Template:it-verb

The following documentation is located at Template:it-verb/documentation.

Useful links: subpage list • links • redirects • transclusions • errors (parser/module) • sandbox

This template is designed for the lemma of all Italian verbs. Only use this template for the verb's lemma entry. For non-lemma forms, use {{head|it|verb form}}.

This template should be placed in all Italian verb sections, immediately following the ===Verb=== section header. It provides the inflection line for the entry. The template also automatically categorizes the entry in Category:Italian verbs and the appropriate category for the auxiliary, e.g. Category:Italian verbs taking essere as auxiliary.

As with other Wiktionary inflection templates, please do not use subst:.

Various tokens used by the template.

This template normally takes a single parameter, which specifies the auxiliary as well as the first singular present indicative, first singular past historic, and past participle. If you are not sure of the correct conjugation, you can leave out all parameters, and the headword will not have any inflected forms specified. However, this is not recommended.

For regular -are verbs, the parameter normally takes the form AUX/VOWEL, where AUX is either a for avere or e for essere, and VOWEL (termed a single-vowel spec) is the stressed vowel in the present singular with the appropriate stress mark (acute or grave) added to indicate the vowel quality (i.e. it should be one of à è é ì ò ó ù). For example, for ordinare (“to order”), use the following:

{{it-verb|a/ó}}

which produces

ordinàre (first-person singular present órdino, first-person singular past historic ordinài, past participle ordinàto, auxiliary avére)

Note that all the verb forms in the headword include an accent specifying the stress as well as the quality of stressed e and o, even though Italian normally does not mark the stress or quality except when the stress is word-final. Accordingly, the verb forms are linked using the appropriate standard spelling without the extra stress marks.

If the last two vowels of the stem are the same, add - after the vowel to specify that the leftmost of the two vowels (i.e. the antepenultimate) is stressed, and + to indicate that the rightmost of the two vowels (the penultimate) is stressed. For example, for detestare (“to detest”), use the following:

{{it-verb|a/è+}}

which produces

detestàre (first-person singular present detèsto, first-person singular past historic detestài, past participle detestàto, auxiliary avére)

Meanwhile, for metallificare (“to become metallic”), use:

{{it-verb|e/ì-}}

which produces

metallificàre (first-person singular present metallìfico, first-person singular past historic metallificài, past participle metallificàto, auxiliary èssere)

If the third-from-last written vowel is stressed, as in scricchiolare (“to creak”), use -- after the vowel:

{{it-verb|a/ì--}}

which produces

scricchiolàre (first-person singular present scrìcchiolo, first-person singular past historic scricchiolài, past participle scricchiolàto, auxiliary avére)

For regular -ire verbs that do not take the -isc- infix, use the same form as for -are verbs. For example, for partire (“to depart”), present tense io pàrto, use:

{{it-verb|e/à}}

which produces

partìre (first-person singular present pàrto, first-person singular past historic partìi, past participle partìto, auxiliary èssere)

For regular -ire verbs that take the -isc- infix, use +isc in place of the vowel spec. For example, for punire (“to punish”), present tense io punìsco, use:

{{it-verb|a/+isc}}

which produces

punìre (first-person singular present punìsco, first-person singular past historic punìi, past participle punìto, auxiliary avére)

For regular -ere verbs stressed as -ére, use the same form as above. For example, for temére (“to fear”), present tense io témo, use:

{{it-verb|a/é}}

which produces

temére (first-person singular present témo, first-person singular past historic temétti or (traditional) temètti, past participle temùto, auxiliary avére)

Note that both alternative past historic forms are given in the output by default.

For regular -ere verbs stressed on the stem, use a backslash in place of the slash (mnemonic: the forward slash leans to the right for the more rightward stress, and the backslash leans to the left for the more leftward stress). For example, for abbàttere (“to throw down, to knock down”), present tense io abbàtto, use:

{{it-verb|a\à+}}

which produces

abbàttere (first-person singular present abbàtto, first-person singular past historic abbattéi, past participle abbattùto, auxiliary avére)

Here à+ must be used because there are two a's among the last two vowels of the stem. The backslash indicates that the stress on the infinitive, displayed in the headword, should be taken from the present tense rather than placed on the ending.

