Appendix:Khitan word list

The Khitan word list below contains reconstructed Khitan readings by Kane (2009).

Attested Khitan forms with uncertain readings are omitted.

Morphology

Meaning	Khitan small script	Khitan reading
accusative-instrumental	𘱦	er
genitive	𘬐、𘲦、𘬚、𘲵、𘳕、𘰭、𘰕、𘱤	an, en, in, on, un, n, iń, i
dative-locative	𘰍、𘳇、𘯨、𘮡	de, do, dú, iú
prolative (ablative)	𘰍𘱤	de.i
plural	𘰴、𘰺、𘮇、𘬗、𘱪、𘰷	d, t, ad, od, ud, se
past tense	𘲑、𘱦、𘰽、𘱄𘲫、𘮽𘰕 ~ 𘮽𘲫 ~ 𘮠	ar, er, or, l.un, bo.ń ~ b.ún ~ bun
causative/passive	𘱄𘭂 ~ 𘱄𘭽	le.ha ~ le.ge
converb	𘯡𘭢、𘮅、𘲽、𘲳	s.ii, al, ci, ji
copula	𘮧𘲚、𘮽𘲚、𘬜、𘬛、𘯺	p.u ~ b.u, ei, iú, a

Note that Khitan, like Mongolian and Manchu, has suffixing morphology.

