御

御 (Kangxi radical 60, 彳+8 in traditional Chinese and Korean, 彳+9 in mainland China and Japanese, 11 strokes in traditional Chinese and Korean, 12 strokes in mainland China and Japanese, cangjie input 竹人人一中 (HOOML), four-corner 2722₀, composition ⿰彳卸)

• 𭊷, 𣊗, 䥏, 蓹, 篽, 𬄧, 禦

• 禦 (This character is simplified to 御 in mainland China)

• Kangxi Dictionary: page 368, character 23
• Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 10157
• Dae Jaweon: page 693, character 5
• Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 2, page 832, character 16
• Unihan data for U+5FA1

Oracle bone script: Ideogrammic compound (會意 / 会意) and phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *ŋas): phonetic 午 (OC *ŋaːʔ, “pestle”) + semantic 卩 (“kneeling person”) – utilize; govern. Bronze inscriptions added 彳 and 止 to emphasize action.

Sino-Tibetan. Schuessler (2007) compared 御 to Burmese မောင်း (maung:, “drive away, threaten”) and မောင်း (maung:, “driving”).

御

1. (prefix) royal, imperial

   • 只見那女王走近前來，一把扯住三藏，俏語嬌聲，叫道：「御弟哥哥，請上龍車，和我同上金鑾寶殿，匹配夫婦去來。」
     只见那女王走近前来，一把扯住三藏，俏语娇声，叫道：「御弟哥哥，请上龙车，和我同上金銮宝殿，匹配夫妇去来。」

     From: Wu Cheng'en, Journey to the West, 16^th century CE, translation from The Journey to the West (2012), by Anthony C. Yu

     Zhǐjiàn nà nǚwáng zǒu jìnqián lái, yībǎ chězhù Sānzàng, qiàoyǔ jiāoshēng, jiàodào: “Yùdì gēgē, qǐng shàng lóngchē, hé wǒ tóng shàng jīnluán bǎodiàn, pǐpèi fūfù qùlái.”

     The queen went forward and caught hold of Tripitaka. In a most seductive voice, she said, “Royal brother darling, please ascend the dragon chariot so that we may go to the Treasure Hall of Golden Chimes and become husband and wife.”

2. to manage; to govern; to control

   • 無䟽其親，無怠其眾，撫其左右，御其四旁。
     无䟽其亲，无怠其众，抚其左右，御其四旁。

     From: Six Secret Teachings, c. 475 – 221 BCE

     Wú shū qí qīn, wú dài qí zhòng, fǔ qí zuǒyòu, yù qí sìpáng.

     Do not estrange your relatives. Do not neglect the masses. Be conciliatory and solicitous toward nearby states and control the four quarters.

3. to drive a chariot or carriage; to ride (on an animal or a vehicle drawn by animals)

   • 我徒我御、我師我旅。
     我徒我御、我师我旅。

     From: The Classic of Poetry, c. 11^th – 7^th centuries BCE, translated based on James Legge's version

     Wǒ tú wǒ yù, wǒ shī wǒ lǚ.

     We went along on foot; we rode in our chariots; our whole host, and our battalions.

   • 吾何執？執御乎？執射乎？吾執御矣。
     吾何执？执御乎？执射乎？吾执御矣。

     From: The Analects of Confucius, c. 475 – 221 BCE

     Wú hé zhí? Zhí yù hū? Zhí shè hū? Wú zhí yù yǐ.

     "What shall I practice? Shall I practice charioteering, or shall I practice archery? I will practice charioteering."

4. driver of a carriage

   • 徒御嘽嘽。
     徒御啴啴。

     From: The Classic of Poetry, c. 11^th – 7^th centuries BCE, translated based on James Legge's version

     Túyù chǎnchǎn.

     His footmen and charioteers were numerous,

5. alternative form of 禦 (yù, “to defend against”)

   • 利用御寇，順相保也。
     利用御寇，顺相保也。

     From: I Ching, 11^th – 8^th century BCE, translated based on James Legge's version

     Lì yòng yù kòu, shùn xiàngbǎo yě.

     'It might be advantageous in resisting plunderers:' - by acting as here indicated men would preserve one another.

