Introduction

This page is intended to explore what the appendix for Welsh letters will look like if they are expelled from the main space. This paragrpah is not part of the intended experience. There are two formats:

A mere aggregation of existing entries. Note that the header lines are imperfect - {{cy-letter}} does not cater for the headword being different to the pagename.
An attempt to capture all the information in a few tables. The scheme is massively adapted from User:Thadh/Appendix:List of Afar letters and expands upon User:Thadh/Appendix:List of Welsh letters.

Aggregation

This is an appendix that records all the letters of the Welsh language.

A

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /aː/

Letter

Appendix\:Welsh Letters (upper case A, lower case a)

The first letter of the Welsh alphabet, called a and written in the Latin script. It is followed by B.

Mutation

A cannot be mutated but, being a vowel, does take h-prothesis, for example with the word afal (“apple”):

Mutated forms of *afal*
radical	soft	nasal	h-prothesis
afal	unchanged	unchanged	hafal

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in standard Welsh.
All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

(standard) IPA^(key): /biː/
- (informal) IPA^(key): /bə/

Letter

Appendix\:Welsh Letters (upper case B, lower case b)

The second letter of the Welsh alphabet, called bi and written in the Latin script. It is preceded by A and followed by C.

Mutation

B at the beginning of words mutates to F in a soft mutation, to M in a nasal mutation and is unchanged by aspirate mutation, for example with the word Bangor (“Bangor”):

Mutated forms of *Bangor*
radical	soft	nasal	aspirate
Bangor	Fangor	Mangor	unchanged

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in standard Welsh.
All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

C

Pronunciation

(standard) IPA^(key): /ɛk/
- (informal) IPA^(key): /kə/

Letter

Appendix\:Welsh Letters (upper case C, lower case c)

The third letter of the Welsh alphabet, called ec and written in the Latin script. It is preceded by B and followed by Ch.

Mutation

C at the beginning of words mutates to G in a soft mutation, to Ngh in a nasal mutation and to Ch in an aspirate mutation, for example with the word Cymru (“Wales”):

Mutated forms of *Cymru*
radical	soft	nasal	aspirate
Cymru	Gymru	Nghymru	Chymru

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in standard Welsh.
All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

Ch

Pronunciation

(standard) IPA^(key): /ɛχ/
- (informal) IPA^(key): /χ/

Letter

Appendix\:Welsh Letters (upper case Ch, lower case ch)

The fourth letter of the Welsh alphabet, called èch and written in the Latin script. It is preceded by C and followed by D.

Usage notes

Like the other Welsh digraphs, Ch is considered a distinct letter of the Welsh alphabet for all purposes, including collation. Thus, Chwilog is alphabetically sorted after Cydweli.

Mutation

Ch cannot be mutated in Welsh.

D

Pronunciation

(standard) IPA^(key): /diː/
- (informal) IPA^(key): /də/

Letter

Appendix\:Welsh Letters (upper case D, lower case d)

The fifth letter of the Welsh alphabet, called di and written in the Latin script. It is preceded by Ch and followed by Dd.

Mutation

D at the beginning of words mutates to Dd in a soft mutation, to N in a nasal mutation and is unchanged by aspirate mutation, for example with the word Dinbych (“Denbigh”):

Mutated forms of *Dinbych*
radical	soft	nasal	aspirate
Dinbych	Ddinbych	Ninbych	unchanged

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in standard Welsh.
All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

Dd

Pronunciation

(standard) IPA^(key): /ɛð/
- (informal) IPA^(key): /ð/

Letter

Appendix\:Welsh Letters (upper case Dd, lower case dd)

The sixth letter of the Welsh alphabet, called èdd and written in the Latin script. It is preceded by D and followed by E.

Usage notes

Like the other Welsh digraphs, Dd is considered a distinct letter of the Welsh alphabet for all purposes, including collation. Thus, y Ddraenen Wen is alphabetically sorted after y Drenewydd.

Mutation

Dd cannot be mutated in Welsh.

E

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /eː/

Letter

Appendix\:Welsh Letters (upper case E, lower case e)

The seventh letter of the Welsh alphabet, called e and written in the Latin script. It is preceded by Dd and followed by F.

Mutation

E cannot be mutated but, being a vowel, does take h-prothesis, for example with the word eliffant (“elephant”):

Mutated forms of *eliffant*
radical	soft	nasal	h-prothesis
eliffant	unchanged	unchanged	heliffant

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in standard Welsh.
All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

F

Pronunciation

(standard) IPA^(key): /ɛv/
- (informal) IPA^(key): /v/

Letter

Appendix\:Welsh Letters (upper case F, lower case f)

The eighth letter of the Welsh alphabet, called èf and written in the Latin script. It is preceded by E and followed by Ff.

Ff

Pronunciation

(standard) IPA^(key): /ɛf/
- (informal) IPA^(key): /f/

Letter

Appendix\:Welsh Letters (upper case Ff, lower case ff)

The ninth letter of the Welsh alphabet, called èff and written in the Latin script. It is preceded by F and followed by G.

Usage notes

Like the other Welsh digraphs, Ff is considered a distinct letter of the Welsh alphabet for all purposes, including collation. Thus, Ffrainc is alphabetically sorted after Fietnam.

Mutation

Ff cannot be mutated in Welsh.

