Appendix:Proto-Yeniseian reconstructions

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Proto-Yeniseian reconstructions:

Starostin & Ruhlen (1994)

No. English gloss Proto-Yeniseian
1 adjective suffix *-se
2 alive *ʔeʔte
3 angry (to be) *χəjbʌč
4 arm *xɨre
5 armful *kʌm-
6 armpit *qoʎ-
7 autumn *χogde
8 awl *duʔt
9 back (n.) *χɔb-
10 back (adv.) *suga
11 badger *χas
12 bald/naked *tɔtpʌl-
13 be *hʌs-
14 beak *kup
15 bear (n.) *čajaŋ
16 beard *kuʎe(p)
17 belt₁ *hʌqtʌ
18 belt₂ *guʔda
19 berry *sulpe-
20 big *χeʔ
21 bile/bitter *qʌqʌr
22 birch bark *χɨʔw-
23 birch tree *xūsa
24 bird *duma
25 blood *sur
26 boat₁ *tʌχʌ-
27 boat₂ *qä(ʔ)p
28 boil (v.) *ʔəqan
29 bone *ʔaʔd
30 bow (n.) *χɨʔǰ
31 braid (of hair) *sug-
32 branch *ʔəqe
33 breast *təga
34 breath *ʔir₁- ~ *ʔiŕ-
35 brother *bis
36 bud *bajbʌl
37 burn/fire *χɔt
38 cedar *päʔj
39 cheek *χol-
40 child₁ *pʌl- ~ *pʌŕ- ~ *pʌr₁-
41 child₂ *dᶻʌl
42 children *gəʔt
43 clay *tuʔw-
44 clay/dirt *təq-
45 clean (adj.) *tur- ~ *tul-
46 clean (v.) *-pʌx-
47 clear (about weather) *puʔr
48 clothes *χäʔdᶻ
49 cloud *(ʔas-)pʌr
50 cold/frost *ǰʌr₁ ~ *ǰʌl
51 comb *tuxʌ-ñ
52 copper *tɨʔn
53 copper/ore *čur-
54 cough *χaqtʌm
55 cow *tiχa
56 crane (bird) *xɨme
57 cry (tears) *-ʌǰʌ(n)-
58 cry/shout *(h)uxʌ-
59 cut *pak-
60 daughter/son *puʔ-n ‘daughter’
60 daughter/son *puʔ-b ‘son’
61 day *xi(ʔ)ɢ
62 day(time) *χōŋ
63 deep *pōqe
64 deer *sēr₁e
65 die/death *qɔ-
66 dirt *dʌr-
67 do *wʌ-
68 dog *čip ~ *čib
69 door₁ *ʔeŕk-
70 door₂ *ʔajtol
71 dry *qʌj-
72 duck₁ (n.) *tɔ̄q
73 duck₂ (n.) *ʔalg-
74 eagle *dʌʔɢ-
75 ear *ʔɔqtʌ ~ *ʔɔgde
76 earth *baʔŋ
77 eat *siɢ-
78 egg/fish eggs *jeŋ ~ *jɔŋ
79 elbow/joint *gid
80 elk *ɢʌ̄ja
81 empty *ɢūj
82 ermine *kulʌp
83 evening *bis
84 excrement/dirt *poʔq
85 eye *de-s
86 face *bat(t)-
87 face/chin *bunč-
88 fat (n.) *gɨʔd
89 father *ʔob
90 fathom (2.13 meters) *χän
91 field *kʌb-
92 fir/spruce *dɨñe
93 fire *boʔk
94 fish trap *dōb-
95 fist *kʌ̄ŋq-
96 five *qäka
97 flee *čaq-
98 flour₁ *talkʌn
99 flour₂ *qʌ(ʔ)ŕ ~ *qʌ(ʔ)j
100 fly/gnat *tɨt-
101 fog *qʌʔŋ-
102 foot₁ *kiʔs
103 foot₂ *bul
104 four *sika
105 fox *kəqʌn
106 frog *xɨʔr-
107 full *ʔute
108 give *qəǰ-
109 glue *piʔt
110 go *hejʌŋ
111 good *haq-
112 goods (furs) *ŕəq-
113 goose *čem-
114 grass *gʌre
115 guest *ǰa-ŋ
116 guts *pɨʔɨʎ
117 hail *baŕbʌd
118 hair *cəŋe
119 half₁ *su-
120 half₂ *ʔa(ʔ)l
121 hand *pʌg-
122 he *dʌ
123 he/she *wʌ
124 head₁ *cɨʔɢ-
125 head₂ *kəŕga-
126 heart *pu-
127 heavy *səɢ-
128 heel *sʌɢʌ(-dᶻʌ)
129 high *tɨŋgɨr-
130 hole *χuχ
131 horn *χɔʔ
132 horse *kuʔs
133 house/tent *χuʔs
134 hundred *jus
135 hunger *ɢɔɢant
136 husband *cʌ(n)t-
137 I *ʔadᶻ
138 idol *guʔus
139 interrogative pronoun root *wir₁
140 intestine (small) *tūʎ
141 iron *ʔeχʌ
142 jaw *piŋkadᶻ
143 knead *loŋ-
144 knee *bat-
145 knife *doʔn
146 lake *deʔɢ
147 land/soil *su
148 larch *seʔs
149 laugh *ǰāqʌ-
150 leaf *jə̄pe
151 light (adj. & n.) *gəʔn-
152 light/cheap *toŕ-
153 lip *ŕɔn
154 liver *seŋ
155 log *bäk
156 long *ʔux-
157 low *pitʌm-
158 low/below *kan-
159 lungs *sisa(l)-
160 male *ɨχ(ʌ)
161 man₁ *keʔt
162 man₂ *pixe
163 meadow *ʔoɢ-
164 meat *ʔise
165 milk/nipple *de(ʔ)n
166 mitten *bɔq-
167 moon *(ʔʌ)suj
