User:Bezimenen/Questionable roots in pIE

Hello, you have come here looking for the meaning of the word User:Bezimenen/Questionable roots in pIE. In DICTIOUS you will not only get to know all the dictionary meanings for the word User:Bezimenen/Questionable roots in pIE, but we will also tell you about its etymology, its characteristics and you will know how to say User:Bezimenen/Questionable roots in pIE in singular and plural. Everything you need to know about the word User:Bezimenen/Questionable roots in pIE you have here. The definition of the word User:Bezimenen/Questionable roots in pIE will help you to be more precise and correct when speaking or writing your texts. Knowing the definition ofUser:Bezimenen/Questionable roots in pIE, as well as those of other words, enriches your vocabulary and provides you with more and better linguistic resources.

*bʰedʰ-

Root

*bʰedʰ-

  1. to press, to distress

Possible descendants

  • Proto-Germanic: *badōną (“to press, to distress”)[1]
  • Tocharian B: pät- (“to dam, to check”)[2] (alternatively from *pet-)
  • Sanskrit: बाधते (bādhate, “to press”) (likely from *bʰeh₁dʰ-, e.g. by LIV)
  1. ^ Guus Kroonen (2013) “*badōjan-”, in Alexander Lubotsky, editor, Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 47
  2. ^ Adams, Douglas Q. (1999) “pät-”, in A dictionary of Tocharian B (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 10), Amsterdam, Atlanta: Rodopi, →ISBN, page 369

Reason

Inconclusive evidence. Alternative etymologies for possible descendants. Overlapping with Proto-Indo-European *bʰedʰh₂- (“to dig, to stab, to pierce”).

*bʰeng-

Root

*bʰeng-

  1. to clump, to gather ?
  2. to smash, to break ?

Possible descendants

  1. ^ Guus Kroonen (2013) “*bankan-”, in Alexander Lubotsky, editor, Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 51
  2. ^ Derksen, Rick (2015) “banga”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 81
  3. ^ Derksen, Rick (2015) “bengti”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 87

Reason

Uncertain connection between possible descendants. Some of the proposed descendants may be fossilized ne-inflex of Proto-Indo-European *bʰeg- (“to break”). The circumflex in Balto-Slavic requires explanation (*banˀgas is only based on the broken tone in dial. Latvian).

Formally, Ancient Greek φέγγος (phéngos, “light, splendour”) resembles this root, however, semantically it is unsound.

*bʰewd-

Root

*bʰewd-[1] (limited to North-Western IE[2])

  1. to beat, to push

Possible descendants

  1. ^ Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “*bʰeu̯d-”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 68
  2. ^ Mallory, J. P. with Adams, D. Q. (2006) The Oxford Introduction to Proto-Indo-European and the Proto-Indo-European World (Oxford Linguistics), New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 282
  3. ^ Guus Kroonen (2013) “*bautan-”, in Alexander Lubotsky, editor, Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 56
  4. ^ Matasović, Ranko (2009) “*bibud-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 65
  5. ^ Matasović, Ranko (2009) “*bowdi-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 72

Reason

Seems to be an expressive formation. Compare Proto-Slavic *butati (“to shove”), Proto-Italic *fūtō (> Latin cōnfūtō, refūtō).

Old Armenian բութ (butʻ) is sometimes compared to Proto-Germanic: *buttaz.

*bʰewǵ-

Root

*bʰewǵ- or *bʰewHǵ-

  1. to inflate, to bulk?

Possible descendants

  • Proto-Indo-European: *bʰuǵ- (questionable, semantically dubious, possibly pre-IE)
  • Proto-Balto-Slavic:[1]
  • Proto-Balto-Slavic:
    • Proto-Slavic: *buza (“cheek”)
    • Proto-Slavic: *buzdro (“fat, flesh”) (+*-rъ)
  • Proto-Germanic: *būkaz (“belly, body”)[2] (possibly)
  1. ^ Derksen, Rick (2015) “buožė”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 105
  2. ^ Vladimir Orel (2003) “*būkaz”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 64

Reason

No semantic basis for reconstructing a single root. The Slavic data is partially onomatopoeic. The Baltic data could be from Proto-Indo-European *bʰenǵʰ- (“dense, bunched”). Probably various extensions of Proto-Indo-European *bʰewH- (“to blow, to swell”).

Relation to Proto-Germanic *bukjaną (“to bend”), Sanskrit भुजति (bhujati, “to bend”) is semantically unsound.

*bʰerHǵ-/*bʰreh₁ǵ-

Root

*bʰerHǵ- ~ *bʰreh₁ǵ-

  1. to illuminate

Possible descendants

  1. ^ Guus Kroonen (2013) “*barku-”, in Alexander Lubotsky, editor, Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 53
  2. ^ Guus Kroonen (2013) “*berhta-”, in Alexander Lubotsky, editor, Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 60
  3. ^ Matasović, Ranko (2009) “*berxto-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 63
  4. ^ Derksen, Rick (2008) “*brězgъ”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 61
  5. ^ Derksen, Rick (2015) “brėkšti”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 99
  6. ^ Guus Kroonen (2013) “*brōka- 1”, in Alexander Lubotsky, editor, Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 78

Reason

Unexplained metathesis. Evidence for Proto-Indo-European *bʰreh₁ḱ- also exists: cf. Proto-Slavic *brěskъ, Sanskrit भ्राशते (bhrāśate).

