The following list of reconstructed Proto-Nivkh forms is from Fortescue (2016: 182-194).
| Gloss | Proto-Nivkh | Page |
|---|---|---|
| abdomen of fish | *daql | 182 |
| accompany | *k(ə)r- | 182 |
| acorn | *bulkr | 182 |
| acrid | *xa | 182 |
| (be) afraid | *klu- | 182 |
| again | *an’d’aj | 182 |
| agree | *doɣt- | 182 |
| aim at | *(n’ə)kra- | 182 |
| alder | *hewŋi | 182 |
| alive | *morqa- | 182 |
| all | *cik | 182 |
| almost | *ara | 182 |
| already | *ark | 182 |
| always | *aɣrciŋ | 182 |
| anchor | *cavʀ | 182 |
| angry | *um- | 182 |
| animal | *ŋa | 182 |
| ant | *ozr | 182 |
| appear | *boj- | 182 |
| appearance | *boc | 182 |
| apron | *qorqŋ | 182 |
| argue | *law(law)- | 182 |
| arm | *dot | 182 |
| armour | *pet | 182 |
| arrow | *ku | 182 |
| ashamed | *jacʀa- | 182 |
| ashes | *bləŋr, *hi(l)mr | 182 |
| ask | *ot- | 182 |
| ask for | *ek- | 182 |
| aspic | *mor | 182 |
| at last | *əkəkə | 182 |
| attach to belt | *ilk- | 182 |
| attack | *wez- | 182 |
| autumn | *d’ilv | 182 |
| axe | *duɣ, *kə | 182 |
| babble (stream) | *gurɣjo- | 182 |
| baby | *ojdam | 182 |
| back | *gadr | 182 |
| back or spine | *ŋarki | 182 |
| back of neck | *oɣri | 182 |
| bad | *əki- | 182 |
| bait | *am | 182 |
| bald | *ɢat- | 182 |
| bandage | *bar | 182 |
| bark | *oɣm | 182 |
| bark (dog) | *aɣ- | 182 |
| basket | *mulk | 182 |
| bay | *ŋalu | 182 |
| be (somewhere) | *pi- | 182 |
| be or do such | *ha- | 182 |
| be or do like this | *damci- | 182 |
| beach | *d’o | 182 |
| bear | *cɣəv | 182 |
| bear cub | *olp | 182 |
| beard | *av | 182 |
| become | *mu- | 182 |
| bed | *tuɣr | 182 |
| believe or hope | *aʀt- | 182 |
| bell | *ɢoŋ(ɢoŋ) | 182 |
| (sleeping) bench | *naɣŋ | 182 |
| bend over | *hətŋə- | 182 |
| bent | *berq(a)- | 182 |
| (get) better | *paj- | 182 |
| big | *bil- | 182 |
| bilberry | *cəmɣi | 182 |
| birch (bark) | *hiv | 182 |
| bird | *bəjŋa | 182 |
| (small) bird | *crat, *d’evrq | 182 |
| boat | *mu | 182 |
| body | *wut | 182 |
| bottom | *waj | 182 |
| bow | *bunt | 182 |
| bow (of boat) | *məɣ | 182 |
| bow or pray | *meɣra- | 182 |
| bowl | *ŋirŋ | 182 |
| box | *waqi | 182 |
| braid or weave | *no- | 182 |
| brain | *ŋawrk | 182 |
| brake | *qawr | 182 |
| branch | *d’er | 182 |
| break or be broken | *d’orq- | 182 |
| breast | *məc(ɣ) | 182 |
| breathe | *ta- | 182 |
| bridge | *turi | 182 |
| bright or light | *ɢalʀala- | 182 |
| brine | *giɣ | 183 |
| broom | *bucir | 183 |
| brother (of woman) | *kiwŋ | 183 |
| bullfinch | *gəvŋi | 183 |
| bullhead (fish) | *larq | 183 |
| bun of hair | *bop | 183 |
| bundle (of fish) | *ar | 183 |
| burn | *u- | 183 |
| burn oneself | *ge(j)zqo- | 183 |
| bury | *kəmz- | 183 |
| butterfly | *guɣl, *dap(i) | 183 |
| buttocks | *oŋ(q)ti | 183 |
| button | *uɣr | 183 |
| buy or trade | *jerki- | 183 |
| buzz or ring | *beŋjo- | 183 |
| cage | *ŋaɣ | 183 |
| call | *az- | 183 |
| capercaillie | *darkraʀ | 183 |
| careful | *azra- | 183 |
| carp | *pirŋər | 183 |
| carry in arms | *tik- | 183 |
| cartilage | *ŋak | 183 |
| cartilage (fish head) | *buk | 183 |
| carve or make cuts in | *dak- | 183 |
| catch up with | *al- | 183 |
| cedar thicket | *himŋ | 183 |
| chain | *walk(i) | 183 |
| change | *dakr- | 183 |
| chase | *tu- | 183 |
| chase away | *mraŋi- | 183 |
| cheap | *piŋr- | 183 |
| cheat | *d’al(qa)- | 183 |
| cheat or deceive | *walt- | 183 |
| chest | *ŋarɣər | 183 |
| chew | *wawu- | 183 |
| chicken | *peq | 183 |
| chief | *d’aŋki | 183 |
| child | *eʀlaŋ | 183 |
| (get) chilled | *lakr- | 183 |
| chimney pipe | *qol(a) | 183 |
| chin | *iti | 183 |
| choose | *duɣ- | 183 |
| chop | *ta- | 183 |
| chop up | *kəv- | 183 |
| claw or nail | *dakn’ | 183 |
| clay | *ormi | 183 |
| clean | *avrk- | 183 |
| clean fish | *maɣ- | 183 |
| cliff or promontory | *krə | 183 |
| close | *arp- | 183 |
| clothes | *haɣ(ar) | 183 |
| cloud | *laɣ | 183 |
| cloudberry | *erŋi | 183 |