G

Pronunciation

(standard) IPA^(key): /ɛɡ/
- (informal) IPA^(key): /ɡə/

Letter

Appendix\:Welsh Letters (upper case G, lower case g)

The tenth letter of the Welsh alphabet, called èg and written in the Latin script. It is preceded by Ff and followed by Ng.

Mutation

G at the beginning of words is omitted in a soft mutation, mutates to Ng in a nasal mutation and is unchanged by aspirate mutation, for example with the word Gwynedd (“Gwynedd”):

Mutated forms of *Gwynedd*
radical	soft	nasal	aspirate
Gwynedd	Wynedd	Ngwynedd	unchanged

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in standard Welsh.
All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

Ng

Pronunciation

(standard) IPA^(key): /ɛŋ/
- (informal) IPA^(key): /ŋ/

Letter

Appendix\:Welsh Letters (upper case Ng, lower case ng)

The eleventh letter of the Welsh alphabet, called eng and written in the Latin script. It is preceded by G and followed by H.

Mutation

Ng cannot be mutated in Welsh.

H

Pronunciation

(North Wales, standard) IPA^(key): /aːɨ̯tʃ/
- (North Wales, colloquial) IPA^(key): /haːɨ̯tʃ/, /hə/
(South Wales, standard) IPA^(key): /ai̯tʃ/
- (South Wales, colloquial) IPA^(key): /hai̯tʃ/, /hə/

Letter

Appendix\:Welsh Letters (upper case H, lower case h)

The twelfth letter of the Welsh alphabet, called aitsh and written in the Latin script. It is preceded by Ng and followed by I.

Mutation

H cannot be mutated in Welsh.

I

Pronunciation

(North Wales) IPA^(key): /iː/
(South Wales, standard) IPA^(key): /ˌiː ˈdɔt/, /ˌiː ˈðɔt/

Letter

Appendix\:Welsh Letters (upper case I, lower case i)

The thirteenth letter of the Welsh alphabet, called i or i dot and written in the Latin script. It is preceded by H and followed by J.

Mutation

I cannot mutate but, being a vowel, does take h-prothesis, for example with the word iwrch (“roe deer”):

Mutated forms of *iwrch*
radical	soft	nasal	h-prothesis
iwrch	unchanged	unchanged	hiwrch

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in standard Welsh.
All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

J

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /dʒeː/

Letter

Appendix\:Welsh Letters (upper case J, lower case j)

The fourteenth letter of the Welsh alphabet, called je and written in the Latin script. It is preceded by I and followed by L.

Mutation

J cannot be mutated in Welsh.

L

Pronunciation

(standard) IPA^(key): /ɛl/
- (informal) IPA^(key): /l/

Letter

Appendix\:Welsh Letters (upper case L, lower case l)

The fourteenth letter of the Welsh alphabet, called el and written in the Latin script. It is preceded by J and followed by Ll.

Mutation

L cannot be mutated in Welsh.

Ll

Pronunciation

(standard) IPA^(key): /ɛɬ/
- (informal) IPA^(key): /ɬ/

Letter

Appendix\:Welsh Letters (upper case Ll, lower case ll)

The sixteenth letter of the Welsh alphabet, called èll and written in the Latin script. It is preceded by L and followed by M.

Mutation

Ll at the beginning of words mutates to L in a soft mutation, but is unchanged by nasal mutation and aspirate mutation, for example with the word llawen (“merry”):

Mutated forms of *llawen*
radical	soft	nasal	aspirate
llawen	lawen	unchanged	unchanged

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in standard Welsh.
All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

M

Pronunciation

(standard) IPA^(key): /ɛm/
- (informal) IPA^(key): /m/

Letter

Appendix\:Welsh Letters (upper case M, lower case m)

The seventeenth letter of the Welsh alphabet, called em and written in the Latin script. It is preceded by Ll and followed by N.

Mutation

M at the beginning of words mutates to F in a soft mutation, but is unchanged by nasal mutation and aspirate mutation, for example with the word merch (“girl, daughter”):

Mutated forms of *merch*
radical	soft	nasal	aspirate
merch	ferch	unchanged	unchanged

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in standard Welsh.
All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

N

Pronunciation

(standard) IPA^(key): /ɛn/
- (informal) IPA^(key): /n/

Letter

Appendix\:Welsh Letters (upper case N, lower case n)

The eighteenth letter of the Welsh alphabet, called en and written in the Latin script. It is preceded by M and followed by O.

Mutation

N cannot mutate in Welsh.

O

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /oː/

Letter

Appendix\:Welsh Letters (upper case O, lower case o)

The nineteenth letter of the Welsh alphabet, called o and written in the Latin script. It is preceded by N and followed by P.

Mutation

O cannot be mutated but, being a vowel, does take h-prothesis, for example with the word oren (“orange”):

Mutated forms of *oren*
radical	soft	nasal	h-prothesis
oren	unchanged	unchanged	horen

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in standard Welsh.
All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

P

Pronunciation

(standard) IPA^(key): /piː/
- (informal) IPA^(key): /pə/

Letter

Appendix\:Welsh Letters (upper case P, lower case p)

The twentieth letter of the Welsh alphabet, called pi and written in the Latin script. It is preceded by O and followed by Ph.

