塞

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塞 U+585E, 塞
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-585E
← 塝
 		CJK Unified Ideographs 塟 →
塞 U+F96C, 塞
CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-F96C
← 參
 		CJK Compatibility Ideographs 省 →

Translingual

Han character

塞 (Kangxi radical 32, 土+10, 13 strokes, cangjie input 十廿金土 (JTCG), four-corner 30104, composition ⿱𡨄土)

Derived characters

References

  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 236, character 9
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 5349
  • Dae Jaweon: page 474, character 2
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 475, character 1
  • Unihan data for U+585E

Chinese

simp. and trad.
 塞
alternative forms 㩙

Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 塞
Shang Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Oracle bone script Small seal script Transcribed ancient scripts
Characters in the same phonetic series (塞) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
賽 *slɯːɡs
塞 *slɯːɡs, *slɯːɡ
簺 *slɯːɡs
僿 *hljɯɡs
寨 *zraːds, *slɯːɡ

Oracle bone script: Ideogrammic compound (會意 / 会意) : 宀 (“house”) + 工 (“two items”) + 廾 (“two hands”) – stuffing the house with items. Hence, the original version is 𡨄, a character similar but unrelated to 共 but partly related to 展.

Shuowen: Ideogrammic compound (會意 / 会意) : 𡨄 + 土 (“soil”); the bottom component was added later.

Pronunciation 1

Note:
  • sāi - vernacular (“to stuff; to be jammed; stopper”);
  • sāir - “stopper”;
  • sēi - low vernacular (“to stuff”);
  • sè - literary.
Note:
  • sék - vernacular;
  • sáik - literary.
Rime
Character 塞
Reading # 2/2
Initial (聲) 心 (16)
Final (韻) 德 (131)
Tone (調) Checked (Ø)
Openness (開合) Open
Division (等) I
Fanqie 蘇則切
Baxter sok
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/sək̚/
Pan
Wuyun 		/sək̚/
Shao
Rongfen 		/sək̚/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/sək̚/
Li
Rong 		/sək̚/
Wang
Li 		/sək̚/
Bernhard
Karlgren 		/sək̚/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		se
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex 		sak1
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 塞
Reading # 3/3
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin) 		sè
Middle
Chinese 		‹ sok ›
Old
Chinese 		/*ˁək/
English stop up, block (v.)

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. * as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 塞
Reading # 2/2
No. 10961
Phonetic
component 		塞
Rime
group 		職
Rime
subdivision 		0
Corresponding
MC rime 		塞
Old
Chinese 		/*slɯːɡ/

Definitions

塞

  1. to stop up; to block up
  2. to stuff; to cram; to squeeze in
    將報紙塞落對鞋度 [Cantonese, trad.]
    将报纸塞落对鞋度 [Cantonese, simp.]
    zoeng1 bou3 zi2 sak1 lok6 deoi3 haai4 dou6
    to shove newspaper into a pair of shoes
  3. to be blocked; to be jammed
  4. to forbid; to suppress; to prohibit
  5. to satisfy; to fulfill
  6. to compensate; to remedy
  7. to answer; to repay
  8. to manage to arrange a position for someone
  9. to practise bribery
  10. to evade; to stall
  11. stopper; cork
  12. to be in a difficult position; destitute
  13. honest; truthful
  14. (historical) Saka people
Synonyms
  • (to stop up): 堵 (dǔ)

Compounds

Pronunciation 2

Rime
Character 塞
Reading # 1/2
Initial (聲) 心 (16)
Final (韻) 咍 (41)
Tone (調) Departing (H)
Openness (開合) Open
Division (等) I
Fanqie 先代切
Baxter sojH
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/sʌiH/
Pan
Wuyun 		/səiH/
Shao
Rongfen 		/sɒiH/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/səjH/
Li
Rong 		/sᴀiH/
Wang
Li 		/sɒiH/
Bernhard
Karlgren 		/sɑ̆iH/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		sài
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex 		soi3
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 塞
Reading # 1/3
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin) 		sài
Middle
Chinese 		‹ sojH ›
Old
Chinese 		/*ˁək-s/
English frontier

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. * as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 塞
Reading # 1/2
No. 10958
Phonetic
component 		塞
Rime
group 		代
Rime
subdivision 		0
Corresponding
MC rime 		賽
Old
Chinese 		/*slɯːɡs/

Definitions

塞

  1. (historical) place of strategic importance; pass; fortress
  2. to build fortress; to construct fortifications
  3. frontier; border
    塞翁失馬／塞翁失马  ―  sàiwēngshīmǎ  ―  The old man at the frontier losing a horse
  4. (specifically) the northern frontier of imperial China, as demarcated by the Great Wall
  5. Alternative form of 賽 / 赛 (sài, “to compete, contend; contest, race”)
  6. Alternative form of 簺 (sài, “an ancient gambling game”)

Compounds

Japanese

Kanji

塞

(Jōyō kanji)

  1. to block
  2. to shut off
  3. to close
  4. fort; fortress

Readings

Compounds

Idioms

Korean

Etymology 1

From Middle Chinese 塞 (MC sojH).

Historical readings

Pronunciation

Hanja

Korean Wikisource has texts containing the hanja:

Wikisource

塞 (eumhun 변방(邊方) 새)

  1. hanja form? of 새 (“frontier; border”)
  2. hanja form? of 새 (“fortress”)

Compounds

Compounds

Etymology 2

From Middle Chinese 塞 (MC sok).

Historical readings

Pronunciation

Hanja

塞 (eumhun 막을 색 (mageul saek))

  1. hanja form? of 색 (“block”)

Compounds

Compounds

References

  • 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典.

Vietnamese

Han character

塞: Hán Nôm readings: tắc, tái

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