Appendix:Khitan word list

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The Khitan word list below contains reconstructed Khitan readings by Kane (2009).

Attested Khitan forms with uncertain readings are omitted.

Morphology

Meaning Khitan small script Khitan reading
accusative-instrumental 𘱦 er
genitive 𘬐、𘲦、𘬚、𘲵、𘳕、𘰭、𘰕、𘱤 an, en, in, on, un, n, iń, i
dative-locative 𘰍、𘳇、𘯨、𘮡 de, do, dú, iú
prolative (ablative) 𘰍𘱤 de.i
plural 𘰴、𘰺、𘮇、𘬗、𘱪、𘰷 d, t, ad, od, ud, se
past tense 𘲑、𘱦、𘰽、𘱄𘲫、𘮽𘰕 ~ 𘮽𘲫 ~ 𘮠 ar, er, or, l.un, bo.ń ~ b.ún ~ bun
causative/passive 𘱄𘭂 ~ 𘱄𘭽 le.ha ~ le.ge
converb 𘯡𘭢、𘮅、𘲽、𘲳 s.ii, al, ci, ji
copula 𘮧𘲚、𘮽𘲚、𘬜、𘬛、𘯺 p.u ~ b.u, ei, iú, a

Note that Khitan, like Mongolian and Manchu, has suffixing morphology.