Mutation

P at the beginning of words mutates to B in a soft mutation, to Mh in a nasal mutation and to Ph in an aspirate mutation, for example with the word prawf (“test”):

Mutated forms of *prawf*
radical	soft	nasal	aspirate
prawf	brawf	mhrawf	phrawf

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in standard Welsh.
All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

Ph

Pronunciation

(standard) IPA^(key): /fiː/
- (informal) IPA^(key): /f/

Letter

Appendix\:Welsh Letters (upper case Ph, lower case ph)

The twenty-first letter of the Welsh alphabet, called ffi and written in the Latin script. It is preceded by P and followed by R.

Mutation

Ph cannot be mutated in Welsh.

R

Pronunciation

(standard) IPA^(key): /ɛr/
- (informal) IPA^(key): /r/

Letter

Appendix\:Welsh Letters (upper case R, lower case r)

The twenty-second letter of the Welsh alphabet, called er and written in the Latin script. It is preceded by Ph and followed by Rh.

Mutation

R cannot be mutated in Welsh.

Rh

Pronunciation

(standard) IPA^(key): /r̥iː/
- (informal) IPA^(key): /r̥/

Letter

Appendix\:Welsh Letters (upper case Rh, lower case rh)

The twenty-third letter of the Welsh alphabet, called rhi and written in the Latin script. It is preceded by R and followed by S.

Mutation

Rh at the beginning of words mutates to R in a soft mutation but is unchanged by nasal mutation and aspirate mutation, for example with the word rhedeg (“to run”):

Mutated forms of *rhedeg*
radical	soft	nasal	aspirate
rhedeg	redeg	unchanged	unchanged

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in standard Welsh.
All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

S

Pronunciation

(standard) IPA^(key): /ɛs/
- (informal) IPA^(key): /s/

Letter

Appendix\:Welsh Letters (upper case S, lower case s)

The twenty-fourth letter of the Welsh alphabet, called ès and written in the Latin script. It is preceded by Rh and followed by T.

Mutation

S cannot be mutated in Welsh.

T

Pronunciation

(standard) IPA^(key): /tiː/
- (informal) IPA^(key): /tə/

Letter

Appendix\:Welsh Letters (upper case T, lower case t)

The twenty-fifth letter of the Welsh alphabet, called bi and written in the Latin script. It is preceded by S and followed by Th.

Mutation

T at the beginning of words mutates to D in a soft mutation, to Nh in a nasal mutation and to Th in an aspirate mutation, for example with the word tŷ (“house”):

Mutated forms of tŷ
radical	soft	nasal	aspirate
tŷ	dŷ	nhŷ	thŷ

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in standard Welsh.
All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

Th

Pronunciation

(standard) IPA^(key): /ɛθ/
- (informal) IPA^(key): /θ/

Letter

Appendix\:Welsh Letters (upper case Th, lower case th)

The twenty-sixth letter of the Welsh alphabet, called èth and written in the Latin script. It is preceded by T and followed by U.

Mutation

Th cannot be mutated in Welsh.

U

Pronunciation

(North Wales) IPA^(key): /ɨː/
(South Wales) IPA^(key): /ˌiː ˈbeːdɔl/, /ˌiː ˈbɛdɔl/, /ˌiː ˈɡʊpan/

Letter

Appendix\:Welsh Letters (upper case U, lower case u)

The twenty-seventh letter of the Welsh alphabet, called u, u bedol, or u gwpan and written in the Latin script. It is preceded by Th and followed by W.

Mutation

U cannot mutate but, being a vowel, does take h-prothesis, for example with the word uchelwydd (“mistletoe”):

Mutated forms of *uchelwydd*
radical	soft	nasal	h-prothesis
uchelwydd	unchanged	unchanged	huchelwydd

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in standard Welsh.
All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

W

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /uː/

Letter

Appendix\:Welsh Letters (upper case W, lower case w)

The twenty-eighth letter of the Welsh alphabet, called w and written in the Latin script. It is preceded by U and followed by Y.

Mutation

W cannot be mutated but when representing a vowel, does take h-prothesis, for example with the word wy (“egg”):

Mutated forms of wy
radical	soft	nasal	h-prothesis
wy	unchanged	unchanged	hwy

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in standard Welsh.
All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

However, when it represents the semivowel /w/, W cannot be mutated.

Template:cy-mut-table

Y

Pronunciation

(standard) IPA^(key): /ə/, /əː/

Letter

Appendix\:Welsh Letters (upper case Y, lower case y)

The twenty-ninth letter of the Welsh alphabet, called e and written in the Latin script. It is preceded by W.

Mutation

Y cannot be mutated but, being a vowel, does take h-prothesis, for example with the word ysgol (“school; ladder”):

Mutated forms of *ysgol*
radical	soft	nasal	h-prothesis
ysgol	unchanged	unchanged	hysgol

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in standard Welsh.
All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

a

Alternative forms

(with grave accent to indicate otherwise unpredictable short vowel): à
(with acute accent to indicate unusually stressed short vowel): á
(with circumflex to indicate otherwise unpredictable or unusually stressed long vowel): â
(with diaeresis to indicate disyllabicity): ä

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /aː/

Letter

Appendix\:Welsh Letters f (plural âu)

The first letter of the Welsh alphabet, called a and written in the Latin script. It is followed by b.
The name of the Latin-script letter A/a.

