User:Victar/Reflexes/Proto-Scythian
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Saka corpus
Reflexes of Proto-Scythian
Consonants
| PIr. | PScy. | OOss. | Oss. | PSak. | Kho. | Tmš. | Wax. | Examples | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PIr. | PScy. | POss. | OOss. | Ossetic | PSkW. | PSak. | Khotanese | Tmš. | Wakhi | |||||||||||
| O. | L. | Digor | Iron | OKho. | LKho. | |||||||||||||||
| *b | *b | b | b | *b | b | v | ||||||||||||||
| *β[C 1] | b | b | *β | b | v | |||||||||||||||
| *d | *d | δ | *d | d | *dáća (“two”) | *dása | dæs | *dása | dasau | daso | dase | δas | ||||||||
| *δ[C 1] | δ | d | *δ | y | δ | *pádah (“foot”) | *páδi | *fáδɨ | *fæd | fæd | *páδi | *pái | pai | pыδ | ||||||
| *δ[C 1] | δ | d | *mádu (“honey, wine”) | *máδu | *máuδʉ | *múd | mud | myd | *máuδu | *máu | mau | |||||||||
| *g | *g | q | *g | g ‹gg› | ǧ ‹ɣ̌› | *gaȷ́ah (“reed, tamarisk”) | *gazi | qæzæ | qæz | *gazi | gaysä | ɣ̌uz | ||||||||
| *ǰ /dž/ | *ǰ | *j /dz/ | j ‹js› | *ǰiHwáh (“alive”) | ||||||||||||||||
| *ȷ́ /dz/ | *z | z | *z | z ‹ys› | z | *paHȷ́ah (“face, side”) | *pāzi | fæzæ | fæz | *pāzi | pāysä | pыz | ||||||||
| *k | *k | *k | k | k | *káHmah (“wish, desire”) | |||||||||||||||
| ky/c | ||||||||||||||||||||
| ǧ ‹g› > Ø | *HástaHkaH (“bone”) | *ā́stāgā | æstæg | (y)stæg | *ā́stāgā | āstai | yayč, ayč | |||||||||||||
| *x | *ĉuxráh (“bright”) | *suxrí | surx | syrx | *suxrí | suraa | səkr | |||||||||||||
| *č /tš/ | *c /ts/ | c ‹τζ› | c | *c | c ‹tc› | č | *čā́taH (“pond, lake”) | *cā́tā | cadæ | cad | *cā́tā | tcāta | čot | |||||||
| *ǰ[C 2] | ž ‹ʒ› | *j | j ‹js› | c | *sawčanyah (“needle”) | *sawjańi | soʒijnæ | suʒin | *sawjańi | saujsaña | sic | |||||||||
| *pánča (“five”) | *pánja | fonʒ | *pánja | pamjsa | panʒ | |||||||||||||||
| *š | *šyáwatai (“(s)he goes”) | |||||||||||||||||||
| *kʰ | *haxā́y (“friend”) | |||||||||||||||||||
| *ć /ts/ | *s | s | *s | s | *ćarHdáh (“summer”) | *sardí | særdæ | særd | salä | wəsə́rd | ||||||||||
| *š | *š | s | *ṣ | ∅ | ṣ ‹ṣ̌› | *gáwšah (“ear”) | *gū́ši | qus | ǧos | *gū́ṣ̌i | gguv̮ä | ɣ̌īṣ̌ | ||||||||
| *h | *Hhuškah (“dry”) | xuskʼæ | xyskʼ | huṣkä | wəsk | |||||||||||||||
| *s | *s | s | *s | s | s | *saHnah (“enemy”) | *sāni | son | son | *sāni | sānä | son | ||||||||
| *š | *Hŕ̥šah (“bear”) | *ā́rši | ars | *ā́rri | arrä | |||||||||||||||
| *m | *máHtā (“mother”) | |||||||||||||||||||
| *n | *náHuš (“ship”) | *nāw | nawæ | naw | *nāw | no | nыw | |||||||||||||
| *p | φ | *puθráh (“son”) | *puθrí | *φuθrɨ́ | φurt | furt | fyrt | pira | ||||||||||||
