User:Aquarianus/sandbox

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Old Swedish Nouns

A-stem

Masculine

  • dagher ("day"):
Declension of dagher (a-stem)
singular plural
indefinite definite indefinite definite
nominative dagher daghrin daghar daghanir
accusative dagh daghin dagha daghana
dative daghi, -e daghinum, -enom daghum, -om daghumin, omen
genitive daghs daghsins dagha daghanna
  • fisker ("fish"):
Declension of fisker (a-stem)
singular plural
indefinite definite indefinite definite
nominative fisker fiskrin fiskar fiskanir
accusative fisk fiskin fiska fiskana
dative fiski, -e fiskinum, -enom fiskum, -om fiskumin, omen
genitive fisks fisksins fiska fiskanna
  • aker ("acre", "field"), ra-stem:
Declension of aker (a-stem)
singular plural
indefinite definite indefinite definite
nominative aker akrin akrar akranir
accusative aker akrin akra akrana
dative akri, -e akrinum, -enom akrum, -om akrumin, omen
genitive akers akersins akra akranna
  • ængil ("angel"), two-syllable stem:
Declension of ængil (a-stem)
singular plural
indefinite definite indefinite definite
nominative ængil ængillin ænglar ænglanir
accusative ængil ængilin ængla ænglana
dative ængli, -e ænglinum, -enom ænglum, -om ænglumin, omen
genitive ængils ængilsins ængla ænglanna
  • skōr ("shoe"), stem ending with vowel:
Declension of skō(r) (a-stem)
singular plural
indefinite definite indefinite definite
nominative skō(r) skō(r)(i)n skō(a)r skō(a)nir
accusative skō skō(i)n skō(a) skō(a)na
dative skō skō(i)num skō(u)m skō(u)min
genitive skōs skōsins skō(a) skō(a)nna
  • skōr ("shoe"), stem ending with vowel:
Declension of skō(r) (a-stem)
singular plural
indefinite definite indefinite definite
nominative skō(r) skōrin skō(a)r skō(a)nir
accusative skō skō(i)n skō(a) skō(a)na
dative skō-, -i, -e skō(i)num, -(e)nom skō(u)m, -(o)m skō(u)min, -(o)men
genitive skōs skōsins skō(a) skō(a)nna

Neuter

  • skip ("ship"):
Declension of skip (a-stem)
singular plural
indefinite definite indefinite definite
nominative skip skipit skip skipin
accusative skip skipit skip skipin
dative skipi, -e skipinu, -eno skipum, -om skipumin, -omen
genitive skips skipsins skipa skipanna
  • land ("land"):
Declension of land (a-stem)
singular plural
indefinite definite indefinite definite
nominative land landit land landin
accusative land landit land landin
dative landi, -e landinu, -eno landum, -om landumin, -omen
genitive lanz lanzins landa landanna
  • arþer ("ard", "plough"), ra-stem:
Declension of arþer (a-stem)
singular plural
indefinite definite indefinite definite
nominative arþer arþrit arþer arþrin
accusative arþer arþrit arþer arþrin
dative arþri, -e arþrinu, -eno arþrum, -om arþrumin, -omen
genitive arþers arþersins arþra arþranna
  • gul ("gold"), no plural:
Declension of gull (a-stem)
singular plural
indefinite definite indefinite definite
nominative gul gullit — —
accusative gul gullit — —
dative gulli, -e gullinu, -eno — —
genitive guls gulsins — —
  • bō ("dwelling", "habitat", "estate","nest"), stem ending with vowel:
Declension of bō (a-stem)
singular plural
indefinite definite indefinite definite
nominative bō bō(i)t bō bō(i)n
accusative bō bō(i)t bō bō(i)n
dative bō bō(i)nu bō(u)m bō(u)min
genitive bōs bōsins bō(a) bō(a)nna

JA-stem

Masculine

  • væver ("weave", "fabric"). Short stem with -v/-f:
Declension of væver (ja-stem)
singular plural
indefinite definite indefinite definite
nominative væver væfrin væfiar væfianir, -aner
accusative væf vævin væfia væfiana
dative væf vævinum væfium, -om væfiumin, -omen
genitive væfs væfsins væfia væfianna
  • hær ("army"). Short stem, stem with -r:
Declension of hær (ja-stem)
singular plural
indefinite definite indefinite definite
nominative hær hærrin hæriar hærianir, -aner
accusative hær hærin hæria hæriana
dative hæri, -e hærinum, -enom hærium, -om hæriumin, -omen
genitive hærs hærsins hæria hærianna
  • bȳr ("village"). Short stem, stem with vowel. Genitive with -iar:
Declension of bȳr (ja-stem)
singular plural
indefinite definite indefinite definite
nominative bȳr bȳrin bȳiar bȳianir, -aner
accusative bȳ bȳin bȳia bȳiana
dative bȳ bȳ(i)num bȳium, -om bȳiumin, -omen
genitive bȳiar bȳsins bȳia bȳianna
  • lægger ("leg"). Originally short stem in -gja. Later long stem (after sharpening gj → ggj). Genitive with -iar:
Declension of lægger (ja-stem)
singular plural
indefinite definite indefinite definite
nominative lægger læggrin læggiar læggianir, -aner
accusative læg læggin læggia læggiana
dative læggi, -e lægginum, -enom læggium, -om læggiumin, -omen
genitive læggiar læggsins læggia læggianna
  • lǣkir ("physician"). Long stem with -j- preserved after velar consonant:
Declension of lǣkir (ja-stem)
singular plural
indefinite definite indefinite definite
nominative lǣkir lǣkirin lǣkiar lǣkianir, -aner
accusative lǣki, -e lǣkin lǣkia lǣkiana
dative lǣki, -e lǣkinum, -enom lǣkium, -om lǣkiumin, -omen
genitive lǣkis lǣkisins lǣkia lǣkianna
  • ø̄re (a type of money). Long stem with lost nominative ending in -r:
Declension of ø̄re (ja-stem)
singular plural
indefinite definite indefinite definite
nominative ø̄ri, -e ø̄rin ø̄rar ø̄ranir, -aner
accusative ø̄ri, -e ø̄rin ø̄ra ø̄rana
dative ø̄ri, -e ø̄rinum, -enom ø̄rum, -om ø̄rumin, -omen
genitive ø̄ris ø̄risins ø̄ra ø̄ranna

