nf

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See also: .nf, 1NF, 2NF, 3NF, 4NF, 5NF, 6NF, NF, Nf., nF, and nf3

Egyptian

Pronunciation

Pronoun

n
f

 distal demonstrative pronoun

  1. that

Usage notes

This demonstrative is a pronoun, and so does not directly modify nouns. In Middle Egyptian it becomes used as a demonstrative for plural nouns in place of the old adjectives jpf and jptf. When used in this way, it precedes the noun, with the genitival adjective n(j) in between, e.g. "those feet" is nf n(j) rdw (literally "that of feet").

It forms a contrastive pair with the demonstrative pronoun nn, in which nf is distal.

Inflection

Old Egyptian demonstratives
determiners pronouns1 adverbs
number singular dual plural unmarked
gender masculine feminine masculine feminine masculine feminine unmarked
proximal to speaker pn
 tn
 *jpnj
 jptnj, jptntj
 jpn
 jptn
 nn
 —
distal pf
 tf
 *jpfj
 *jptfj, *jptftj
 jpf
 jptf
 nf
 —
proximal to spoken of pj, pw, p
 tj, tw
 jpwj
 jptwj, jptwtj
 jpw
 jptw, jptwt
 nw
 —
vocative pꜣ
 tꜣ
 —
 —
 —
 —
 nꜣ
 ꜥꜣ
  1. Unmarked for number and gender, but treated syntactically as masculine plurals when used with participles and relative forms, and as feminine singulars when referred to by resumptive pronouns.
Middle Egyptian demonstratives
determiners and pronouns adverbs
number singular plural1
gender masculine feminine unmarked
proximal pn
 tn
 nn
 ꜥn
distal pf, pfꜣ
 tf, tfꜣ
 nf, nfꜣ
 ꜥf
‘copula’ and vocative pw, pwy
 tw, twy
 nw
 —
anaphoric pꜣ
 tꜣ
 nꜣ
 ꜥꜣ
  1. Joined by n(j) to nouns they modify.
Late Egyptian demonstratives and articles
masculine feminine plural adverb
pronoun pꜣw
 dj
determiners and pronouns pꜣj
 tꜣj
 nꜣj
possessive determiners1 pꜣy
 tꜣy
 nꜣy
relational pronouns (‘possessive prefixes’) p-n, pꜣ
 t-nt, tꜣ
 nꜣyw, nꜣ
definite articles pꜣ
 tꜣ
 nꜣ2
indefinite articles wꜥ2
 nhꜣy2
  1. Used with suffix pronouns.
  2. Originally joined by n(j) to nouns they modify; later without it.

Alternative forms

Alternative hieroglyphic writings of nf  
n
f		 AN31
n
f		 Ay
N31
n
f
y		 N31
n
y
f
n
y
f		 N31
Z2
nfꜣ nfꜣj nfj njf njf

Noun

n
f		 nDs

 m

  1. wrong, wrongdoing
  2. something wrong, erroneous
    • c. 2000 BCE – 1900 BCE, Tale of the Shipwrecked Sailor (pHermitage/pPetersburg 1115) lines 149–150:
      aHaa
      n      		 sbt
      bH      		 A2n
      f      		 imA1mM22M22D&d n&A1 mn
      f      		 nDsmibZ1f
      D&d f
      n      		 A1D35wrrn
      k      		 a
      n      		 tywW23
      Z2ss      		 xprr
      t      		 nbnTrsnn
      t      		 rtrN33C
      Z2ss
      ꜥḥꜥ.n sbt.n.f jm.j m nn ḏd.n.j m nf m jb.f ḏd.f n.j (j)n wr n.k ꜥntjw ḫpr.t(j) ⟨m⟩ nb sntr
      Then he laughed at me – and at this that I’d said – as being wrong to his mind, saying to me: Are you abundant in myrrh, turned into a lord of incense?[1]

Alternative forms

Alternative hieroglyphic writings of nf  
n
f		 nDs
Z2
n
f		 AnDs
n
f
y		 nDs
nf nfꜣ nfj

References

  1. ^ Or ‘You aren’t abundant in myrrh …’, if the initial particle is read as negative nj instead of interrogative jn. The expected negative particle for such a clause would be nn, so an interrogative is more plausible. For a detailed discussion see Scalf, Foy (2009) “Is That a Rhetorical Question? Shipwrecked Sailor (pHermitage 1115) 150 Reconsidered” in Zeitschrift für Ägyptische Sprache und Altertumskunde, volume 136, issue 2, pages 155–159.
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