| *pʰ | f | w ‹v› | f | *kapʰah (“mucus, phlegm”) | *kʰapʰi | xæfæ | xæf | *kʰapʰi | khavä | xuf | ||||||||||
| *pʰ | *ćapʰáh (“hoof”) | *sapʰí | sæftæg | *sahí | sahä | |||||||||||||||
| *r | *Hraštáh (“right”) | *raští | rast | *raṣtí | rraṣṭa | |||||||||||||||
| l[C 3] | *páHrćuš (“rib”) | *pā́rsuš | fars | *pā́rsuš | pālsuve | pыrs | ||||||||||||||
| *t | *t | t | *t | t ‹tt› | *taptáh (“hot”) | *taftí | tavdæ | tavd | *taftí | ttaudä | ||||||||||
| *tʲ > ć[C 4] | *tigráh (“pointed”) | *tiǧrí | *ćiǧrɨ́ | *cirǧ | cirǵ | cyrǵ | *tiǧrí | ttīrä | ||||||||||||
| *θ | *θwáHam (“you”, acc.sg.) | |||||||||||||||||||
| *wáxθram (“mouth”) | ||||||||||||||||||||
| ṭhṭh | *Hhaθyáh (“real, true”) | haṭhṭha | ||||||||||||||||||
| rg | lg | ltk | *wr̥θkáh (“kidney”) | *wərdkí | wyrg | urg | *wirδgí | bilga | wəltk | |||||||||||
| *θ > *θ | *Hráθah (“chariot”) | wəltk | ||||||||||||||||||
| *t | *stuHnáH (“pillar”) | stūnā | ||||||||||||||||||
| *w | *w | b[C 5] | *β[C 6] | *wŕ̥kah (“wolf”) | *wə́rki | *βírgi | birggä | |||||||||||||
| *y | ǵ ‹gy› | (i) | *Hyáȷ́atah (“divinity”) | *yázadi | (i)zæd | *yázadi | gyastä | |||||||||||||
Consonant clusters
| PIr. | pre-PScy. | PScy. | POss. | OOss. | Oss. | PSkW. | PSak. | Kho. | Tmš. | Wax. | Examples | ||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PIr. | PScy. | POss. | OOss. | Ossetic | PSkW. | PSak. | Khotanese | Tmš. | Wakhi | ||||||||||||||||
| D. | I. | O. | L. | Digor | Iron | OKho. | LKho. | ||||||||||||||||||
| KN | *gn | *ǧn | *ǧn | *ǧṇ | ṇ | ɣ̌n | *ráwgnah (“butter, oil”) | *rū́ǧni | *rū́ǧni | *rū́ǧṇi | rrūṇä | rūɣ̌n, rūɣ̌ən | |||||||||||||
| rST | *ršt | *ršt | *ršc[C 4] | *rc | rc | *pr̥štíH (“back, spine”) | *parštī́ | *faršcí | *færcí | færci | færcy | palšti | pərt | ||||||||||||
| Kr | *gr | *ǧr[C 1] | rǧ | yr[C 7] | *tigráh (“sharp”) | *tiǧrí | *ćiǧrɨ́ | *cirǧ | cirǧ | cyrǧ | *tiǧrí | ttīrä | |||||||||||||
| rK | *rg | *rǧ[C 1] | rǧ | *ry | *r | r | rǧ ‹rɣ̌› | *dr̥Hgáh (“long”) | *dārǧí | *dārǧɨ́ | *dárǧ | darǧ | *dārǧí | dāra | |||||||||||
| rTS | *rȷ́ | *rz | rz | *rdz = *rj | *lj[C 3] | ljs | *Hr̥ȷ́atáh (“silver”) | *ārzatí | *ārzatɨ́ | *ærzǽt | ærzǽt | *ārjatí | *āljatí | āljsatä | |||||||||||
| SK | *zg | ǧz | js | *mazgáh (“marrow, brain”) | *mazgí | *maǧzɨ́ | *maǧz | maǧz | |||||||||||||||||
| Tw | *dw | *dwitī́yah (“second”) | *dwitī́ | *dwɨǰí | *duǰí | duʒi | *dwití | śätä | viti | ||||||||||||||||
| Dr | *br | *br | rv | *br | br | vr | *bráHtā (“brother”) | *brā́tā | *ᵊrvā́da | *ærvadæ | ærvad(æ) | ærvad | *brā́tāh | brāte | vrыt | ||||||||||