御

1. (literary, obsolete) to meet, greet and welcome (someone)

   alt. forms: 迓 (yà)

   • 之子于歸，百兩御之。
     之子于归，百两御之。

     From: The Classic of Poetry, c. 11^th – 7^th centuries BCE, translated based on James Legge's version

     Zhī zǐ yú guī, bǎi liǎng yà zhī.

     This young lady is going to her future home;
     A hundred carriages are meeting her.

(Jōyō kanji)

1. an honorific prefix, indicates respect, your
2. royal, imperial, godly
3. control
4. govern
5. protect

• Go-on: ご (go, Jōyō)
• Kan-on: ぎょ (gyo, Jōyō)
• Kun: おん (on, 御, Jōyō)、お (o, 御)、おおん (ōn, 御)^{←おほん (ofon, 御, historical)←おほみ (ofomi, 御, ancient)}、み (mi, 御)、おさめる (osameru, 御める)^{←をさめる (wosameru, 御める, historical)}

As variant kanji of 禦:

• Go-on: ご (go, Jōyō)
• Kan-on: ぎょ (gyo, Jōyō)
• Kun: ふせぐ (fusegu, 御ぐ)

/oɴ/ → /o/

Shift from on- below.

Already apparent since the 14th century.

• (Tokyo) お (Heiban – )
• IPA^(key):

御(お) • (o-) 

1. indicates that the is honorific; often used to indicate that the belongs or is related to the listener (as opposed to the speaker)

Not to be confused with 大 (ō-, “great”), which is a less-commonly used prefix.

Almost exclusively written in hiragana, to disambiguate with the heteronyms below.

Prefixed to the native Japanese words, as in 御水 (o-mizu, “water”) (words read with kun'yomi). However, there are numerous exceptions such as お弁当 (o-bentō) and お電話 (o-denwa). In old use, prefixed short women's names regardless of the type of reading, for example お菊 (o-Kiku), おしん (o-Shin), お仙 (o-Sen), お妙 (o-Tae), etc. For 外来語 (gairaigo, “(non-Chinese) foreign loan words”), this prefix is seldom used, but somewhat preferred in the jargon of some kinds of industry, as in おビール (o-bīru, “beer”).

Usage varies between speakers, situations, and gender – more polite speech, especially by women, features more use of this prefix, while blunt speech, especially by men, uses it less or not at all (words where the prefix has become mandatory are replaced by blunter terms that do not have the prefix). In rare cases a prefixed term has become impolite, as in 御前 (omae, “you (familiar or derogatory)”).

/oɸomʉ/ → /owomʉ/ → /oːɴ/ → /oɴ/

Early-Late Middle Japanese shift from ōn- below.

• (Tokyo) おん (Atamadaka – )
• IPA^(key):

御(おん) • (on-) 

1. indicates that the is honorific; often used to indicate that the belongs or is related to the listener (as opposed to the speaker)

⟨opomi₁⟩ → */opomʲɨ/*/əpəmʲɨ/ → /oɸomʉ/ → /owoɴ/ → /oːɴ/

First attested in the Wamyō Ruijushō (938 CE), as man'yōgana form 於保无 (opomu- → ōmu-) within 於保无太加良 (opomutakara → ōmutakara, “people”, as a kun reading of 人民).

Shift from Old Japanese 大御 (⟨opomi₁⟩ → ōmi-, prefix of maximum honorific).

Both ōmu- and ōn- readings likely existed in free variation until the development of the ん (n) grapheme.

• IPA^(key):
• IPA^(key):

御(おおん) or 御(おおむ) • (ōn- or ōmu-) ^{←おほん (ofon-) or おほむ (ofomu-)?}

1. (obsolete) indicates that the is honorific; often used to indicate that the belongs or is related to the listener (as opposed to the speaker)

• 御(おおん)時(とき) (ōntoki)
• 御(おおん)身(み) (ōnmi)

⟨mi₁⟩ → */mʲi/ → /mi/

From Old Japanese.

Cognate with 霊, 神 (mi, “spirit, god”), as this prefix was originally used to refer to gods and other spiritually important things.