*bʰleyd-

Root

*bʰleyd-[1]

  1. to burst, to seethe (in Greek)
  2. pale, bleak (only in Germanic and Slavic)

Possible descendants

  1. ^ Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “?bʰlei̯d-”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 88
  2. ^ Guus Kroonen (2013) “*blaita-”, in Alexander Lubotsky, editor, Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 66
  3. ^ Vladimir Orel (2003) “*blaitaz”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 47
  4. ^ Derksen, Rick (2008) “*blědъ”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 42
  5. ^ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “φλιδάω”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 1579

Reason

Semantically diverse. No e-grade attested. Reminiscent of Proto-Germanic *blaikaz (“bleak”) (possibly from the same origin as Proto-Slavic *blizъ (“nearby”), Proto-Slavic *blěskъ (“splendor, shine”)) and Lithuanian blaĩvas (“whitish, sober”). Possibly an extension of Proto-Indo-European *bʰley- (“to emit, to gleam”) - cf. Proto-Germanic *blīwą (“hue”), Proto-Germanic *blīþiz (“pleasant, blithe”) (⇒ *blīþijaną (“to please, to delight”))

*bʰreydʰ-

Root

*bʰreydʰ-

  1. broad

Possible descendants

  1. ^ Guus Kroonen (2013) “*braida-”, in Alexander Lubotsky, editor, Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 73
  2. ^ Vladimir Orel (2003) “*braiðaz”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 53

Reason

Limited to Germanic. Alternatively from Proto-Indo-European *bʰroyH-tós via Verner law (cf. Proto-Slavic *bridъkъ (“sharp, abrupt”)).

Relation to Lithuanian braidýti (“to wade”) is superficial. The later is an iterative of Lithuanian brìsti.

*bʰreh₁-

Root

*bʰreh₁-

Possibly meanings

  1. to pant
  2. to breathe

Possible descendants

  1. ^ Guus Kroonen (2013) “*brēan-”, in Alexander Lubotsky, editor, Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 74
  2. ^ Guus Kroonen (2013) “*brōan-”, in Alexander Lubotsky, editor, Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 78

Reason

Limited to Germanic. Compare Proto-Slavic *brexati (“to yelp, to sigh, to pant”) (+ Serbo-Croatian бректати), Latvian brēkt (“to cry”) < *bʰrek(s)-.

*gʰeh₁bʰ-

Root

*gʰeh₁bʰ-[1] or *gʰeh₁b-[2]

Possible descendants

  1. ^ Pokorny, Julius (1959) “ghabh-”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 2, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, pages 407-409
  2. ^ Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “?*GʰeHb-”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 195
  3. ^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “habeō”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 277-278
  4. ^ Matasović, Ranko (2009) “*gab-yo-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, pages 148-149
  5. ^ Derksen, Rick (2015) “góbti”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 184
  6. ^ Derksen, Rick (2008) “*gabati”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 159

Reason

The Italic data is chaotic (where does -p- in *hēpai come from?). The Balto-Slavic data is not without doubts, either. Derksen sees connection between Lithuanian góbti on the one hand and Lithuanian gebėti (“to be able to”), Lithuanian gabùs (“gifted, clever”) on the other. The later seem to be from Proto-Indo-European *gʰebʰ-. Derksen also considers relation to Sanskrit गभस्ति (gabhasti, “hand, ray”), which would require Proto-Indo-European *gʰabʰ-?

LIV derives Polish gabać < Proto-Slavic *gabati from Proto-Indo-European *gʰebʰ-.

There is no consensus about the coda. De Vaan supposes *-bʰ merely because *b is attested rarely in PIE.

*gʰreb-/*gʰrebʰ-

Root

*gʰreb-[1] or *gʰrebʰ-[2][3]

  1. to grab
  2. to rake, to row, to dig

Descendants of *gʰreb-

Descendants of *gʰrebʰ-

Undetermined descendants

  1. ^ Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “*gʰrebh₂-”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 201
  2. ^ Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “*gʰrebʰ-”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 201
  3. ^ Pokorny, Julius (1959) “ghrebh-”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 2, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 455
  4. ^ Derksen, Rick (2008) “*gràbiti”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 185
  5. ^ Derksen, Rick (2015) “grėbti”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 186
  6. ^ Derksen, Rick (2015) “grobti”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 189
  7. ^ Guus Kroonen (2013) “*grapp/bōn-”, in Alexander Lubotsky, editor, Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 187
  8. ^ Derksen, Rick (2015) “greboti”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 186
  9. ^ Derksen, Rick (2008) “*grobъ”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 190
  10. ^ Guus Kroonen (2013) “*graban-”, in Alexander Lubotsky, editor, Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 187
  11. ^ Guus Kroonen (2013) “*grapp/bōn-”, in Alexander Lubotsky, editor, Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 187
  12. ^ Guus Kroonen (2013) “*graba-”, in Alexander Lubotsky, editor, Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 187

Reason

Overlapping, mixture of the meanings. Possibly of expressive origin. Indo-Iranian data could reflect both roots, if presumably *gʰreb- was of "h₂e-present type" = *gʰrebh₂-. Relation to *gʰreyb- (“to groope, to get a grip of”) possible.