Neuter

  • skær ("skerry"). Short stem:
Declension of skær (ja-stem)
singular plural
indefinite definite indefinite definite
nominative skær skærit skær skærin
accusative skær skærit skær skærin
dative skæri, -e skærinu, -eno skærium, -om skæriumin, -omen
genitive skærs skærsins skæria skærianna
  • æg ("egg"). Originally short stem in -gja. Later long stem (after sharpening gj → ggj):
Declension of æg (ja-stem)
singular plural
indefinite definite indefinite definite
nominative æg æggit æg æggin
accusative æg æggit æg æggin
dative æggi, -e ægginu, -eno æggium, -om æggiumin, -omen
genitive ægs ægsins æggia æggianna
  • minne ("memory"). Long stem:
Declension of minne (ja-stem)
singular plural
indefinite definite indefinite definite
nominative minni, -e minnit minni, -e minnin
accusative minni, -e minnit minni, -e minnin
dative minni, -e minninu, -eno minnum, -om minnumin, -omen
genitive minnis minnisins minna minnanna
  • rīke ("realm", "kingdom"). Long stem with -j- preserved after velar consonant:
Declension of rīke (ja-stem)
singular plural
indefinite definite indefinite definite
nominative rīki, -e rīkit rīki, -e rīkin
accusative rīki, -e rīkit rīki, -e rīkin
dative rīki, -e rīkinu, -eno rīkium, -om rīkiumin, -omen
genitive rīkis rīkisins rīkia rīkianna

Ō-stem (feminine)

  • aghn ("husk"):
Declension of aghn (ō-stem)
singular plural
indefinite definite indefinite definite
nominative aghn aghnin aghnar aghnanar
accusative aghn aghnina, -ena aghnar aghnanar
dative aghn aghninni, -inne aghnum, -om aghnumin, -omen
genitive aghnar aghninnar aghna aghnanna
  • brō ("bridge"):
Declension of brō (ō-stem)
singular plural
indefinite definite indefinite definite
nominative brō brōin brōar brōanar
accusative brō brōina, -ena brōar brōanar
dative brō brōinni, -inne brōum, -om brōumin, -omen
genitive brōar brōinnar brōa brōanna
  • graf ("grave"), stem with -v/-f:
Declension of graf (ō-stem)
singular plural
indefinite definite indefinite definite
nominative graf gravin gravar gravanar
accusative graf gravina, -ena gravar gravanar
dative graf gravinni, -inne gravum, -om gravumin, -omen
genitive gravar gravinnar grava gravanna
  • āþer ("vein", "muscle", "tendon"), rō-stem:
Declension of āþer (ō-stem)
singular plural
indefinite definite indefinite definite
nominative āþer āþrin āþrar āþranar
accusative āþer āþrina, -ena āþrar āþranar
dative āþer āþrinni, -inne āþrum, -om āþrumin, -omen
genitive āþrar āþrinnar āþra āþranna

JŌ-stem (feminine)

  • hæl ("death realm", "hell", "death"), no plural:
Declension of hæl (jo-stem)
singular plural
indefinite definite indefinite definite
nominative hæl hælin — —
accusative hæl hælina, -ena — —
dative hæl hælinni, -inne — —
genitive hæliar hælinnar — —
  • væg ("wall"), Originally short stem in -gja. Later long stem (after sharpening gj → ggj):
Declension of væg (jo-stem)
singular plural
indefinite definite indefinite definite
nominative væg væggin væggiar væggianar
accusative væg væggina, -ena væggiar væggianar
dative væg vægginni, -inne væggium, -om væggiumin, -omen
genitive væggiar vægginnar væggia væggianna
  • hēþ ("heath"), long stem:
Declension of hēþ (jo-stem)
singular plural
indefinite definite indefinite definite
nominative hēþ hēþin hēþar hēþanar
accusative hēþi, -e hēþina, -ena hēþar hēþanar
dative hēþi, -e hēþinni, -inne hēþum, -om hēþumin, -omen
genitive hēþar hēþinnar hēþa hēþanna