| coal | *wezvaʀ | 183 |
| cod | *ɢaŋi | 183 |
| cold | *tiv- | 183 |
| (freezing) cold | *hoʀ- | 183 |
| (a bad) cold | *χana | 183 |
| collar | *halŋ, *ozi | 183 |
| colour | *wal | 183 |
| comb | *e | 183 |
| come | *prə- | 183 |
| come ashore | *maʀ- | 183 |
| come or go out | *pu- | 183 |
| come out | *guz- | 183 |
| congeal | *liɣr- | 183 |
| (bark) container | *dək | 183 |
| contract | *lo- | 183 |
| cook | *he- | 183 |
| cool | *bur(bur)- | 183 |
| cool (down) | *duz- | 183 |
| copulate | *dav- | 183 |
| corner | *d’on’ʀ | 183 |
| cotton | *joχan | 183 |
| cough | *eʀ(j)eʀ- | 183 |
| count or read | *uru- | 183 |
| cover | *atu- | 183 |
| cow | *eχaŋ | 183 |
| crab | *davʀəj | 183 |
| cradle | *d’aq | 183 |
| cranberry | *dam | 183 |
| crane | *loʀaj | 183 |
| crawl | *pul(pul)- | 183 |
| cross river | *orqo- | 183 |
| crow | *ɢar(ŋ) | 183 |
| crown of head | *ta | 183 |
| crumb | *gukur | 183 |
| crush | *ban’- | 183 |
| cry | *do- | 183 |
| cry (animal) or sing | *ce- | 183 |
| cry or yelp | *ɢaʀju- | 183 |
| cuckoo | *buk(u) | 183 |
| custom | *dor | 184 |
| cut | *haq- | 184 |
| cut or mow | *ku- | 184 |
| cut hair | *moʀ- | 184 |
| cut into pieces | *moq- | 184 |
| cut off | *wal- | 184 |
| cut out | *gul- | 184 |
| dance | *plisi- | 184 |
| dance (women’s) | *d’iɣ- | 184 |
| dark | *ŋə- | 184 |
| dark | *wukwuk- | 184 |
| daughter-in-law | *joʀ | 184 |
| dawn | *kru- | 184 |
| day | *muɣv | 184 |
| day (24 hours) | *gu | 184 |
| decide | *nəjnə- | 184 |
| deep | *wew- | 184 |
| dense | *lətlət(ʀar)- | 184 |
| devil | *ginr, *milk | 184 |
| die | *mu- | 184 |
| dig | *kəz- | 184 |
| dip or soak | *hupu- | 184 |
| direction from shore onto water | *ta- | 184 |
| direction from shore to interior | *he- | 184 |
| dirt | *ger | 184 |
| dirty | *ŋalzqo- | 184 |
| disappear | *ujɣi- | 184 |
| dish | *un’r | 184 |
| divide | *doz- | 184 |
| do | *aj- | 184 |
| do (what) | *nu- | 184 |
| dog | *ɢanŋ | 184 |
| dog team | *ikr | 184 |
| dolphin | *bomi | 184 |
| don’t | *ta | 184 |
| door | *tə | 184 |
| down | *ɢo- | 184 |
| downriver | *a- | 184 |
| dream | *təj- | 184 |
| dress | *huɣt | 184 |
| dried fish | *ma | 184 |
| drill | *luŋ | 184 |
| drink | *da- | 184 |
| drip | *cal- | 184 |
| drum | *qar | 184 |
| drunk | *coxt(o)- | 184 |
| dry | *ce- | 184 |
| dry | *qaw- | 184 |
| drying rack | *halŋr | 184 |
| duck | *awŋq, *kəŋri | 184 |
| dust(y) | *duj- | 184 |
| eagle | *camŋ | 184 |
| ear | *nor, *mla | 184 |
| ear ring | *mezq | 184 |
| ear wax | *toʀ | 184 |
| earlier | *an(ə)k(i) | 184 |
| earth or land | *miv | 184 |
| eat | *n’i- | 184 |
| edge | *d’ər, *or | 184 |
| egg | *ŋojeq | 184 |
| eight | *minr | 184 |
| elbow | *domʀ | 184 |
| elder (tree) | *qoŋəj | 184 |
| elk | *toʀ(ŋa) | 184 |
| emaciated | *ke- | 184 |
| empty | *hon’ʀa- | 184 |
| enough | *naw- | 184 |
| enough or much | *ler | 184 |
| equal in quantity | *ara- | 184 |
| equipment | *aʀaʀr | 184 |
| estuary or bay | *twaʀ | 184 |
| evening | *barv | 184 |
| excellent | *hekila- | 184 |
| excrement | *otɣ | 184 |
| explain | *azkəm- | 184 |
| eye | *n’(ə)ŋaɣ | 184 |
| eyebrow | *binr | 184 |
| eyelashes | *n’evrqəj | 184 |
| face | *ŋən’k | 184 |
| fail to reach | *amt(r)er- | 184 |
| fall (precipitation) | *gə- | 184 |
| fall (leaves) | *guku- | 184 |
| fall down | *gut- | 184 |
| fall over | *bol- | 184 |
| far | *təl(v) | 184 |
| fast | *eɣ- | 184 |
| fat | *tom | 184 |
| (get) fat | *ŋar- | 184 |
| father | *ətək | 184 |
| father or uncle | *er | 184 |
| father-in-law | *aɣmalk | 185 |
| feathers or down | *dupr | 185 |
| fed up | *lazŋu- | 185 |
| feed | *ar- | 185 |
| female | *an’aʀ | 185 |
| female genitals | *malʀ | 185 |
| fight | *uɣmu-, *wa- | 185 |
| file | *mrar | 185 |
| filter | *gez- | 185 |
| fin | *mark | 185 |
| finger | *dun’ | 185 |
| finish | *tvi- | 185 |
| fir | *ŋarŋi | 185 |
| fire | *tuɣ(u)r | 185 |
| firm | *d’eqa- | 185 |
| fish | *co | 185 |
