User:Tropylium/List of Proto-Indo-European roots by distribution

Proto-Indo-Hittite roots

Roots with reflexes attested from the Anatolian languages.

Root	Meaning	Anat.	Toch.	Celt.	Ital.	Germ.	Balt.	Slav.	Alb.	Arm.	Gr.	Ir.	Ind.
*péh₂wr̥	bonfire	√	√		√	√	√	√		√	√
*pénkʷe	five	√	√	√	√	√	√	√	√	√	√	√	√
*pers-	dust	√	√			√	√	√				√	√
*pṓds	foot	√	√	√	√	√	√	√	√	√	√	√	√
prih₁-mó- / prō-to-	foremost (→ first)	√	√	√	√	√	√	√	√		√	√	√
tréyes; tri-	three	√	√	√	√	√	√	√	√	√	√	√	√
*ḱat-	battle	√	√	√		√		√			√		√
*ḱerh₂-	horn	√	√	√	√	√	√	√	√	√	√	√	√
*ḱwṓ	dog	√	√	√	√	√	√	√	√	√	√	√	√
*kerp-	to pluck	√	√	√	√	√	√	√			√		√
*kwep-	to boil	√	√		√	√	√	√	√		√		√
kʷel- kʷékʷlo- *kʷol-o-	to turn wheel	√	√	√	√	√	√	√	√		√	√	√
*kʷeyH-	quiet	√	√		√	√	?	√		√		√	√
*kʷetwóres	four	√	√	√	√	√	√	√	√	√	√	√	√
*bʰenǵʰ-	thick	√	√			√	√				√	√
*bʰer-	to bear / carry	√	√	√	√	√	√	√	√	√	√	√	√
*bʰerǵʰ-	fort	√	√	√	√	√		√	√	√	√	√	√
*bʰréh₂tēr	brother	√	√	√	√	√	√	√		√	√	√	√
*dʰeh₁-	to place, set, put	√	√	√	√	√	√	√	√	√	√	√	√
*dʰugh₂tḗr	daughter	√	√	√	√	√	√	√		√	√	√	√
*dʰéǵʰōm	earth	√	√	√	√	√	√	√	√		√	√	√

Unattested from Tocharian

Root	Meaning	Anat.	Celt.	Ital.	Germ.	Balt.	Slav.	Alb.	Arm.	Gr.	Ir.	Ind.
*peh₃-	to drink	√	√	√		√	√	√	√	√		√
*pelh₂-	flat	√	√	√	√	√	√		√	√	√	√
*persn-eh₂-	heel	√		√	√	√	√			√	√	√
*peth₂-	to fly	√	√	√	√	√	√	√	√	√	√	√
*pet-	to open arms	√	√	√	√	√		√		√	√
*teḱs-	to plait	√	√	√	√	√	√	√		√	√	√
*tep-	warm	√	√	√	√		√	√			√	√
*ter-	to cross over	√		√	√	√		√	√	√	√	√
*tewt-eh₂-	tribe	√	√	√	√	√
*twéko-	skin	√								√	√	√
*ḱḗr	heart	√	√	√	√	√	√		√	√	√	√
ku- (or kus-)	kiss	√			?					√
*-kʷe	enclitic "and"	√	√	√	√			√		√		√

