | |||
| to run, flee | **t῾ī́ŕge | *tēŕ- | *terge- | *tirgī- | ||
| a kind of vessel | **t῾i̯age | *t(i)agar(a) | *toguɣa(n) | *tige (~ -ü-) | ||
| a kind of vessel | **t῾i̯ákù | *tekne | *tagsi | *tuku- ~ *taku- | *tói | *túkì |
| a horned animal | **t῾i̯ā̀ku | *teke | *togij | *tōKī | ||
| hen; duck | **t῾i̯àk῾à | *tiakɨgu (/ -ŋu) | *takija | *tiaku | *tàkà(m)pái | |
| shelf | **t῾i̯ā́k῾ù | *tĀkan | *tuK- | *túkú-wái | ||
| to hang, strap | **t῾i̯ā̀lo | *TAlk- | *telej | *tōli | *tắr- | *tàr- |
| to splash, overflow | **t῾i̯ā́ĺke | *d(i)āĺ(ɨ)- | *čilga- | *tilka- | ||
| ball, round, curved | **t῾i̯àma | *tiam- | *tàma | |||
| to crush, pound, knead | **t῾i̯ame (?) | *Tam- | *čimar | *timre | ||
| a kind of carriage | **t῾i̯árko | *terge | *turki | *tằrkó | ||
| to curse | **t῾i̯ăru | *Tẹrk- | *tarki- | *turē- | ||
| to melt | **t῾i̯árV (~ -ŕ-) | *tiar- | *tə́rə́- | |||
| very | **t῾i̯àsá | *tAs | *tasu | *tias- | *tàsí | *tàsí- |
| a kind of vehicle | **t῾i̯olge | *Tilgen (~ -e-) | *telegen | *tolga | ||
| moon | **t῾i̯òlgu | *tergel | *tắr | *tùkùi | ||
| to shine, reflect | **t῾i̯ṑlo | *tolui | *tī- | *tàir- (~ tìar-) | ||
| air or water space | **t῾i̯oŋe | *töŋk- | *tuŋ- | *taŋh / *təŋh | ||
| to search | **t῾i̯op῾è | *tăp- | *taɣa- | *toph- | *təp- | |
| to trample | **t῾i̯ŏ́p῾é | *tep- / *dēp- | *teɣe- / *teji- / *tübü- | *tubu- (~ -p-) | *tjap- (?) | *túmpú- |
| limit, completely | **t῾i̯op῾u | *top | *tujil | *tiap | ||
| to cultivate (earth) | **t῾i̯òra | *TArɨ- | *tarija-n | *tà | ||
| hired labour | **t῾i̯ṑre | *ter | *türije-sü | *tōrī- | *tùtuà-ma- | |
| support, beam | **t῾i̯ór(g)e | *Terki | *terki- | *turga- | *tòrí | *túrí-(n)kə́i |
| help, benefit | **t῾i̯ŏ̀so | *Tus- | *tüsi- | *tisū- | *thas | *tàsùka- |
| stick, staff | **t῾i̯ùbu | *tìp(h)- | *tùwái | |||
| a period of time | **t῾i̯udu | *Tɨdɨn | *tuǯi | *tùnâi | ||
| quay, harbour | **t῾i̯ŭ̀ge (~ -o) | *tuguj | *tügde- | *tù | ||
| cover | **t῾i̯úgo | *Tugur | *tuɣurga | *tüksa | *tù’ə́i | *tu-i |
| to fall, drop | **t῾i̯ukV | *tüK-, *tügde | *tɨ̄d- | |||
| hair (on body) | **t῾i̯ū́k῾e (~ -i) | *tǖk | *tokum | *tiKi (~ -ü-) | ||
| to intend, reason | **t῾i̯ula (~ -u) | *Tɨlda- | *tula | *tul- | ||
| to weaken, be exhausted | **t῾i̯ule (~ -o) | *tul- | *tüla- | |||
| night, yesterday, dark | **t῾i̯ū̀ni | *tün | *tüne | *tīnu- | ||
| staff | **t῾i̯ùŋo (~ -e) | *tujiban | *tüjŋe(-pun) | *tùmìpá | ||