| fish (kaluga) | *parq | 185 |
| fish guts | *oɣr | 185 |
| fish skin | *mand’ | 185 |
| fish with line | *kerqo- | 185 |
| fishing tackle | *gitŋ | 185 |
| fishing vessel | *guŋkas | 185 |
| fist | *cvəɣ | 185 |
| five | *to(r) | 185 |
| fix into the earth | *buɣu- | 185 |
| fix net | *ov- | 185 |
| flame or blaze up | *hil- | 185 |
| flap wings | *par(par)- | 185 |
| flatfish | *loq | 185 |
| flea | *ŋarqi | 185 |
| flense | *ci- | 185 |
| flense (bear) | *lark- | 185 |
| flesh or meat | *dur | 185 |
| float | *lark- | 185 |
| float (fishing) | *waŋ | 185 |
| floor | *pal(ŋ) | 185 |
| floor | *lawr | 185 |
| flour | *ofaŋ | 185 |
| flow | *ajɣ- | 185 |
| flower (verb) | *eŋv- | 185 |
| fly | *bəj- | 185 |
| fly (insect) | *coŋi | 185 |
| foam | *bovtr | 185 |
| follow or go behind | *ari- | 185 |
| foot or sole | *ŋazl | 185 |
| footwear | *gi | 185 |
| forehead | *taɣ | 185 |
| forest | *cɣaɣ | 185 |
| forget | *tɣarp- | 185 |
| four | *nə(r) | 185 |
| fox | *keq | 185 |
| (black-grey) fox | *herv | 185 |
| (cross) fox | *blajrəv | 185 |
| fox hole | *hu | 185 |
| freeze | *gəŋ- | 185 |
| fresh | *loqr- | 185 |
| friend | *ŋavq | 185 |
| (be) frightened | *laʀo- | 185 |
| frog | *ralŋ | 185 |
| front | *ozk | 185 |
| (in) front | *nuɣi- | 185 |
| front of body | *ul | 185 |
| frown | *n’olju- | 185 |
| fruit or berry | *alr | 185 |
| full | *car- | 185 |
| full or satiated | *krəz- | 185 |
| fur coat | *oq | 185 |
| gadfly | *lavŋi | 185 |
| gall (bladder) | *tvirk | 185 |
| gather | *opu- | 185 |
| gather (berries) | *pe- | 185 |
| get or hold | *bo- | 185 |
| gift | *azmur | 185 |
| gills | *azŋi | 185 |
| give | *kim- | 185 |
| give water to | *aɣ- | 185 |
| glove | *wamp(a)q | 185 |
| gnash teeth | *keqrju- | 185 |
| gnaw | *q(ə)r- | 185 |
| go | *wi- | 185 |
| go along shore | *lark- | 185 |
| go down | *maɣ(v)- | 185 |
| go down or sink | *dujuɣ- | 185 |
| go downstream | *ɢa- | 185 |
| go for | *ŋa- | 185 |
| go into | *juɣ- | 185 |
| go out (fire) | *d’oz- | 185 |
| go over | *tmə- | 185 |
| go side by side | *lav- | 185 |
| go up | *mar(ev)- | 185 |
| go up (from shore) | *teɣ- | 185 |
| go upstream | *du- | 185 |
| gold | *ajz(ŋ) | 186 |
| good | *ur- | 186 |
| good or diligent | *nama- | 186 |
| gossip | *irvtɣop- | 186 |
| gouge out | *k(ə)r- | 186 |
| grandfather or father-in-law | *atak | 186 |
| grandmother or mother-in-law | *acik | 186 |
| grass | *c(ə)ŋər | 186 |
| grey | *cavr- | 186 |
| groats | *raq | 186 |
| ground squirrel | *taɣr | 186 |
| (hazel) grouse | *haŋ | 186 |
| grow or produce | *ban(t)- | 186 |
| guest | *antʀ | 186 |
| gum | *ŋən’ŋər | 186 |
| gun | *meuci(ŋ) | 186 |
| hail | *a(ra)qm | 186 |
| hair or fur | *ŋamrki | 186 |
| half | *barq | 186 |
| hammer | *cvəvr | 186 |
| hand | *damk | 186 |
| hand span | *ɢovr | 186 |
| handle | *gep- | 186 |
| hang | *kro- | 186 |
| happiness | *kər | 186 |
| hare | *həjk | 186 |
| harness | *d’və- | 186 |
| harpoon (dolphin) | *weɣl | 186 |
| harpoon (shaft) | *dla | 186 |
| hat | *haq | 186 |
| hate | *cqa- | 186 |
| have or exist | *iv- | 186 |
| hawk | *ŋaj- | 186 |
| he or she | *ivŋ | 186 |
| head | *d’oŋkr | 186 |
| heal | *cu- | 186 |
| hear or listen | *mə- | 186 |
| heart | *ŋiv | 186 |
| hearth | *tut | 186 |
| heavy | *ber(la)- | 186 |
| heel | *anɣi | 186 |
| help | *do- | 186 |
| heron | *wazaʀ | 186 |
| hide | *ep-, *piŋ- | 186 |
| high | *ul- | 186 |
| hill | *ulav | 186 |
| (bare) hill | *cir | 186 |
| hit | *d’a- | 186 |
| hold back | *garu- | 186 |
| hole | *kuti | 186 |
| (make) hole | *porloʀ- | 186 |
| hole in ice | *tə | 186 |
| hollow | *hurki- | 186 |
| hoof | *qarp | 186 |
| hook | *tav- | 186 |
| hook or catch on | *jakz- | 186 |
| hoop | *kuvr | 186 |
| hoop or ring | *dutəɣ | 186 |
| hoot | *wuwu- | 186 |
| horn | *murki | 186 |
| horse | *murŋ | 186 |
| hot | *qav- | 186 |
| house | *dav | 186 |
| how | *janəŋ | 186 |
| how much | *taŋz | 186 |