• (Tokyo) み (Heiban – )
• IPA^(key):

御(み) • (mi-) 

1. (honorific, archaic) added to gods and other spiritually important things
2. (honorific, archaic) added to nouns to indicate godlike respect
3. 美, 深: (honorific, archaic) added to placenames to emphasize beauty

Primarily for the religious words, pertaining to gods or the emperor, as in 御輿 (mikoshi, “portable shrine”). However, in this context it is often replaced by 神 ("god", also pronounced mi-), and then a further 御 (​o-) may be added, as in 御神輿 (o-mikoshi). The mi- prefix also became merged into other kanji, as in 宮 (miya, “imperial palace”).

From Middle Chinese 御 (MC ngjoH).

The goon reading, so likely the initial borrowing.

• (Tokyo) ご (Atamadaka – )
• IPA^(key):

御(ご) • (go-) 

1. indicates that the is honorific; often used to indicate that the belongs or is related to the listener (as opposed to the speaker)

Prefixed to the Sino-Japanese words, as in 御主人 (goshujin, “husband”).

While in general this prefix is optional, in many cases it is so commonly used that the base word can no longer be used in isolation, as in 御飯 (gohan, “rice”) – the form ×飯 (*han) is not used alone, though it can be used as parts of compounds (such as 炊飯, suihan, “rice cooking”), and the character can be read in isolation as meshi.

It may also be used with modern foreign borrowings.

本日(ほんじつ)はニコニコ動画(どうが)に御(ご)アクセス頂(いただ)き、ありがとうございます。

Honjitsu wa Nikoniko Dōga ni go-akusesu-itadaki, arigatō gozaimasu.

Thank you for accessing Niconico today.

ご (go-) also appears with a limited number of native words such as ごゆっくり (go-yukkuri) and ごもっとも (go-mottomo).

Short form of 御前 (gozen, “noble person”).

• IPA^(key):

御(ご) • (-go) 

1. (honorific) indicates that the is familiar to the speaker and slightly honorific

御(ご) • (go) 

1. (obsolete, archaic, honorific) a lady

   suffixed to the given name, via genitive particle の (no):

   伊(い)勢(せ)の御(ご) ― Ise no Go ― Lady Ise

2. (obsolete, archaic, honorific) form of address to a woman or a court lady: my Lady

   used in the plural form 御達 (gotachi)

• 御(ご)達(たち) (gotachi)

From Middle Chinese 御 (MC ngjoH).

The kan'on reading, so likely a later borrowing.

• (Tokyo) ぎょ (Atamadaka – )
• IPA^(key):

御(ぎょ) • (gyo) 

1. equestrianism, horseriding
2. a coachman
3. (by extension) serving nearby (to an aristocrat, etc.)

• 御(ぎょ)する (gyo suru)

御(ぎょ) • (gyo) 

1. control (a machine, etc.)
2. govern, rule
3. servant
4. alternative spelling of 禦 (gyo): defend, protect

From Middle Chinese 御 (MC ngjoH).

The kan'on reading, so likely a later borrowing.

• (Tokyo) ぎょ (Heiban – )
• IPA^(key):

御(ぎょ) • (gyo-) 

1. prefixed to make an honorific kanji compound, especially used to indicate that the belongs or is related to the emperor and/or the equivalents

• 御(ぎょ)意(い) (gyoi)
• 御(ぎょ)慶(けい) (gyokei)
• 御(ぎょ)製(せい) (gyosei)

御(ぎょ) • (-gyo) 

1. suffixed to make an honorific kanji compound which means the action belongs or is related to the emperor and/or the equivalents

• 還(かん)御(ぎょ) (kangyo)
• 渡(と)御(ぎょ) (togyo)
• 崩(ほう)御(ぎょ) (hōgyo)

御 • (eo, a) (hangeul 어, 아, revised eo, a, McCune–Reischauer ŏ, a, Yale e, a)

1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

Cognate with 霊, 神 (mi₁, “spirit, god”), as this prefix was originally used to refer to gods and other spiritually important things.

御 (mi₁-) (kana み)

1. (honorific) added to gods and other spiritually important things
2. (honorific) added to nouns to indicate godlike respect
3. (honorific) added to placenames to emphasize beauty

• Japanese: 御, 美, 深 (mi-)

御: Hán Nôm readings: ngự, ngợ, ngừ, ngừa

1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.