Note that the default for verbs in -cere and -gere uses a hard c/g in the present but a soft ci/gi in the past participle, which is correct for the majority of verbs, e.g. conoscere (“to know (a person), to recognize”), with present io conósco, past participle conosciùto.

The template knows how to handle most irregular verbs including derivatives such as biscuocere (from cuocere) and schiudere (from chiudere). Indicate an irregular verb by placing @ after the slash in place of VOWEL. For example for volere (“to want”):

{{it-verb|a/@}}

which produces

volére (first-person singular present vòglio, first-person singular past historic vòlli, past participle volùto, first-person singular future vorrò, second-person singular imperative vògli, auxiliary avére)

The AUX (a or e) and the slash (forward / or back \) indicators work the same as before to indicate the auxiliary verb and whether the verb is end-stressed or root-stressed respectively. Example for root-stressed scrivere (“to write”):

{{it-verb|a\@}}

which produces

scrìvere (first-person singular present scrìvo, first-person singular past historic scrìssi, past participle scrìtto, auxiliary avére)

For irregular verbs not recognized by @, specify up to three principal parts (first-singular present, first-singular past historic, and past participle), separated by commas.

Note: All or most of the examples below could be handled with @, but these help to illustrate the capabilities available in the template.

For example for scomparire (“to disappear, to die”), use:

{{it-verb|e/scompàio,scompàrvi,scompàrso}}

which produces

scomparìre (first-person singular present scompàio, first-person singular past historic scompàrvi, past participle scompàrso, auxiliary èssere)

You can omit the past participle if it is regularly constructed, or both the past historic and past participle if both are regularly constructed. For example, for piacere (“to please”), with regularly formed past participle piaciùto, use:

{{it-verb|e/piàccio,piàcqui}}

which produces

piacére (first-person singular present piàccio, first-person singular past historic piàcqui, past participle piaciùto, auxiliary èssere)

For root-stressed verbs in -ere, use a backslash in place of a slash, as above, e.g. for scuotere (“to shake”):

{{it-verb|a\ò,scòssi,scòtto}}

which produces

scuòtere (first-person singular present scuòto, first-person singular past historic scòssi, past participle scòtto, auxiliary avére)

As mentioned above, when a backslash is specified the position and quality of the stress is derived from the present tense single-vowel spec. If the present tense is irregular, specify it in full and include the single-vowel spec before the backslash, e.g. as follows for scegliere (“to choose”):

{{it-verb|a\é\scélgo,scélsi,scélto}}

which produces

scégliere (first-person singular present scélgo, first-person singular past historic scélsi, past participle scélto, auxiliary avére)

If a given principal part has more than one possibility, separate the possibilities by a colon, e.g. for riempire (“to fill”):

{{it-verb|a/riémpio,riempìi,riempìto:riempiùto}}

which produces

riempìre (first-person singular present riémpio, first-person singular past historic riempìi, past participle riempìto or riempiùto, auxiliary avére)

Note that you can use a + to request the default form(s). Thus, the above spec for riempire could (and preferably would) be written as follows:

{{it-verb|a/riémpio,+,+:riempiùto}}

You can specify qualifiers following a given form, which helps give usage notes when there are multiple forms with differing uses, e.g. for comparire (“to appear, to manifest, to seem; (law) to appear before a tribunal”):

{{it-verb|e/compàio:+isc,compàrvi:comparìi:compàrsi,compàrso}}

which produces

comparìre (first-person singular present compàio or (less common) comparìsco, first-person singular past historic compàrvi or (less common) comparìi or (in the legal sense) compàrsi, past participle compàrso, auxiliary èssere)

Here, there are two possible present tense forms (compàio and comparìsco) and three possible past historic forms (compàrvi, comparìi, compàrsi), with differing usage characteristics.