| *br | rv | *br | br | vr | *abráh (“cloud”) | *abrí | *abrɨ́ | *arv | arv | *abrí | orä | ||||||||||||||
| Fw | *hw | xʷ | hv | x | *hwáhā (“sister”) | x̌ыy | |||||||||||||||||||
| *θw | *θw | *θβ | pp | *θβ | h | b | *čaθwā́rah (“four”) | *caθwā́ri | *cauθwā́rɨ | *čuppar | cuppar | cyppar | *caθβā́ri | *tsahári | tcahaura | tcahora (> tcaura) | tsahari | cəbы́r | |||||||
| Fr | *θr | *θr | rθ > rt | rt | *tr | dr | tr | *θráyah (“three”) | *θrḗi | *ᵊrtéɨ | *ærté | ærtæ | *θrḗi | *drei | drei | drai | dre | tru, truy | |||||||
| *xr | *xr | rx | *xr | r | kr̬ | *ćuxráh (“red”) | *suxrí | *suxrɨ́ | *súrx | syrx | surx | *suxrí | *suhri | surai, suraa | səkr̬ | ||||||||||
| rN | *rm | *rm | r | rm | *rm | rm | *čárma (“skin”) | *cā́rma | *cā́rmə | *cárm | car | carm | *cā́rma | tcārma | |||||||||||
| rHT | *rHd | *rd > *rδ | *ld[C 3] | l | *ćarHdáh (“summer”) | *sardí | særdæ | særd | *sardí | salä | wəsə́rd | ||||||||||||||
| TSy | *cy | *sy | *ś[C 8] | *š | š | s | *ś | *ś | śś[C 9], ś | ṣ ‹ṣ̌› | *ćyaHwáh (“black-brown”) | *śśāwí | *sāwɨ́ | sau | saw | *śśāwí | śāvä | ṣ̌ыw | |||||||
| STr | *str | *sr > *šr | *š | *š | š | s | *ṣ | ṣṣ[C 9], ṣ | ṣ ‹ṣ̌› | *wáHstraH (“grass, hay”) | *wā́ṣṣā | xwasæ | xos | *wā́ṣṣā | hvāṣä, hvāṣṣä | wыṣ̌ | |||||||||
| *striHyā (“female (animal)”) | *ṣṣīyā | *sīya | *siyæ | silæ | syl | *strīyā | strīyā | strəy | |||||||||||||||||
| TSr | *cr | *Háćrukah (“tear”) | *áṣṣuki | *ásugɨ | *æsúg | sug | syg | *áṣṣuki | āṣkä | yaṣ̌k, aṣ̌k | |||||||||||||||
| *ćr̥Hwáh (“horn”) | *ṣṣuwí | siwæ | sy | *ṣṣuwáh | ṣu, ṣṣu | ṣ̌əw | |||||||||||||||||||
| ST | *st | st’ | st | st | *Hstā́rakaH (“star”) | *stā́rakā | (æ)st’alu | st’aly | *stā́rakā | stārey | stór, sᵊtór | ||||||||||||||
| ST | *st | t’ | ṣṣ | š | (“intestines”) | t’angtæ | ṣṣaṃgila | šəngə́r | |||||||||||||||||
| SN | *šm | *šm | *šm | ns | sm | *ṣm | ym | ẓm ‹ẓ̌m› | *čášma (“eye”) | *cášma | *cášmə | *cásm | cans | casm | *cášma | tce̮imä | č̣əẓ̌m | ||||||||
| ST | *št | *št | *št | št | st | *ṣt | ṣt | (x)t | *Haštáh (“eight”) | *āští | *āštɨ́ | *ast | ast | *aští | haṣṭa | haṣṭä, haṣṭi | haṣti | at | |||||||
| ṣt ‹ṣ̌t› | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| FT | *pʰt | *ft | *βd[C 10] | βd ‹ϐδ› | vd | *βd | wd | b | *haptá (“seven”) | *hāβdá | *āβdə́ | abd | avd | *hāβdá | hāṃda | hauda | ыb, ыp, hыp | ||||||||
| FSN | *xšn | *xšn | xn | *xšn | xs | *ráwxšnah (“bright”) | *rū́xšni | *rū́xšnɨ | *rúxs | roxs | ruxs | *rū́xšni | rrūsena? | rыxn | |||||||||||