| dust, smoke; to rise (dust, smoke) | **t῾i̯up῾i | *tüpi | *tip- | |||
| nail; hoof | **t῾i̯ŭ́p῾o | *tubńa-k | *tuwra, *turuɣu | *tüpa, *tüp-ken | *tòph | *túmá-i |
| straps for hanging | **t῾i̯ŭ́re | *terkü (~ -i-) | *türü | *tɨ̀rí- | *túr- | |
| fish roe | **t῾i̯uri (~ **t῾i̯oro, -ŕ-) | *türi-sü | *tiru-kse | |||
| to hold, obstruct | **t῾i̯ū̀ru | *tɨrɨ-k | *tor- | *tūrī- | *tùtu-m- | |
| leg; knee | **t῾i̯ū́ŕe | *dīŕ | *türej | *türē-kse | *tàrí | |
| to suffer, endure | **t῾i̯ūŕi | *döŕ- | *türü- | |||
| quick, swift | **t῾i̯uŕ(k)u | *dɨŕ- | *tür(ge-n) | *tur-ku- | ||
| a kind of ungulate | **t῾i̯ū̀t῾u | *Titir (~ -ɨ-) | *tūte- | *tot(h) | ||
| net, network | **t῾ŏ́bru | *tor | *towr | *turku- | *tằràčhí | *túrí |
| fruit, cone | **t῾obú (~ -p-,-i) | *Tobur- | *toɣur- | *tube- | *tumpu | |
| to see, beware | **t῾ògà (~ -u-) | *toɣa- | *tuga- (~ -b-) | *tàkù- | ||
| fire | **t῾oge (~ -i) | *Tögen | *tüɣi- | *toga | ||
| span | **t῾ògì | *töɣe | *togar | *tùkà | ||
| to run; hare | **t῾ŏ̀gsu | *togus- (?) | *togsi- | *tuksa- | *thóskí | |
| to sound, noise | **t῾oje (~ t῾i̯ajo, t῾i̯ujo) | *tōj- | *tüji- | *təjə- | ||
| root, edible root | **t῾ŏ̀kè | *Tök | *tögüčeg | *tuKala / -ra | *tə̀kərə | |
| to lie, deceive | **t῾ṓk῾i (~ -k-, -e) | *Tȫkün | *togla- | |||
| buckle, button | **t῾ŏk῾ù | *toku | *toxan | *tuku | ||
| to hit, knock, beat | **t῾ók῾ù (~ -k-) | *tokɨ- | *togsi- | *tokta- | *thí- | *túk- |
| curved | **t῾ŏk῾V | *Tok- | *tokir | *tox- | ||
| to pierce, skewer | **t῾olu | *tule- | *tằr(b)- | *tura-nuk- | ||
| head | **t῾ṑlu | *tul(g)uŋ | *tolugai | *tōl-po- | *tằikòr | |
| to prop, push | **t῾ṑlV | *Tol- | *tula- | *tōlga- | ||
| bridge, crossing | **t῾ólV (~ -ĺ-) | *tul- | *tằrì | |||
| breast | **t῾ōĺi (~ -e) | *dȫĺ | *tulu | |||
| a kind of board | **t῾ome | *Tomar | *tomka-n | *tòmá | *tə̀mə̀ (~ -muà) | |
| to spin, round | **t῾ŏ̀mù | *tom- | *tomu- | *tomka- | *tùmù | |
| a kind of foliage tree | **t῾oŋerV | *To(ŋ)gurak | *towrai | *tuŋde (~ -r-) | *təniari- | |
| round | **t῾òŋké | *tüŋke- / *tüŋge- | *toŋal- | *tonkor- | *tə̀nkúrə́ | |
| straight | **t῾ŏ̀ŋta (~ -u-) | *toda- | *toŋda | *tàntà- | ||
| knee, knee cap | **t῾op῾u | *topɨk | *tojig, *tuwkai | *top(V)g- | *tu(m)pu- | |
| round | **t῾òp῾ú | *top | *tob- | *tup- | *tùmpú-ra | |
| a kind of vessel | **t῾óp῾ú (~ -i̯u-) | *Topal | *tobid | *tupi (~ -ü-) | *tú(m)púa | |
| post, pole, tower | **t῾ṓr | *tȫr | *turu | *tàràk | ||