Note that there is no requirement that multiple forms be present when qualifiers are used. For example, for soccombere (“to succumb”), whose past participle is rare, use the following:

{{it-verb|e\ó+,+,+}}

which produces

soccómbere (first-person singular present soccómbo, first-person singular past historic soccombétti or (traditional) soccombètti, past participle (rare) soccombùto, auxiliary èssere)

For highly irregular verbs, it sometimes makes sense to include additional irregular forms in the headword. For example, cadere (“to fall”) has irregular future cadrò, cadrài, etc. To add the first-person singular future to the headword, use a spec like fut:FORM, separated from the principal parts by a period, as follows:

{{it-verb|e/à,càddi.fut:cadrò}}

which produces

cadére (first-person singular present càdo, first-person singular past historic càddi, past participle cadùto, first-person singular future cadrò, auxiliary èssere)

Similarly, for tenere (“to hold”), to specify an irregular future terrò and irregular imperative singular tièni, use:

{{it-verb|a/tèngo,ténni.fut:terrò.imp:tièni}}

which produces

tenére (first-person singular present tèngo, first-person singular past historic ténni, past participle tenùto, first-person singular future terrò, second-person singular imperative tièni, auxiliary avére)

A more complicated example is essere (“to be”), with numerous irregularities:

{{it-verb|e\è\sóno,fùi,stàto.imperf:èro.fut:sarò.sub:sìa.impsub:fóssi.imp:sìi}}

which produces

èssere (first-person singular present sóno, first-person singular past historic fùi, past participle stàto, first-person singular imperfect èro, first-person singular future sarò, first-person singular subjunctive sìa, first-person singular imperfect subjunctive fóssi, second-person singular imperative sìi, auxiliary èssere)

Use a full-row override to specify all forms for a given case/tense. For example, potere (“to be able to”) n some cases it's necessary to provide all forms for a tense/case. To do soIt's possible to specify a tense ull-row override

{{it-verb|a/-,potéi.presrow:pòsso,puòi,può*,possiàmo,potéte,pòssono.fut:potrò.imp:-}}

which produces

potére (first-person singular present pòsso, first-person singular past historic potéi, past participle potùto, first-person singular future potrò, no imperative, auxiliary avére)

The full list of recognized additional irregular forms is as follows:

To specify multiple possibilities for a given irregular form, separate the possibilities by colons, as above. Qualifiers in brackets can be appended to a given form, as above. See the example for dare just below for an example of this.

Verbs with single-syllable irregular forms have some special considerations. For one thing, there may or may not be a written accent on the vowel. Normally, forms are shown in headwords with an accent on the vowel to indicate stress and quality, even though when normally written only the final vowel of multi-vowel words has a written accent. Accordingly, when generating the link, accents are stripped from non-final vowels as well as from single-vowel words. To indicate that a single-vowel word has a written accent, add an exclamation mark (!) after the form. This preserves the accent in the link and includes a qualifier reading with written accent on monosyllabic verb.

Some single-syllable forms trigger syntactic gemination, while others don't. To indicate that a form triggers syntactic gemination, add an asterisk (*) after the form. This includes a qualifier reading with syntactic gemination. You can also include a double asterisk (**) after the form to indicate optional syntactic gemination.

An example that uses both of the above indications is dare (“to give”):

{{it-verb|a/-,dièdi:dètti,dàto.sub:dìa.impsub:déssi.imp:dai:da':dà*!.presrow:dò*:dò*!,dài,dà*!,diàmo,dàte,dànno}}

which produces

dàre (first-person singular present (with syntactic gemination after the verb) dò or (ditto, with written accent) dò, first-person singular past historic dièdi or détti or (traditional) dètti, past participle dàto, first-person singular subjunctive dìa, first-person singular imperfect subjunctive déssi, second-person singular imperative dai or da' or (with syntactic gemination after the verb, with written accent) dà, auxiliary avére)

Note in particular the forms dò*! and dà*!, with both asterisk (to indicate syntactic gemination) and the exclamation (to indicate preservation of the written accent).