Hittite forms attested but with varying reflexes.

*(s)kew-/*(s)ḱew-

Root

*(s)kew(H)- or *(s)ḱew(H)-

Possible meaning

  1. to arch, to bow, to bend
  2. to thrust, to shove
  3. to cover, to deck

Possible descendants

Bending, arching:

  • Proto-Germanic: *husǭ (“hose”)
  • Proto-Germanic: *hūsą (“house”)
  • Proto-Germanic: *hudjō (“hut”)
  • Proto-Germanic: *skiwô (“sky”)?
  • Proto-Hellenic:
  • Proto-Italic:
    • Latin: cutis (“skin”)

Shoving, shooting:

  • Proto-Balto-Slavic: *śauˀti (possibly?, semantically not very convincing)
    • Latvian: šaũt, saũt (“to shove, to shoot”)
    • Lithuanian: šáuti (“to shove, to shoot”)
    • Proto-Slavic: *sovati (“to shove, to thrust”)
  • Proto-Indo-Iranian:[1]
    • Arabic: (sispata, “to throw”)

Extensions

  • *(s)kewd- (“to shoot, to propel, to incite”) (see there for further descendants)
  • *(s)kewdʰ- (“to hide”)
    • Proto-Germanic: *hūdijaną (“to hide, to conceal”)
    • Proto-Hellenic:
      • Ancient Greek: κεύθω (keúthō, “to conceal”)
    • Proto-Italic:
  1. ^ Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “k̑u̯eH-”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 393

Reason

Undetermined quality of the onset (s)k- vs *(s)ḱ-. There is evidence for laryngeal as coda. Semantically heterogenous... See also Proto-Indo-European *(s)kewd- (“to shoot”).

Most likely different roots with close meaning.

*ḱew-

Root

*ḱew-

Possibly meaning

  1. to howl (→ to swell?; to wheeze?)
  2. appearance
  3. pale, fair, light (skin color)

Possible descendants

Appearance:

  • Proto-Germanic: *hiwją (“form, appearance, hue”)
  • Proto-Indo-Iranian:
    • Sanskrit: छवि (chavi, “skin, beauty, picture”)?

Howling:

Extensions

  1. ^ Derksen, Rick (2008) “*sova”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 461: “f. (b) 'owl'”
  2. ^ Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “*k̑u̯es-”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 341

Reason

Sparsely attested. The meaning "owl" could be of onomatopoeic nature: cf. Proto-Germanic *hūwô (“owl”), Proto-Germanic *hūwilōną (“to howl”).

*(s)teyg-

Root

*(s)teyg-[1]

Possible meaning

  1. to carve, to stab
  2. sharp

Possible descendants

  1. ^ Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “*(s)tei̯g-”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 593
  2. ^ Derksen, Rick (2015) “stīgt”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 551
  3. ^ Derksen, Rick (2015) “stygti”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 428
  4. ^ Guus Kroonen (2013) “*stekan-”, in Alexander Lubotsky, editor, Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 476
  5. ^ Vladimir Orel (2003) “*stekanan”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 373
  6. ^ Guus Kroonen (2013) “*stik(k)ōn-”, in Alexander Lubotsky, editor, Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 479
  7. ^ Vladimir Orel (2003) “*stekkōnan”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 374
  8. ^ Vladimir Orel (2003) “*stikiz”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 378
  9. ^ Vladimir Orel (2003) “*stikōjanan”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 378
  10. ^ Vladimir Orel (2003) “*stiklaz”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 378
  11. ^ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “στίζω”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), volume II, with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 1405
  12. ^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “īnstīgāre”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 305

Reason

Possibly of expressive origin, compare similar Proto-Germanic *tīgô (“tick”) (+ *-ǵʰ-), Proto-Germanic *taikijaną (“to point”) (+ *-ḱ/ǵ-), Latin digitus (“toe, finger”) (+ *-ǵ-). Seems to be also synonymous with Proto-Indo-European *dʰeygʷ- (“to sting, to plant”) > Latin fīgō, Lithuanian díegti, Lithuanian diêgt, Proto-Slavic *děgati. Tudati-type 0-grade in Germanic, not shared by Sanskrit and Italic. No consensus on the etymology of some forms.

Based on the constructions in Vedic and sporadic forms such as Grk. στίγμα, Germ. *stiklaz, the root (if valid) may be a member of the Caland system.

Wikious
Boobota
Sagapedia