The Khitan word list below contains reconstructed Khitan readings by Kane (2009).
Attested Khitan forms with uncertain readings are omitted.
| Meaning | Khitan reading |
|---|---|
| accusative-instrumental | er |
| genitive | an, en, in, on, un, n, iń, i |
| dative-locative | de, do, dú, iú |
| prolative (ablative) | de.i |
| plural | d, t, ad, od, ud, se |
| past tense | ar, er, or, l.un, bo.ń ~ b.ún ~ bun |
| causative/passive | le.ha ~ le.ge |
| converb | s.ii, al, ci, ji |
| copula | p.u ~ b.u, ei, iú, a |
Note that Khitan, like Mongolian and Manchu, has suffixing morphology.
| No. | Meaning | Chinese | Khitan reading | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | again, there, after that | b.as | ||
| 2 | ancestor | u.ur ai | ||
| 3 | appoint | 除，成為 | p.o | |
| 4 | army | cau.úr | ||
| 5 | autumn | n.am.úr | ||
| 6 | benevolent | hur.ú.ur.bun | ||
| 7 | biexu | 別胥 | b.y.z.iú | a title of nobility for a woman; royal lady |
| 8 | big, elder, eldest | m.o | ||
| 9 | black | yô.u ~ yô.iú | ||
| 10 | blood | c.i.is | ||
| 11 | blue | s.iau.qu ~ s.iau.qú | ||
| 12 | Book of Documents (Shujing) | 書經 | ||
| 13 | Book of Odes (Shijing) | 詩經 | ||
| 14 | border, place | 疆，境 | xe.ci | |
| 15 | born, to be born | |||
| 16 | bureau of seals and tallies | 印牌司 | ||
| 17 | bury | kè | ||
| 18 | caifang | 採訪 | s.ai poŋ | investigation commissioner |
| 19 | coffin of an emperor | GREAT xo.mú.er | great catalpa | |
| 20 | ceremony, ritual | doro | ||
| 21 | chicken | te.qo.a | ||
| 22 | child, son | bo.qo | ||
| 23 | children | bo.hu.án | ||
| 24 | circuit, route | 路 | ńi.ô.ho | |
| 25 | clear | as.ar | ||
| 26 | close, cover | o.ju | ||
| 27 | cloud | eu.el | ||
| 28 | come, arrive | x.ui | ||
| 29 | compose | 撰 | ||
| 30 | control | hur.ú | ||
| 31 | country | g.úr | ||
| 32 | court attendant | 郎君 | ś.a.rí | |
| 33 | crow | hu.ho | ||
| 34 | daughter | mó bo.qo | female child, daughter | |
| 35 | day | |||
| 36 | deceased | te.ge.er (masc.); te.ge.én ~ te.ge.n (fem.) | ||
| 37 | dew | ś.eu.kà | ||
| 38 | Daily Agenda of the Emperor | |||
| 39 | die - honorific | 薨 | *tur- | |
| 40 | die - of an emperor | 崩 | l.iu.rẻn- | |
| 41 | die of an illness | s.em.ii- | ||
| 42 | die - plain form | 亡，無 | iu | not exist, die |
| 43 | dilapidated | ei.iú.cẻ p.u.ui.i | ||
| 44 | disaster, catastrophe | hu.as.al | ||
| 45 | division | u.úr | ||
| 46 | dog | ńi.qo | ||
| 47 | dogs and falcons | ńi.qo ś.au.a | ||
| 48 | dragon | lu | ||
| 49 | drink | êm.ci | stem form: êm | |
| 50 | dutong | 都統 | cau.ji hur.ú | campaign commander (person in command of) |
| 51 | earth | neu, neu.e | ||
| 52 | earth mother | |||
| 53 | east | ud.ur | ||
| 54 | edict | 敕 | k.em | |
| 55 | eight | |||
| 56 | eighty | |||
| 57 | elder sister | au | ||
| 58 | eldest child | m.o bo.qo | ||
| 59 | emperor | 皇帝 | hoŋ di | Chinese |
| 60 | empress | 皇后 | hoŋ heu | Chinese |
| 61 | empress dowager | 皇太后 | hoŋ tai heu | Chinese |
| 62 | epitaph | |||
| 63 | establish | p.o.ju- | stem: *poju 'establish', probably from 'to make, to be' | |
| 64 | estate | p.a.ar p.in | ||
| 65 | et cetera | ci.ci | together with, et cetera, and others | |
| 66 | eternal | 永 | ||
| 67 | eulogy | 哀冊文 | g.en.ún c.ah w.un | |
| 68 | falcon | ś.au.a | ||
| 69 | fall, descend | 降 | on.a.án | |
| 70 | father | ai | ||
| 71 | female | mó; mó:t (pl.) | ||
| 72 | fifth | t.ad.o.ho, t.od.o.ho | ||
| 73 | fifty | |||
| 74 | filial piety | c.i.is.d.bun, c.i.is.de.bo.ń, ci.i.is.d.b.ún | ||
