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Egyptian

Pronunciation

 

Determiner

pA

 m sg anaphoric demonstrative determiner

  1. (Old and Late Egyptian) O (vocative reference)
  2. (Middle Egyptian) the aforementioned, the said
  3. (Late Egyptian) the definite article; the
  4. (Late Egyptian, with following noun) he of, this of, that of

Usage notes

This demonstrative was originally a determiner but could later be used alone, like a pronoun. When used as a determiner it precedes the noun it describes.

In Middle Egyptian, this pronoun was possibly somewhat colloquial; in Late Egyptian its force had weakened to that of a definite article.

Inflection

Old Egyptian demonstratives
determiners pronouns1 adverbs
singular dual plural unmarked
masculine feminine masculine feminine masculine feminine
proximal to speaker pn
tn
*jpnj
jptnj, jptntj
jpn
jptn
nn

distal pf
tf
*jpfj
*jptfj, *jptftj
jpf
jptf
nf

proximal to spoken of pj, pw, p
tj, tw
jpwj
jptwj, jptwtj
jpw
jptw, jptwt
nw

vocative pꜣ
tꜣ




nꜣ
ꜥꜣ

1 Unmarked for number and gender, but treated syntactically as masculine plurals when used with participles and relative forms, and as feminine singulars when referred to by resumptive pronouns.

Middle Egyptian demonstratives
determiners and pronouns adverbs
singular plural1
masculine feminine
proximal pn
tn
nn
ꜥn
distal pf, pfꜣ
tf, tfꜣ
nf, nfꜣ
ꜥf
‘copula’ and vocative pw, pwy
tw, twy
nw

anaphoric pꜣ
tꜣ
nꜣ
ꜥꜣ

1 Joined by n(j) to nouns they modify.

Late Egyptian demonstratives and articles
masculine feminine plural adverb
pronoun pꜣw
dj
determiners and pronouns pꜣj
tꜣj
nꜣj
possessive determiners1 pꜣy
tꜣy
nꜣy
relational pronouns (‘possessive prefixes’) p-n, pꜣ
t-nt, tꜣ
nꜣyw, nꜣ
definite articles pꜣ
tꜣ
nꜣ2
indefinite articles wꜥ2
nhꜣy2

1 Used with suffix pronouns.
2 Originally joined by n(j) to nouns they modify; later without it.

Alternative forms

Descendants

  • Demotic: pꜣ
    • Coptic: ⲡ- (p-) (Sahidic, Fayyumic, Akhmimic, Lycopolitan), ⲡⲉ- (pe-) (Sahidic, Fayyumic, Lycopolitan), ⲡⲓ- (pi-) (Bohairic, Fayyumic)

References

  • James P Allen (2010) Middle Egyptian: An Introduction to the Language and Culture of Hieroglyphs, 2nd edition, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, pages 54–56.
  • Junge, Friedrich (2005) Late Egyptian Grammar: An Introduction, second English edition, Oxford: Griffith Institute, page 53
  • Faulkner, Raymond Oliver (1962) A Concise Dictionary of Middle Egyptian, Oxford: Griffith Institute, →ISBN, page 87
  • Loprieno, Antonio (1995) Ancient Egyptian: A Linguistic Introduction, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, pages 68–70