I-stem

Masculine

  • gæster ("guest", "stranger"):
Declension of gæster (i-stem)
singular plural
indefinite definite indefinite definite
nominative gæster gæstin gæstir, -er gæstinir, -ener
accusative gæst gæstin gæsti, -e gæstina, -ena
dative gæsti, -e gæstinum, -enom gæstum, -om gæstumin, -omen
genitive gæsts gæstsins gæsta gæstanna
  • staþer ("place", "stead", et.c.):
Declension of staþer (i-stem)
singular plural
indefinite definite indefinite definite
nominative staþer staþin staþir, -er staþinir, -ener
accusative staþ staþin staþi, -e staþina, -ena
dative staþi, -e staþinum, -enom staþum, -om staþumin, -omen
genitive staþar, -s staþsins staþa staþanna

Feminine

  • færþ ("travel", "journey"):
Declension of færþ (i-stem)
singular plural
indefinite definite indefinite definite
nominative færþ færþin færþir, -er færþinar, -enar
accusative færþ færþina, -ena færþir, -er færþinar, -enar
dative færþ færþinni, -inne færþum, -om færþumin, -omen
genitive færþar færþinnar færþa færþanna

U-stem

Masculine

  • son ("son"):
Declension of son (u-stem)
singular plural
indefinite definite indefinite definite
nominative son sonin synir, -er syninir, -ener
accusative son sonin syni, -e synina, -ena
dative syni, -e syninum, -enom sonum, -om sonumin, -omen
genitive sonar sonsins sona sonanna

Neuter

  • fǣ ("cattle", "propery"):
Declension of fǣ (u-stem)
singular plural
indefinite definite indefinite definite
nominative fǣ fǣt — —
accusative fǣ fǣt — —
dative fǣ fǣnu, -o — —
genitive fǣar fǣsins — —

Consonant-stem

Masculine

  • fōter ("foot"):
Declension of fōter (consonant-stem)
singular plural
indefinite definite indefinite definite
nominative fōter fōtrin fø̄ter fø̄trinir, -rene(r)
accusative fōt fōtin fø̄ter fø̄trina, -rena
dative fø̄ti, -e fø̄tinum, -enom fōtum, -om fōtumin, -omen
genitive fōts fōtsins fōta fōtanna
  • maþer ("man"), stem with -n:
Declension of maþer (consonant-stem)
singular plural
indefinite definite indefinite definite
nominative maþer maþrin mæn mænninir, -ene(r)
accusative man mannin mæn mænnina, -ena
dative manni, -e manninum, -enom mannum, -om mannumin, -omen
genitive mans mansins manna mannanna

Feminine

  • bōk ("book"):
Declension of bōk (consonant-stem)
singular plural
indefinite definite indefinite definite
nominative bōk bōkin bø̄ker bø̄krina(r), -rena(r)
accusative bōk bōkina, -ena bø̄ker bø̄krina(r), -rena(r)
dative bōk bōkinni, -inne bōkum, -om bōkumin, -omen
genitive bōkar bōkinnar bōka bōkanna
  • mūs ("mouse"), stem with -s:
Declension of mūs (consonant-stem)
singular plural
indefinite definite indefinite definite
nominative mūs mūsin mȳs mȳssinar, -ena(r)
accusative mūs mūsina, -ena mȳs mȳssinar, -ena(r)
dative mūs mūsinni, -inne mūsum, -om mūsumin, -omen
genitive mūsar mūsinnar mūsa mūsanna

R-stem

Masculine

  • faþir ("father"):
Declension of faþir (r-stem)
singular plural
indefinite definite indefinite definite
nominative faþir faþirin fæþer fæþrinir, -ener
accusative faþur, -or faþurin, -orin fæþer fæþrina, -ena
dative faþur, -or faþurinum, -orenom fæþrum, -om fæþrumin, -omen
genitive faþur, -or faþurins, -orins fæþra fæþranna

Feminine

  • mōþir ("mother"):
Declension of mōþir (r-stem)
singular plural
indefinite definite indefinite definite
nominative mōþir mōþirin mø̄þer mø̄þrinar, -renar
accusative mōþur, -or mōþurina, -orena mø̄þer mø̄þrinar, -renar
dative mōþur, -or mōþurinni, -orinne mø̄þrum, -om mø̄þrumin, -omen
genitive mōþur, -or mōþurinnar, -orinnar mø̄þra mø̄þranna

Old Swedish Pronouns

Indefinite

  • nokor ("someone"):
Declension of nokor
singular masculine feminine neuter
nominative nokor nokor nokot
accusative nokon nokora nokot
dative nokorum nokori nokoru
genitive nokors nokorar nokors
plural masculine feminine neuter
nominative nokorir nokorar nokor
accusative nokora nokorar nokor
dative nokorum nokorum nokorum
genitive nokora nokora nokora
  • ængin ("no one", "none"):
Declension of ængin
singular masculine feminine neuter
nominative ængin ængin ækki, ænkti
accusative ængin ænga ækki, ænkti
dative ængum ænginni ængu
genitive ængsins ænginna ængsins
plural masculine feminine neuter
nominative ængi ængar ængin
accusative ænga ængar ængin
dative ængum ængum ængum
genitive ængra ængra ængra