Lexicon

No.	Meaning	Chinese	Khitan small script	Khitan reading	Notes
1	again, there, after that		𘮽𘯡	b.as
2	ancestor		𘲚𘰥 𘲐	u.ur ai
3	appoint	除，成為	𘮧𘯶	p.o
4	army	軍	𘬞𘮒	cau.úr
5	autumn		𘰭𘯴𘮒	n.am.úr
6	benevolent		𘬓𘰫𘰥𘮠	hur.ú.ur.bun
7	biexu	別胥	𘮧𘭨𘱁𘮡	b.y.z.iú	a title of nobility for a woman; royal lady
8	big, elder, eldest		𘲜𘯶	m.o
9	black		𘯍𘲚 ~ 𘯍𘮡	yô.u ~ yô.iú
10	blood		𘲽𘱤𘯡	c.i.is
11	blue		𘰷𘱹𘰹 ~ 𘰷𘱹𘮄	s.iau.qu ~ s.iau.qú
12	Book of Documents (Shujing)	書經	𘬥𘮡	ś.iú
13	Book of Odes (Shijing)	詩經	𘯩𘱳	sh.ï
14	border, place	疆，境	𘱥𘲽	xe.ci
15	born, to be born		𘰧
16	bureau of seals and tallies	印牌司	𘳈 𘮧𘲐𘭩	doro p.ai.ss
17	bury		𘭎	kè
18	caifang	採訪	𘰷𘲐 𘱷	s.ai poŋ	investigation commissioner
19	coffin of an emperor		𘲇 𘭊𘰓𘱦	GREAT xo.mú.er	great catalpa
20	ceremony, ritual		𘳈	doro
21	chicken		𘰺𘯛𘯺	te.qo.a
22	child, son		𘮽𘯛	bo.qo
23	children		𘮽𘲲𘮢	bo.hu.án
24	circuit, route	路	𘰕𘰮𘭞	ńi.ô.ho
25	clear	清	𘯡𘲑	as.ar
26	close, cover		𘯶𘲰	o.ju
27	cloud		𘭕𘲀	eu.el
28	come, arrive		𘱥𘱆	x.ui
29	compose	撰	𘮵		the text of an inscription
30	control		𘬓𘰫	hur.ú
31	country	國	𘱚𘮒	g.úr
32	court attendant	郎君	𘬥𘯺𘭗	ś.a.rí
33	crow		𘲲𘭞	hu.ho
34	daughter		𘬝 𘮽𘯛	mó bo.qo	female child, daughter
35	day		𘲺
36	deceased		𘰺𘭽𘱦、𘰺𘭽𘱸 ~ 𘰺𘭽𘰭	te.ge.er (masc.); te.ge.én ~ te.ge.n (fem.)
37	dew		𘬥𘭕𘬷	ś.eu.kả
38	Daily Agenda of the Emperor	起居注	𘮜𘭱 𘲺𘱤 𘱆	284.zủ DAY.i ui
39	die - honorific	薨	𘰊𘮒-	*tur-
40	die - of an emperor	崩	𘱄𘬛𘲢	l.iu.rẻn-
41	die of an illness		𘰷𘱀𘭢-	s.em.ii-
42	die - plain form	亡，無	𘬛	iu	not exist, die
43	dilapidated		𘬜𘮡𘰱 𘮧𘭲𘱆𘱤	ei.iú.cẻ p.u.ui.i
44	disaster, catastrophe		𘲲𘯡𘮅	hu.as.al
45	division		𘲚𘰥	u.úr
46	dog		𘰕𘯛	ńi.qo
47	dogs and falcons		𘰕𘯛 𘬥𘯖𘯺	ńi.qo ś.au.a
48	dragon		𘰐	lu
49	drink	酣飲	𘱑𘲽	êm.ci	stem form: êm
50	dutong	都統	𘬞𘲴 𘬓𘰫	cau.ji hur.ú	campaign commander (person in command of)
51	earth		𘱗、𘱗𘱮	neu, neu.e
52	earth mother		𘱗𘱮 𘬝	neu.e mo	Kitan honorific term for empress
53	east	東	𘭶𘰥	ud.ur
54	edict	敕	𘮛𘱀	k.em
55	eight		𘬌
56	eighty		𘮭
57	elder sister		𘯖	au
58	eldest child	長子	𘲜𘯶 𘮽𘯛	m.o bo.qo
59	emperor	皇帝	𘭝𘬮	hoŋ di	Chinese
60	empress	皇后	𘭝 𘰬	hoŋ heu	Chinese
61	empress dowager	皇太后	𘭝 𘲈 𘰬	hoŋ tai heu	Chinese
62	epitaph	墓誌銘	𘰭𘭪𘰍 𘭃𘱚𘱸 𘯃𘰫	ne.ra:de RECORD.g:én TEXT.ú
63	establish		𘮧𘯶𘲰	p.o.ju-	stem: *poju 'establish', probably from 'to make, to be'