Many verbs can take either avere or essere as an auxiliary, often with different meanings. A very common scenario is avere when transitive and essere when intransitive, e.g. with finire (“to end, to finish”). You can separate multiple auxiliaries with a colon, as with multiple irregular forms, and include qualifiers, which typically you should do to clarify the different usages: {{it-verb|a:e/+isc}} which produces

finìre (first-person singular present finìsco, first-person singular past historic finìi, past participle finìto, auxiliary (transitive) avére or (intransitive) èssere)

You can include commas, quotes and other punctuation inside brackets in the qualifier text, e.g. with avanzare: avanzare: {{it-verb|e:a/à+}} which produces

avanzàre (first-person singular present avànzo, first-person singular past historic avanzài, past participle avanzàto, auxiliary (intransitive) èssere or (transitive, also intransitive meaning "to advance") avére)

You can also include angle brackets (e.g. direct HTML, or HTML produced by a template) or even nested square brackets, as long as they are matching.

All reflexive verbs use essere, so there is no need to specify the auxiliary and it should be omitted, e.g. for abbandonarsi (“to give up, to give in, to surrender”), use:

{{it-verb|ó}}

which produces

abbandonàrsi (first-person singular present mi abbandóno, first-person singular past historic mi abbandonài, past participle abbandonàto)

For root-stressed verbs in -ere, use a backslash with nothing before it, e.g. for accorgersi (“to notice, to realize”) (stressed as accòrgersi), use:

{{it-verb|\ò,accòrsi,accòrto}}

which produces

accòrgersi (first-person singular present mi accòrgo, first-person singular past historic mi accòrsi, past participle accòrto)

If a root-stressed verb in -ere has an irregular present, specify the stressed vowel before the backslash with or without a second backslash, e.g. for togliersi (“to get out of the way”), use either:

{{it-verb|ò\tòlgo,tòlsi,tòlto}}

or

{{it-verb|\ò\tòlgo,tòlsi,tòlto}}

both of which produce

tògliersi (first-person singular present mi tòlgo, first-person singular past historic mi tòlsi, past participle tòlto)

Note that explicitly specified forms should be given without the reflexive pronoun attached. Special changes to the form are handled automatically, e.g. syntactic gemination. An example is for farsi (“to become, to move (oneself), to buy, etc.”), with imperative fàtti:

{{it-conj|-,féci,fàtto.stem:fàce.sub:fàccia.imp:fà.presrow:fàccio:fò*,fài,fà*,facciàmo,fàte,fànno}}

which produces

fàrsi (first-person singular present mi fàccio or (archaic or dialectal, with syntactic gemination after the verb) mi fò, first-person singular past historic mi féci, past participle fàtto, first-person singular imperfect mi facévo, second-person singular imperative fàtti)

Verbs in -rre, e.g. trarre (“to pull”), porre (“to put”), dedurre (“to deduce”) require an explicit stem to be specified using stem specifier. They should also use the same backslash notation as with root-stressed verbs in -ere, e.g. for porre:

{{it-verb|a\ó\póngo,pósi,pósto.imperf:ponévo.fut:porrò.stem:poné}}

which produces

pórre (first-person singular present póngo, first-person singular past historic pósi, past participle pósto, first-person singular imperfect ponévo, auxiliary avére)

For verbs ending in -arre and -urre (and -irre if any such verbs exist), the double-backslash notation can be simplified to a single backslash because the stressed vowel can only be one possibility, e.g. for dedurre:

{{it-verb|a\dedùco,dedùssi,dedótto.imperf:deducévo.stem:dedùce}}

which produces

dedùrre (first-person singular present dedùco, first-person singular past historic dedùssi, past participle dedótto, first-person singular imperfect deducévo, auxiliary avére)

Reflexive verbs in -arsi and -ersi based off verbs in -arre and -erre can also be interpreted as based off of verbs in -are or -ere; for example, consider contrarsi, reflexive of either contrare (“to counter (boxing)”) or contrarre (“to tense”). These verbs must use the special indicator rre to indicate that the reflexive is based off of a verb in -arre; otherwise, it will be interpreted as based off of a verb in -are. An example is distrarsi (“to be distracted”), from distrarre (“to distract”):

{{it-verb|\distràggo,distràssi,distràtto.imperf:distraévo.imp:distrài.stem:distra.rre}}

which produces

distràrsi (first-person singular present mi distràggo, first-person singular past historic mi distràssi, past participle distràtto, first-person singular imperfect mi distraévo, second-person singular imperative distràiti)

Note in particular the .rre at the end.