Demonstrative

  • þæn ("that"):
Declension of þæn
singular masculine feminine neuter
nominative þæn, sā(r) þē, þø̄n, sū þæt
accusative þæn þā þæt
dative þēm, þæm þēri þȳ, þī
genitive þæs þēra þæs
plural masculine feminine neuter
nominative þēr þā(r) þø̄n
accusative þā, þē þā(r) þø̄n
dative þēm, þø̄m, þom þēm, þø̄m, þom þēm, þø̄m, þom
genitive þēra þēra þēra
  • þænni ("this"):
Declension of þænni
singular masculine feminine neuter
nominative þænni þæssi þætta
accusative þænna þæssa, þænna þætta
dative þæssum, þæmma þæssi þæssu
genitive þæssa þæssa þæssa
plural masculine feminine neuter
nominative þæssi(r) þæssa þæssi(n)
accusative þæssa þæssa þæssi(n)
dative þæssum, þæmma þæssum, þæmma þæssum, þæmma
genitive þæssa þæssa þæssa

Old Swedish Verbs

Strong verbs

  • skīna ("to shine"). Strong intransitive verb, proto-germanic first class with -n in stem ending.
Conjugation of skīna (strong)
present past
infinitive skīna —
participle skīnandi, -e skinin
active voice indicative subjunctive imperative indicative subjunctive
iæk skīn skīni, -e — skēn skini, -e
þū skīn skīni, -e skīn skēnt skini, -e
han skīn skīni, -e — skēn skini, -e
vīr skīnum, -om skīnum, -om skīnum, -om skinum, -om skinum, -om
īr skīnin skīnin skīnin skinin skinin
þēr skīna skīnin — skinu, -o skinin
mediopassive voice indicative subjunctive imperative indicative subjunctive
iæk — — — — —
þū — — — — —
han — — — — —
vīr — — — — —
īr — — — — —
þēr — — — — —
  • binda ("to bind"). Strong intransitive verb, proto-germanic third class with -d in stem ending.
Conjugation of binda (strong)
present past
infinitive binda —
participle bindandi, -e bundin
active voice indicative subjunctive imperative indicative subjunctive
iæk binder bindi, -e — bant bundi, -e
þū binder bindi, -e bint bant bundi, -e
han binder bindi, -e — bant bundi, -e
vīr bindum, -om bindum, -om bindum, -om bundum, -om bundum, -om
īr bindin bindin bindin bundin bundin
þēr binda bindin — bundu, -o bundin
mediopassive voice indicative subjunctive imperative indicative subjunctive
iæk binds bindis, -es — bants bundis, -es
þū binds bindis, -es — bants bundis, -es
han binds bindis, -es — bants bundis, -es
vīr bindums, -oms bindums, -oms — bundums, -oms bundums, -oms
īr bindins bindins — bundins bundins
þēr bindas bindins — bundus, -os bundins
  • sitia ("to sit"). Strong intransitive verb, proto-germanic fifth class with -j- in present forms.
Conjugation of sitia (strong)
present past
infinitive sitia —
participle sitiandi, -e sitin
active voice indicative subjunctive imperative indicative subjunctive
iæk siter siti, -e — sat sāti, -e
þū siter siti, -e sit sast sāti, -e
han siter siti, -e — sat sāti, -e
vīr sitium, -om sitium, -om sitium, -om sātum, -om sātum, -om
īr sitin sitin sitin sātin sātin
þēr sitia sitin — sātu, -o sātin
mediopassive voice indicative subjunctive imperative indicative subjunctive
iæk — — — — —
þū — — — — —
han — — — — —
vīr — — — — —
īr — — — — —
þēr — — — — —
  • lēia ("to smile"). Strong intransitive verb, proto-germanic sixth class with -j- in present forms and the stem ending with a vowel.
Conjugation of lēia (strong)
present past
infinitive lēia —
participle lēiandi, -e lēt (n)
active voice indicative subjunctive imperative indicative subjunctive
iæk lēr lē — lō lōghi, -e
þū lēr lē lē lōt lōghi, -e
han lēr lē — lō lōghi, -e
vīr lēium, -om lēium, -om lēium, -om lōghum, -om lōghum, -om
īr lēin lēin lēin lōghin lōghin
þēr lēia lēin — lōghu, -o lōghin
mediopassive voice indicative subjunctive imperative indicative subjunctive
iæk — — — — —
þū — — — — —
han — — — — —
vīr — — — — —
īr — — — — —
þēr — — — — —
  • fā ("to receive", "to get"). Strong transitive verb without medio-passive forms, proto-germanic seventh class with stem ending with a vowel.
Conjugation of fā (strong)
present past
infinitive fā —
participle fāndi, -e fangin (sup. fāt)
active voice indicative subjunctive imperative indicative subjunctive
iæk fār, fǣr fā -i, -e — fik, fæk fingi, -e
þū fār, fǣr fā -i, -e fā fikt fingi, -e
han fār, fǣr fā -i, -e — fik, fæk fingi, -e
vīr fām, -um, -om fām, -um, -om fām, -um, -om fingum, -om fingum, -om
īr fān, -in fān, -in fān, -in fingin fingin
þēr fā fān, -in — fingu, -o fingin
mediopassive voice indicative subjunctive imperative indicative subjunctive
iæk — — — — —
þū — — — — —
han — — — — —
vīr — — — — —
īr — — — — —
þēr — — — — —