| human being | *n’iɣvŋ | 186 |
| hunchback | *boku | 186 |
| hundred | *n’taŋk | 186 |
| hungry | *kər- | 186 |
| hunt | *ŋanɣ- | 186 |
| hunt on sea ice | *joz- | 186 |
| hurt | *ɢo- | 186 |
| husband | *ivn | 186 |
| (storage) hut | *prə | 186 |
| I | *n’i | 186 |
| ice | *lur | 186 |
| (wooden) idol | *məjk | 186 |
| ill | *mujn- | 186 |
| image or amulet | *cŋaj | 186 |
| imitate | *hiɣr- | 186 |
| influenza (epidemic) | *daʀ | 186 |
| (turn) inside out | *duŋv- | 186 |
| (straw) insole | *giwr | 186 |
| intend or direct oneself towards | *tʀa- | 186 |
| interrogative particle | *i | 186 |
| intestines | *k(ə)vər | 186 |
| intestines or guts | *ŋawr | 186 |
| intestines of bird | *kuŋ(t)r | 186 |
| iron | *wat | 186 |
| island | *ur | 187 |
| jealous | *an’- | 187 |
| join | *baru- | 187 |
| joint | *du | 187 |
| jump | *d’aq(a)r- | 187 |
| keep or guard | *tu- | 187 |
| kick | *d’ic(v)-, *t(ə)kuj- | 187 |
| kidney | *ŋalr | 187 |
| kill | *ku- | 187 |
| kill a bear | *hiw- | 187 |
| kind or sort | *qacŋ | 187 |
| kingdom of the dead | *mləwo | 187 |
| kiss | *moc- | 187 |
| knee | *biɣtə | 187 |
| knife | *d’aqo | 187 |
| knit | *juli- | 187 |
| know or understand | *hajm- | 187 |
| ladder | *n’(ə)ŋar | 187 |
| lake | *du | 187 |
| lame | *hokl(a)- | 187 |
| lamp | *dəŋr | 187 |
| language or word | *div | 187 |
| larch | *ɢoj | 187 |
| laugh | *haʀa- | 187 |
| laugh at | *qe(ŋa)v- | 187 |
| lazy | *mraŋi- | 187 |
| leaf | *blaŋ(q), *d’omr | 187 |
| leak | *bun’- | 187 |
| (chamois) leather | *ilɣŋ | 187 |
| leave (provisions) | *hunci- | 187 |
| left | *tajrəŋ | 187 |
| left over | *pund’i- | 187 |
| leg | *ŋacɣ | 187 |
| leggings | *pan’ | 187 |
| lick | *helel- | 187 |
| lie or be located | *ku- | 187 |
| lie down | *bor- | 187 |
| light (weight) | *hin’gi- | 187 |
| light or dawn | *kunu- | 187 |
| light fire | *tuv- | 187 |
| lightning | *barbaru- | 187 |
| (be) like | *ŋala- | 187 |
| lip | *avləɣ | 187 |
| (a) little | *n’in’ik | 187 |
| (too) little | *hark(u)- | 187 |
| live or be | *hunv- | 187 |
| liver | *divr | 187 |
| lizard | *memqaj | 187 |
| loach | *hoj | 187 |
| loach | *lojmŋ | 187 |
| load | *ɢond’i- | 187 |
| lock | *anaq | 187 |
| loins | *ewr | 187 |
| lonely | *dərmu- | 187 |
| long | *gəl- | 187 |
| long ago | *aɣrəlu | 187 |
| (a) long time | *d’ək | 187 |
| look around | *tər- | 187 |
| look back | *alɣa- | 187 |
| loon | *aɣn’(iŋ), *uɣn’ | 187 |
| lose | *bək(ə)z- | 187 |
| lose one’s way | *ler(wi)- | 187 |
| louse | *dar, *hirk | 187 |
| (head) louse | *amrak | 187 |
| love | *cmo- | 187 |
| low | *hərk- | 187 |
| lung | *havav | 187 |
| lynx | *tləɣi | 187 |
| make | *lat- | 187 |
| male | *ar | 187 |
| man | *arməc | 187 |
| man or husband | *utkun | 187 |
| (be) many | *dam- | 187 |
| marry | *av- | 187 |
| mast | *d’inkŋ | 187 |
| master | *əzŋ | 187 |
| measure or mark | *ŋatr | 187 |
| medicine | *oχt | 187 |
| meet | *(w)or- | 187 |
| melt | *coʀ- | 187 |
| mesh | *kju | 187 |
| middle or inside | *hutə | 187 |
| midge | *pudm | 187 |
| milt | *ŋar(qaj) | 187 |
| mind or soul | *qoʀla | 187 |
| miss | *dor- | 187 |
| mist or fog | *calu | 187 |
| mix | *bəlk- | 187 |
| mix up | *bəzɣ- | 187 |
| molar | *emr | 187 |
| mold | *bondal- | 188 |
| money | *cχa | 188 |
| moon | *loŋ | 188 |
| moor | *lav- | 188 |
| mooring place | *murpi | 188 |
| more (than before) | *paki | 188 |
| morning | *tatŋ | 188 |
| mosquito | *n’emɣ | 188 |
| moss | *waʀ | 188 |
| mother | *əmək, *irŋ | 188 |
| mountain | *bal | 188 |
| mouse | *muɣtuk | 188 |
| mouth | *amɣ | 188 |
| mouth cavity | *al | 188 |
| move | *cŋaw-, *lirku- | 188 |
| move aside | *ɢon’i- | 188 |
| much or many | *malɣo- | 188 |
| musk deer | *meq | 188 |
| mussel | *bupk | 188 |
| must | *nənə | 188 |
| nail | *crovr | 188 |
| naked | *wela(ɣ)- | 188 |
| name | *qa(-) | 188 |
| narrow | *nork(əl)- | 188 |
| navel | *kəlm(ə)r | 188 |
| near | *ma(la)- | 188 |