64	estate		𘮧𘯺𘲑 𘮧𘬚	p.a.ar p.in
65	et cetera		𘲽𘲽	ci.ci	together with, et cetera, and others
66	eternal	永	𘭐
67	eulogy	哀冊文	𘱚𘲦𘲫 𘲽𘰄 𘭘𘳕	g.en.ún c.ah w.un
68	falcon		𘬥𘯖𘯺	ś.au.a
69	fall, descend	降	𘲵𘯺𘮢	on.a.án
70	father		𘲐	ai
71	female		𘬝、𘬝𘰺	mó; mó:t (pl.)
72	fifth		𘰺𘮇𘯶𘭞、𘮇𘬗𘯶𘭞	t.ad.o.ho, t.od.o.ho
73	fifty		𘲶
74	filial piety		𘲽𘱤𘯡𘰴𘮠、 𘲽𘱤𘯡𘰴𘮽𘰕、𘲽𘱤𘯡𘰴𘮽𘲫	c.i.is.d.bun, c.i.is.de.bo.ń, ci.i.is.d.b.ún
75	first		𘲜𘯶、𘲜𘯡𘮄、𘲜𘰹𘯡	mo; m.as.qó ~ m.as.qu
76	first day of the lunar month	朔	𘭞𘱄𘮽𘰕	ho.le.bo.ń
77	five		𘬦	tau
78	forty		𘲬
79	four		𘲂	*dur
80	friendly		𘰭𘲐𘲽 ~ 𘰭𘲐𘮏	n.ai.ci ~ n.ai.dzi
81	general	將軍	𘰷𘯀 𘱚𘱕 ~ 𘰷𘭏 𘱚𘱕	s.iaŋ g.ün ~ s.iáŋ g.ün
82	generation		𘰭𘲵	n.on
83	give, provide		𘲆	û-
84	goat	山羊	𘱑𘯺	êm.a
85	good fortune	福	𘱛𘳑	qudug
86	good, goodness		𘬥𘱛、𘬥𘳍𘰄	ś.ia, ś.iá.ah
87	grandchildren		𘮽𘯛𘱤 𘮽𘲲𘮢	bo.qo.i bo.hu.án
88	grandson		𘮽𘯛𘱤 𘮽𘯛	bo.qo.i bo.qo
89	grandfather		𘰂 𘲐	bu ai
90	great grandfather		𘰂 𘰂 𘲐	bu bu ai
91	grant title		𘰺𘱀	t.em-	to enfeoff, to bestow /a title
92	great, big		𘲜𘯶	m.o	masculine?
93	great father		𘲜𘯶 𘲐	m.o ai
94	hare, rabbit		𘬦𘰎𘯺	tau.lí.a
95	harmony		𘰺𘱪	t.ud
96	head		𘱘	nai
97	heaven, sky		𘰲
98	horizontal tents	橫帳	𘱥𘯨𘲫 𘯆𘱦	xe.dú.ún go.er
99	horse		𘲜𘰣	mo.ri
100	house, household		𘯆𘱦	go.er
101	humaneness		𘬓𘰫𘰥𘮠	hur.ú.ur.bun
102	hundred		𘬕	jau
103	hunt		𘲜𘮢𘲫	m.án.ún	PAST
104	husband		𘲐 𘯥	ai ku	male person
105	in charge of		𘬓𘰫	hur.ú	person in charge, person in control
106	initial, first		𘭴𘮒	yủ.úr
107	intercalary month	閏	𘮧𘲀𘯟	p.ul.uh
108	jade	孤穩	𘱚𘲚	g.u
109	jasa	閘撒	𘲽𘯡𘯺	c.as.a	tribal unit
110	jiayin (cyclical term)	甲寅	𘰷𘱹𘮄 𘭅𘭂𘯡	s.iau.qú qa.ha.as	blue tiger
111	khan		𘭅	qa	khan
112	know		𘲩
113	lady		𘰩𘯡𘰕	pu.is.iń	lady
114	left		𘲽𘱚𘲦 ~ 𘮏𘱚𘲦	ci.g.en ~ dzi.g.en
115	linya (Kitan title)	林牙	𘱄𘱑𘯺 ~ 𘱄𘱑𘲲𘯺	l.êm.a ~ l.êm.hu.a	scribe
116	live at, reside		𘰷𘯺	sa-
117	local officials		𘱀𘲦 𘱘𘰴	em:en nai:d
118	long life		𘰷𘲦	s.en
119	lower capital		𘰴𘭵 𘱚𘮰 ~ 𘰺𘭵 𘱚𘮰	de.gẻ g.iŋ ~ te.gẻ g.iŋ
120	madame, née		𘯾	śi
121	male		𘲐𘰴	ai:d
122	man		𘯥 ~ 𘯥𘲚、𘯥𘲆𘳕	ku ~ ku.u; ku.û.un (gen.)
123	marry (of a woman)		𘲆𘲀𘱯-	û.ul.ge-
124	maternal uncle		𘲤𘭂𘮢	na.ha.án
125	matter, affair	事	𘱆	ui
126	mengan ~ mingan (military unit)	猛安	𘰏𘬐	miŋ.án
127	meritorious official	攻臣	𘱚𘱫 𘲽𘮰	g.uŋ c.in	Chinese