168 morning *pʌk-
169 mother *ʔama
170 mountain₁ *ŕɨʔǰ
171 mountain₂ (wooded) *qäʔj
172 mouse *jūta
173 mouth *χowe
174 mushroom *borba
175 my *b- ~ *ʔab-
176 name *ʔiɢ
177 navel *tɨr- ~ *tɨl-
178 neck₁ *pujm-
179 neck₂ *kəqənt-
180 needle *ʔiʔn
181 net *pəʔŋ
182 nettle *kita
183 new *tur- ~ *tul
184 night *siɢ
185 night (spend the —) *saɢar₁
186 nine *ǰum-
187 nit *jog- ~ *jok
188 no/not₁ *wə-
189 no/not₂ *ʔat ~ *ta-
190 nose₁ *ʔolk-
191 nose₂ *xaŋ
192 nut *im
193 old/decrepit *sin
194 one *χu-sa
195 onion *guwurkʌn-
196 otter *täχʌr
197 outside *hər₁-
198 owl/hawk *kʌg-
199 palm *battɔp ~ *pattɔp
200 path/road *qoʔt
201 penis/testicles *gʌns-
202 people *ǰeʔ-ŋ
203 perch (fish) *təʔɢ-
204 pike *χūǰa
205 pine tree *ʔej-
206 plural suffix₁ *-ŋ
207 plural suffix₂ *-nʌ
208 point *saʔr₁
209 pole (of a tent) *həgʌne
210 prince *χɨj(e)
211 rabbit *ʔaχ ~ *ʔak
212 rain *xur ~ *xur-es
213 reins/bridle *kūnd-
214 relative adjective suffix *-tu-
215 rib *ʔuʎadᶻ
216 river *ses
217 road *χɨχ
218 root₁ *čīǰ-
219 root₂ *tempʌl
220 rope₁ *ʔāŋ-
221 rope₂ *tiʔ
222 sable *xēǰa
223 saliva₁ *duk ~ duq
224 saliva₂ *huŕʌŋ
225 salt *čəʔ
226 sand *pənʌŋ
227 seven *ʔoʔn
228 shaman *sen
229 sharp *ʔete
230 shoe/boot *cēse
231 shoulder *ken-
232 six *ʔaχʌ
233 (animal) skin *sǟs
234 sky/god *ʔes
235 slave/servant *har-
236 sled *soʔol
237 sleep₁ (v.) *xus
238 sleep₂ (n.) *sʌm-
239 sly/deceive *ʔaru-
240 smoke (n.) *duʔχ-
241 snake/fish *cīk
242 snow₁ *tiχ
243 snow₂ *beʔč ‘snow’
244 snow crust *čaɢ ~ čak
245 soft *puɢʌm-
246 sole *kassad
247 son-in-law/brother-in-law *ʔēñe
248 soon *ʔäʔc
249 soup *ʔuʔχ ~ *xuʔk
250 spoon *kalp
251 spring (season) *xɨ̄ǰe
252 spring/waterhole in the ice *sin-
253 squirrel *saʔqa
254 star *qɔ̄qa
255 sterlet (kind of fish) *ʔok
256 stocking *bulor
257 stone *čɨʔs
258 straight *tat(aŋ)
259 (ski-)strap *ʔēs-
260 (bow) string *cu(ʔ) ~ *cuc
261 strong₁ *bɨd-
262 strong₂ *ʎa(ʔ)
263 stump *sʌŋgʌl-
264 summer *sir₁-
265 sun *xiɢa
266 swamp/lake *täk-
267 swan *čike
268 sweet *pir₁-
269 tail *puɢaǰ
270 ten₁ *χɔɢa
271 ten₂ *tuʔ-ŋ
272 tent *χuʔs
273 that *ka-
274 thigh *päp-
275 thin *paksʌm
276 this *tu-
277 thou *ʔaw ~ ʔu
278 thou/you *kʌ- ~ *ʔʌk-
279 three *doʔŋa
280 throat *kərʌd ~ *gərʌd
281 tongue *ʔej
282 twenty *ʔeʔχ
283 two *xɨ-na
284 unmarried *ʔəpʌl
285 utensil *sɨʔχ ‘trough for dough’
286 vulva₁ *ŕɔs
287 vulva₂ *gar
288 war *kār₁e
289 warm *xus- ~ *xuʔus
290 water *xur₁
291 wet *xura
292 where *wir₁
293 white *täk- ~ *täkam
294 who₁ *wɨ ~ *we-
295 who₂ *ʔan-
296 who₃ *ʔas- ~ *sʌ-
297 wide *χiɢʌʎ
298 widow *bəs
299 willow *dəʎe
300 wind *bej
301 winter *gəte
302 witch/she-devil *qos
303 wolverine₁ *kūñ
304 wolverine₂ *pestap
305 woman₁ *qʌm-
306 woman₂ *ʔalit ~ *ʔar₁it
307 wood₁ *ʔɔkse
308 wood₂ *xaʔq
309 wood₃ (rotten) *tulaq
310 word *qä(ʔ)ɢ
311 year *sɨ̄ɢa
312 yellow *suŕ-
313 yesterday *kʌns-

References

  1. ^ Starostin, Sergei A., and Merritt Ruhlen. (1994). Proto-Yeniseian Reconstructions, with Extra-Yeniseian Comparisons. In M. Ruhlen, On the Origin of Languages: Studies in Linguistic Taxonomy. Stanford: Stanford University Press. pp. 70–92.
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