| neck | *qor | 188 |
| needle | *nuɣ | 188 |
| nest | *ŋavi | 188 |
| net | *ke | 188 |
| new | *cur- | 188 |
| news | *ker | 188 |
| night | *urk | 188 |
| nine | *n’an- | 188 |
| nit | *hirkr | 188 |
| nomadize | *nuɣt- | 188 |
| north (wind) | *ari | 188 |
| nose | *wiɣ | 188 |
| not be able to | *akzu- | 188 |
| not (exist) | *qaw- | 188 |
| not manage | *ali- | 188 |
| not want | *aɣi | 188 |
| now | *nav | 188 |
| numb | *polu(dur)- | 188 |
| nut | *toɣr | 188 |
| oak | *gməj | 188 |
| oar | *kikr, *əvn’ | 188 |
| old | *hajm-, *mrolv- | 188 |
| old man | *əcɣ | 188 |
| old woman | *mam | 188 |
| older brother | *akan | 188 |
| older sister | *nanak | 188 |
| once | *n’rak | 188 |
| one | *n’ə- | 188 |
| one of a pair | *n’(ə)lami | 188 |
| oneself or only | *bark | 188 |
| (wild) onion | *haɣi | 188 |
| open | *alɣ- | 188 |
| open one’s heart | *(w)alɣ- | 188 |
| open or release | *amzq- | 188 |
| order (goods) | *ŋawcu- | 188 |
| other or stranger | *ena- | 188 |
| otter | *pɣəŋk | 188 |
| outside | *glə | 188 |
| over there | *a- | 188 |
| owl | *ajka | 188 |
| padding round ski | *it | 188 |
| paint | *givu- | 188 |
| palm | *calm | 188 |
| paper | *χawzul | 188 |
| pass | *lazi- | 188 |
| pattern | *daɣr | 188 |
| pay | *urki- | 188 |
| pea or bean | *tur | 188 |
| peel or skin | *hat- | 188 |
| penetrate or pull on (clothing) | *dulku- | 188 |
| penis | *ŋoj | 188 |
| (try to) persuade | *qolv- | 188 |
| pestle | *kəl(vavr) | 188 |
| phlegm or slime | *lil(r)- | 188 |
| pig | *olɣoŋ | 188 |
| pigeon | *qoj(rq) | 188 |
| pillow | *mot | 188 |
| pincers | *capŋ | 188 |
| pine needles | *d’evr | 188 |
| pit | *dulk(r) | 188 |
| pith | *ŋur | 188 |
| plane or hew | *baʀ- | 188 |
| platform for bear ceremony | *lezŋ | 188 |
| play | *ler- | 189 |
| play around | *dəɣt- | 189 |
| point | *dun’ɣu- | 189 |
| pole | *məzr, *qwer | 189 |
| pool | *lavŋi | 189 |
| poor | *cola- | 189 |
| post | *qar | 189 |
| pot | *wan’ | 189 |
| pound | *bav- | 189 |
| pour | *mark- | 189 |
| prepare fish | *bota- | 189 |
| prepare food for journey | *lum- | 189 |
| press down on | *toʀ- | 189 |
| pull or drag | *tlə- | 189 |
| pull net from water | *het- | 189 |
| pump | *ŋurur | 189 |
| punch | *loɣv- | 189 |
| puppy | *ŋajq | 189 |
| pustule | *wəri | 189 |
| put | *ci- | 189 |
| put in | *uci- | 189 |
| put on (clothing) | *ke- | 189 |
| put on footwear | *ilvi- | 189 |
| put on head or shoulders | *n’e- | 189 |
| put on one’s legs | *pa- | 189 |
| quarrel or scold | *ŋe- | 189 |
| quietly | *bata- | 189 |
| race (on dog sleds) | *war- | 189 |
| raft | *d’omŋ | 189 |
| rag or scrap | *or(ə)r | 189 |
| rain | *ləɣ | 189 |
| rainbow | *memŋ | 189 |
| raise | *kici- | 189 |
| raspberry | *gel(ʀam) | 189 |
| rat | *n’aɣr | 189 |
| rattle or drumstick | *d’ar | 189 |
| raven | *wez | 189 |
| raw | *dal(va)- | 189 |
| reach | *ak- | 189 |
| recently | *n’ik | 189 |
| red | *baɣla- | 189 |
| reed | *olʀ | 189 |
| refuse | *ger- | 189 |
| reindeer | *c(o)laŋi | 189 |
| relative | *dan(t) | 189 |
| relative of same generation | *duvŋ | 189 |
| remain | *gar- | 189 |
| remember | *hujv- | 189 |
| residue of heated seal blubber | *daɣ | 189 |
| return | *p(ə)ɣ- | 189 |
| return home | *eɣ- | 189 |
| rib | *ŋajrəm | 189 |
| rich | *qor- | 189 |
| right (side) | *ŋəjrəŋ | 189 |
| ring | *gujvaŋ | 189 |
| rip up or unstitch | *doq- | 189 |
| ripen | *bu- | 189 |
| ritual staff | *inaw | 189 |
| river | *(er)i | 189 |
| river mouth | *ərŋ | 189 |
| roar (sea) | *kuju- | 189 |
| roast or bake | *ta- | 189 |
| rock (baby) | *bəpə- | 189 |
| roll or fold up | *qov- | 189 |
| roof | *əlvr | 189 |
| roof or ceiling | *tɣəvr | 189 |
| root | *oz | 189 |
| root (of bush) | *mirləɣ | 189 |
| rope for tying sail | *orvukr | 189 |
| (dog) rose | *kmirŋ | 189 |
| rot | *gruŋz- | 189 |
| rot | *wərk- | 189 |
| rotten stump | *mruŋzk | 189 |
| round | *bulk- | 189 |
| rowan | *mezlaŋ | 189 |