Indo-Tocharian roots

Root	Meaning	Toch.	Celt.	Ital.	Germ.	Balt.	Slav.	Alb.	Arm.	Gr.	Ir.	Ind.
*peg-	breast	√	√	√		√	√					√
*peh₂-	to protect	√		√	√	√			√	√	√	√
*pekʷ-	to cook, become ripe	√	√	√	√	√	√	√		√	√	√
*ph₂tḗr	father	√	√	√	√			√	√	√	√	√
*preḱ-	to ask; to pray	√	√	√	√	√	√		√		√	√
*psten-	breast	√	√		√	√			√	√	√	√
*tark-	to twist	√	√	√	√	√	√	√		√		√
*télpo-	space	√	√			√	√					√
*temo-	dark	√	√	√	√	√	√	√			√	√
*teng-	to think	√	√	√	√			√
*ter-	to shake; tremble	√	√	√	√	√	√	√		√	√	√
*túHs-ont-	a massive number (→ thousand)	√			√	√	√
*ḱalh₂mo-	reed	√		√	√	√	√			√
*ḱeh₂d-	hate	√	√	√	√					√	√	√
*ḱers-	to run	√	√	√	√					√
*ḱley-	to lean	√	√	√	√	√	√	√	√	√	√	√
*ḱlew-	to hear	√	√	√	√	√	√	√	√	√	√	√
*ḱm̥tóm	hundred	√	√	√	√	√	√			√	√	√
*kob-	to succeed	√	√		√		√
*kwas-	to cough	√	√		√	√	√	√				√
*kʷreyh₂-	to buy	√	√			√	√			√		√
*bʰel-	light, bright	√	√	√	√	√	√	√	√	√		√
*bʰel-	to bloom	√	√	√	√			√		√
*bʰer-	brown, shining	√	√	√	√	√	√				√	√
*bʰlēyǵ-	to shine	√	√	√	√	√	√				√
*bʰruH-	brow	√	√		√	√	√			√	√	√
*bʰuH-	to appear, become, rise up	√	√	√	√	√	√	√	√	√	√	√
*dʰeb-	fat	√			√	√	√
*dʰegʷʰ-	to burn	√	√	√	√	√	√	√		√	√	√
*dʰeyǵʰ-	to mold	√	√	√	√	√	√		√	√	√	√
*dʰuh₂mós	smoke	√	√	√	√	√	√			√	√	√
*dʰwer-	door	√	√	√	√	√	√	√	√	√	√	√

Common Indo-European roots

Root	Meaning	Celt.	Ital.	Germ.	Balt.	Slav.	Alb.	Arm.	Gr.	Ir.	Ind.
*peḱ-	to pluck		√	√	√		√		√	√	√
*peḱu-	cattle		√	√	√			√	√	√	√
*pel-	flour		√		√	√					√
*pel-	gray	√	√	√	√	√	√	√	√	√	√
*pent-	road	√	√	√	√	√		√	√	√	√
*perd-	to fart	√		√	√	√	√		√	√	√
*perkʷu-	oak	√	√	√	√		√				√
*pes-	penis		√	√					√		√
*pleḱ-	to plait/braid		√	√	√	√	√		√	√	√
*pléw-mon-	lung		√		√	√			√		√
plus-; psul-; pusl-; bʰlus-	flea		√	√	√	√	√	√	√	√	√
*pórḱos	farrow	√	√	√	√	√			√	√
*poymno-	foam		√	√	√	√				√	√
*pray-	to like	√		√	√	√			√	√	√
*pulh₂-	hair	√							√	√	√
*teh₂w-	to melt	√	√	√	√	√		√	√	√	√
*ténh₂us	thin	√	√	√	√	√			√	√	√
ter / tero	over; through	√	√	√		√				√	√
*ters-	dry	√	√	√	√		√	√	√	√	√
*teter-	grouse	√	√	√	√	√		√	√	√	√
*tón-r̥-	thunder	√	√	√	√	√			√	√	√
*ḱak-	branch	√		√	√	√	√	√		√	√
*ḱas-	gray	√	√	√	√					√	√
*ḱey-	to lie; settle	√		√	√	√		√	√	√	√
*ḱel-	warm	√	√	√	√					√	√
*ḱerberó-	piebald	√			√	√			√		√
*ḱlowni-	buttock	√	√	√	√					√	√
*ḱon-	shell		√						√		√
*ḱubʰ-	shoulder	√	√	√			√		√	√	√
*ḱórw-eh₂-	crow	√	√	√	√	√			√		√
*kakka	excrement	√	√	?	√	√		√	√	?
*kan-	to sing	√	√	√		√			√	√	√
*kapro-	goat	√	√	√					√		√
*kaput-	head		√	√							√
*kayko-	one-eyed	√	√	√	√				√		√
*ke(n)g-	hook	√		√	√	√				√
*kóro-	war	√		√	√	√			√	√
*krewH-	blood	√	√	√	√	√			√	√	√
*kroksko-	leg		√		√	√	√				√
*kwat-	sour		√	√	√	√	√				√
kʷrép-o- / kʷr̥p-eh₂-	body	√	√	√		√	√		√	√	√
*kʷr̥-mi-	grub	√			√	√	√			√	√
*bʰeh₂go-	beech	√	√	√		√	√	√	√	√
*bʰer-	to boil	√	√	√			√		√		√
*bʰewdʰ-	to wake, rise up	√		√	√	√			√	√	√
bʰudʰ-no-, bʰudʰ-mn̥-	bottom	√	√	√				√	√	√	√
*bʰuHgos-	goat	√		√				√		√
*bʰérh₁ǵo-	birch		√	√	√	√				√	√
*dʰeh₁(y)-	to suck/suckle	√	√	√	√	√	√	√	√	√	√
*dʰergʰen-	thorn	√		√	√	√					√
*dʰers-	to dare		√	√	√	√			√	√	√
*dʰrewgʰ-	to deceive	√		√	√					√	√
*bel-	power, strength	√	√	√		√			√		√