Derived terms

Digraph sequences: ae, ai, au, aw, ay

Mutation

Mutated forms of a
radical	soft	nasal	h-prothesis
a	unchanged	unchanged	ha

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in standard Welsh.
All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

b

Pronunciation

(standard) IPA^(key): /biː/
- (informal) IPA^(key): /bə/

Letter

Appendix\:Welsh Letters (upper case B, lower case b)

The second letter of the Welsh alphabet, called bi and written in the Latin script. It is preceded by a and followed by c.

Mutation

b at the beginning of words mutates to f in a soft mutation, to m in a nasal mutation and is unchanged by aspirate mutation, for example with the word bara (“bread”):

Mutated forms of *bara*
radical	soft	nasal	aspirate
bara	fara	mara	unchanged

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in standard Welsh.
All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

c

Pronunciation

(standard) IPA^(key): /ɛk/
- (informal) IPA^(key): /kə/

Letter

Appendix\:Welsh Letters (upper case C, lower case c)

The third letter of the Welsh alphabet, called ec and written in the Latin script. It is preceded by b and followed by ch.

Mutation

c at the beginning of words mutates to g in a soft mutation, to ngh in a nasal mutation and to ch in an aspirate mutation, for example with the word cath (“cat”):

Mutated forms of *cath*
radical	soft	nasal	aspirate
cath	gath	nghath	chath

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in standard Welsh.
All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

ch

Pronunciation

(standard) IPA^(key): /ɛχ/
- (informal) IPA^(key): /χ/

Letter

Appendix\:Welsh Letters (upper case Ch, lower case ch)

The fourth letter of the Welsh alphabet, called èch and written in the Latin script. It is preceded by C and followed by D.

Usage notes

Like the other Welsh digraphs, ch is considered a distinct letter of the Welsh alphabet for all purposes, including collation. Thus, chwech is alphabetically sorted after cyllell.

Mutation

ch cannot be mutated in Welsh.

d

Pronunciation

(standard) IPA^(key): /diː/
- (informal) IPA^(key): /də/

Letter

Appendix\:Welsh Letters (upper case D, lower case d)

The fifth letter of the Welsh alphabet, called di and written in the Latin script. It is preceded by ch and followed by dd.

Mutation

d at the beginning of words mutates to dd in a soft mutation, to n in a nasal mutation and is unchanged by aspirate mutation, for example with the word draig (“dragon”):

Mutated forms of *draig*
radical	soft	nasal	aspirate
draig	ddraig	nraig	unchanged

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in standard Welsh.
All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

dd

Pronunciation

(standard) IPA^(key): /ɛð/
- (informal) IPA^(key): /ð/

Letter

Appendix\:Welsh Letters (upper case Dd, lower case dd)

The sixth letter of the Welsh alphabet, called èdd and written in the Latin script. It is preceded by d and followed by e.

Usage notes

Like the other Welsh digraphs, dd is considered a distinct letter of the Welsh alphabet for all purposes, including collation. Thus, ddoe is alphabetically sorted after dydd.

Mutation

dd cannot be mutated in Welsh.

e

Alternative forms

(with grave accent to indicate otherwise unpredictable short vowel): è
(with acute accent to indicate unusually stressed short vowel): é
(with circumflex to indicate otherwise unpredictable or unusually stressed long vowel): ê
(with diaeresis to indicate disyllabicity): ë

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /eː/
Rhymes: -eː

Letter

Appendix\:Welsh Letters f (plural eau)

The seventh letter of the Welsh alphabet, called e and written in the Latin script. It is preceded by dd and followed by f.
The name of the Latin-script letter E/e.

Derived terms

Digraph sequences: ei, eu, ew, ey

Mutation

Mutated forms of e
radical	soft	nasal	h-prothesis
e	unchanged	unchanged	he

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in standard Welsh.
All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

f

Pronunciation

(standard) IPA^(key): /ɛv/
- (informal) IPA^(key): /v/

Letter

Appendix\:Welsh Letters (upper case F, lower case f)

The eighth letter of the Welsh alphabet, called èf and written in the Latin script. It is preceded by e and followed by ff.

ff

Pronunciation

(standard) IPA^(key): /ɛf/
- (informal) IPA^(key): /f/

Letter

Appendix\:Welsh Letters (upper case Ff, lower case ff)

The ninth letter of the Welsh alphabet, called èff and written in the Latin script. It is preceded by f and followed by g.

Usage notes

Like the other Welsh digraphs, ff is considered a distinct letter of the Welsh alphabet for all purposes, including collation. Thus, ffa is alphabetically sorted after fwltur.

Mutation

ff cannot be mutated in Welsh.

g

Pronunciation

(standard) IPA^(key): /ɛɡ/
- (informal) IPA^(key): /ɡə/

Letter

Appendix\:Welsh Letters (upper case G, lower case g)

The tenth letter of the Welsh alphabet, called èg and written in the Latin script. It is preceded by ff and followed by ng.

