Appendix:Proto-Yeniseian reconstructions
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Proto-Yeniseian reconstructions:
Starostin & Ruhlen (1994)
| No. | English gloss | Proto-Yeniseian |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | adjective suffix | *-se |
| 2 | alive | *ʔeʔte |
| 3 | angry (to be) | *χəjbʌč |
| 4 | arm | *xɨre |
| 5 | armful | *kʌm- |
| 6 | armpit | *qoʎ- |
| 7 | autumn | *χogde |
| 8 | awl | *duʔt |
| 9 | back (n.) | *χɔb- |
| 10 | back (adv.) | *suga |
| 11 | badger | *χas |
| 12 | bald/naked | *tɔtpʌl- |
| 13 | be | *hʌs- |
| 14 | beak | *kup |
| 15 | bear (n.) | *čajaŋ |
| 16 | beard | *kuʎe(p) |
| 17 | belt₁ | *hʌqtʌ |
| 18 | belt₂ | *guʔda |
| 19 | berry | *sulpe- |
| 20 | big | *χeʔ |
| 21 | bile/bitter | *qʌqʌr |
| 22 | birch bark | *χɨʔw- |
| 23 | birch tree | *xūsa |
| 24 | bird | *duma |
| 25 | blood | *sur |
| 26 | boat₁ | *tʌχʌ- |
| 27 | boat₂ | *qä(ʔ)p |
| 28 | boil (v.) | *ʔəqan |
| 29 | bone | *ʔaʔd |
| 30 | bow (n.) | *χɨʔǰ |
| 31 | braid (of hair) | *sug- |
| 32 | branch | *ʔəqe |
| 33 | breast | *təga |
| 34 | breath | *ʔir₁- ~ *ʔiŕ- |
| 35 | brother | *bis |
| 36 | bud | *bajbʌl |
| 37 | burn/fire | *χɔt |
| 38 | cedar | *päʔj |
| 39 | cheek | *χol- |
| 40 | child₁ | *pʌl- ~ *pʌŕ- ~ *pʌr₁- |
| 41 | child₂ | *dᶻʌl |
| 42 | children | *gəʔt |
| 43 | clay | *tuʔw- |
| 44 | clay/dirt | *təq- |
| 45 | clean (adj.) | *tur- ~ *tul- |
| 46 | clean (v.) | *-pʌx- |
| 47 | clear (about weather) | *puʔr |
| 48 | clothes | *χäʔdᶻ |
| 49 | cloud | *(ʔas-)pʌr |
| 50 | cold/frost | *ǰʌr₁ ~ *ǰʌl |
| 51 | comb | *tuxʌ-ñ |
| 52 | copper | *tɨʔn |
| 53 | copper/ore | *čur- |
| 54 | cough | *χaqtʌm |
| 55 | cow | *tiχa |
| 56 | crane (bird) | *xɨme |
| 57 | cry (tears) | *-ʌǰʌ(n)- |
| 58 | cry/shout | *(h)uxʌ- |
| 59 | cut | *pak- |
| 60 | daughter/son | *puʔ-n ‘daughter’ |
| 60 | daughter/son | *puʔ-b ‘son’ |
| 61 | day | *xi(ʔ)ɢ |
| 62 | day(time) | *χōŋ |
| 63 | deep | *pōqe |
| 64 | deer | *sēr₁e |
| 65 | die/death | *qɔ- |
| 66 | dirt | *dʌr- |
| 67 | do | *wʌ- |
| 68 | dog | *čip ~ *čib |
| 69 | door₁ | *ʔeŕk- |
| 70 | door₂ | *ʔajtol |
| 71 | dry | *qʌj- |
| 72 | duck₁ (n.) | *tɔ̄q |
| 73 | duck₂ (n.) | *ʔalg- |
| 74 | eagle | *dʌʔɢ- |
| 75 | ear | *ʔɔqtʌ ~ *ʔɔgde |
| 76 | earth | *baʔŋ |
| 77 | eat | *siɢ- |
| 78 | egg/fish eggs | *jeŋ ~ *jɔŋ |
| 79 | elbow/joint | *gid |
| 80 | elk | *ɢʌ̄ja |
| 81 | empty | *ɢūj |
| 82 | ermine | *kulʌp |
| 83 | evening | *bis |
| 84 | excrement/dirt | *poʔq |
| 85 | eye | *de-s |
| 86 | face | *bat(t)- |
| 87 | face/chin | *bunč- |
| 88 | fat (n.) | *gɨʔd |
| 89 | father | *ʔob |
| 90 | fathom (2.13 meters) | *χän |
| 91 | field | *kʌb- |
| 92 | fir/spruce | *dɨñe |
| 93 | fire | *boʔk |
| 94 | fish trap | *dōb- |
| 95 | fist | *kʌ̄ŋq- |
| 96 | five | *qäka |
| 97 | flee | *čaq- |
| 98 | flour₁ | *talkʌn |
| 99 | flour₂ | *qʌ(ʔ)ŕ ~ *qʌ(ʔ)j |
| 100 | fly/gnat | *tɨt- |
| 101 | fog | *qʌʔŋ- |
| 102 | foot₁ | *kiʔs |
| 103 | foot₂ | *bul |