| STS | *sč | *usčáH (“up”) | *uskā́ | *uskā | uska | sək | |||||||||||||||||||
| *pasčáy (“after”) | *pascḗ | *fastḗ | *fæste | fæstæ | *uskā | uska | sək | ||||||||||||||||||
- Notes
Vowels and syllabic consonants
| PIr. | pre-PScy. | PScy. | POss. | OOss. | Oss. | PSkW. | PSak. | Kho. | Tmš. | Wax. | Examples | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PIr. | PScy. | POss. | OOss. | Ossetic | PSkW. | PSak. | Khotanese | Tmš. | Wakhi | |||||||||||||||
| D. | I. | O. | L. | Digor | Iron | OKho. | LKho. | |||||||||||||||||
| *a | *a | *a | *ɐ /*æ/ | ɐ /æ/ | *a | *a | a | a | *dáća (“two”) | *dása | *dásə | *dǽs | dæs | *dása | dasau | daso | dase | δas | ||||||
| *i[V 1] | i | *ȷ́r̥Hanyam (“golden”) | *záranyu | *zárainyʉ | zirḕn | zærin | *záranyu | *záirnyu | ysīrrä | *zerna | ||||||||||||||
| *a | *æ | o[V 2] | *pánča (“five”) | *pánǰa | *fánǰə | *fǽnʒ | fonʒ | *pánǰa | *pánja | paṃjsa | pajsa | pa(ṃ)tsi | panʒ | |||||||||||
| ∅[V 3] | ∅ | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| *a | (a) | ∅[V 4] | ∅ | *haptá (“seven”) | *hāβdá | *ābdə́ | abd | avd | *hāβdā́ | *hāwdá | hauda | hoda | ыb, ыp, hыp | |||||||||||
| [V 5] | ∅ | *haptá (“middle”) | *hāβdá | abd | avd | *hāβdā́ | hauda | hoda | mad, maδ | |||||||||||||||
| ā[V 6] | *dr̥Hgáh (“long”) | *dārǧí | *dārǧɨ́ | *darǧ | darǧ | dārä | ||||||||||||||||||
| *au[V 7] | *o | o | u | *Harušáh (“white”) | *aruší | *aurʉšɨ́ | *órs | uors | urs | irx̌, yirx̌, yərx̌ | ||||||||||||||
| ∅[V 8] | ∅ | ∅ | ∅ | ∅ | ∅ | ∅ | ∅ | ∅ | wæd | va | ||||||||||||||
| *ā[V 9] | *ā | *ā | *æ ‹*a› | æ ‹a› | *ā | *ā | ā | ɨ ‹ы› | *čárma (“skin”) | *cā́rma | *cā́rmə | *carm | carm | car | *cā́rma | tcārma | ||||||||
| *ā | *ā | ɘ ‹y› | a | *čaθwā́rah (“four”) | *caθwā́ri | *cauθwā́rɨ | *čuppar | cuppar | cyppar | *caθβā́ri | *tsahári | tcahaura | tcahora (> tcaura) | tsahari | cəbы́r | |||||||||
| *ō[V 2] | *o | o | ā | u | *Hnā́ma (“name”) | *nā́ma | *nā́mə | *nóm | non | nom | *nā́ma | nāma | nung | |||||||||||
| *ē | *a | ɐ /æ/ | ∅ | *a[V 10] | a | ∅ | *pHtā́ (“father”) | *pitā́ | *fitá | *fidǽ | fidæ | fyd | *pitḗ | *pitḗ | päte | |||||||||
| *ay | *əi > *ē | *e | *e | e | i | *yū | i | |||||||||||||||||
| *i[V 11] | i | i | *axšáyHnah (“dark blue”) | *āxšī́ni | *axsī́nɨ | *æxsín | æxsin | *āxšēinī | āṣṣeiṇa | |||||||||||||||
| *ay | *šáyθrah (“dwelling”) | *xšḗtri | *xšḗrā | *xšḗra | kṣīra | xšera | ||||||||||||||||||
| *ay | *ȷ́ŕ̥dayam (“heart”) | *zárdeyu | *zárdeyʉ | *zǽrde | zærdæ | ysära | ||||||||||||||||||