| to be born, copulate | **t῾ŏ̀ri | *töre- | *töre- | *tur- | *tùrù-(m)p- | |
| to be weak, hungry, unable | **t῾ṓro | *Tōr- | *tura- | *turku- / *turke- | *tərə- (~ ua) | |
| a kind of black berry | **t῾oru | *Tor- | *turi- | *tắrái | *tuta | |
| young animal | **t῾ṓrV | *tōrum | *toruj | *toro-kī | ||
| law, regulation | **t῾ŏ̀ŕe | *töŕ | *töre | *turgun | *tə̀tə̀-nə̀p- | |
| soil, dust | **t῾ṓŕe | *tōŕ | *tor- | *turV | *tɨ̀rɨ́ | |
| face, shape, spot on forehead | **t῾ṑsi (~ -e) | *tösü | *tōsa- | |||
| to run | **t῾otá | *tut- | *tằd- | *tanta-juap- | ||
| five | **t῾u | *ta-bu- | *tu-ńga | *tà- | *ì-tù- | |
| a kind of bird of prey | **t῾úbé | *tojigun | *tuba | *tàbàkí | *tə́mpí (~ -ua-) | |
| axe, hammer | **t῾uč῾Ỻ (~ -o-) | *čüče | *tuču-n / *čuču-n | *tōčhắi | *tùtí | |
| to give, give a feast | **t῾ŭja | *toj | *taɣu- | *tuju- | ||
| to carve, engrave, whet | **t῾ujbu (~ -o-) | *tobi- | *tujba- | *tuà | ||
| thick | **t῾ùji | *Tujug | *tüɣüd- / *tüjit- | *tùjə̀- | ||
| to gleam, shine | **t῾úju (~ -o-) | *tuja- | *tújá | |||
| to come to an end, be exhausted | **t῾ukì | *tüke- | *tögüs- | *tuku- | ||
| to transmit, continue | **t῾ukí (~ -o-) | *tüge- | *túnk- | |||
| calf, lamb | **t῾ukV | *toklɨ | *tugul | *tuKu- | ||
| dam, fishing net | **t῾ukV (~ -k῾-) | *Tug | *togsija- | *tuki- | ||
| to grasp, seize | **t῾ŭ̀k῾ù (~ -o-) | *tux- | *thắ- | *tùkàm- | ||
| clavicle, elbow | **t῾ū̀k῾V | *tokaj | *tūkre | |||
| fox; wolf | **t῾ule(kV) | *tülki / tilkü | *tulge | *tuárá | ||
| torn and scraped skin | **t῾ulu (~ -o) | *tul- (*tol-) | *tulum | *tul- | *turumaki | |
| to burn | **t῾ulV (~ -o-, -ĺ-) | *tüle- | *tola- | |||
| external side | **t῾ū́ĺi | *dūĺ | *tölöb | *tulī- | ||
| seed, eggs | **t῾uĺi (~ -e) | *Tüĺ | *tola | |||
| dream, divination | **t῾ūĺke (~ -i) | *dǖĺ | *tölge | *tolki-n | ||
| base of tree trunk or grass stalk | **t῾umgi (~ -e) | *Tömgek | *tüŋge | *tuŋ- | ||
| a kind of edible root | **t῾ū̀mi | *tum-gu- | *tömü-sün | *tōma | ||
| head, top of head | **t῾ŭmu | *tum- | *tom- | *tumŋu- | *tum- | |
| clever, to plan, understand | **t῾úmu (~ -o-) | *tomi- | *tum- | *túmə́r- | ||
| spittle | **t῾ŭ̀mV (~ -o-) | *tumin | *tù | |||
| window in roof, funnel, door | **t῾ŭ́ŋe | *tüŋ- | *toɣuna | *tuŋke | *túa | |
| to inform | **t῾uŋe | *Tüŋ- | *tuŋ- | *tuŋ- | *tuanap- | |
| rope, to bind | **t῾úŋi (~ -o-) | *tüŋge | *toŋ- | *túnk- | ||
| spit, spittle | **t῾ŭ̀p῾i | *tüpkür- | *tupi- | *tù(m)pàk- | ||