Mutation

G at the beginning of words is omitted in a soft mutation, mutates to Ng in a nasal mutation and is unchanged by aspirate mutation, for example with the word gorsaf (“station”):

Mutated forms of *gorsaf*
radical	soft	nasal	aspirate
gorsaf	orsaf	ngorsaf	unchanged

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in standard Welsh.
All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

ng

Pronunciation

(standard) IPA^(key): /ɛŋ/ (letter)
(phoneme) IPA^(key): /ŋ/

Letter

Appendix\:Welsh Letters (upper case Ng)

The eleventh letter of the Welsh alphabet, called eng and written in the Latin script.

i

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /iː/

Etymology 1

Alternative forms

(with grave accent to indicate otherwise unpredictable short vowel): ì
(with acute accent to indicate unusually stressed short vowel): í
(with circumflex to indicate otherwise unpredictable or unusually stressed long vowel): î
(with diaeresis to indicate disyllabicity): ï

Letter

Appendix\:Welsh Letters f (plural ïau)

The thirteenth letter of the Welsh alphabet, called i and written in the Latin script. It is preceded by h and followed by j.
The name of the Latin-script letter I/i.

Derived terms

Digraph sequences: iw

Mutation

Mutated forms of i
radical	soft	nasal	h-prothesis
i	unchanged	unchanged	hi

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in standard Welsh.
All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

ll

Pronunciation

(standard) IPA^(key): /ɛɬ/
- (informal) IPA^(key): /ɬ/

Letter

Appendix\:Welsh Letters (upper case Ll, lower case ll)

The sixteenth letter of the Welsh alphabet, called èll and written in the Latin script. It is preceded by l and followed by m.

Mutation

Ll at the beginning of words mutates to L in a soft mutation, but is unchanged by nasal mutation and aspirate mutation, for example with the word llawen (“merry”):

Mutated forms of *llawen*
radical	soft	nasal	aspirate
llawen	lawen	unchanged	unchanged

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in standard Welsh.
All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

o

Etymology 1

Alternative forms

(with grave accent to indicate otherwise unpredictable short vowel): ò
(with acute accent to indicate unusually stressed short vowel): ó
(with circumflex to indicate otherwise unpredictable or unusually stressed long vowel): ô
(with diaeresis to indicate disyllabicity): ö

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /oː/
Rhymes: -oː

Letter

Appendix\:Welsh Letters f (plural oau)

The nineteenth letter of the Welsh alphabet, called o and written in the Latin script. It is preceded by n and followed by p.
The name of the Latin-script letter O/o.

Derived terms

Digraph sequences: oe, oi, ou, ow, oy

Mutation

Mutated forms of o
radical	soft	nasal	h-prothesis
o	unchanged	unchanged	ho

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in standard Welsh.
All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

ph

Pronunciation

(standard) IPA^(key): /fiː/
- (informal) IPA^(key): /f/

Letter

Appendix\:Welsh Letters (upper case Ph, lower case ph)

The twenty-first letter of the Welsh alphabet, called ffi and written in the Latin script. It is preceded by P and followed by R.

Mutation

Ph cannot be mutated in Welsh.

rh

Pronunciation

(standard) IPA^(key): /r̥iː/
- (informal) IPA^(key): /r̥/

Letter

Appendix\:Welsh Letters (upper case Rh, lower case rh)

The twenty-third letter of the Welsh alphabet, called rhi and written in the Latin script. It is preceded by R and followed by S.

Mutation

Rh at the beginning of words mutates to R in a soft mutation but is unchanged by nasal mutation and aspirate mutation, for example with the word rhedeg (“to run”):

Mutated forms of *rhedeg*
radical	soft	nasal	aspirate
rhedeg	redeg	unchanged	unchanged

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in standard Welsh.
All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

th

Pronunciation

(standard) IPA^(key): /ɛθ/
- (informal) IPA^(key): /θ/

Letter

Appendix\:Welsh Letters (upper case Th, lower case th)

The twenty-sixth letter of the Welsh alphabet, called èth and written in the Latin script. It is preceded by t and followed by u.

Mutation

Th cannot be mutated in Welsh.

u

Alternative forms

(with grave accent to indicate otherwise unpredictable short vowel): ẁ
(with acute accent to indicate unusually stressed short vowel): ẃ
(with circumflex to indicate otherwise unpredictable or unusually stressed long vowel or disyllabicity): ŵ
(with diaeresis to indicate disyllabicity): ẅ

Pronunciation

(North Wales) IPA^(key): /ɨː/
(South Wales) IPA^(key): /ˌiː ˈbeːdɔl/, /ˌiː ˈbɛdɔl/, /ˌiː ˈɡʊpan/

Letter

Appendix\:Welsh Letters f (plural uau)

The twenty-eighth letter of the Welsh alphabet, called u and written in the Latin script. It is preceded by th and followed by w.
The name of the Latin-script letter U/u.

Derived terms

Digraph sequences: uw

Mutation

Mutated forms of u
radical	soft	nasal	h-prothesis
u	unchanged	unchanged	hu

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in standard Welsh.
All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

w

Etymology 1

Alternative forms

(with grave accent to indicate otherwise unpredictable short vowel): ẁ
(with acute accent to indicate unusually stressed short vowel): ẃ
(with circumflex to indicate otherwise unpredictable or unusually stressed long vowel or disyllabicity): ŵ
(with diaeresis to indicate disyllabicity): ẅ

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /uː/

Letter

Appendix\:Welsh Letters f (plural ŵau)

The twenty-eighth letter of the Welsh alphabet, called w and written in the Latin script. It is preceded by u and followed by y.
The name of the Latin-script letter W/w.