Weak verbs

First class

  • rø̄ghia ("to accuse"). Weak verb, proto-germanic first class, long stem. Velar consonant: preserved -i- (= /j/) before -o-/-u- or -a- in ending.
Conjugation of rø̄ghia (weak)
present past
infinitive rø̄ghia —
participle rø̄ghiandi, -e rø̄ghþer
active voice indicative subjunctive imperative indicative subjunctive
iæk rø̄ghir rø̄ghi, -e — rø̄ghþi, -e rø̄ghþi, -e
þū rø̄ghir rø̄ghi, -e rø̄gh rø̄ghþi, -e rø̄ghþi, -e
han rø̄ghir rø̄ghi, -e — rø̄ghþi, -e rø̄ghþi, -e
vīr rø̄ghium, -om rø̄ghium, -om rø̄ghium, -om rø̄ghþum, -om rø̄ghþum, -om
īr rø̄ghin rø̄ghin rø̄ghin rø̄ghþin rø̄ghþin
þēr rø̄ghia rø̄ghin — rø̄ghþu, -om rø̄ghþin
mediopassive voice indicative subjunctive imperative indicative subjunctive
iæk rø̄ghis rø̄ghis, -es — rø̄ghþis, -es rø̄ghþis, -es
þū rø̄ghis rø̄ghis, -es — rø̄ghþis, -es rø̄ghþis, -es
han rø̄ghis rø̄ghis, -es — rø̄ghþis, -es rø̄ghþis, -es
vīr rø̄ghiums, -oms rø̄ghiums, -oms — rø̄ghþums, -oms rø̄ghþums, -oms
īr rø̄ghins rø̄ghins — rø̄ghþins rø̄ghþins
þēr rø̄ghias rø̄ghins — rø̄ghþus, -os rø̄ghþins
  • vælia ("to choose"). Weak verb, proto-germanic first class, short stem. Stem ending in liquid consonant.
Conjugation of vælia (weak)
present past
infinitive vælia —
participle væliandi, -e valder
active voice indicative subjunctive imperative indicative subjunctive
iæk væl væli — valdi, -e valdi, -e
þū væl væli væl valdi, -e valdi, -e
han væl væli — valdi, -e valdi, -e
vīr vælium, -iom vælium, -iom vælium, -iom valdum, -om valdum, -om
īr vælin vælin vælin valdin valdin
þēr vælia vælin — valdu, -o valdin
mediopassive voice indicative subjunctive imperative indicative subjunctive
iæk væls vælis — valdis, -es valdis, -es
þū væls vælis — valdis, -es valdis, -es
han væls vælis — valdis, -es valdis, -es
vīr væliums, -ioms væliums, -ioms — valdums, -oms valdums, -oms
īr vælins vælins — valdins valdins
þēr vælias vælins — valdus, -os valdins
  • spȳia ("to spew"). Weak verb, proto-germanic first class, short stem. Stem ending in vowel. Umlaut in all forms.
Conjugation of spȳia (weak)
present past
infinitive spȳia —
participle spȳiandi, -e spȳþer
active voice indicative subjunctive imperative indicative subjunctive
iæk spȳr spȳ-, -i, -e — spȳþi, -e spȳþi, -e
þū spȳr spȳ-, -i, -e spȳ spȳþi, -e spȳþi, -e
han spȳr spȳ-, -i, -e — spȳþi, -e spȳþi, -e
vīr spȳium, -iom spȳium, -iom spȳium, -iom spȳþum, -om spȳþum, -om
īr spȳin spȳin spȳin spȳþin spȳþin
þēr spȳia spȳin — spȳþu, -o spȳþin
mediopassive voice indicative subjunctive imperative indicative subjunctive
iæk — — — — —
þū — — — — —
han — — — — —
vīr — — — — —
īr — — — — —
þēr — — — — —