128	middle		𘲌𘮒𘲫	dau.úr.ún
129	mid-winter		𘲌𘮒𘲫 𘲚𘲀	dau.úr.ún u.ul
130	miri (small settlement)	彌里，抹里	𘲜𘭗	mo.rí
131	monkey	申	𘮧𘯶 ~ 𘮧𘯶𘯶	p.o ~ p.o.o
132	month	月	𘭧
133	mother		𘬝、𘬝𘰺	mó; mó:t (pl.)
134	mountain		𘬊
135	move, to be transferred		𘬜𘭕𘲳	ei.eu.ji
136	nabo (travelling palace)	行宮	𘰭𘮇𘰂	n.ad.bú
137	name		𘱤𘰣、𘱤𘰣 𘰷	i.ri; i.ri.se (pl.)
138	niangzi (term of respect for a woman of high status)	娘子	𘯖𘱆	aú.ui
139	night		𘰷𘭌	s.uni
140	nine		𘬪	is
141	north		𘬁
142	now, present		𘲫𘰭、𘲫𘱮	ún.n, ún.e
143	official	臣	𘮧𘲚 𘯥	p.u ku
144	official	官	𘱘、𘱘𘰴、𘱘𘲦	nai; nai:d (pl.); nai:en (gen.)	head
145	older brother		𘱛	ia
146	one		𘬣
147	order of years	嵗茨	𘰷𘱄𘮽	se.le.bo
148	ordo (administrative unit)		𘱵	ordu
149	ox		𘭌	uni	(?)
150	past, in the past		𘲽𘲑	c.ar
151	peace, peaceful		𘯡𘲑	as.ar
152	people		𘬾 ~ 𘬾𘲚	hor ~ hor.u
153	pig		𘱆	ui
154	place, local		𘱀	em
155	preface	序	𘭞𘱄𘮽𘰕	ho.le.bo.ń
156	present emperor	今上	𘲫𘰭 𘰗𘲚𘲳	ún.n mu.uji	the present sacred person
157	prime minister		𘲱𘰣𘯜	ja.ri.qó
158	prince		𘭙	oŋ
159	princess	公主	𘱚𘱫 𘲽𘮡 ~ 𘱚𘱫 𘮏𘮡	g.uŋ c.iú ~ g.uŋ dz.iú
160	promote		𘮧𘯶-	p.o-
161	qatun (wife of a khan)		𘱙
162	quote	曰	𘰺𘯗	te.gu
163	rabbit, hare		𘬦𘰎𘯺	tau.lí.a
164	rat		𘳆𘲲
165	record		𘭃𘱚	RECORD.gi
166	red	丙	𘱄𘱹𘰹 ~ 𘱄𘱹𘮄	l.iau.qú ~ l.iau.qu
167	region, area		𘲅
168	region, area, side		𘱥𘰷	xe.se
169	relatives, blood relations		𘲽𘱤𘯡	c.i.is
170	resident at		𘰷𘯺-	s.a-
171	return		𘮧𘬗-	p.od-
172	right (direction word)		𘮽𘭪𘱛𘬐 ~ 𘮽𘭪𘯺𘬐	bo.ra.ia.an ~ bo.ra.a.an
173	ritual, rite, ceremony		𘳈	doro
174	sacred, holy, refers to emperor		𘰗𘲚𘲳 ~ 𘰗𘲚𘲴	mu.ú.ji
175	sad		𘱚𘲦𘲫	g.en.ún
176	seal, imperial seal		𘳈	doro	(?)
177	second (in a series)		𘲽𘰥𘱦 ~ 𘱴𘰥𘱦、𘲽𘰥𘱸	c.úr.er ~ dz.úr.er (masc.), c.úr.én (fem.)
178	section		𘱥𘰷𘭽	xe.se.ge	xe.se 'region, area'
179	servant	僕	𘮪𘲚 𘯥	pú.u ku
180	serve, to serve		𘯶𘲰	o.ju
181	seven		𘲧	*daro ~ dalo
182	seventy		𘮭
183	several, a few		𘮀
184	ʃari (title)	沙里	𘬥𘯺𘭗	ś.a.rí
185	shumiyuan (palace secretariat)	樞密院	𘬥𘮡 𘲜𘱤 𘰙𘰭	ś.iú m.i ü.n
186	siblings, brother(s) and sister(s), brothers and sisters		𘰕𘱹、𘰕𘱹𘰕𘱦、𘰕𘱹𘰕𘲫	ń.iau; ń.iau.ń.er ~ ń.iau.ń.ún (pl.)
187	sick, ill, contract disease		𘰷𘱀	s.em
188	side	陽	𘲱𘰱𘱤	ja.cẻn.i
189	silver		𘲜𘱀	m.em
190	sister, elder		𘯖	au
191	six		𘭬