Derived terms

Digraph sequences: wy

Mutation

Mutated forms of w
radical	soft	nasal	h-prothesis
w	unchanged	unchanged	hw

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in standard Welsh.
All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

y

Etymology 1

Alternative forms

(with grave accent to indicate otherwise unpredictable short vowel /ə/): ỳ
(with acute accent to indicate unusually stressed short vowel): ý
(with circumflex to indicate otherwise unpredictable or unusually stressed long vowel): ŷ
(with diaeresis to indicate disyllabicity): ÿ

Pronunciation

(standard) IPA^(key): /ə/
- (informal) IPA^(key): /əː/

Letter

Appendix\:Welsh Letters f (plural yau)

The twenty-ninth letter of the Welsh alphabet, called y and written in the Latin script. It is preceded by w.
The name of the Latin-script letter Y/y.

Mutation

Mutated forms of y
radical	soft	nasal	h-prothesis
y	unchanged	unchanged	hy

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in standard Welsh.
All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

Derived terms

Digraph sequences: yw

Table

This is an appendix that records all the letters of the Welsh language.

List

For further reading on the letters, see

R. J. Thomas, G. A. Bevan, P. J. Donovan, A. Hawke et al., editors (1950–present), Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru Online (in Welsh), University of Wales Centre for Advanced Welsh & Celtic Studies

a b c ch d dd e f ff g ng h i j l ll m n o p ph r rh s t th u w y

In alphabetical order, the acknowledged letters of the Welsh aphabet are:

Upper case letter

Lower case letter

Pronunciation (IPA^(key): )

Name

Mutation

Represented

Name (standard)

Name (informal)

A

a

/aː/

a

A cannot be mutated but, being a vowel, does take h-prothesis, for example with the word afal (“apple”):

Mutated forms of *afal*
radical	soft	nasal	h-prothesis
afal	unchanged	unchanged	hafal

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in standard Welsh.
All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

B

b

/b/

/biː/

/bə/

bi

B at the beginning of words mutates to F in a soft mutation, to M in a nasal mutation and is unchanged by aspirate mutation, for example with the word Bangor (“Bangor”):

Mutated forms of *Bangor*
radical	soft	nasal	aspirate
Bangor	Fangor	Mangor	unchanged

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in standard Welsh.
All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

b at the beginning of words mutates to f in a soft mutation, to m in a nasal mutation and is unchanged by aspirate mutation, for example with the word bara (“bread”):

Mutated forms of *bara*
radical	soft	nasal	aspirate
bara	fara	mara	unchanged

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in standard Welsh.
All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

C

c

/k/

/ɛk/

/kə/

ec

C at the beginning of words mutates to G in a soft mutation, to Ngh in a nasal mutation and to Ch in an aspirate mutation, for example with the word Cymru (“Wales”):

Mutated forms of *Cymru*
radical	soft	nasal	aspirate
Cymru	Gymru	Nghymru	Chymru

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in standard Welsh.
All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

c at the beginning of words mutates to g in a soft mutation, to ngh in a nasal mutation and to ch in an aspirate mutation, for example with the word cath (“cat”):

Mutated forms of *cath*
radical	soft	nasal	aspirate
cath	gath	nghath	chath

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in standard Welsh.
All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

Ch

ch

/χ/

/ɛχ/

/χ/

èch

Ch and ch cannot be mutated in Welsh.

D

d

/d/

/diː/

/də/

di

D at the beginning of words mutates to Dd in a soft mutation, to N in a nasal mutation and is unchanged by aspirate mutation, for example with the word Dinbych (“Denbigh”):

Mutated forms of *Dinbych*
radical	soft	nasal	aspirate
Dinbych	Ddinbych	Ninbych	unchanged

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in standard Welsh.
All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

d at the beginning of words mutates to dd in a soft mutation, to n in a nasal mutation and is unchanged by aspirate mutation, for example with the word draig (“dragon”):

Mutated forms of *draig*
radical	soft	nasal	aspirate
draig	ddraig	nraig	unchanged

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in standard Welsh.
All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

Dd

dd

/ð/

/ɛð/

/ð/

èdd

Dd and dd cannot be mutated in Welsh.

E

e

/eː/
Rhymes: -eː

e

E cannot be mutated but, being a vowel, does take h-prothesis, for example with the word eliffant (“elephant”):

Mutated forms of *eliffant*
radical	soft	nasal	h-prothesis
eliffant	unchanged	unchanged	heliffant

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in standard Welsh.
All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

F

f

/v/

/ɛv/

/v/

èf

Ff

ff

/f/

/ɛf/

/f/

èff

Ff and ff cannot be mutated in Welsh.

G

gg

/ɡ/

/ɛɡ/

/ɡə/

èg

G at the beginning of words is omitted in a soft mutation, mutates to Ng in a nasal mutation and is unchanged by aspirate mutation, for example with the word Gwynedd (“Gwynedd”):

Mutated forms of *Gwynedd*
radical	soft	nasal	aspirate
Gwynedd	Wynedd	Ngwynedd	unchanged

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in standard Welsh.
All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

g at the beginning of words is omitted in a soft mutation, mutates to Ng in a nasal mutation and is unchanged by aspirate mutation, for example with the word gorsaf (“station”):

Mutated forms of *gorsaf*
radical	soft	nasal	aspirate
gorsaf	orsaf	ngorsaf	unchanged

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in standard Welsh.
All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

Ng

ng

/ŋ/

/ɛŋ/

/ŋ/

eng

Ng cannot be mutated in Welsh.