| 104 | four | *sika |
| 105 | fox | *kəqʌn |
| 106 | frog | *xɨʔr- |
| 107 | full | *ʔute |
| 108 | give | *qəǰ- |
| 109 | glue | *piʔt |
| 110 | go | *hejʌŋ |
| 111 | good | *haq- |
| 112 | goods (furs) | *ŕəq- |
| 113 | goose | *čem- |
| 114 | grass | *gʌre |
| 115 | guest | *ǰa-ŋ |
| 116 | guts | *pɨʔɨʎ |
| 117 | hail | *baŕbʌd |
| 118 | hair | *cəŋe |
| 119 | half₁ | *su- |
| 120 | half₂ | *ʔa(ʔ)l |
| 121 | hand | *pʌg- |
| 122 | he | *dʌ |
| 123 | he/she | *wʌ |
| 124 | head₁ | *cɨʔɢ- |
| 125 | head₂ | *kəŕga- |
| 126 | heart | *pu- |
| 127 | heavy | *səɢ- |
| 128 | heel | *sʌɢʌ(-dᶻʌ) |
| 129 | high | *tɨŋgɨr- |
| 130 | hole | *χuχ |
| 131 | horn | *χɔʔ |
| 132 | horse | *kuʔs |
| 133 | house/tent | *χuʔs |
| 134 | hundred | *jus |
| 135 | hunger | *ɢɔɢant |
| 136 | husband | *cʌ(n)t- |
| 137 | I | *ʔadᶻ |
| 138 | idol | *guʔus |
| 139 | interrogative pronoun root | *wir₁ |
| 140 | intestine (small) | *tūʎ |
| 141 | iron | *ʔeχʌ |
| 142 | jaw | *piŋkadᶻ |
| 143 | knead | *loŋ- |
| 144 | knee | *bat- |
| 145 | knife | *doʔn |
| 146 | lake | *deʔɢ |
| 147 | land/soil | *su |
| 148 | larch | *seʔs |
| 149 | laugh | *ǰāqʌ- |
| 150 | leaf | *jə̄pe |
| 151 | light (adj. & n.) | *gəʔn- |
| 152 | light/cheap | *toŕ- |
| 153 | lip | *ŕɔn |
| 154 | liver | *seŋ |
| 155 | log | *bäk |
| 156 | long | *ʔux- |
| 157 | low | *pitʌm- |
| 158 | low/below | *kan- |
| 159 | lungs | *sisa(l)- |
| 160 | male | *ɨχ(ʌ) |
| 161 | man₁ | *keʔt |
| 162 | man₂ | *pixe |
| 163 | meadow | *ʔoɢ- |
| 164 | meat | *ʔise |
| 165 | milk/nipple | *de(ʔ)n |
| 166 | mitten | *bɔq- |
| 167 | moon | *(ʔʌ)suj |
| 168 | morning | *pʌk- |
| 169 | mother | *ʔama |
| 170 | mountain₁ | *ŕɨʔǰ |
| 171 | mountain₂ (wooded) | *qäʔj |
| 172 | mouse | *jūta |
| 173 | mouth | *χowe |
| 174 | mushroom | *borba |
| 175 | my | *b- ~ *ʔab- |
| 176 | name | *ʔiɢ |
| 177 | navel | *tɨr- ~ *tɨl- |
| 178 | neck₁ | *pujm- |
| 179 | neck₂ | *kəqənt- |
| 180 | needle | *ʔiʔn |
| 181 | net | *pəʔŋ |
| 182 | nettle | *kita |
| 183 | new | *tur- ~ *tul |
| 184 | night | *siɢ |
| 185 | night (spend the —) | *saɢar₁ |
| 186 | nine | *ǰum- |
| 187 | nit | *jog- ~ *jok |
| 188 | no/not₁ | *wə- |
| 189 | no/not₂ | *ʔat ~ *ta- |
| 190 | nose₁ | *ʔolk- |
| 191 | nose₂ | *xaŋ |
| 192 | nut | *im |
| 193 | old/decrepit | *sin |
| 194 | one | *χu-sa |
| 195 | onion | *guwurkʌn- |
| 196 | otter | *täχʌr |
| 197 | outside | *hər₁- |
| 198 | owl/hawk | *kʌg- |
| 199 | palm | *battɔp ~ *pattɔp |
| 200 | path/road | *qoʔt |
| 201 | penis/testicles | *gʌns- |
| 202 | people | *ǰeʔ-ŋ |
| 203 | perch (fish) | *təʔɢ- |
| 204 | pike | *χūǰa |
| 205 | pine tree | *ʔej- |
| 206 | plural suffix₁ | *-ŋ |
| 207 | plural suffix₂ | *-nʌ |
| 208 | point | *saʔr₁ |
| 209 | pole (of a tent) | *həgʌne |
| 210 | prince | *χɨj(e) |
| 211 | rabbit | *ʔaχ ~ *ʔak |
| 212 | rain | *xur ~ *xur-es |
| 213 | reins/bridle | *kūnd- |
| 214 | relative adjective suffix | *-tu- |
| 215 | rib | *ʔuʎadᶻ |