Lexicon

No. Meaning Chinese Khitan small script Khitan reading Notes
1 again, there, after that 𘮽𘯡 b.as
2 ancestor 𘲚𘰥 𘲐 u.ur ai
3 appoint 成為 𘮧𘯶 p.o
4 army 𘬞𘮒 cau.úr
5 autumn 𘰭𘯴𘮒 n.am.úr
6 benevolent 𘬓𘰫𘰥𘮠 hur.ú.ur.bun
7 biexu 𘮧𘭨𘱁𘮡 b.y.z.iú a title of nobility for a woman; royal lady
8 big, elder, eldest 𘲜𘯶 m.o
9 black 𘯍𘲚 ~ 𘯍𘮡 yô.u ~ yô.iú
10 blood 𘲽𘱤𘯡 c.i.is
11 blue 𘰷𘱹𘰹 ~ 𘰷𘱹𘮄 s.iau.qu ~ s.iau.qú
12 Book of Documents (Shujing) 書經 𘬥𘮡 ś.iú
13 Book of Odes (Shijing) 詩經 𘯩𘱳 sh.ï
14 border, place 𘱥𘲽 xe.ci
15 born, to be born 𘰧
16 bureau of seals and tallies 𘳈 𘮧𘲐𘭩 doro p.ai.ss
17 bury 𘭎
18 caifang 採訪 𘰷𘲐 𘱷 s.ai poŋ investigation commissioner
19 coffin of an emperor 𘲇 𘭊𘰓𘱦 GREAT xo.mú.er great catalpa
20 ceremony, ritual 𘳈 doro
21 chicken 𘰺𘯛𘯺 te.qo.a
22 child, son 𘮽𘯛 bo.qo
23 children 𘮽𘲲𘮢 bo.hu.án
24 circuit, route 𘰕𘰮𘭞 ńi.ô.ho
25 clear 𘯡𘲑 as.ar
26 close, cover 𘯶𘲰 o.ju
27 cloud 𘭕𘲀 eu.el
28 come, arrive 𘱥𘱆 x.ui
29 compose 𘮵 the text of an inscription
30 control 𘬓𘰫 hur.ú
31 country 𘱚𘮒 g.úr
32 court attendant 郎君 𘬥𘯺𘭗 ś.a.rí
33 crow 𘲲𘭞 hu.ho
34 daughter 𘬝 𘮽𘯛 mó bo.qo female child, daughter
35 day 𘲺
36 deceased 𘰺𘭽𘱦、𘰺𘭽𘱸 ~ 𘰺𘭽𘰭 te.ge.er (masc.); te.ge.én ~ te.ge.n (fem.)
37 dew 𘬥𘭕𘬷 ś.eu.kả
38 Daily Agenda of the Emperor 起居 𘮜𘭱 𘲺𘱤 𘱆 284.zủ DAY.i ui
39 die - honorific 𘰊𘮒- *tur-
40 die - of an emperor 𘱄𘬛𘲢 l.iu.rẻn-
41 die of an illness 𘰷𘱀𘭢- s.em.ii-
42 die - plain form 𘬛 iu not exist, die
43 dilapidated 𘬜𘮡𘰱 𘮧𘭲𘱆𘱤 ei.iú.cẻ p.u.ui.i
44 disaster, catastrophe 𘲲𘯡𘮅 hu.as.al
45 division 𘲚𘰥 u.úr
46 dog 𘰕𘯛 ńi.qo
47 dogs and falcons 𘰕𘯛 𘬥𘯖𘯺 ńi.qo ś.au.a
48 dragon 𘰐 lu
49 drink 酣飲 𘱑𘲽 êm.ci stem form: êm
50 dutong 𘬞𘲴 𘬓𘰫 cau.ji hur.ú campaign commander (person in command of)
51 earth 𘱗𘱗𘱮 neu, neu.e
52 earth mother 𘱗𘱮 𘬝 neu.e mo Kitan honorific term for empress
53 east 𘭶𘰥 ud.ur
54 edict 𘮛𘱀 k.em
55 eight 𘬌
56 eighty 𘮭
57 elder sister 𘯖 au
58 eldest child 長子 𘲜𘯶 𘮽𘯛 m.o bo.qo
59 emperor 皇帝 𘭝𘬮 hoŋ di Chinese
60 empress 皇后 𘭝 𘰬 hoŋ heu Chinese
61 empress dowager 皇太后 𘭝 𘲈 𘰬 hoŋ tai heu Chinese
62 epitaph 墓誌銘 𘰭𘭪𘰍 𘭃𘱚𘱸 𘯃𘰫 ne.ra:de RECORD.g:én TEXT
63 establish 𘮧𘯶𘲰 p.o.ju- stem: *poju 'establish', probably from 'to make, to be'
64 estate 𘮧𘯺𘲑 𘮧𘬚 p.a.ar p.in