Some verbs have only third-person forms, either third-person singular only (impersonal) or third-person singular and plural only. Use impers for the former, and thirdonly for the latter. An example of an impersonal verb is bufare (“to blizzard”):

{{it-verb|e/ù.impers}}

which produces

bufàre (impersonal, third-person singular present bùfa, third-person singular past historic bufò, past participle bufàto, auxiliary èssere)

An example of a third-person only verb (singular and plural) is accadere (“to happen”):

{{it-verb|e/à+.phisrow:-,-,accàdde,-,-,accàddero.futrow:-,-,accadrà,-,-,accadrànno.thirdonly}}

which produces

accadére (third-person only, third-person singular present accàde, third-person singular past historic accàdde, past participle accadùto, third-person singular future accadrà, auxiliary èssere)

As the latter example shows, irregular forms must be specified in the third person.

Some verbs are defective in that they are missing some of their forms. To indicate a missing form, use -. For example, the verb redire (“to return”) has no past historic, imperfect, future or imperfect subjunctive. Indicate as follows:

{{it-verb|a/rièdo,-,redìto.imperf:-.fut:-.impsub:-}}

which produces

redìre (first-person singular present rièdo, no past historic, past participle redìto, no imperfect, no future, no imperfect subjunctive, auxiliary avére)

If the verb is missing its past participle, use - as normal, but also put a - in place of the auxiliary, because without a past participle no composed tenses can be formed. An example is serpere (“to snake”):

{{it-verb|-\è,-,-}}

which produces

sèrpere (first-person singular present sèrpo, no past historic, no past participle)

Pronominal verbs are those verbs that inherently have a clitic pronoun attached to the infinitive. Reflexive verbs, covered above, are a type of pronominal verb; not all pronominal verbs are reflexive. An example that is not is spuntarla (“to make it, to succeed”), composed of spuntare + clitic -la. Indicate pronominal verbs as normal:

{{it-verb|a/ù}}

which produces

spuntàrla (pronominal, first-person singular present la spùnto, first-person singular past historic la spuntài, past participle spuntàto, auxiliary avére)

Note that the clitic is automatically moved before the finite forms.

If the pronominal verb is reflexive, the auxiliary spec will be omitted, as with all reflexive verbs (see above). An example is trovarcisi (“to find oneself in a happy situation”):

{{it-verb|ò}}

which produces

trovàrcisi (pronominal, first-person singular present mi ci tròvo, first-person singular past historic mi ci trovài, past participle trovàto)

note that the two clitics are automatically moved to the front of the finite forms, and -si is automatically converted to mi.

If the pronominal verb is irregular, don't include any of the clitics in the irregular forms except for the imperative (same as with reflexive verbs). An example is andarsene (“to go away, to leave”):

{{it-verb|vàdo.fut:andrò.sub:vàda.imp:và}}

which produces

andàrsene (pronominal, first-person singular present me ne vàdo, first-person singular past historic me ne andài, past participle andàto, first-person singular future me ne andrò, first-person singular subjunctive me ne vàda, second-person singular imperative vàttene)

Another example is volerci (“to be needed, to be required”). This is third person only, hence it uses the spec thirdonly (see above), and requires that all irregular forms be given in the third-person:

{{it-verb|e/-.presrow:-,-,vuòle,-,-,vògliono.phisrow:-,-,vòlle,-,-,vòllero.futrow:-,-,vorrà,-,-,vorrànno.sub:vòglia.thirdonly}}

which produces

volérci (pronominal, third-person only, third-person singular present ci vuòle, third-person singular past historic ci vòlle, past participle volùto, third-person singular future ci vorrà, third-person singular subjunctive ci vòglia, auxiliary èssere)

Multiword expressions such as prestare attenzione (“to pay attention”) are supported. To indicate the conjugation of such an expression, place the full verbal spec inside angle brackets (<...>) directly after the verb to be conjugated:

{{it-verb|prestare<a/è> attenzione}}

which produces

prestàre attenzione (first-person singular present prèsto attenzione, first-person singular past historic prestài attenzione, past participle prestàto attenzione, auxiliary avére)

