孔

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孔 U+5B54, 孔
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-5B54
← 孓
 		CJK Unified Ideographs 孕 →

Translingual

Stroke order
4 strokes

Han character

孔 (Kangxi radical 39, 子+1, 4 strokes, cangjie input 弓木山 (NDU), four-corner 12410, composition ⿰子乚)

Derived characters

References

  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 277, character 9
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 6933
  • Dae Jaweon: page 544, character 3
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 2, page 1008, character 4
  • Unihan data for U+5B54

Chinese

simp. and trad.
 孔

Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 孔
Western Zhou Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Bronze inscriptions Small seal script Transcribed ancient scripts
Characters in the same phonetic series (孔) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
吼 *qʰloːʔ, *qʰloːs
孔 *kʰloːŋʔ

Bronze inscriptions: Ideogrammic compound (會意 / 会意) : 丿 (“opening”) + 子 (“child”) – opening in the skull of a newborn, i.e. fontanelle.

Etymology

"hole"
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *(g/k)uŋ (“hole; orifice; inner part”). 孔 (OC *kʰloːŋʔ, “hole”) is probably the endoactive derivation of 空 (OC *kʰoːŋ, “hollow; empty”) (Schuessler, 2007). Cognate with Tibetan ཁུང (khung, “hole”), Jingpho ladi hku (lədî hkū, “nostril”), Chepang घाङ् (gʰaŋ, “hole”), Burmese အခေါင်း (a.hkaung:, “hollow place; cavity”), Naxi kho³³ (“cave; hole; pit”) (STEDT).
"peacock"
Starostin reconstructs 孔 (OC *khōŋ) and compares it to Proto-Vietic *k-voːŋ. Compare also Semai kuwok, Semnam kwɔːŋ.

Pronunciation

Note:
  • kháng - vernacular;
  • khóng - literary.
Rime
Character 孔
Reading # 1/1
Initial (聲) 溪 (29)
Final (韻) 東 (1)
Tone (調) Rising (X)
Openness (開合) Open
Division (等) I
Fanqie 康董切
Baxter khuwngX
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/kʰuŋX/
Pan
Wuyun 		/kʰuŋX/
Shao
Rongfen 		/kʰuŋX/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/kʰəwŋX/
Li
Rong 		/kʰuŋX/
Wang
Li 		/kʰuŋX/
Bernhard
Karlgren 		/kʰuŋX/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		kǒng
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex 		hung2
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 孔
Reading # 1/1
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin) 		kǒng
Middle
Chinese 		‹ khuwngX ›
Old
Chinese 		/*ʰˁoŋʔ/
English (surname)

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. * as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 孔
Reading # 1/1
No. 7489
Phonetic
component 		孔
Rime
group 		東
Rime
subdivision 		0
Corresponding
MC rime 		孔
Old
Chinese 		/*kʰloːŋʔ/
Notes 金文象就乳，與古候切從子殼聲字（說文乳也）同源

Definitions

孔

  1. hole; aperture; opening
    鼻孔  ―  bíkǒng  ―  nostril
  2. classifier for cave dwellings, oil wells, etc..
  3. (literary, for irrigation, drainage) ditch; trench; canal; channel
  4. (literary, or in compounds) profound; far-reaching
  5. (literary, or in compounds) unimpeded; unblocked
  6. (literary, or in compounds) large
  7. (literary, or in compounds) fine
  8. (literary, or in compounds) very; extremely
  9. (literary, or in compounds) peacock; peafowl
  10. a surname
    孔祥熙  ―  Kǒng Xiángxī  ―  H. H. Kung (Chinese banker and politician)
  11. (specifically) Short for 孔子 (Kǒngzǐ, “Confucius”).
    祭孔  ―  jì Kǒng  ―  worship of Confucius
    批林批孔  ―  pī Lín pī Kǒng  ―  (historical) Criticize Lin Biao and Confucius movement
  12. (Quanzhou Hokkien) classifier for partitioned grid units in a tool.

Synonyms

  • (hole):
Dialectal synonyms of 孔 (“hole”)
Variety Location Words
Classical Chinese 孔, 洞, 穴
Formal (Written Standard Chinese) 孔, 洞, 孔洞, 空洞, 空穴, 窿
Northeastern Mandarin Beijing 窟窿
Singapore 洞
Jilu Mandarin Jinan 窟窿
Central Plains Mandarin Luoyang 窟窿
Wanrong 窟窿
Xi'an 窟窿子, 窟窿
Southwestern Mandarin Chengdu 窟窿, 洞洞, 洞
Wuhan 窟窿, 窟眼, 洞洞, 洞
Liuzhou 窿
Jianghuai Mandarin Nanjing 窟窿
Yangzhou 洞, 窟窿
Hefei 窟窿, 洞
Cantonese Guangzhou 窿, 咕窿
Hong Kong 窿, 咕窿
Taishan 孔
Yangjiang 窿
Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu) 窿
Singapore (Guangfu) 窿
Gan Nanchang 洞
Hakka Meixian 窿仔, 窿空仔
Miaoli (N. Sixian) 空
Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) 空
Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) 空
Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) 空
Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) 空
Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) 空
Jin Taiyuan 窟窿, 窟子
Northern Min Jian'ou 川
Eastern Min Fuzhou 空空
Southern Min Xiamen 空, 空口
Quanzhou 空
Zhangzhou 空口
Zhangzhou (Changtai) 空
Taipei 空
Penang (Hokkien) 空
Singapore (Hokkien) 空
Manila (Hokkien) 空
Chaozhou 空
Jieyang 空, 洞
Haifeng 空
Singapore (Teochew) 空
Singapore (Hainanese) 空
Southern Pinghua Nanning (Tingzi) 窿
Wu Suzhou 洞
Wenzhou 洞, 窟, 窟窿
Jinhua 窟窿
Xiang Changsha 洞, 洞子
Shuangfeng 眼貢, 洞
  • (very):
  • (peacock): 孔雀 (kǒngquè)
  • (Confucius):

Compounds

References

Japanese

Kanji

孔

(Jōyō kanji)

  1. cavity

Readings

  • Go-on: く (ku)、くう (kū)
  • Kan-on: こう (kō, Jōyō)
  • Kun: あな (ana, 孔)、はなはだ (hanahada, 孔だ)

Compounds

Compounds

Etymology

Kanji in this term
孔
あな
Grade: S
kun'yomi
For pronunciation and definitions of 孔 – see the following entry.
【穴あな】6
hole
opening, aperture
pit
cave, cavern
lair, den, burrow
loss, deficit
flaw, defect
(This term, 孔, is an alternative spelling of the above term.)

Korean

Hanja

孔 (eumhun 구멍 공 (gumeong gong))

  1. hanja form? of 공 (“opening, hole”)

Vietnamese

Han character

孔: Hán Nôm readings: khổng, hỏng, hổng, khỏng, khủng

  1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.
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