West-Central Indo-European roots

Roots unattested from Anatolian, Tocharian and Indo-Iranian.

Root	Meaning	Celt.	Ital.	Germ.	Balt.	Slav.	Alb.	Arm.	Gr.
*pel-	skin		√	√	√	√			√
*pleh₂k-	to hit	√	√	√	√	√	√		√
*tag-	to touch	√	√	√					√
*treb-	dwelling	√	√	√	√				√
*trewd-	to press	√	√	√		√	√
*trosdo-	thrush	√	√	√	√	√			√
*ḱiker-	pea		√		√		√	√	√
*ḱlep-	to steal	√	√	√	√			√	√
*ḱlew-	clean	√	√	√	√	√			√
*kant-	corner	√	√		√	√			√
*kat-	cub	√	√	√		√
kaylo- or kóh₂ylu-	whole	√		√	√	√
*ker-	cornel		√				√		√
*klen-	maple	√		√	√	√
*knid-	louse	√		√	√	√	√	√	√
*kom	with	√	√	√		√	√		√
*koyló-	naked	√			√
*kóslo-	hazel	√	√	√	√
*krem-	onion	√		√	√	√			√
krey- (? ḱrey-)	to move, to separate	√	√	√					√
*bʰabʰ-eh₂-	bean	√	√	√	√	√	√
*bʰar-es-	spelt	√	√	√		√	√		√
*bʰardʰ-eh₂-	beard	√	√	√	√	√
*bʰey-	bee	√	?	√	√	√
*bʰeres-	lively	√	√		√	√
*bʰleh₁-	to bleat		√	√	√	√	√		√
*bʰruH-	beam, bridge	√		√		√
*bak-	staff	√	√	√	√				√
*dʰal-	to blossom	√					√	√	√
*dʰel-	light	√		√			√	√
*dʰewb-	deep	√		√	√	√	√		√
*dʰrey-	to defecate		√	√	√	√			√

East-Central Indo-European roots

Roots unattested from Anatolian, Tocharian, Celtic and Italic.

Root	Meaning	Germ.	Balt.	Slav.	Alb.	Gr.	Ir.	Ind.
*perḱ-	rib		√	√	√		√	√
*pisd-eh₂-	vulva		√	√	√		√
*prew-	to jump	√	√	√	√		√	√
*puHr-	wheat	√	√	√		√		√
*ḱerh₂-	to mix	√				√	√	√
*ḱwen-	holy	√	√	√			√
*ked-	to fume		√	√		√		√
*kenk-	kneecap	√	√					√
*ksweyd-	milk		√				√	√

Central Indo-European roots

Roots unattested from Anatolian, Tocharian, Celtic, Italic, and Indo-Iranian.

Root	Meaning	Germ.	Balt.	Slav.	Alb.	Arm.	Gr.
*pnew-	to breathe	√					√
*ḱermus-	cherry		√	√			√
*ḱewh₁ro-	north wind	√	√	√		√
*ḱóyno-	grass		√	√			√
*keHro-	wax		√		√		√
*kel-	glue		√	√			√
*bʰosós	naked	√	√	√		√	√
*bʰred-	to wade		√	√	√
*dʰǵʰu-	fish		√			√	√

Areal roots

"West Centum" roots

Roots attested only in Germanic, Celtic and/or Italic.

Northwestern Indo-European roots

Roots attested only in Germanic and Balto-Slavic.

Root	Gloss	Germ.	Balt.	Slav.
*bʰerǵʰ-	to hide, protect	√		√

Indo-Greek roots

Roots attested only in Greek, Armenian, and/or Indo-Iranian.

Root	Gloss	Gr.	Arm.	Ir.	Ind.
*kal-	handsome	√			√