Second class

  • hæria ("to attack with army"). Weak verb, proto-germanic second class with -ia (= /ja/).
Conjugation of hæria (weak)
present past
infinitive hæria —
participle hæriandi, -e hæriaþer
active voice indicative subjunctive imperative indicative subjunctive
iæk hæriar hæri, -e — hæriaþi, -e hæriaþi, -e
þū hæriar hæri, -e hæria hæriaþi, -e hæriaþi, -e
han hæriar hæri, -e — hæriaþi, -e hæriaþi, -e
vīr hærium, -om hærium, -om hærium, -om hæriaþum, -om hæriaþum, -om
īr hærin hærin hærin hæriaþin hæriaþin
þēr hæria hærin — hæriaþu, -o hæriaþin
mediopassive voice indicative subjunctive imperative indicative subjunctive
iæk hærias hæris, -es — hæriaþis, -es hæriaþis, -es
þū hærias hæris, -es — hæriaþis, -es hæriaþis, -es
han hærias hæris, -es — hæriaþis, -es hæriaþis, -es
vīr hæriums, -oms hæriums, -oms — hæriaþums, -oms hæriaþums, -oms
īr hærins hærins — hæriaþins hæriaþins
þēr hærias hærins — hæriaþus, -os hæriaþins
  • nā ("to reach"), spā ("to foretell", "to divine"). Weak verbs, proto-germanic second class with -ā (= /aː/).
Conjugation of nā (weak)
present past
infinitive nā —
participle nāndi, -e nāþer
active voice indicative subjunctive imperative indicative subjunctive
iæk nār nā -i, -e — nāþi, -e nāþi, -e
þū nār nā -i, -e nā nāþi, -e nāþi, -e
han nār nā -i, -e — nāþi, -e nāþi, -e
vīr nām, -um, -om nām -um, -om nām -um, -om nāþum, -om nāþum, -om
īr nān, -in nān -in nān -in nāþin nāþin
þēr nā nā — nāþu, -o nāþin
mediopassive voice indicative subjunctive imperative indicative subjunctive
iæk nās nā -is, -es — nāþis, -es nāþis, -es
þū nās nā -is, -es — nāþis, -es nāþis, -es
han nās nā -is, -es — nāþis, -es nāþis, -es
vīr nāms, -ums, -oms nāms, -ums, -oms — nāþums, -oms nāþums, -omss
īr nāns, -ins nāns, -ins — nāþins nāþins
þēr nās nāns, -ins — nāþus, -os nāþins
Conjugation of spā (weak)
present past
infinitive spā —
participle spāndi, -e spāþer
active voice indicative subjunctive imperative indicative subjunctive
iæk spār spā -i, -e — spāþi, -e spāþi, -e
þū spār spā -i, -e spā spāþi, -e spāþi, -e
han spār spā -i, -e — spāþi, -e spāþi, -e
vīr spām, -um, -om spām -um, -om spām -um, -om spāþum, -om spāþum, -om
īr spān, -in spān -in spān -in spāþin spāþin
þēr spā spā — spāþu, -o spāþin
mediopassive voice indicative subjunctive imperative indicative subjunctive
iæk spās spā -is, -es — spāþis, -es spāþis, -es
þū spās spā -is, -es — spāþis, -es spāþis, -es
han spās spā -is, -es — spāþis, -es spāþis, -es
vīr spāms, -ums, -oms spāms, -ums, -oms — spāþums, -oms spāþums, -omss
īr spāns, -ins spāns, -ins — spāþins spāþins
þēr spās spāns, -ins — spāþus, -os spāþins

Third class

  • fylghia ("to follow"), sæghia ("to say"). Weak verbs, proto-germanic third class. Umlaut in present forms. Velar consonant: preserved -i- (= /j/) before -o-/-u- or -a- in ending.
Conjugation of fylghia (weak)
present past
infinitive fylghia —
participle fylghiandi, -e folghþer
active voice indicative subjunctive imperative indicative subjunctive
iæk fylghir fylghi, -e — folghþi, -e folghþi, -e
þū fylghir fylghi, -e fylgh folghþi, -e folghþi, -e
han fylghir fylghi, -e — folghþi, -e folghþi, -e
vīr fylghium, -om fylghium, -om fylghum, -om folghþum, -om folghþum, -om
īr fylghin fylghin fylghin folghþin folghþin
þēr fylghia fylghin — folghþu, -om folghþin
mediopassive voice indicative subjunctive imperative indicative subjunctive
iæk fylghis fylghis, -es — folghþis, -es folghþis, -es
þū fylghis fylghis, -es — folghþis, -es folghþis, -es
han fylghis fylghis, -es — folghþis, -es folghþis, -es
vīr fylghiums, -oms fylghiums, -oms — folghþums, -oms folghþums, -oms
īr fylghins fylghins — folghþins folghþins
þēr fylghias fylghins — folghþus, -os folghþins
Conjugation of sæghia (weak)
present past
infinitive sæghia —
participle sæghiandi, -e saghþer / saghaþer
active voice indicative subjunctive imperative indicative subjunctive
iæk sæghir sæghi, -e — saghþi, -e saghþi, -e
þū sæghir sæghi, -e sægh saghþi, -e saghþi, -e
han sæghir sæghi, -e — saghþi, -e saghþi, -e
vīr sæghium, -om sæghium, -om sæghum, -om saghþum, -om saghþum, -om
īr sæghin sæghin sæghin saghþin saghþin
þēr sæghia sæghin — saghþu, -om saghþin
mediopassive voice indicative subjunctive imperative indicative subjunctive
iæk sæghis sæghis, -es — saghþis, -es saghþis, -es
þū sæghis sæghis, -es — saghþis, -es saghþis, -es
han sæghis sæghis, -es — saghþis, -es saghþis, -es
vīr sæghiums, -oms sæghiums, -oms — saghþums, -oms saghþums, -oms
īr sæghins sæghins — saghþins saghþins
þēr sæghias sæghins — saghþus, -os saghþins
  • dugha ("to be strong", "to help"). Weak verb, proto-germanic third class. No umlaut.
Conjugation of dugha (weak)
present past
infinitive dugha —
participle dughandi, -e doghit (n)
active voice indicative subjunctive imperative indicative subjunctive
iæk dughir dughi, -e — dughþi, -e dughþi, -e
þū dughir dughi, -e dugh dughþi, -e dughþi, -e
han dughir dughi, -e — dughþi, -e dughþi, -e
vīr dughum, -om dughum, -om dughum, -om dughþum, -om dughþum, -om
īr dughin dughin dughin dughþin dughþin
þēr dugha dughin — dughþu, -om dughþin
mediopassive voice indicative subjunctive imperative indicative subjunctive
iæk dughis dughis, -es — dughþis, -es dughþis, -es
þū dughis dughis, -es — dughþis, -es dughþis, -es
han dughis dughis, -es — dughþis, -es dughþis, -es
vīr dughums, -oms dughums, -oms — dughþums, -oms dughþums, -oms
īr dughins dughins — dughþins dughþins
þēr dughas dughins — dughþus, -os dughþins