65 et cetera 𘲽𘲽 ci.ci together with, et cetera, and others
66 eternal 𘭐
67 eulogy 𘱚𘲦𘲫 𘲽𘰄 𘭘𘳕 g.en.ún c.ah w.un
68 falcon 𘬥𘯖𘯺 ś.au.a
69 fall, descend 𘲵𘯺𘮢 on.a.án
70 father 𘲐 ai
71 female 𘬝、𘬝𘰺 mó; mó:t (pl.)
72 fifth 𘰺𘮇𘯶𘭞、𘮇𘬗𘯶𘭞 t.ad.o.ho, t.od.o.ho
73 fifty 𘲶
74 filial piety 𘲽𘱤𘯡𘰴𘮠、 𘲽𘱤𘯡𘰴𘮽𘰕、𘲽𘱤𘯡𘰴𘮽𘲫 c.i.is.d.bun, c.i.is.de.bo.ń, ci.i.is.d.b.ún
75 first 𘲜𘯶、𘲜𘯡𘮄、𘲜𘰹𘯡 mo; m.as.qó ~ m.as.qu
76 first day of the lunar month 𘭞𘱄𘮽𘰕 ho.le.bo.ń
77 five 𘬦 tau
78 forty 𘲬
79 four 𘲂 *dur
80 friendly 𘰭𘲐𘲽 ~ 𘰭𘲐𘮏 n.ai.ci ~ n.ai.dzi
81 general 將軍 𘰷𘯀 𘱚𘱕 ~ 𘰷𘭏 𘱚𘱕 s.iaŋ g.ün ~ s.iáŋ g.ün
82 generation 𘰭𘲵 n.on
83 give, provide 𘲆 û-
84 goat 山羊 𘱑𘯺 êm.a
85 good fortune 𘱛𘳑 qudug
86 good, goodness 𘬥𘱛、𘬥𘳍𘰄 ś.ia, ś.iá.ah
87 grandchildren 𘮽𘯛𘱤 𘮽𘲲𘮢 bo.qo.i bo.hu.án
88 grandson 𘮽𘯛𘱤 𘮽𘯛 bo.qo.i bo.qo
89 grandfather 𘰂 𘲐 bu ai
90 great grandfather 𘰂 𘰂 𘲐 bu bu ai
91 grant title 𘰺𘱀 t.em- to enfeoff, to bestow /a title
92 great, big 𘲜𘯶 m.o masculine?
93 great father 𘲜𘯶 𘲐 m.o ai
94 hare, rabbit 𘬦𘰎𘯺 tau.lí.a
95 harmony 𘰺𘱪 t.ud
96 head 𘱘 nai
97 heaven, sky 𘰲
98 horizontal tents 𘱥𘯨𘲫 𘯆𘱦 xe.dú.ún go.er
99 horse 𘲜𘰣 mo.ri
100 house, household 𘯆𘱦 go.er
101 humaneness 𘬓𘰫𘰥𘮠 hur.ú.ur.bun
102 hundred 𘬕 jau
103 hunt 𘲜𘮢𘲫 m.án.ún PAST
104 husband 𘲐 𘯥 ai ku male person
105 in charge of 𘬓𘰫 hur.ú person in charge, person in control
106 initial, first 𘭴𘮒 yủ.úr
107 intercalary month 𘮧𘲀𘯟 p.ul.uh
108 jade 𘱚𘲚 g.u
109 jasa 𘲽𘯡𘯺 c.as.a tribal unit
110 jiayin (cyclical term) 甲寅 𘰷𘱹𘮄 𘭅𘭂𘯡 s.iau.qú qa.ha.as blue tiger
111 khan 𘭅 qa khan
112 know 𘲩
113 lady 𘰩𘯡𘰕 pu.is.iń lady
114 left 𘲽𘱚𘲦 ~ 𘮏𘱚𘲦 ci.g.en ~ dzi.g.en
115 linya (Kitan title) 𘱄𘱑𘯺 ~ 𘱄𘱑𘲲𘯺 l.êm.a ~ l.êm.hu.a scribe
116 live at, reside 𘰷𘯺 sa-
117 local officials 𘱀𘲦 𘱘𘰴 em:en nai:d
118 long life 𘰷𘲦 s.en
119 lower capital 𘰴𘭵 𘱚𘮰 ~ 𘰺𘭵 𘱚𘮰 de.gẻ g.iŋ ~ te.gẻ g.iŋ
120 madame, née 𘯾 śi
121 male 𘲐𘰴 ai:d
122 man 𘯥 ~ 𘯥𘲚、𘯥𘲆𘳕 ku ~ ku.u; ku.û.un (gen.)
123 marry (of a woman) 𘲆𘲀𘱯- û.ul.ge-
124 maternal uncle 𘲤𘭂𘮢 na.ha.án
125 matter, affair 𘱆 ui
126 mengan ~ mingan (military unit) 𘰏𘬐 miŋ.án
127 meritorious official 𘱚𘱫 𘲽𘮰 g.uŋ c.in Chinese
128 middle 𘲌𘮒𘲫 dau.úr.ún
129 mid-winter 𘲌𘮒𘲫 𘲚𘲀 dau.úr.ún u.ul
130 miri (small settlement) 𘲜𘭗 mo.rí
131 monkey 𘮧𘯶 ~ 𘮧𘯶𘯶 p.o ~ p.o.o
132 month 𘭧
