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Egyptian
Etymology
Contracted from tꜣ (“the, this”) + nt (“of”).
Pronunciation
Pronoun
f sg demonstrative pronoun
- (Late Egyptian, with following noun) she of, this of, that of
Inflection
Old Egyptian demonstratives
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determiners
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pronouns1
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adverbs
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number
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singular
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dual
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plural
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unmarked
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gender
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masculine
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feminine
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masculine
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feminine
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masculine
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feminine
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unmarked
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proximal to speaker
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pn
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tn
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*jpnj
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jptnj, jptntj
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jpn
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jptn
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nn
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—
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distal
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pf
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tf
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*jpfj
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*jptfj, *jptftj
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jpf
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jptf
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nf
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—
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proximal to spoken of
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pj, pw, p
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tj, tw
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jpwj
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jptwj, jptwtj
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jpw
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jptw, jptwt
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nw
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—
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vocative
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pꜣ
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tꜣ
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—
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—
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—
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—
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nꜣ
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ꜥꜣ
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- Unmarked for number and gender, but treated syntactically as masculine plurals when used with participles and relative forms, and as feminine singulars when referred to by resumptive pronouns.
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Middle Egyptian demonstratives
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determiners and pronouns
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adverbs
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number
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singular
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plural1
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gender
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masculine
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feminine
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unmarked
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proximal
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pn
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tn
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nn
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ꜥn
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distal
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pf, pfꜣ
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tf, tfꜣ
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nf, nfꜣ
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ꜥf
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‘copula’ and vocative
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pw, pwy
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tw, twy
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nw
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—
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anaphoric
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pꜣ
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tꜣ
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nꜣ
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ꜥꜣ
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- Joined by n(j) to nouns they modify.
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Late Egyptian demonstratives and articles
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masculine
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feminine
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plural
|
|
adverb
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pronoun
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pꜣw
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dj
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determiners and pronouns
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pꜣj
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tꜣj
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nꜣj
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possessive determiners1
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pꜣy
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tꜣy
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nꜣy
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relational pronouns (‘possessive prefixes’)
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p-n, pꜣ
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t-nt, tꜣ
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nꜣyw, nꜣ
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definite articles
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pꜣ
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tꜣ
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nꜣ2
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indefinite articles
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wꜥ2
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nhꜣy2
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- Used with suffix pronouns.
- Originally joined by n(j) to nouns they modify; later without it.
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Descendants
References
- Junge, Friedrich (2005) Late Egyptian Grammar: An Introduction, second English edition, Oxford: Griffith Institute, pages 53–54