192	six divisions	六院	𘭬 𘲚𘰥 𘮦	SIX u.ur siỏ
193	sixty		𘱌
194	small		𘯹𘯜	zỏ.qo
195	snake		𘰗𘭞𘯶	mu.ho.o
196	son		𘮽𘯛	bo.qo
197	Song state		𘰷𘱫𘳕 𘱚𘱆、𘰷𘱫𘳕 𘱚𘮒	s.uŋ.un g.ui ~ s.uŋ g.úr
198	south		𘮦
199	south, lower		𘰺𘭵 ~ 𘰴𘭵 ~ 𘰺𘱓𘭵	te.gẻ ~ de.gẻ
200	spouse		𘰭𘰮 ~ 𘰭𘯶	n.ó ~ n.o
201	spring		𘰬𘮒	heu.úr
202	summer		𘲮𘳕	ju.un
203	supreme capital	上京	𘲚𘰥 𘱚𘮰	u.ur g.iŋ
204	sweet dew	甘露	𘮤𘲚 𘬥𘭕𘬷	292.u ś.eu.kả
205	taizi (heir apparent)	太子	𘲈𘭩	tai ss
206	tejin (title: specially advanced)	特進	𘰴𘬜 𘱁𘬚	d.ei z.in
207	ten thousand		𘯸、𘮾
208	tent (tribal unit)	帳	𘭦
209	tent of the junior maternal uncles	小翁帳	𘲤𘭂𘮢𘱦 𘯹𘯜 𘭦	na.ha.án.er zỏ.qó TENT
210	that		𘯏 ~ 𘯏𘲲	qi ~ qi.hu
211	third		𘲲𘰥𘱦、𘲲𘰥𘮈	hu.úr.er (masc.); hu.ur.én (fem.)
212	thirty		𘳀
213	thousand		𘰏	míŋ	(?)
214	three		𘯙	*ɣur	(?)
215	throne	座	𘲲𘯶𘮱	hu.o.gỏ
216	tiger	寅	𘭅𘭂𘯡	qa.ha.as
217	time		𘮗	po
218	title; to grant a title		𘰴𘱀 ~ 𘰺𘱀	d.em ~ t.em
219	together with	同	𘮉𘮒	deu.úr
220	tomb		𘰭𘭪	ne.ra
221	transfer to		𘱥𘱆𘰣𘱯𘬜	x.ui.ri.ge.ei
222	travel		𘰷𘲜𘱸	se.m.én
223	tribe, clan	部	𘰕𘲋𘮒、𘰕𘭲𘮒、𘰕𘰮𘮒、𘰭𘲣𘮒、𘰭𘭲𘮒、𘰕𘭲𘮒、𘰕𘰼𘮒	ńi.oh.úr, ńi.ó.úr, ńi.ô.úr, n.iû.úr, n.ó.úr, ńi.ó.úr, ńi.ô.úr
224	twenty		𘬂
225	two		𘲝
226	uncle (maternal)		𘲤𘭂	naha
227	uncle (elder brother of father)		𘱛 𘲐	ia ai
228	uncle (younger brother of father)		𘮉 𘲐	deu ai
229	upper and lower states (or North and South states) Liao and Song		𘬁 𘰴 𘰺𘭵 𘲝 𘱚𘮒	UPPER.d te.gẻ TWO.g.úr
230	upper, superior		𘬎
231	upright	正	𘰺𘮧 ~ 𘰴𘮧	te.po, de.po
232	venerable		𘰗𘱄𘱚	mu.le.gi
233	virtue	德	𘰺𘬛𘲢	t.iu.rẻn
234	war, battle		𘬞𘮒	cau.úr
235	west		𘬶
236	western capital	西京	𘰷𘱤 𘱚𘮰	s.i g.iŋ
237	white		𘬈
238	wife		𘬝 𘯥	mó ku
239	wine		𘱨𘮽
240	winter		𘲚𘲀	u.ul
241	write		𘲽𘱦	ci:er	PRET
242	writing, character, glyph		𘭖𘱚 ~ 𘮋𘱚	us.gi
243	xianggong (lord)	相公	𘰷𘭏 𘱚𘱫	s.iáŋ g.uŋ
244	xiangwen	詳穩	𘰷𘯢𘳕	s.êŋ.un	chief of an army, a camp, a small tribe or a group of imperial followers
245	year		𘲐	ai
246	years of age		𘭕𘮒	eu.úr
247	yellow		𘮝、𘮞	nügü ~ nigu
248	yilijin (tribal chief)	夷離堇	𘰣𘱚𘲦	ri.g.en
249	yilimian, yilibi (tribal title)	乙林免，夷離畢	𘱏𘮯𘰕	yỉ.l.iń
250	young		𘰳𘮄	YOUNG.qú
251	younger brother		𘮉	deu
252	younger maternal uncles	小舅帳	𘯹𘯜 𘲤𘭂𘮢	zỏ.qo na.ha.an
253	yuyue (tribal title)	于越	𘲆𘭺	û.e
254	zhaotao (bandit suppression commissioner)	招討	𘬕𘬦	jau tau