133 mother 𘬝𘬝𘰺 mó; mó:t (pl.)
134 mountain 𘬊
135 move, to be transferred 𘬜𘭕𘲳 ei.eu.ji
136 nabo (travelling palace) 行宮 𘰭𘮇𘰂 n.ad.bú
137 name 𘱤𘰣𘱤𘰣𘰷 i.ri; i.ri.se (pl.)
138 niangzi (term of respect for a woman of high status) 娘子 𘯖𘱆 aú.ui
139 night 𘰷𘭌 s.uni
140 nine 𘬪 is
141 north 𘬁
142 now, present 𘲫𘰭𘲫𘱮 ún.n, ún.e
143 official 𘮧𘲚 𘯥 p.u ku
144 official 𘱘、𘱘𘰴、𘱘𘲦 nai; nai:d (pl.); nai:en (gen.) head
145 older brother 𘱛 ia
146 one 𘬣
147 order of years 𘰷𘱄𘮽 se.le.bo
148 ordo (administrative unit) 𘱵 ordu
149 ox 𘭌 uni (?)
150 past, in the past 𘲽𘲑 c.ar
151 peace, peaceful 𘯡𘲑 as.ar
152 people 𘬾 ~ 𘬾𘲚 hor ~ hor.u
153 pig 𘱆 ui
154 place, local 𘱀 em
155 preface 𘭞𘱄𘮽𘰕 ho.le.bo.ń
156 present emperor 今上 𘲫𘰭 𘰗𘲚𘲳 ún.n mu.uji the present sacred person
157 prime minister 𘲱𘰣𘯜 ja.ri.qó
158 prince 𘭙
159 princess 公主 𘱚𘱫 𘲽𘮡 ~ 𘱚𘱫 𘮏𘮡 g.uŋ c.iú ~ g.uŋ dz.iú
160 promote 𘮧𘯶- p.o-
161 qatun (wife of a khan) 𘱙
162 quote 𘰺𘯗 te.gu
163 rabbit, hare 𘬦𘰎𘯺 tau.lí.a
164 rat 𘳆𘲲
165 record 𘭃𘱚 RECORD.gi
166 red 𘱄𘱹𘰹 ~ 𘱄𘱹𘮄 l.iau.qú ~ l.iau.qu
167 region, area 𘲅
168 region, area, side 𘱥𘰷 xe.se
169 relatives, blood relations 𘲽𘱤𘯡 c.i.is
170 resident at 𘰷𘯺- s.a-
171 return 𘮧𘬗- p.od-
172 right (direction word) 𘮽𘭪𘱛𘬐 ~ 𘮽𘭪𘯺𘬐 bo.ra.ia.an ~ bo.ra.a.an
173 ritual, rite, ceremony 𘳈 doro
174 sacred, holy, refers to emperor 𘰗𘲚𘲳 ~ 𘰗𘲚𘲴 mu.ú.ji
175 sad 𘱚𘲦𘲫 g.en.ún
176 seal, imperial seal 𘳈 doro (?)
177 second (in a series) 𘲽𘰥𘱦 ~ 𘱴𘰥𘱦、𘲽𘰥𘱸 c.úr.er ~ dz.úr.er (masc.), c.úr.én (fem.)
178 section 𘱥𘰷𘭽 xe.se.ge xe.se 'region, area'
179 servant 𘮪𘲚 𘯥 pú.u ku
180 serve, to serve 𘯶𘲰 o.ju
181 seven 𘲧 *daro ~ dalo
182 seventy 𘮭
183 several, a few 𘮀
184 ʃari (title) 𘬥𘯺𘭗 ś.a.rí
185 shumiyuan (palace secretariat) 樞密院 𘬥𘮡 𘲜𘱤 𘰙𘰭 ś.iú m.i ü.n
186 siblings, brother(s) and sister(s), brothers and sisters 𘰕𘱹、𘰕𘱹𘰕𘱦、𘰕𘱹𘰕𘲫 ń.iau; ń.iau.ń.er ~ ń.iau.ń.ún (pl.)
187 sick, ill, contract disease 𘰷𘱀 s.em
188 side 𘲱𘰱𘱤 ja.cẻn.i
189 silver 𘲜𘱀 m.em
190 sister, elder 𘯖 au
191 six 𘭬
192 six divisions 𘭬 𘲚𘰥 𘮦 SIX u.ur siỏ
193 sixty 𘱌
194 small 𘯹𘯜 zỏ.qo
195 snake 𘰗𘭞𘯶 mu.ho.o
196 son 𘮽𘯛 bo.qo
197 Song state 𘰷𘱫𘳕 𘱚𘱆、𘰷𘱫𘳕 𘱚𘮒 s.uŋ.un g.ui ~ s.uŋ g.úr
198 south 𘮦
199 south, lower 𘰺𘭵 ~ 𘰴𘭵 ~ 𘰺𘱓𘭵 te.gẻ ~ de.gẻ
200 spouse 𘰭𘰮 ~ 𘰭𘯶 n.ó ~ n.o