| rowlock | *miziɣ(a)r | 189 |
| rub on or grate | *kedr- | 189 |
| rubbish | *bur | 189 |
| rudder | *men’ | 189 |
| run | *tloj- | 189 |
| run (animal) | *we- | 189 |
| run away | *kit- | 189 |
| run away | *pim- | 189 |
| rust | *jo- | 189 |
| sable | *lumr, *oɣrov | 189 |
| sack or bag | *hontq | 189 |
| sad | *ŋawzork- | 189 |
| sail | *gaj | 189 |
| saliva | *aɣri | 190 |
| salmon (autumn) | *laɣi | 190 |
| (Siberian) salmon | *hiwco, *weck(co) | 190 |
| salmon (summer) | *wel | 190 |
| (humpback) salmon | *deŋi | 190 |
| salmon trout | *n’alɣ | 190 |
| salt | *davc(iŋ) | 190 |
| same age as | *ŋatu- | 190 |
| sand | *maʀ, *qomr | 190 |
| sandy spit | *dor | 190 |
| sap or juice | *cor | 190 |
| saucer | *pləcir | 190 |
| save | *ɢon’i- | 190 |
| saw | *puv- | 190 |
| scabbard | *qalŋ | 190 |
| scissors | *χazaŋ | 190 |
| scold | *ajru- | 190 |
| scoop or ladle | *muɣr(ə)r | 190 |
| scoop up | *ɢov- | 190 |
| scrape | *dat- | 190 |
| scraper (for hides) | *qarpr | 190 |
| scratch | *qarp(qav)- | 190 |
| scurry or creep (insect) | *gmə- | 190 |
| sea | *gerqŋ | 190 |
| sea lion | *duŋ | 190 |
| seagull | *geʀ | 190 |
| seal | *laŋr | 190 |
| (speckled) seal | *alʀ | 190 |
| (kind of) seal | *ba(w)ɣi | 190 |
| (young) seal | *amzp | 190 |
| seaweed | *lar, *lər | 190 |
| sediment | *oɣŋəj | 190 |
| see | *n(ə)tə- | 190 |
| semi-subterranean house | *to | 190 |
| send | *oɣ(ə)rke- | 190 |
| separate | *baɣzu- | 190 |
| servant or slave | *weraɣ | 190 |
| serve | *krəγrə- | 190 |
| set trap | *da-, *ŋarʀo- | 190 |
| seven | *ŋamk | 190 |
| sew | *ot- | 190 |
| shake or tremble | *gurju- | 190 |
| shake off | *guku- | 190 |
| shallow | *ŋaz- | 190 |
| shaman | *sam | 190 |
| shape | *durŋ | 190 |
| sharp | *akn’u- | 190 |
| sharpen | *tu- | 190 |
| shavings | *d’aʀ | 190 |
| sheep | *χon’ | 190 |
| shell | *hatʀ | 190 |
| (kind of) shellfish | *welɣ | 190 |
| shelter | *karvr | 190 |
| shin | *cin’ɣ | 190 |
| shine or glitter | *plav(la)- | 190 |
| shirt or dress | *larq | 190 |
| shoot | *qa- | 190 |
| shore or bank | *ərkə(r) | 190 |
| short | *b(ə)ʀaql- | 190 |
| shoulder | *ŋaɣri | 190 |
| shoulder blade | *dəvrk | 190 |
| side | *qomi | 190 |
| side of body | *ŋalt(ə)r | 190 |
| side or direction | *herqŋ | 190 |
| silent | *dam(a)- | 190 |
| silver | *toto | 190 |
| sin or crime | *mraŋ | 190 |
| sinew | *toŋr | 190 |
| sinful | *ujɣ- | 190 |
| sing | *lu- | 190 |
| sister (of man) | *danr | 190 |
| sit | *tiv- | 190 |
| six | *ŋaʀ | 190 |
| ski | *laq | 190 |
| (fur-covered) skis | *en’ | 190 |
| ski pole (ring) | *cʀopŋ | 190 |
| ski tracks | *et | 190 |
| skin (of animal) | *ŋaɣr | 190 |
| (seal) skin | *ŋamad’ | 190 |
| skin or body | *hal | 190 |
| sky | *dlə | 190 |
| slander | *calqa- | 190 |
| slave | *alc | 190 |
| sled | *tu | 190 |
| sleep | *qo- | 190 |
| sleep together with | *wajʀo- | 190 |
| sleeve | *ujɣir | 190 |
| slip | *leʀ(leʀ)- | 190 |
| slope | *qoriv | 190 |
| slow | *derter- | 191 |
| small | *mack(əl)- | 191 |
| small of the back | *ŋamd’(i) | 191 |
| smear | *k(ə)n- | 191 |
| smell | *noʀ- | 191 |
| smell | *ŋavrqi | 191 |
| smelt | *arqe, *proŋ | 191 |
| smirk or smile | *ŋuli- | 191 |
| smoke | *tawlaŋ | 191 |
| smokehole | *tomr | 191 |
| smooth | *laq(laq)- | 191 |
| snake | *gələŋa | 191 |
| snap | *prarq- | 191 |
| snare | *hirkur | 191 |
| sneeze | *hac(hac)- | 191 |
| snore | *ŋətrjo- | 191 |
| snot | *mim | 191 |
| snow | *ŋaqr | 191 |
| snow | *qavi | 191 |
| soft | *ham- | 191 |
| son-in-law | *əmɣi | 191 |
| (feel) sorry for | *oŋar- | 191 |
| sound | *d’iw | 191 |
| soup | *ban’ɣ | 191 |
| spade | *qar | 191 |
| span between fingers | *ma, *ɢovr | 191 |
| speak or say | *it- | 191 |
| spear | *qaʀ | 191 |
| spear(head) | *ormor | 191 |
| spend | *daw- | 191 |
| spend the night | *huŋgu- | 191 |
| spider | *kəvɣəv | 191 |
| spill | *huk- | 191 |
| spill or overflow | *belvel- | 191 |