Preterite-present verbs

I. vita ("to know"), ǣgha ("to own").

Conjugation of vita (preterite-present)
present past
infinitive vita —
participle vitandi, -e vist, vitit, vitat (n)
active voice indicative subjunctive imperative indicative subjunctive
iæk vēt viti, -e — vissi, -e vissi, -e
þū vētt viti, -e vit vissi, -e vissi, -e
han vēt viti, -e — vissi, -e vissi, -e
vīr vitum, -om vitum, -om vitum, -om vissum, -om vissum, -om
īr vitin vitin vitin vissin vissin
þēr vitu, -o vitin — vissu, -o vissin
mediopassive voice indicative subjunctive imperative indicative subjunctive
iæk — — — — —
þū — — — — —
han — — — — —
vīr — — — — —
īr — — — — —
þēr — — — — —
Conjugation of ǣgha (preterite-present)
present past
infinitive ǣgha —
participle ǣghandi, -e āt (n)
active voice indicative subjunctive imperative indicative subjunctive
iæk ā ǣghi, -e — ātti, -e ātti, -e
þū āt ǣghi, -e ǣgh ātti, -e ātti, -e
han ā ǣghi, -e — ātti, -e ātti, -e
vīr ǣghum, -om ǣghum, -om ǣghum, -om āttum, -om āttum, -om
īr ǣghin ǣghin ǣghin āttin āttin
þēr ǣghu, -o ǣghin — āttu, -o āttin
mediopassive voice indicative subjunctive imperative indicative subjunctive
iæk ǣghs ǣghis, -es — āttis, -es āttis, -es
þū ǣghs ǣghis, -es — āttis, -es āttis, -es
han ǣghs ǣghis, -es — āttis, -es āttis, -es
vīr ǣghoms, -oms ǣghums, -oms — āttums, -oms āttums, -oms
īr ǣghins ǣghins — āttins āttins
þēr ǣghas ǣghins — āttus, -os āttins

III. kunna ("can", "to be able"), þorva ("to need"), unna ("to bestow", "to wish", "to like")

Conjugation of kunna (preterite-present)
present past
infinitive kunna —
participle kunnandi, -e kunnit (n)
active voice indicative subjunctive imperative indicative subjunctive
iæk kan kunni, -e — kunni, -e kunni, -e
þū kant kunni, -e kunn kunni, -e kunni, -e
han kan kunni, -e — kunni, -e kunni, -e
vīr kunnum, -om kunnum, -om kunnum, -om kunnum, -om kunnum, -om
īr kunnin kunnin kunnin kunnin kunnin
þēr kunnu, -o kunnin — kunnu, -o kunnin
mediopassive voice indicative subjunctive imperative indicative subjunctive
iæk — — — — —
þū — — — — —
han — — — — —
vīr — — — — —
īr — — — — —
þēr — — — — —
Conjugation of þorva (preterite-present)
present past
infinitive þorva —
participle þorvandi, -e þorft (n)
active voice indicative subjunctive imperative indicative subjunctive
iæk þarf þorvi, -e — þorfti, -e þorfti, -e
þū þarft þorvi, -e þorv þorfti, -e þorfti, -e
han þarf þorvi, -e — þorfti, -e þorfti, -e
vīr þorvum, -om þorvum, -om þorvum, -om þorftum, -om þorftum, -om
īr þorvin þorvin þorvin þorftin þorftin
þēr þorvu, -o þorvin — þorftu, -o þorftin
mediopassive voice indicative subjunctive imperative indicative subjunctive
iæk — — — — —
þū — — — — —
han — — — — —
vīr — — — — —
īr — — — — —
þēr — — — — —
Conjugation of unna (preterite-present)
present past
infinitive unna —
participle unnandi, -e unt (n)
active voice indicative subjunctive imperative indicative subjunctive
iæk an unni, -e — unti, -e unti, -e
þū ant unni, -e unn unti, -e unti, -e
han an unni, -e — unti, -e unti, -e
vīr unnum, -om unnum, -om unnum, -om untum, -om untum, -om
īr unnin unnin unnin untin untin
þēr unnu, -o unnin — untu, -o untin
mediopassive voice indicative subjunctive imperative indicative subjunctive
iæk — — — — —
þū — — — — —
han — — — — —
vīr — — — — —
īr — — — — —
þēr — — — — —