Individual portions of the expression, including words other than the verb, are automatically linked. To override this, add explicit links, e.g. for tenere d'occhio (“to keep an eye on”):

{{it-verb|tenere<a/tèngo,ténni.fut:terrò.imp:tièni> ]]}}

which produces

tenére d'occhio (first-person singular present tèngo d'occhio, first-person singular past historic ténni d'occhio, past participle tenùto d'occhio, first-person singular future terrò d'occhio, second-person singular imperative tièni d'occhio, auxiliary avére)

This even works if there are multiple verbs in the expression, e.g. trascinare e rilasciare (“to drag and drop”):

{{it-verb|trascinare<a/ì> e rilasciare<a/à>}}

which produces

trascinàre e rilasciàre (first-person singular present trascìno e rilàscio, first-person singular past historic trascinài e rilasciài, past participle trascinàto e rilasciàto, auxiliary avére)

As mentioned above, you can place a qualifier in square brackets after any verb form or after an auxiliary, to indicate under what circumstances that particular form or auxiliary is used. For example, for the verb forare (“to pierce”), specify:

{{it-verb|a/ò:ó}}

which produces

foràre (first-person singular present fòro or (traditional) fóro, first-person singular past historic forài, past participle foràto, auxiliary avére)

Here, we indicate the modern stressed-vowel pronunciation fòro along with the traditional one fóro, marked as such.

An example of qualifiers on auxiliaries occurs with discendere (“to descend”), which has both intransitive usages (which take the auxiliary essere) and transitive usages (which take the auxiliary avere, as with all transitive verbs). To indicate this, specify:

{{it-verb|e:a\é:è,discési,discéso}}

which produces

discéndere or discèndere (first-person singular present discéndo or discèndo, first-person singular past historic discési, past participle discéso, auxiliary (intransitive) èssere or (transitive) avére)

You can also specify reference footnotes to be displayed after a given form. To specify such a footnote, use the syntax directly after a form, similar to a qualifier. For example, for discendere, to footnote the fact that both discéndo and discèndo are allowed in modern usage (traditional usage calls for discéndo only), citing Luciano Canepari's Dizionario di Pronuncia Italiana, use:

{{it-verb|e:a\é:è,discési,discéso}}

===References===
<references />

which produces

discéndere or discèndere (first-person singular present discéndo or discèndo, first-person singular past historic discési, past participle discéso, auxiliary (intransitive) èssere or (transitive) avére)

References

Here, we use a template call to {{R:it:DiPI}}, which generates a citation to Canepari's online dictionary.

You can combine qualifiers and reference notes on the same form. For example, for forare above, to footnote the pronunciations fòro (modern) and fóro (traditional), use:

{{it-verb|a/ò:ó}}

===References===
<references />

which produces

foràre (first-person singular present fòro or (traditional) fóro^[1], first-person singular past historic forài, past participle foràto, auxiliary avére)

References

The syntax of the contents inside of is the same as for the |ref= parameter to {{IPA}} and {{it-IPA}}. Specifically, to specify multiple footnotes, separate them with  !!! (with or without spaces). To specify a name for a given footnote, use <<name:NAME>> directly after the footnote text, as if <ref name="NAME">...</ref> were used, and to use a previously named footnote a second time, use only <<name:NAME>> with an empty footnote text, as if <ref name="NAME" /> were used. See {{IPA}} for more information.

The allowed parameters are as follows:

|1=

Specify the inflected forms; see above.

|head=, |head2=, ...

Override the headword. Useful especially to add unpredictable links in multiword expressions (an automatic linking algorithm applies in the absence of this, and links each word).

|noautolinktext=1

Disable the autolinking algorithm for text outside of the verb itself, in multiword expressions.

|noautolinkverb=1

Disable the autolinking algorithm for the verb. If you use both this and |noautolinktext=1, no autolinking will happen, with the result that any links need to be specified using |head= and non-lemma forms will be linked in their entirety.

|sort=

Optional argument to specify the sort key; rarely needed.

|id=

Optional argument to specify a sense ID for linking purposes; see {{senseid}} and {{l}}.