H

h

/h/

Lua error in Module:parameters at line 590: Parameter 1 should be a valid language or etymology language code; the value "cy-N" is not valid. See WT:LOL and WT:LOL/E. /aːɨ̯tʃ/
(South Wales) IPA^(key): /ai̯tʃ/

(North Wales) IPA^(key): /haːɨ̯tʃ/, /hə/
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aitsh

H cannot be mutated in Welsh.

I

i

Lua error in Module:parameters at line 590: Parameter 1 should be a valid language or etymology language code; the value "cy-N" is not valid. See WT:LOL and WT:LOL/E. /iː/
Lua error in Module:parameters at line 590: Parameter 1 should be a valid language or etymology language code; the value "cy-S" is not valid. See WT:LOL and WT:LOL/E. /ˌiː ˈdɔt/, /ˌiː ˈðɔt/

i
i dot

I cannot mutate but, being a vowel, does take h-prothesis, for example with the word iwrch (“roe deer”):

Mutated forms of *iwrch*
radical	soft	nasal	h-prothesis
iwrch	unchanged	unchanged	hiwrch

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in standard Welsh.
All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

J

j

/dʒ/

/dʒeː/

je

J cannot be mutated in Welsh.

L

l

/l/

/ɛl/

/l/

el

L cannot be mutated in Welsh.

Ll

ll

/ɬ/

/ɛɬ/

/ɬ/

èll

Ll at the beginning of words mutates to L in a soft mutation, but is unchanged by nasal mutation and aspirate mutation, for example with the word llawen (“merry”):

Mutated forms of *llawen*
radical	soft	nasal	aspirate
llawen	lawen	unchanged	unchanged

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in standard Welsh.
All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

M

m

/ɛm/

/m/

em

M at the beginning of words mutates to F in a soft mutation, but is unchanged by nasal mutation and aspirate mutation, for example with the word merch (“girl, daughter”):

Mutated forms of *merch*
radical	soft	nasal	aspirate
merch	ferch	unchanged	unchanged

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in standard Welsh.
All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

N

n

/ɛn/

/n/

en

N cannot mutate in Welsh.

O

o

/oː/

o

O cannot be mutated but, being a vowel, does take h-prothesis, for example with the word oren (“orange”):

Mutated forms of *oren*
radical	soft	nasal	h-prothesis
oren	unchanged	unchanged	horen

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in standard Welsh.
All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

P

p

/piː/

/pə/

pi

P at the beginning of words mutates to B in a soft mutation, to Mh in a nasal mutation and to Ph in an aspirate mutation, for example with the word prawf (“test”):

Mutated forms of *prawf*
radical	soft	nasal	aspirate
prawf	brawf	mhrawf	phrawf

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in standard Welsh.
All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

Ph

ph

f

/fiː/

/f/

ffi

Ph cannot be mutated in Welsh.

R

r

/ɛr/

r

er

R cannot be mutated in Welsh.

Rh

rh

r̥

/r̥iː/

/r̥/

rhi

Rh at the beginning of words mutates to R in a soft mutation but is unchanged by nasal mutation and aspirate mutation, for example with the word rhedeg (“to run”):

Mutated forms of *rhedeg*
radical	soft	nasal	aspirate
rhedeg	redeg	unchanged	unchanged

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in standard Welsh.
All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

Rh at the beginning of words mutates to R in a soft mutation but is unchanged by nasal mutation and aspirate mutation, for example with the word rhedeg (“to run”):

Mutated forms of *rhedeg*
radical	soft	nasal	aspirate
rhedeg	redeg	unchanged	unchanged

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in standard Welsh.
All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

S

s

/ɛs/

/s/

ès

S cannot be mutated in Welsh.

T

t

/tiː/

/tə/

bi

T at the beginning of words mutates to D in a soft mutation, to Nh in a nasal mutation and to Th in an aspirate mutation, for example with the word tŷ (“house”):

Mutated forms of tŷ
radical	soft	nasal	aspirate
tŷ	dŷ	nhŷ	thŷ

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in standard Welsh.
All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

Th

th

θ

/ɛθ/

/θ/

èth

Th cannot be mutated in Welsh.

U

u

Lua error in Module:parameters at line 590: Parameter 1 should be a valid language or etymology language code; the value "cy-N" is not valid. See WT:LOL and WT:LOL/E.

/ɨː/

u

U cannot mutate but, being a vowel, does take h-prothesis, for example with the word uchelwydd (“mistletoe”):

Mutated forms of *uchelwydd*
radical	soft	nasal	h-prothesis
uchelwydd	unchanged	unchanged	huchelwydd

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in standard Welsh.
All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

Lua error in Module:parameters at line 590: Parameter 1 should be a valid language or etymology language code; the value "cy-S" is not valid. See WT:LOL and WT:LOL/E.

/ˌiː ˈbeːdɔl/, /ˌiː ˈbɛdɔl/, /ˌiː ˈɡʊpan/

u
u bedol
u gwpan

W

w

/uː/

w

W cannot be mutated but when representing a vowel, does take h-prothesis, for example with the word wy (“egg”):

Mutated forms of wy
radical	soft	nasal	h-prothesis
wy	unchanged	unchanged	hwy

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in standard Welsh.
All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

However, when it represents the semivowel /w/, W cannot be mutated.