| *aya | *əya > *ēa | *ēi | *ei | *æi | æ | *ēi | *ei | ei | ai | e | u(y) | *θráyah (“three”) | *θréyi | *ᵊrtéyɨ́ | *ærté | ærtæ | *θrḗi | *drei | drei | drai | dre | tru, truy | ||
| *ayw | *əiw > *ēw | *ew | *ew | ew | i | *īw | *yū > *źū > *śśū | (y)iw | *Háywah (“one”) | *ḗwi | *éwɨ | *éw | (j)ew | iw | *ī́wi | *śśū | śśū | śo | yiw, yi, iw, i | |||||
| *āy | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| *aw | *ō | *ū | *ū | *u | u | ɘ ‹y› | i | *dáwš (“arm”) | *dū́š | *dū́s | *dús | dus | dys | ɣ̌iṣ̌ | ||||||||||
| *gáwšah (“ear”) | *gū́ši | *ǧū́sɨ | *ǧús | ǧos | qus | *gū́ši | *gúwi | gguwä, gū | ɣ̌iṣ̌ | |||||||||||||||
| *ūi | *uy | uy ‹uj› | i | *ū | *ū | ū | *ī > i | *ćráwniš (“buttocks”) | *śśū́nyā | *sū́inya | *suynæ | sujnæ | sin | *śśū́ni | *śśū́n̄i | ṣṣūn̄i | ṣ̌in | |||||||
| *āw[V 6] | *ćyaHwáh (“dark”) | *śāwí | *sāwɨ́ | *saw | saw | *śāwí | *śāwí | śāvä | ṣ̌ыw | |||||||||||||||
| *āwu | *āwā | *āwā | *awæ | aw | *āwā | *awa | au | ọ ‹o› | ɨw ‹ыw› | *náHuš (“boat”) | *nā́wu | *nā́wa | *náwæ | nawæ | naw | *nā́wu | *nā́w | nau | no | nыw | ||||
| *awa | *gáwaȷ́nah (“deer”) | *gáwāzni | *ǧáwāznɨ | *ǧǽwanz | ǧæwanz | qwaz, qæwaz | ggūysna | |||||||||||||||||
| *awi | *Háwiš (“sheep”) | *áwi | *áiwi | yobč, yopč | ||||||||||||||||||||
| *i | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| *ī[V 6] | *i | d́ | *HwiHćati (“twenty”) | *winsati | *insaǰɨ | Insáz | insæj | ssæʒ | *wistí | bistä | bästa | bista | wist | |||||||||||
| *ī | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| i[V 12] | *ćriHráh | *srīrí | śśära | |||||||||||||||||||||
| *u | *u | u | *u | u | ə | *ćuxráh (“red”) | *suxrí | *suxrɨ́ | *súrx | syrx | surx | *suxrí | *suhri | surai, suraa | səkr̬ | |||||||||
| *ū | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| u[V 13] | i | *stuHnáH (“pillar”) | *stūnā́ | stuna | istín, yistin, stin | |||||||||||||||||||
| *r̥ | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
- Notes
Abbreviations
- # = word boundary
- C = consonant
- Cʰ = aspirated consonant
- Ć = palatal consonant
- Cʷ = labial consonant
- C̥ = syllabic consonant
- D = voiced stop (b, d, g, h₃, z)
- E = front vowel (e, i)
- F = fricative (δ, θ, x)
- G = voiced velar stop
- H = laryngeal
- K = (voiceless) velar stop
- L = liquid (l, r)
- N = nasal (n, m)
- P = bilabial stop (b, p)
- R = sonorant (l, r, n, m)
- T = (voiceless) stop
- S = sibilant (s, z)
- V = vowel
- V̄ = long vowel
- V̆ = short vowel
- Vʷ = rounded vowel
- X (ʰ, h₁, h₂)
- Y = glide
- Z = voiced sibilant