| 216 | river | *ses |
| 217 | road | *χɨχ |
| 218 | root₁ | *čīǰ- |
| 219 | root₂ | *tempʌl |
| 220 | rope₁ | *ʔāŋ- |
| 221 | rope₂ | *tiʔ |
| 222 | sable | *xēǰa |
| 223 | saliva₁ | *duk ~ duq |
| 224 | saliva₂ | *huŕʌŋ |
| 225 | salt | *čəʔ |
| 226 | sand | *pənʌŋ |
| 227 | seven | *ʔoʔn |
| 228 | shaman | *sen |
| 229 | sharp | *ʔete |
| 230 | shoe/boot | *cēse |
| 231 | shoulder | *ken- |
| 232 | six | *ʔaχʌ |
| 233 | (animal) skin | *sǟs |
| 234 | sky/god | *ʔes |
| 235 | slave/servant | *har- |
| 236 | sled | *soʔol |
| 237 | sleep₁ (v.) | *xus |
| 238 | sleep₂ (n.) | *sʌm- |
| 239 | sly/deceive | *ʔaru- |
| 240 | smoke (n.) | *duʔχ- |
| 241 | snake/fish | *cīk |
| 242 | snow₁ | *tiχ |
| 243 | snow₂ | *beʔč ‘snow’ |
| 244 | snow crust | *čaɢ ~ čak |
| 245 | soft | *puɢʌm- |
| 246 | sole | *kassad |
| 247 | son-in-law/brother-in-law | *ʔēñe |
| 248 | soon | *ʔäʔc |
| 249 | soup | *ʔuʔχ ~ *xuʔk |
| 250 | spoon | *kalp |
| 251 | spring (season) | *xɨ̄ǰe |
| 252 | spring/waterhole in the ice | *sin- |
| 253 | squirrel | *saʔqa |
| 254 | star | *qɔ̄qa |
| 255 | sterlet (kind of fish) | *ʔok |
| 256 | stocking | *bulor |
| 257 | stone | *čɨʔs |
| 258 | straight | *tat(aŋ) |
| 259 | (ski-)strap | *ʔēs- |
| 260 | (bow) string | *cu(ʔ) ~ *cuc |
| 261 | strong₁ | *bɨd- |
| 262 | strong₂ | *ʎa(ʔ) |
| 263 | stump | *sʌŋgʌl- |
| 264 | summer | *sir₁- |
| 265 | sun | *xiɢa |
| 266 | swamp/lake | *täk- |
| 267 | swan | *čike |
| 268 | sweet | *pir₁- |
| 269 | tail | *puɢaǰ |
| 270 | ten₁ | *χɔɢa |
| 271 | ten₂ | *tuʔ-ŋ |
| 272 | tent | *χuʔs |
| 273 | that | *ka- |
| 274 | thigh | *päp- |
| 275 | thin | *paksʌm |
| 276 | this | *tu- |
| 277 | thou | *ʔaw ~ ʔu |
| 278 | thou/you | *kʌ- ~ *ʔʌk- |
| 279 | three | *doʔŋa |
| 280 | throat | *kərʌd ~ *gərʌd |
| 281 | tongue | *ʔej |
| 282 | twenty | *ʔeʔχ |
| 283 | two | *xɨ-na |
| 284 | unmarried | *ʔəpʌl |
| 285 | utensil | *sɨʔχ ‘trough for dough’ |
| 286 | vulva₁ | *ŕɔs |
| 287 | vulva₂ | *gar |
| 288 | war | *kār₁e |
| 289 | warm | *xus- ~ *xuʔus |
| 290 | water | *xur₁ |
| 291 | wet | *xura |
| 292 | where | *wir₁ |
| 293 | white | *täk- ~ *täkam |
| 294 | who₁ | *wɨ ~ *we- |
| 295 | who₂ | *ʔan- |
| 296 | who₃ | *ʔas- ~ *sʌ- |
| 297 | wide | *χiɢʌʎ |
| 298 | widow | *bəs |
| 299 | willow | *dəʎe |
| 300 | wind | *bej |
| 301 | winter | *gəte |
| 302 | witch/she-devil | *qos |
| 303 | wolverine₁ | *kūñ |
| 304 | wolverine₂ | *pestap |
| 305 | woman₁ | *qʌm- |
| 306 | woman₂ | *ʔalit ~ *ʔar₁it |
| 307 | wood₁ | *ʔɔkse |
| 308 | wood₂ | *xaʔq |
| 309 | wood₃ (rotten) | *tulaq |
| 310 | word | *qä(ʔ)ɢ |
| 311 | year | *sɨ̄ɢa |
| 312 | yellow | *suŕ- |
| 313 | yesterday | *kʌns- |
References
- ^ Starostin, Sergei A., and Merritt Ruhlen. (1994). Proto-Yeniseian Reconstructions, with Extra-Yeniseian Comparisons. In M. Ruhlen, On the Origin of Languages: Studies in Linguistic Taxonomy. Stanford: Stanford University Press. pp. 70–92.
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