Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/-a

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 This Proto-Slavic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Slavic

Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Balto-Slavic *-āˀ, from Proto-Indo-European *-eh₂. Compare Lithuanian -a, Latvian -a.

Suffix

*-a f[1]

  1. forms female equivalents to masculine nouns
    ‎*bratranъ (“son of brother”) + ‎*-a → ‎*bratrana (“daughter of brother”)
    ‎*õrbъ (“(male) servant, slave”) + ‎*-a → ‎*ōrbà (“(female) servant, slave”)
    ‎*aščerъ (“(male) lizard”) + ‎*-a → ‎*aščera (“(female) lizard”)
  2. forms abstract nouns (later often concreted) from verbs
    ‎*korìti (“to force humility, submission”) + ‎*-a → ‎*kara (“punishment”)
    ‎*bornìti (“to defend”) + ‎*-a → ‎*bōrnà／*bornà (“defence; gate”)
    ‎*trāvìti (“to use, to eat”) + ‎*-a → ‎*trāvà (“fodder; grass”)
  3. (rare) forms abstract nouns (later often concreted) from adjectives
    ‎Proto-Indo-European *weh₁ros (“true”) + ‎*-a → ‎*vě̀ra (“belief, faith”)
    ‎*rȗdъ (“red, rufous, russet”) + ‎*-a → ‎*rudà (“ore”)
  4. (rare) forms collective nouns from nouns
    ‎*gȍspodь (“lord; master; host”) + ‎*-a → ‎*gospoda (“lords; masters; hosts”)
    ‎*čь̃rvь／*čь̑rvь (“larva”) + ‎*-a → ‎*čьrva (“larvas”)
  5. (rare) forms nouns denoting animals from interjections
    ‎Proto-Indo-European *keh₂w-o-s + ‎*-a → ‎*kava (“jackdaw (Coloeus monedula)”)

Suffix

*-a m[1]

  1. (rare) forms nouns from verbs
    ‎*běťi (“to run”) + ‎*-a → ‎*běga (“runner, escaper”)
    ‎*břuzgati (“to splash; to mumble, to mutter, to murmur”) + ‎*-a → ‎*břuzga (“nag, moaner, crybaby”)

Declension

Declension of *-a (hard a-stem)
singular dual plural
nominative *-a *-ě *-y
genitive *-y *-u *-ъ
dative *-ě *-ama *-amъ
accusative *-ǫ *-ě *-y
instrumental *-ojǫ, *-ǫ** *-ama *-ami
locative *-ě *-u *-asъ, *-axъ*
vocative *-o *-ě *-y
* -asъ is the expected Balto-Slavic form but is found only in some Old Czech documents; -axъ is found everywhere else and is formed by analogy with other locative plurals in -xъ.
** The second form occurs in languages that contract early across /j/ (e.g. Czech), while the first form occurs in languages that do not (e.g. Russian).

Derived terms

Proto-Slavic terms suffixed with *-a

Descendants

  • East Slavic:
    • Old East Slavic: -а (-a)
      • Old Ruthenian: -а (-a)
        • Belarusian: -а (-a)
        • Carpathian Rusyn: -а (-a)
        • Ukrainian: -а (-a)
      • Russian: -а (-a)
    • Old Novgorodian: -а (-a)
  • South Slavic:
    • Old Church Slavonic:
      Old Cyrillic script: -а (-a)
      Glagolitic script: -ⰰ (-a)
    • Serbo-Croatian:
      Cyrillic script: -а
      Latin script: -a
    • Slovene: -a (tonal orthography)
  • West Slavic:
    • Old Czech: -a
    • Old Polish: -a
    • Old Slovak: -a
      • Pannonian Rusyn: -а (-a)
      • Slovak: -a
    • Polabian: -ă
    • Pomeranian:
      • Kashubian: -a
      • Slovincian: -a
    • Sorbian:
      • Lower Sorbian: -a
      • Upper Sorbian: -a

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Sławski, Franciszek, editor (1974), “SUFIKS -a”, in Słownik prasłowiański [Proto-Slavic Dictionary] (in Polish), volume 1 (a – bьzděti), Wrocław: Ossolineum, page 59
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