| a kind of vegetable | **t῾ùrmV | *turup / *turum | *torum(a) | *terbe (~ *turbe) | ||
| to grasp, close, detain | **t῾tỺ | *tut- | *todka-, *tödüge- | *tuta- | *tàt- | *tə̀ntə-, *tə́ntə́-má- |
| to beat, strike | **t῾ut῾ì | *tüt- | *tute- | *tùtɨ́rí- | *tutuk- | |
| smoke | **t῾út῾i (~ -t-) | *tüt-ün, *tüt-süg | *tɨ̀tkɨ̀r / *tɨ̀thɨ̀r | |||
| a kind of tree (Aesculus turbinata) | **t῾ut῾Ỽ (~ -o-) | *tòthórí | *təti (~ *tuati) | |||
| behind, rump, fish fin | **ubč῾V | *ūča | *(h)uwča | *oči(ka) | ||
| truth | **ùbre (~ -ŕ-) | *(h)uwr | *uru | *órh- | *bə̀tu | |
| reason | **ùč῾e | *üč-ün | *učir | *uč- | *áčh | |
| end, edge | **ū́č῾i | *ūč | *üǯüɣür | *učuk | ||
| beautiful, ornamented | **ùč῾ìk῾V (~ -k-) | *üčük- (?) | *učik(te) | *skú-mí- | *ùtùkù- | |
| to fly, fall | **ŭ̀č῾o | *uč- | *(x)uča- | *ə̀tə́- | ||
| spray, urine | **úč῾u (~ -o) | *uč- | *uče- | *òčóm | ||
| arm, thigh | **udu (~ -i, ŋ-) | *ud-luk | *ùntài | |||
| ox, buffalo | **udV (~ i̯u-, i̯o-) | *ud | *odu-s | |||
| rain | **udV (~ o-, i̯u-, i̯o-) | *udu-n | *òrán- | |||
| a kind of ferment | **úgà | *ugut | *(h)aɣag | *ug- | *ákú | |
| owl | **uge | *ügi | *uɣuli | *oksari | ||
| birch or larch bark | **ugi (~ o-, -e, i̯u-) | *üji(l)-su | *ug-da- | |||
| foam | **ū̀jbà | *ibil- | *(x)ōb- | *àwà | ||
| a kind of horned animal | **ujkV | *ograk | *ugalǯa | *ujKam | ||
| relation | **ùjò | *uja | *oji- | *ə̀jà | ||
| melon | **ùjrỺ (~ o-, -jl-, e-u,a-u) | *ōi | *ùrí | |||
| sad, ashamed | **uju | *uja- | *uj | *oji- | *u- | |
| stockings, trousers | **ujV(k῾V) | *ujuk | *oji(ki) | |||
| to take, grasp, meet | **ùkú | *ug-ra- | *ugtu- | *oKa- | *ùhɨ́i- | *ùká- |
| wet, wash | **úku (~ o-) | *ug- | *uK- | *hə̀i- (< *uhəi-) | *úk- | |
| a kind of bucket, fish-trap | **uk῾e | *ukī | *oku | *bə̀kaî | ||
| hill | **úk῾è | *(h)ukaɣa | *(x)uKu- | *bə́ká | ||
| stupid, arrogant | **uk῾è | *ökte- | *(h)üki | *(x)uKu- | *bəkə | |
| to die, be hungry | **uk῾i (~ -e) | *ükü- | *(x)uk-ti- | |||
| to understand, look into | **úk῾u | *uk- | *uka- | *oksa- | *úká-(n)káp- | |
| kin, clan | **úk῾u (~ -k-) | *uk | *(h)ug | *uK- | *úkárà | |
| rope, lasso | **ŭk῾urkV (~ -o-) | *ukruk | *uɣurga | *oKurga | *ork- | |
| inner part of knee, armpit | **uk῾V (~ **o-) | *(h)ogo-da-su | *(x)oKi- | *òkóm | ||
| sole, footwear | **ŭla | *ul | *ula | *olā-či | ||
| -o) to change | **ulbo (~ -ĺ-, -u, -o-, i̯u- | *(h)olbari- | *olbi-n- | *ōrm- | ||
| negative particle | **ule (~ -i) | *ülü | ||||