References

^ Kane, Daniel (2009). The Kitan Language and Script. Handbook of Oriental Studies, vol. 9. Leiden: Brill. →ISBN
^ Kane, 2009, p. 96.
^ Kane, 2009, p. 214.
^ Kane, 2009, p. 109.
^ Kane, 2009, p. 20.
^ Kane, 2009, p. 157.

Vocabulary lists of North Eurasian languages
European • Balkan • Hurro-Urartian • Hattic • Sumerian (Swadesh) • Elamite • Etruscan • Burushaski • Ural-Altaic • Paleosiberian • p-Japanese • p-Ainu • p-Nivkh • p-Chukotko-Kamchatkan • p-Yukaghir • p-Yeniseian
Caucasian
Caucasian • p-Northwest Caucasian • p-Nakh-Daghestanian • p-Kartvelian
Uralic
p-Uralic (stable roots) • Finnic • Saami • Mordvinic • Mari • Permic • Ugric • Samoyedic
"Altaic" linguistic area
"Altaic" • "p-Altaic" • Turkic • Mongolic • Common Mongolic • Khitan • Taghbach
Indo-European
Germanic • Celtic • Romance • Baltic • East Slavic • West Slavic • South Slavic

[1] Kane, Daniel (2009). The Kitan Language and Script. Handbook of Oriental Studies, vol. 9. Leiden: Brill. →ISBN

[kane-2009-96-2] Kane, 2009, p. 96.

[kane-2009-214-3] Kane, 2009, p. 214.

[kane-2009-109-4] Kane, 2009, p. 109.

[kane-2009-20-5] Kane, 2009, p. 20.

[kane-2009-157-6] Kane, 2009, p. 157.

Appendix:Khitan word list

Morphology

Lexicon

References

Wikious

Boobota

Sagapedia