Template:cy-mut-table

Y

y

/ə/

/ə/, /əː/

e

Y cannot be mutated but, being a vowel, does take h-prothesis, for example with the word ysgol (“school; ladder”):

Mutated forms of *ysgol*
radical	soft	nasal	h-prothesis
ysgol	unchanged	unchanged	hysgol

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in standard Welsh.
All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

a

Alternative forms

(with grave accent to indicate otherwise unpredictable short vowel): à
(with acute accent to indicate unusually stressed short vowel): á
(with circumflex to indicate otherwise unpredictable or unusually stressed long vowel): â
(with diaeresis to indicate disyllabicity): ä

Derived terms

Digraph sequences: ae, ai, au, aw, ay

Mutation

Mutated forms of a
radical	soft	nasal	h-prothesis
a	unchanged	unchanged	ha

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in standard Welsh.
All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

Ch

Usage notes

Like the other Welsh digraphs, Ch is considered a distinct letter of the Welsh alphabet for all purposes, including collation. Thus, Chwilog is alphabetically sorted after Cydweli.

Like the other Welsh digraphs, ch is considered a distinct letter of the Welsh alphabet for all purposes, including collation. Thus, chwech is alphabetically sorted after cyllell.

Dd

Usage notes

Like the other Welsh digraphs, Dd is considered a distinct letter of the Welsh alphabet for all purposes, including collation. Thus, y Ddraenen Wen is alphabetically sorted after y Drenewydd.

Usage notes

Like the other Welsh digraphs, dd is considered a distinct letter of the Welsh alphabet for all purposes, including collation. Thus, ddoe is alphabetically sorted after dydd.

e

Alternative forms

(with grave accent to indicate otherwise unpredictable short vowel): è
(with acute accent to indicate unusually stressed short vowel): é
(with circumflex to indicate otherwise unpredictable or unusually stressed long vowel): ê
(with diaeresis to indicate disyllabicity): ë

ff

Usage notes

Like the other Welsh digraphs, Ff is considered a distinct letter of the Welsh alphabet for all purposes, including collation. Thus, Ffrainc is alphabetically sorted after Fietnam.

Like the other Welsh digraphs, ff is considered a distinct letter of the Welsh alphabet for all purposes, including collation. Thus, ffa is alphabetically sorted after fwltur.

ng

(phoneme) IPA^(key): /ŋ/

i

Alternative forms

(with grave accent to indicate otherwise unpredictable short vowel): ì
(with acute accent to indicate unusually stressed short vowel): í
(with circumflex to indicate otherwise unpredictable or unusually stressed long vowel): î
(with diaeresis to indicate disyllabicity): ï

Derived terms

Digraph sequences: iw

o

Alternative forms=

(with grave accent to indicate otherwise unpredictable short vowel): ò
(with acute accent to indicate unusually stressed short vowel): ó
(with circumflex to indicate otherwise unpredictable or unusually stressed long vowel): ô
(with diaeresis to indicate disyllabicity): ö

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /oː/
Rhymes: -oː

Derived terms

Digraph sequences: oe, oi, ou, ow, oy

u

Alternative forms

(with grave accent to indicate otherwise unpredictable short vowel): ẁ
(with acute accent to indicate unusually stressed short vowel): ẃ
(with circumflex to indicate otherwise unpredictable or unusually stressed long vowel or disyllabicity): ŵ
(with diaeresis to indicate disyllabicity): ẅ

Derived terms

Digraph sequences: uw

w

Alternative forms

(with grave accent to indicate otherwise unpredictable short vowel): ẁ
(with acute accent to indicate unusually stressed short vowel): ẃ
(with circumflex to indicate otherwise unpredictable or unusually stressed long vowel or disyllabicity): ŵ
(with diaeresis to indicate disyllabicity): ẅ

Derived terms

Digraph sequences: wy

y

Alternative forms

(with grave accent to indicate otherwise unpredictable short vowel /ə/): ỳ
(with acute accent to indicate unusually stressed short vowel): ý
(with circumflex to indicate otherwise unpredictable or unusually stressed long vowel): ŷ
(with diaeresis to indicate disyllabicity): ÿ

Derived terms

Digraph sequences: yw

Digraphs

In Afar, long vowels and long consonants are written by doubling the letter:

⟨a⟩ /ʌ/; ⟨aa⟩ /aː/

⟨g⟩ /ɡ/; ⟨gg⟩ /ɡː/

Furthermore, there is one borrowed digraph:

Upper case letter	Lower case letter	Pronunciation (IPA)
Sh	sh	/ʃ/

Introduction

Aggregation

A

Pronunciation

Letter

Mutation

See also

Further reading

See also

B

Pronunciation

Letter

Mutation

See also

Further reading

C

Pronunciation

Letter

Mutation

See also

Further reading

Ch

Pronunciation

Letter

Usage notes

Mutation

See also

Further reading

D

Pronunciation

Letter

Mutation

See also

Further reading

Dd

Pronunciation

Letter

Usage notes

Mutation

See also

Further reading

E

Pronunciation

Letter

Mutation

See also

Further reading

F

Pronunciation

Letter

See also

Further reading

Ff

Pronunciation

Letter

Usage notes

Mutation

See also

Further reading

G

Pronunciation

Letter

Mutation

See also

Further reading

Ng

Pronunciation

Letter

Mutation

See also

Further reading

H

Pronunciation

Letter

Mutation

See also

Further reading

I

Pronunciation

Letter