| to cry, howl | **ū́lo | *ūlɨ- | *uli- | *ūr- | *ə́rá-mp- | |
| big, many; good | **ulu (~ -o) | *ulug | *olon | *ule- | *ōr- | |
| to soak, wet | **ŭ̀lu (~ **o-) | *(h)ulum | *ula- | *ùrí- | *ùrù-p- | |
| a kind of bird (partridge / duck) | **ùlV | *ular | *ulgumV | *órhì | ||
| meat; deer | **úlV (~ o-, i̯o-, -ĺ-) | *(h)ulaj | *ul-(k)se | |||
| hemp | **ŭ̀ĺà (~ o-, i̯u-) | *olo-sun | *ula | *àsà | ||
| to scrape, row | **uĺe (~ -i) | *üĺe- | *ulī- | |||
| to crush, mince | **uĺi | *uĺa- | *(h)ülte- | *ulē- | *ori- | |
| to freeze | **ŭĺi (~ -e) | *üĺi- / *üli- | *ula-n | |||
| ground game | **ū́ĺpe | *ǖĺ | *olbo / olbi | *ulgu-kī | *bəsə (~ -ua) | |
| lie | **uĺu(-kV, -gV) | *uĺak | *ulig | *ulēk | *ùsuâ | |
| to bear, give birth | **úmu | *umaj | *(h)umaj | *omu- / *umu- | *ūm | *úm- |
| to forget | **umuŋ(t)o | *umnɨ-t- (~ -mŋ-) | *umta-, *umarta- | *omŋa- | ||
| egg | **úmu-tki | *jumurtka | *ömdege, *emdüge | *umūkta | ||
| to drink | **umV (~ **o-) | *umda | *um(i)- | *mà- | ||
| ? fire, to burn | **umV | *uma- ? | *omV- | *umati (?) | ||
| sound, voice | **ū́nŋe | *ǖn | *uŋ-si- | *uŋ- | ||
| whirlpool, tide | **ùntu (~ o-) | *undu- | *onda- | *ùntu | ||
| hollow, pit | **uŋe | *üŋ- | *oŋgi- | *uŋ- | *òŋtáŋ- / *ùŋtə́ŋ- | |
| back, buttock, behind | **uŋt῾e | *(h)ona- | *(x)unda- | *ə̄ŋtəŋ’i | ||
| pole in the house | **uŋt῾V | *(h)uni- | *unde(ken) | |||
| to grasp | **ùp῾í | *üp | *(h)öb | *op- / *up- | *ùmpà-p- | |
| female | **ŭra | *urag- | *(h)argali (?) | *oru-n | ||
| piebald, brown | **ura (~ o-) | *or | *orug | *(x)ur- | ||
| formerly, ancient | **ūre | *ür (~ *ör) | *orai | *ūri- | *bətə- | |
| to grow | **ŭ́ro (~ -u) | *ur | *urgu- | *ure- | *ōr | *úrá- |
| debt | **úŕi | *üŕ- | *öri | *úr- | ||
| craftsman | **ū́ŕV | *ūŕ | *uran | |||
| a kind of clothing | **ùso | *usī- | *ós | *əsə- | ||
| animal; cow | **úsu (~ o-, -i) | *us- | *sjó | *úsí | ||
| to meet | **ŭ́t῾a (~ -t-) | *ut- | *učira- | *átá- | ||
| to be able, understand | **ut῾à (~ **o-) | *(h)udka | *util- | *ə́tìr- | *ata-p- | |
| to prevent, obstruct | **zagè | *jɨg- | *seg | *sagi- | *sək- | |
| cushion, mat | **zakt῾i | *jạŕtuk / *jạtŕuk | *sakta(n) | *sàt | *sitənia | |
| wind | **zăli | *jẹl | *salki | *sal-di- | *sar- | |
| skin | **zàrá (~ -o) | *jarɨ | *sari- | *sarga- | *sə̀tə́ (~ ua) | |
| young man, brave man | **zego | *jEgit / *jigit | *saɣaka- | *súh | ||
| metal | **zejĺu | *jElme- | *seleme | *sele | *sói | *sunsu |