| spin (thread) | *ce- | 191 |
| spirit | *taŋ | 191 |
| spit | *tvaj- | 191 |
| splash | *pov- | 191 |
| split | *pət- | 191 |
| spoon | *luvr | 191 |
| spotted or colourful | *alʀa- | 191 |
| spread | *bur-, *lat- | 191 |
| spring | *honv | 191 |
| spruce | *twərk | 191 |
| squat | *amlukz- | 191 |
| squeeze or crush | *mam- | 191 |
| squeeze out | *ɢav- | 191 |
| squinting | *wozk(t) | 191 |
| squirrel | *laqr | 191 |
| stab or pierce | *cev- | 191 |
| stale or hard | *kavkav- | 191 |
| stalk | *kitnəɣ | 191 |
| stammer | *jilk- | 191 |
| stand | *gəpr- | 191 |
| stand in a row | *war(w)i- | 191 |
| stand up | *oz- | 191 |
| star | *un’(i)ɣr | 191 |
| starfish | *cɣajv | 191 |
| starve | *urŋu- | 191 |
| steal | *n’(ə)qŋar- | 191 |
| step over | *alm- | 191 |
| stem | *mra | 191 |
| stick (n.) | *kant | 191 |
| stick | *avɣ-, *getv- | 191 |
| stick hand through an opening | *gəm- | 191 |
| stick in throat or vomit | *d’aʀa- | 191 |
| stomach | *ɢor | 191 |
| stomach of animal | *hiɣr | 191 |
| stone | *baʀ | 191 |
| stop or wait | *nuk- | 191 |
| storehouse | *n’o | 191 |
| storm | *lavr(ə)r | 191 |
| story or tale | *ŋaztunt | 191 |
| straight | *məkər- | 191 |
| strap | *dnoɣ, *ŋaz | 191 |
| strength or energy | *dəŋ | 191 |
| string or rope | *poti | 191 |
| stroke or pat | *d’elm- | 191 |
| stroll | *blew- | 191 |
| strong | *maŋɢ-, *werqar- | 191 |
| stump | *ŋavn’ | 191 |
| such | *duŋra- | 191 |
| suckle | *mo(mo)- | 191 |
| sufficient | *urd | 191 |
| sugar | *setaŋ | 191 |
| summer | *dolv | 191 |
| summit | *tadm | 191 |
| sun | *keŋ | 191 |
| surprised | *jaŋr- | 191 |
| surround | *dakv- | 191 |
| swallow (n.) | *lezŋ | 192 |
| swallow | *ɢaw- | 192 |
| swan | *gəɣ(gəɣ) | 192 |
| swamp | *cacv | 192 |
| sway | *lar((lar)- | 192 |
| sweat | *buɣ | 192 |
| sweet | *n’en’e- | 192 |
| sweetbrier | *d’evi | 192 |
| swell | *təw- | 192 |
| swim or bathe | *mrə- | 192 |
| sword | *wa | 192 |
| table | *dər | 192 |
| table for eating on | *bər(ə)r | 192 |
| tail | *ŋaki | 192 |
| take (somewhere) | *to- | 192 |
| take away | *azqam- | 192 |
| take or get | *ge- | 192 |
| take off | *cəw(u)- | 192 |
| tale | *təlgu(r) | 192 |
| talk or discuss | *ɢlaj- | 192 |
| tallow or blubber | *ŋoʀ | 192 |
| taste | *amta(ŋ) | 192 |
| tasty | *hor- | 192 |
| teach | *daw- | 192 |
| tear | *n’iɣzaʀ | 192 |
| tease | *hitru- | 192 |
| tell | *pur- | 192 |
| temple bone (fish) | *hemi | 192 |
| ten | *mɣo- | 192 |
| tent | *d’ampa | 192 |
| tent flap | *gajrə | 192 |
| textile | *bos | 192 |
| thankful | *n’iɣ- | 192 |
| that | *hunt | 192 |
| that (absent) | *gunt | 192 |
| that (distant) | *eɣ- | 192 |
| then | *haŋa(n) | 192 |
| thick | *dol-, *wirkər- | 192 |
| thicket | *uzu | 192 |
| thigh | *ŋav | 192 |
| thimble | *tlə | 192 |
| thin | *hirki- | 192 |
| think | *kəmlə- | 192 |
| this | *dunt | 192 |
| thread (v.) | *ɢo- | 192 |
| thread | *kuvaŋ, *hirk | 192 |
| three | *d’e- | 192 |
| throat | *ɢorqr, *her(qr) | 192 |
| throw | *baɣz- | 192 |
| thunder (v.) | *d’i- | 192 |
| thunder (storm) | *ləj | 192 |
| tickle | *ɢom- | 192 |
| tidy up | *prə- | 192 |
| tie | *buk- | 192 |
| tie or bind | *hup- | 192 |
| tie belt | *biɣv- | 192 |
| tiger | *at | 192 |
| tight | *otom- | 192 |
| tighten | *ol- | 192 |
| time | *ərŋ | 192 |
| tin | *tac | 192 |
| tinder | *evrq | 192 |
| tinder pouch | *mlə | 192 |
| tip or end | *aɣ | 192 |
| tired | *per- | 192 |
| toad | *miri | 192 |
| tobacco | *damx | 192 |
| tomorrow | *bat | 192 |
| tomtit | *zaq | 192 |
| tongue | *hilɣ | 192 |
| tooth | *ŋaɣzər | 192 |
| top of boot | *gizŋa | 192 |
| top of tree | *d’a(ŋ)ɣ | 192 |
| torment | *siŋru- | 192 |
| (be) torn | *waʀc- | 192 |
| touch or agitate | *tʀop- | 192 |
| tow along shore | *mɣəl- | 192 |
| town | *χotaŋ | 192 |
| toy | *laqr | 192 |
| trail or road | *d’iv | 192 |
| trap | *av(i)ŋ | 192 |
| (fox) trap | *qarm(l) | 192 |
| tread on | *kiru- | 192 |
