恐懼

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See also: 恐惧

Chinese

afraid; frightened; to fear to fear
trad. (恐懼) 恐 懼
simp. (恐惧) 恐 惧

Pronunciation

Rime
Character 恐 懼
Reading # 1/2 1/1
Initial (聲) 溪 (29) 群 (30)
Final (韻) 鍾 (7) 虞 (24)
Tone (調) Rising (X) Departing (H)
Openness (開合) Open Closed
Division (等) III III
Fanqie 丘隴切 其遇切
Baxter khjowngX gjuH
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/kʰɨoŋX/ /ɡɨoH/
Pan
Wuyun 		/kʰioŋX/ /ɡioH/
Shao
Rongfen 		/kʰioŋX/ /ɡioH/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/kʰuawŋX/ /guə̆H/
Li
Rong 		/kʰioŋX/ /ɡioH/
Wang
Li 		/kʰĭwoŋX/ /ɡĭuH/
Bernhard
Karlgren 		/kʰi̯woŋX/ /gi̯uH/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		qiǒng jù
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex 		hung2 geoi6
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 恐 懼
Reading # 1/1 1/1
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin) 		kǒng jù
Middle
Chinese 		‹ khjowngX › ‹ gjuH ›
Old
Chinese 		/*kʰ(r)oŋʔ/ /*ʷ(r)a(k)-s/
English fear fear (v.)

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. * as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 恐 懼
Reading # 1/2 1/1
No. 4071 7151
Phonetic
component 		工 瞿
Rime
group 		東 魚
Rime
subdivision 		0 0
Corresponding
MC rime 		恐 懼
Old
Chinese 		/*kʰoŋʔ/ /*ɡʷas/

Adjective

恐懼

  1. frightened; terrified; scared

Synonyms

Verb

恐懼

  1. to fear

Synonyms

Noun

恐懼

  1. fear

Derived terms

See also

Descendants

Sino-Xenic (恐懼):
  • → Japanese: 恐(きょう)懼(く) (kyōku)
  • → Korean: 공구(恐懼) (gonggu)

Japanese

Kanji in this term
恐 懼
きょう
Grade: S 		く
Hyōgai
on'yomi

Noun

恐(きょう)懼(く) • (kyōku) 

  1. being struck with awe

Verb

恐(きょう)懼(く)する • (kyōku suru) suru (stem 恐(きょう)懼(く)し (kyōku shi), past 恐(きょう)懼(く)した (kyōku shita))

  1. to be struck with awe

Conjugation

Conjugation of "恐懼する" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs.)
Katsuyōkei ("stem forms")
Mizenkei ("imperfective") 恐懼し きょうくし kyōku shi
Ren’yōkei ("continuative") 恐懼し きょうくし kyōku shi
Shūshikei ("terminal") 恐懼する きょうくする kyōku suru
Rentaikei ("attributive") 恐懼する きょうくする kyōku suru
Kateikei ("hypothetical") 恐懼すれ きょうくすれ kyōku sure
Meireikei ("imperative") 恐懼せよ¹
恐懼しろ² 		きょうくせよ¹
きょうくしろ² 		kyōku seyo¹
kyōku shiro²
Key constructions
Passive 恐懼される きょうくされる kyōku sareru
Causative 恐懼させる
恐懼さす 		きょうくさせる
きょうくさす 		kyōku saseru
kyōku sasu
Potential 恐懼できる きょうくできる kyōku dekiru
Volitional 恐懼しよう きょうくしよう kyōku shiyō
Negative 恐懼しない きょうくしない kyōku shinai
Negative continuative 恐懼せず きょうくせず kyōku sezu
Formal 恐懼します きょうくします kyōku shimasu
Perfective 恐懼した きょうくした kyōku shita
Conjunctive 恐懼して きょうくして kyōku shite
Hypothetical conditional 恐懼すれば きょうくすれば kyōku sureba
¹ Written imperative

² Spoken imperative

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