| new | **zèjńa | *jaŋɨ / *jeŋi | *sine | *seńe- | *sái | |
| naked | **zelo | *jạlɨŋ | *sildaŋ | |||
| to hold in mouth, gnaw | **zep῾i | *jap- | *sepke- | *sìp- | *sipa-pur- | |
| light; moon, moon cycle (year) | **zēra | *jar- | *sara | *sē | *sə̄r / *săr | *sátúkúi |
| shape, observation | **zíni | *jint- | *sinǯi | *sinma- | *síná | |
| light, quiet | **zìŋke | *jeŋgül | *siŋgen | *siŋkuti- | *sìntúka | |
| a kind of predator | **zīpe | *jēbke | *sibor | *sibigē | ||
| lentil, pea | **zi̯ăbsa | *jasɨ-muk | *sisi | *sibsV | *sasa(n)kai | |
| to hang, droop | **zi̯àó | *segle- | *suka- | *suk- | *sànka- | |
| sorcery, witchcraft; to investigate (by magic power) | **zi̯ălVbi | *jẹlbi- | *silbe-, *silmo | *silba- | *sjə̄rb- | *sìrà(m)p- |
| to hide, conceal | **zi̯àmo | *sem | *sume- | *súm- | *sàmá- | |
| ear, temple | **zi̯ā̀ni | *jạjŋak | *sinaɣa | *sian | ||
| to cut, tear, shave | **zi̯àre | *jara | *sirka | *sir- | *sə̀r- | |
| disorder, devastation | **zi̯ā́su | *jās | *(h)us- | *suse / *susu | *sə̀sk- | *súsá- |
| sleeve | **zi̯ognV | *jegn | *sūn | *suán-tài | ||
| thigh, shank | **zi̯ŏ́gtu | *jo(g)ta | *seɣüǯi | *sigdi-pu | ||
| to shine, blaze | **zi̯oĺa | *jạĺ(č)- | *soloŋga | *sulū-n | *sằr- | *sas- |
| fist, hand | **zi̯ōnu | *siantu | *són | |||
| relative by marriage | **zi̯ṓta (~ **zā́to) | *jāt | *sadu-n | *sátuá | ||
| to rot, ferment | **zi̯úko | *jog-urt- | *sogsi- | *sükü- | *súk- | |
| root, vein | **zi̯ŭldu | *jɨldɨŕ | *sülde-sü | *suldu- | ||
| spine, nape | **zi̯úĺa | *jɨĺ | *sili | *suli- | *sasu | |
| a small hole; to pull through a hole | **zi̯upi | *jib | *sübe | *sibe- | *sp- | |
| long hair | **zodgV | *jogdu | *suda- | *su(g)da- | ||
| sharp | **zŭli | *jül- | *sülbe- | *suli- | *suru-ntə- | |
| a young animal | **zū̀nti | *junt | *sünde-sü | *sōn-ŋa- / *sōn-da- | ||
| hole, nest | **zūru | *jūr-tu | *suru | *su | ||
| eight | **ǯa- | *ǯa-pkun | *da- | |||
| a kind of snake | **ǯabda | *ǯabdar | *datua | |||
| pond, pool | **ǯàdé (~ **ǯèdá) | *ǯada- | *də̀ntə́ | |||
| to spread, unravel | **ǯādV | *jĀd- | *ǯad- | |||
| gravel, pebbles | **ǯak῾V (~ č-) | *ǯaxar(a) | *čjàkà- | |||
| to ask, invite, lend | **ǯā́li | *jāl- | *ǯala- | *(d)írá- | ||
| to fasten, bind, hang | **ǯắlo | *jala- | *ǯalga- | *ǯala-n | *čằrằ- | *dái |
| saliva | **ǯā́lV | *jālga- | *ǯal-gi- / *ǯal-ka- | *ǯali- | ||
| a kind of tool | **ǯape | *jib- | *ǯebe, *ǯeb-seg | *ǯab- | ||