| tree or wood | *d’iɣar | 192 |
| (thorny) tree | *kəzm | 192 |
| tribe | *qalŋ | 192 |
| trough | *orŋ | 192 |
| trousers | *war | 192 |
| trout | *loŋr | 192 |
| true or right | *maɣ(tur) | 192 |
| tundra | *dəj | 192 |
| Tungus | *gilŋ | 193 |
| turn | *pirk- | 193 |
| turn or spin | *məw- | 193 |
| turn over | *bəlŋ- | 193 |
| twenty | *meʀ | 193 |
| twig or stick | *ŋakr | 193 |
| twin | *doŋr | 193 |
| twine | *matawz | 193 |
| twist or weave | *gev- | 193 |
| two | *me- | 193 |
| unchain | *comru- | 193 |
| uncle | *apak | 193 |
| undress | *par- | 193 |
| unripe | *ɢala- | 193 |
| unsuitable | *tarɣi- | 193 |
| untie | *dəru- | 193 |
| until now | *napə | 193 |
| up | *ki-, *taga | 193 |
| upriver | *ke- | 193 |
| urine | *ki | 193 |
| use or wear | *kir- | 193 |
| (be) used to | *daw- | 193 |
| (stream) valley | *ŋaju | 193 |
| very | *maɣn | 193 |
| very or especially | *lele | 193 |
| vicious | *bari(vari)- | 193 |
| village | *wo | 193 |
| visit | *laɣ- | 193 |
| visit (as guest) | *cma- | 193 |
| voice | *aw | 193 |
| waist | *un’ | 193 |
| wait | *ŋarma- | 193 |
| walk or go | *amam- | 193 |
| wall | *ŋaɣr | 193 |
| walrus | *cuɣnəɣ | 193 |
| want | *aɣn’(i)- | 193 |
| warm | *dak- | 193 |
| wart | *jarq | 193 |
| wash | *ɢaqv- | 193 |
| wash or clean | *d’u- | 193 |
| wash clothes | *cʀoj- | 193 |
| wasp or bee | *χar | 193 |
| watch | *n’u-, *ama- | 193 |
| watch or observe | *daʀr- | 193 |
| watch over | *atŋu- | 193 |
| watchful | *taŋra- | 193 |
| water | *caʀ | 193 |
| (expanse of) water | *dol | 193 |
| wave | *lar | 193 |
| we (inclusive) | *mirn | 193 |
| we two | *mengin | 193 |
| well or hole in ice | *catə | 193 |
| well then | *hala | 193 |
| wet | *cav(cav)- | 193 |
| whale | *geŋ | 193 |
| what | *tunt | 193 |
| what kind | *tamci- | 193 |
| wheel | *gulɣu(l)r | 193 |
| when | *aɣr | 193 |
| where | *ta- | 193 |
| whetstone | *cav | 193 |
| which | *tant | 193 |
| whine or growl | *oŋju- | 193 |
| whirlpool | *pol(vol)ʀ | 193 |
| whistle | *pevr | 193 |
| white | *ɢon- | 193 |
| white or light | *dovla- | 193 |
| white (animal skin) | *cagd’a(la) | 193 |
| whitefish | *waɣr | 193 |
| who | *nar | 193 |
| whole | *data- | 193 |
| wide | *wer- | 193 |
| willow | *gujŋi | 193 |
| win or beat | *kə- | 193 |
| wind | *la | 193 |
| (east or side) wind | *claŋi | 193 |
| (east or north) wind | *lamr | 193 |
| (southeast) wind | *ŋalɣəvr | 193 |
| wind (up) | *davʀ- | 193 |
| window or glass | *paχ | 193 |
| wing | *ŋajɣəř | 193 |
| winter | *tul(u)v | 193 |
| wipe or rub | *pez(pez)- | 193 |
| wolf | *liɣr | 193 |
| woman | *taŋq | 193 |
| woodpecker | *olr | 193 |
| work | *orbot- | 193 |
| work on or exploit | *tɣop- | 193 |
| world or universe | *gurŋ | 193 |
| worm | *cɣevr | 193 |
| worm or (crawling) insect | *perŋ | 193 |
| (intestinal) worm | *ɢorŋi | 194 |
| worry | *gəɣcu- | 194 |
| wound | *təv | 194 |
| wrap | *ŋav- | 194 |
| wrist | *dorpaŋ | 194 |
| write | *daju- | 194 |
| yawn | *tav- | 194 |
| year | *an’(i) | 194 |
| yellow | *evrqwala- | 194 |
| yesterday | *namr | 194 |
| yoke (for carrying) | *d’amraŋ | 194 |
| you | *ci | 194 |
| you (pl.) | *cin(ɣun) | 194 |
| young | *pŋaʀ- | 194 |
| young animal | *noŋq | 194 |
| younger sibling | *ac(i)k(ant) | 194 |
| Vocabulary lists of North Eurasian languages |
|---|
|
European • Balkan • Hurro-Urartian • Hattic • Sumerian (Swadesh) • Elamite • Etruscan • Burushaski • Ural-Altaic • Paleosiberian • p-Japanese • p-Ainu • p-Nivkh • p-Chukotko-Kamchatkan • p-Yukaghir • p-Yeniseian |
| Caucasian |
|
Caucasian • p-Northwest Caucasian • p-Nakh-Daghestanian • p-Kartvelian |
| Uralic |
|
p-Uralic (stable roots) • Finnic • Saami • Mordvinic • Mari • Permic • Ugric • Samoyedic |
| "Altaic" linguistic area |
|
"Altaic" • "p-Altaic" • Turkic • Mongolic • Common Mongolic • Khitan • Taghbach |
| Indo-European |
|
Germanic • Celtic • Romance • Baltic • East Slavic • West Slavic • South Slavic |