IV. skula ("shall", "to be obliged")

Conjugation of skula (preterite-present)
present past
infinitive skula —
participle skulandi, -e skulit, skulat (n)
active voice indicative subjunctive imperative indicative subjunctive
iæk skal skuli, -e — skuldi, -e skuldi, -e
þū skalt skuli, -e skul skuldi, -e skuldi, -e
han skal skuli, -e — skuldi, -e skuldi, -e
vīr skulum, -om skulum, -om skulum, -om skuldum, -om skuldum, -om
īr skulin skulin skulin skuldin skuldin
þēr skulu, -o skulin — skuldu, -o skuldin
mediopassive voice indicative subjunctive imperative indicative subjunctive
iæk — — — — —
þū — — — — —
han — — — — —
vīr — — — — —
īr — — — — —
þēr — — — — —

V. magha ("may", "to be allowed")

Conjugation of magha (preterite-present)
present past
infinitive magha —
participle maghandi, -e māt (n)
active voice indicative subjunctive imperative indicative subjunctive
iæk mā maghi, -e — mātti, -e mātti, -e
þū māt maghi, -e magh mātti, -e mātti, -e
han mā maghi, -e — mātti, -e mātti, -e
vīr maghum, -om maghum, -om maghum, -om māttum, -om māttum, -om
īr maghin maghin maghin māttin māttin
þēr maghu, -o maghin — māttu, -o māttin
mediopassive voice indicative subjunctive imperative indicative subjunctive
iæk — — — — —
þū — — — — —
han — — — — —
vīr — — — — —
īr — — — — —
þēr — — — — —

Irregular and suppletive verbs

  • ganga/gā ("to walk", "to go"). Partly proto-germanic seventh class (ganga), partly suppletive (gā).
Conjugation of ganga (irregular)
present past
infinitive ganga; gā —
participle gangandi, -e; gāndi, -e gangin (sup. gāt)
active voice indicative subjunctive imperative indicative subjunctive
iæk ganger, gænger; gār, gǣr gangi, -e; gā-, -i, -e — gæk, gik gingi, -e
þū ganger, gænger; gār, gǣr gangi, -e; gā-, -i, -e gak *gækt gingi, -e
han ganger, gænger; gār, gǣr gangi, -e; gā-, -i, -e — gæk, gik gingi, -e
vīr gangum, -om; gām, -um, -om gangum, -om; gām, -um, -om gangum, -om; gām, -um, -om gingum, -om gingum, -om
īr gangin; gān, -in gangin; gān, -in gangin; gān, -in gingin gingin
þēr ganga; gā gangin; gān, -in — gingu, -o gingin
mediopassive voice indicative subjunctive imperative indicative subjunctive
iæk — — — — —
þū — — — — —
han — — — — —
vīr — — — — —
īr — — — — —
þēr — — — — —
  • standa/stā ("to stand"). Partly irregular (standa), partly suppletive (stā).
Conjugation of standa, stā (irregular)
present past
infinitive standa; stā —
participle standandi, -e; stāndi, -e staþin, standin; stān
active voice indicative subjunctive imperative indicative subjunctive
iæk stander, stænder; stār, stǣr standi, -e; stā, -i, -e — stōþ stōþi, -e
þū stander, stænder; stār, stǣr standi, -e; stā, -i, -e stat *stōst stōþi, -e
han stander, stænder; stār, stǣr standi, -e; stā, -i, -e — stōþ stōþi, -e
vīr standum, -om; stām, -um, -om standum, -om; stām, -um, -om standum, -om; stām, -um, -om stōþum, -om stōþum, -om
īr standin; stān, -in standin; stān, -in standin; stān, -in stōþin stōþin
þēr standa; stā standin; stān, -in — stōþu, -o stōþin
mediopassive voice indicative subjunctive imperative indicative subjunctive
iæk — — — — —
þū — — — — —
han — — — — —
vīr — — — — —
īr — — — — —
þēr — — — — —
  • vara ("to be"). Copulative verb, suppletive
Conjugation of vara (suppletive)
present past
infinitive vara —
participle varandi varit (ntr.)
active voice indicative subjunctive imperative indicative subjunctive
iæk æm, ær sē, vari — var vāri, -e
þū æst sē, vari var vast vāri, -e
han ær sē, vari — var vāri, -e
vīr ærum sēum, varum varum vārum, -om vārum, -om
īr ærin sēin, varin varin vārin vārin
þēr æru sēin, varin — vāru, -o vārin
mediopassive voice indicative subjunctive imperative indicative subjunctive
iæk — — — — —
þū — — — — —
han — — — — —
vīr — — — — —
īr — — — — —
þēr — — — — —


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