| to hold, connect | **ǯap῾ù | *jAp- | *ǯaɣa- | *ǯapa- | *čàp- | *dup- |
| crack, interstice | **ǯā́p῾V | *jāp | *ǯab | *ǯapka | ||
| wormwood | **ǯap῾V(ĺV) | *jabĺan (< *japĺan) | *ǯuwl- | *čjəpɨi- | ||
| good, favourable | **ǯắra | *jara- | *ǯari-n | *čar | *də́rə́- | |
| back, buttocks | **ǯaǯa | *jAja | *ǯaǯa- | |||
| a kind of fish | **ǯāǯV | *jājɨn | *ǯaǯiki | |||
| to eat | **ǯē | *jē- | *ǯa- / *ǯe- | *ǯe-p- | *čā- | *da-pa- |
| soft | **ǯebò | *jabaĺ | *ǯöɣelen | *dapara- | ||
| enclosure, market-place | **ǯeč῾i | *ǯüčije (< *ǯičü-ge) | *ǯeče-n | *čjə̀čə́i | *(d)ìtí | |
| sharp point, arrow | **ǯḗja | *jā(j) | *ǯeje | *da | ||
| to deceive | **ǯela | *jAla | *ǯali- | *ǯele- / *ǯelu- | ||
| a kind of fragrant grass | **ǯélu | *jal- | *ǯel- | *dúrí | ||
| weak, quiet | **ǯĕĺo | *jạĺɨ- | *ǯalka- | *ǯel- | *dàs- | |
| a kind of weed or swamp plant | **ǯèmá | *jam | *ǯamug | *ǯemku | *də̀mə́(n)kúi | |
| armour, weapon | **ǯére (~ **ǯáro, -a) | *jar- | *ǯer | *də́rə́pí | ||
| to be annoyed, disgusted | **ǯḕri | *jẹr- | *ǯirke- | *ǯēri- | *(d)ira- | |
| edge, row | **ǯḗro (~ -u) | *jạ̄r | *ǯerge | *ǯerin | ||
| to come | **ǯi (~ **ǯi̯a) | *jẹt- | *ǯid-kü- | *ǯi- (~ *di-) | ||
| house | **ǯī̀bì | *ǯuwka | *ǯīb | *čìp | *(d)ìpià | |
| to hurry, run | **ǯígù | *jügür- | *ǯiɣi- | *ǯig- | *dúk- | |
| dark, quiet | **ǯìma | *ǯim | *čjə̀mɨ́r- | *dàmùi | ||
| perfume, fumes | **ǯip῾o | *jɨpar | *ǯiɣar | *(d)impu-s- | ||
| evening, darkness | **ǯip῾u | *ǯip-ku- | *dupu | |||
| to split, slice | **ǯī́rV | *jīr- | *ǯir- | *ǯī- | ||
| metal; anvil | **ǯiŕe | *jEŕ | *ǯirA | |||
| to call, request | **ǯi̯aba | *jab-čɨ | *ǯaɣa- | *ǯiab- | *duá(m)p- | |
| a kind of fish (salmon) | **ǯi̯abo (~ **ǯi̯obe, -p-) | *ǯebeɣe | *ǯobi | |||
| to burn; ashes, tar | **ǯi̯àjnà | *jan-, *jan-tɨr- | *ǯian- | *čắi | *dànì | |
| to pass, fit | **ǯi̯ák῾ù | *ǯoki- | *ǯēk- (*ǯiak-) | *dúkár- | ||
| to burn, flash | **ǯi̯ale | *jal- | *ǯali | *ǯild- | ||
| bare, naked, saddleless | **ǯi̯ap῾e | *jạpɨtak | *ǯajidaŋ | *ǯipu-čān | ||
| a kind of foliage tree, alder | **ǯi̯aru(kV) | *jẹrük | *ǯugde-n | *dunturi | ||
| side, corner, direction | **ǯi̯ṓke (~ -k῾-) | *jāk | *ǯüg | *ǯuku- | *də́kə́ | |
| ice, cold, snow | **ǯi̯ók῾è | *ǯike-ɣün | *ǯuke | *dúkì | ||
| river bed, stream | **ǯi̯ōlu | *jul | *ǯilga | *ǯila- | ||
| round | **ǯi̯ŏmu | *jum- | *ǯem- (~ -ia-) | |||
| dream, echo | **ǯi̯ṑŋè | *jaŋ | *ǯeɣü- | *ǯōŋi- | *čá(ŋ)- | *dìmài / *dùmài |