201 spring 𘰬𘮒 heu.úr
202 summer 𘲮𘳕 ju.un
203 supreme capital 上京 𘲚𘰥 𘱚𘮰 u.ur g.iŋ
204 sweet dew 甘露 𘮤𘲚 𘬥𘭕𘬷 292.u ś.eu.kả
205 taizi (heir apparent) 太子 𘲈𘭩 tai ss
206 tejin (title: specially advanced) 特進 𘰴𘬜 𘱁𘬚 d.ei z.in
207 ten thousand 𘯸、𘮾
208 tent (tribal unit) 𘭦
209 tent of the junior maternal uncles 𘲤𘭂𘮢𘱦 𘯹𘯜 𘭦 na.ha.án.er zỏ.qó TENT
210 that 𘯏 ~ 𘯏𘲲 qi ~ qi.hu
211 third 𘲲𘰥𘱦、𘲲𘰥𘮈 hu.úr.er (masc.); hu.ur.én (fem.)
212 thirty 𘳀
213 thousand 𘰏 míŋ (?)
214 three 𘯙 *ɣur (?)
215 throne 𘲲𘯶𘮱 hu.o.gỏ
216 tiger 𘭅𘭂𘯡 qa.ha.as
217 time 𘮗 po
218 title; to grant a title 𘰴𘱀 ~ 𘰺𘱀 d.em ~ t.em
219 together with 𘮉𘮒 deu.úr
220 tomb 𘰭𘭪 ne.ra
221 transfer to 𘱥𘱆𘰣𘱯𘬜 x.ui.ri.ge.ei
222 travel 𘰷𘲜𘱸 se.m.én
223 tribe, clan 𘰕𘲋𘮒、𘰕𘭲𘮒、𘰕𘰮𘮒、𘰭𘲣𘮒、𘰭𘭲𘮒、𘰕𘭲𘮒、𘰕𘰼𘮒 ńi.oh.úr, ńi.ó.úr, ńi.ô.úr, n.iû.úr, n.ó.úr, ńi.ó.úr, ńi.ô.úr
224 twenty 𘬂
225 two 𘲝
226 uncle (maternal) 𘲤𘭂 naha
227 uncle (elder brother of father) 𘱛 𘲐 ia ai
228 uncle (younger brother of father) 𘮉 𘲐 deu ai
229 upper and lower states (or North and South states) Liao and Song 𘬁𘰴 𘰺𘭵 𘲝 𘱚𘮒 UPPER.d te.gẻ TWO.g.úr
230 upper, superior 𘬎
231 upright 𘰺𘮧 ~ 𘰴𘮧 te.po, de.po
232 venerable 𘰗𘱄𘱚 mu.le.gi
233 virtue 𘰺𘬛𘲢 t.iu.rẻn
234 war, battle 𘬞𘮒 cau.úr
235 west 𘬶
236 western capital 西京 𘰷𘱤 𘱚𘮰 s.i g.iŋ
237 white 𘬈
238 wife 𘬝𘯥 mó ku
239 wine 𘱨𘮽
240 winter 𘲚𘲀 u.ul
241 write 𘲽𘱦 ci:er PRET
242 writing, character, glyph 𘭖𘱚 ~ 𘮋𘱚 us.gi
243 xianggong (lord) 相公 𘰷𘭏 𘱚𘱫 s.iáŋ g.uŋ
244 xiangwen 𘰷𘯢𘳕 s.êŋ.un chief of an army, a camp, a small tribe or a group of imperial followers
245 year 𘲐 ai
246 years of age 𘭕𘮒 eu.úr
247 yellow 𘮝𘮞 *nügü ~ *nigu
248 yilijin (tribal chief) 𘰣𘱚𘲦 ri.g.en
249 yilimian, yilibi (tribal title) 𘱏𘮯𘰕 yỉ.l.iń
250 young 𘰳𘮄 YOUNG.qú
251 younger brother 𘮉 deu
252 younger maternal uncles 小舅 𘯹𘯜 𘲤𘭂𘮢 zỏ.qo na.ha.an
253 yuyue (tribal title) 𘲆𘭺 û.e
254 zhaotao (bandit suppression commissioner) 𘬕𘬦 jau tau

References

  1. ^ Kane, Daniel (2009). The Kitan Language and Script. Handbook of Oriental Studies, vol. 9. Leiden: Brill. →ISBN
  2. ^ Kane, 2009, p. 96.
  3. ^ Kane, 2009, p. 214.
  4. ^ Kane, 2009, p. 109.
  5. ^ Kane, 2009, p. 20.
  6. ^ Kane, 2009, p. 157.
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