| 75 | first | mo; m.as.qó ~ m.as.qu | ||
| 76 | first day of the lunar month | 朔 | ho.le.bo.ń | |
| 77 | five | tau | ||
| 78 | forty | |||
| 79 | four | |||
| 80 | friendly | n.ai.ci ~ n.ai.dzi | ||
| 81 | general | s.iaŋ g.ün ~ s.iáŋ g.ün | ||
| 82 | generation | n.on | ||
| 83 | give, provide | û- | ||
| 84 | goat | 山羊 | êm.a | |
| 85 | good fortune | 福 | qudug | |
| 86 | good, goodness | ś.ia, ś.iá.ah | ||
| 87 | grandchildren | bo.qo.i bo.hu.án | ||
| 88 | grandson | bo.qo.i bo.qo | ||
| 89 | grandfather | bu ai | ||
| 90 | great grandfather | bu bu ai | ||
| 91 | grant title | t.em- | to enfeoff, to bestow /a title | |
| 92 | great, big | m.o | masculine? | |
| 93 | great father | m.o ai | ||
| 94 | hare, rabbit | tau.lí.a | ||
| 95 | harmony | |||
| 96 | head | nai | ||
| 97 | heaven, sky | |||
| 98 | horizontal tents | 橫帳 | xe.dú.ún go.er | |
| 99 | horse | mo.ri | ||
| 100 | house, household | go.er | ||
| 101 | humaneness | hur.ú.ur.bun | ||
| 102 | hundred | jau | ||
| 103 | hunt | m.án.ún | PAST | |
| 104 | husband | ai ku | male person | |
| 105 | in charge of | hur.ú | person in charge, person in control | |
| 106 | initial, first | yủ.úr | ||
| 107 | intercalary month | 閏 | p.ul.uh | |
| 108 | jade | 孤穩 | g.u | |
| 109 | jasa | 閘撒 | c.as.a | tribal unit |
| 110 | jiayin (cyclical term) | 甲寅 | s.iau.qú qa.ha.as | blue tiger |
| 111 | khan | qa | khan | |
| 112 | know | |||
| 113 | lady | pu.is.iń | lady | |
| 114 | left | ci.g.en ~ dzi.g.en | ||
| 115 | linya (Kitan title) | 林牙 | l.êm.a ~ l.êm.hu.a | scribe |
| 116 | live at, reside | sa- | ||
| 117 | local officials | em:en nai:d | ||
| 118 | long life | s.en | ||
| 119 | lower capital | de.gẻ g.iŋ ~ te.gẻ g.iŋ | ||
| 120 | madame, née | |||
| 121 | male | ai:d | ||
| 122 | man | ku ~ ku.u; ku.û.un (gen.) | ||
| 123 | marry (of a woman) | û.ul.ge- | ||
| 124 | maternal uncle | na.ha.án | ||
| 125 | matter, affair | 事 | ui | |
| 126 | mengan ~ mingan (military unit) | 猛安 | miŋ.án | |
| 127 | meritorious official | 攻臣 | g.uŋ c.in | Chinese |
| 128 | middle | dau.úr.ún | ||
| 129 | mid-winter | |||
| 130 | miri (small settlement) | 彌里，抹里 | ||
| 131 | monkey | 申 | p.o ~ p.o.o | |
| 132 | month | 月 | ||
| 133 | mother | mó; mó:t (pl.) | ||
| 134 | mountain | |||
| 135 | move, to be transferred | ei.eu.ji | ||
| 136 | nabo (travelling palace) | 行宮 | n.ad.bú | |
| 137 | name | i.ri; i.ri.se (pl.) | ||
| 138 | niangzi (term of respect for a woman of high status) | 娘子 | aú.ui | |
| 139 | night | s.uni | ||
| 140 | nine | is | ||
| 141 | north | |||
| 142 | now, present | ún.n, ún.e | ||
| 143 | official | 臣 | p.u ku | |
| 144 | official | 官 | nai; nai:d (pl.); nai:en (gen.) | head |
| 145 | older brother | ia | ||
| 146 | one | |||
| 147 | order of years | 嵗茨 | se.le.bo | |
| 148 | ordo (administratuve unit) | ordu | ||
| 149 | ox | uni | (?) | |
| 150 | past, in the past | c.ar | ||
| 151 | peace, peaceful | as.ar | ||
| 152 | people | hor ~ hor.u | ||
| 153 | pig | ui | ||
| 154 | place, local | em | ||
| 155 | preface | 序 | ho.le.bo.ń | |
| 156 | present emperor | 今上 | ||
| 157 | prime miniter | ja.ri.qó | ||
| 158 | prince | oŋ | ||
| 159 | princess | 公主 | g.uŋ c.iú | |
| 160 | promote | p.o- | ||
| 161 | qatun (wife of a khan) | |||
| 162 | quote | 曰 | te.gu | |
| 163 | rabbit, hare | tau.lí.a | ||
| 164 | rat | |||
| 165 | record | RECORD.gi | ||
| 166 | red | 丙 | l.iau.qú ~ l.iau.qu | |
| 167 | region, area | |||
| 168 | region, area, side | xe.se | ||