| to send, to use | **ǯi̯óra (~ -ŕ-) | *ǯaru- | *ǯori- | *čằrhì- | *dár- | |
| a big number | **ǯŕo | *jǖŕ | *ǯir- | *jə́rh | *də̀rə̀- | |
| shape | **ǯi̯oso | *josun | *ǯisü | *ǯese | *dəsi | |
| hunger, starvation | **ǯi̯òto | *jut | *ǯüde- | *dàtùrà- | ||
| thick, abundant | **ǯi̯òǯu | *jogan | *ǯuǯaɣan | *ǯaǯi- (~ -ia-) | *čằč- | *dùtáka- |
| sake, reason | **ǯi̯úbù | *ǯüj | *ǯubu (~ -g-) | *dúwài | ||
| millet | **ǯi̯úgi | *jügür- | *ǯija- / *ǯije- (~ -g-) | *čòh | ||
| halter, rope for binding animals | **ǯi̯ul | *jular | *ǯiluɣa | *ǯulǯi- | ||
| to slide; smooth, slippery | **ǯi̯ū́lu (~ -a) | *jɨ̄l- | *ǯil- | *ǯulV- | ||
| to peel, skim off | **ǯi̯uŕi | *jüŕ- | *ǯor- | *čɨrɨ- (~ -i-) | ||
| a kind of berry | **ǯi̯utke | *jidgelek | *ǯedegene | *ǯüksi- / *ǯükte | ||
| to cut, crush | **ǯobá (~ -u-, -i̯-) | *ǯoɣu- | *ǯobga | *dàmpù-r- | ||
| to stop, abstain from | **ǯòkó (~ -u-) | *ǯogso- | *ǯuK- | *də̀ká- | ||
| nearly, hardly | **ǯṓk῾e (~ -k-) | *jōk | *ǯug / *ǯüg | *ǯuke | *dəku (?) | |
| hollow under knee or neck, corner | **ǯòp῾è (~ -u-, -o) | *ǯobki | *ǯup(u)ku | *də̀pə̀rə́ | ||
| to quarrel, speak badly | **ǯṓǯe | *jōj | *ǯüǯig | *ǯuǯa- | *čɨ̀čh- | *dəjə- |
| summer | **ǯu | *ǯu-n | *ǯu-ga | |||
| bee, wasp | **ǯuge (~ -o-, -i) | *ǯögeji | *ǯuge- | |||
| to carry (on the back) | **ǯugi | *jü- | *ǯöɣe- | *ǯugū- | *čì- | |
| weak, bad | **ǯŭ̀jbe | *jubka | *ǯoba- | *ǯoba- | *čubɨr- | *duàwà- |
| to think of, remember | **ǯū̀mo (?) | *ǯimu- | *ǯōm- | *də̀m- | ||
| courage, joy | **ǯŭ̀rVko | *ǯirga- | *ǯurga- / *ǯurge- | *čɨ́rkə́b- / *čɨ́rkə̀b- | *də̀rə̀kə̀-p- | |
| heart, inner organ | **ǯŭ̀r(V)k῾e (~ -i̯u-) | *jürek | *ǯirüke ~ *ǯürike | *də̀kə́sì | ||
| to bite, grit teeth | **ǯVbV | *jubut- | *ǯaɣu- | *ǯǖ(n)- |
| Vocabulary lists of North Eurasian languages |
|---|
|
European • Balkan • Hurro-Urartian • Hattic • Sumerian (Swadesh) • Elamite • Etruscan • Burushaski • Ural-Altaic • Paleosiberian • p-Japanese • p-Ainu • p-Nivkh • p-Chukotko-Kamchatkan • p-Yukaghir • p-Yeniseian |
| Caucasian |
|
Caucasian • p-Northwest Caucasian • p-Nakh-Daghestanian • p-Kartvelian |
| Uralic |
|
p-Uralic (stable roots) • Finnic • Saami • Mordvinic • Mari • Permic • Ugric • Samoyedic |
| "Altaic" linguistic area |
|
"Altaic" • "p-Altaic" • Turkic • Mongolic • Common Mongolic • Khitan • Taghbach |
| Indo-European |
|
Germanic • Celtic • Romance • Baltic • East Slavic • West Slavic • South Slavic |