| 169 | relatives, blood relations | c.i.is | ||
| 170 | resident at | s.a- | ||
| 171 | return | p.od- | ||
| 172 | right (direction word) | bo.ra.ia.an ~ bo.ra.a.an | ||
| 173 | ritual, rite, ceremony | doro | ||
| 174 | sacred, holy, refers to emperor | mu.ú.ji | ||
| 175 | sad | g.en.ún | ||
| 176 | seal, imperial seal | doro | (?) | |
| 177 | second (in a series) | c.úr.er ~ dz.úr.er (masc.), c.úr.én (fem.) | ||
| 178 | section | xe.se.ge | xe.se 'region, area' | |
| 179 | servant | 僕 | pú.u ku | |
| 180 | serve, to serve | o.ju | ||
| 181 | seven | |||
| 182 | seventy | |||
| 183 | several, a few | |||
| 184 | ʃari (title) | ś.a.rí | ||
| 185 | shumiyan (palace secretariat) | 樞密院 | ||
| 186 | siblings, brother(s) and sister(s), brothers and sisters | ń.iau; ń.iau.ń.er ~ ń.iau.ń.ún (pl.) | ||
| 187 | sick, ill, contract disease | s.em | ||
| 188 | side | 陽 | ja.cẻn.i | |
| 189 | silver | m.em | ||
| 190 | sister, elder | au | ||
| 191 | six | |||
| 192 | six divisions | aú.ui i.ri t.ad.i | ||
| 193 | sixty | |||
| 194 | small | zỏ.qo | ||
| 195 | snake | mo.ho.o | ||
| 196 | son | bo.qo | ||
| 197 | Song state | s.uŋ.un g.ui ~ s.uŋ g.úr | ||
| 198 | south | |||
| 199 | south, lower | te.gẻ ~ de.gẻ | ||
| 200 | spouse | n.ó ~ n.o | ||
| 201 | spring | heu.úr | ||
| 202 | summer | ju.un | ||
| 203 | supreme capital | 上京 | u.ur g.iŋ | |
| 204 | sweet dew | |||
| 205 | taizi (heir apparent) | 太子 | tai ss | |
| 206 | tejin (title: specially advanced) | 特進 | d.ei z.in | |
| 207 | ten thousand | |||
| 208 | tent (tribal unit) | 帳 | ||
| 209 | tent of the junior maternal uncles | 小翁帳 | ||
| 210 | that | qi ~ qi.hu | ||
| 211 | third | hu.úr.er (masc.); hu.ur.én (fem.) | ||
| 212 | thirty | |||
| 213 | thousand | míŋ | (?) | |
| 214 | three | *ɣur | (?) | |
| 215 | throne | hu.o.gỏ | ||
| 216 | tiger | 寅 | qa.ha.as | |
| 217 | time | po | ||
| 218 | title; to grant a title | d.em ~ t.em | ||
| 219 | together with | 同 | deu.úr | |
| 220 | tomb | ne.ra | ||
| 221 | transfer to | x.ui.ri.ge.ei | ||
| 222 | travel | se.m.én | ||
| 223 | tribe, clan | 部 | ńi.oh.úr, ńi.ó.úr, ńi.ô.úr, n.iû.úr, n.ó.úr, ńi.ó.úr, ńi.ô.úr | |
| 224 | twenty | |||
| 225 | two | |||
| 226 | uncle (maternal) | naha | ||
| 227 | uncle (elder brother of father) | ia ai | ||
| 228 | uncle (younger brother of father) | deu ai | ||
| 229 | upper and lower states (or North and South states) Liao and Song | UPPER.d.te.gẻ TWO.g.úr | ||
| 230 | upper, superior | |||
| 231 | upright | 正 | te.po, d.epo | |
| 232 | venerable | mu.le.gi | ||
| 233 | virtue | 德 | t.iu.rẻn | |
| 234 | war, battle | cau.úr | ||
| 235 | west | |||
| 236 | western capital | 西京 | s.i g.iŋ | |
| 237 | white | |||
| 238 | wife | mó ku | ||
| 239 | wine | |||
| 240 | winter | u.ul | ||
| 241 | write | ci:er | PRET | |
| 242 | writing, character, glyph | us.gi | ||
| 243 | xianggong (lord) | 相公 | s.iáŋ g.uŋ | |
| 244 | xiangwen | 詳穩 | s.êŋ.un | chief of an army, a camp, a small tribe or a group of imperial followers |
| 245 | year | ai | ||
| 246 | years of age | eu.úr | ||
| 247 | yellow | *nügü ~ *nigu | ||
| 248 | tribal chief | 夷離堇 | ri.g.en | |
| 249 | tribal title | 乙林免，夷離畢 | yi.l.iń | |
| 250 | young | YOUNG.qú | ||
| 251 | younger brother | deu | ||
| 252 | younger maternal uncles | |||
| 253 | tribal title | 于越 | û.e | |
| 254 | bandit suppression commissioner | 招討 | jau tau |
| Vocabulary lists of North Eurasian languages |
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