User:TheSilverWolf98/The Scanian Language

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This is where I attempt to, using as many sources as I can get my hands on, establish standards for recording the Scanian language (Skånska) of southern Sweden on Wiktionary. In Swedish literature, is is commonly just referred to as "Sydsvenska Mål" (literally South-Swedish Language), however, its mutual intelligibility with Stockholm Swedish is extremely limited and Scanian preserves a number of archaic features that Swedish does not, such as the feminine gender, and a residual case system. For these reasons, I believe it should be classified as a language in its own right, regardless of the political sensitivity on the subject. Skånska proper covers the entirety of Skåne, Blekinge, the southern half of Småland, and the lower two thirds of Hälland. The dialect of Bornholm may also be included, as it shares a number of similarities with the Scanian dialects of Sweden. The dialect of Malmö has been most heavily influenced by Danish with regards to its phonology, however, the other parts of Skåne and the other provinces have preserved a phonologically more archaic version of Scanian. The dialect of Öland has also been influenced by Scanian, though is still at its core a Götaland dialect.

Phonology

Bjuv, North-West Skåne

Consonants

  • Old East Norse -VgV- is lost in Bjuv. See "säger". I propose this word be written säğer. NOTE: comes from ɡ>ɣ>h/j>Ø.
  • Old East Norse -Vð is lost in Bjuv. See "med". I propose this word be written með.
  • Old East Norse -VðV- is lost in Bjuv. See "sedan". I propose this word be written seðen.
  • Old East Norse -VndV- becomes Bjuv nː. See "kunde". I propose this word be written kunne.
  • Old East Norse -Vnd becomes Bjuv nː. See Smålånn "Småland, iblann "ibland".
  • Old East Norse -VksV- becomes Bjuv -VsːV-. See åsså "också".

Vowels

  • Old East Norse iː becomes Bjuv ei̯ː. See "fina" and "hit". I propose these words be written feina and heit.

Unknown, South Skåne

Consonants

  • Old East Norse -VpV- becomes Unknown -VvV-. See "gapa". I propose this word be written gava. NOTE: comes from p>b>β>v.

Unknown, West Skåne

Consonants

  • Old East Norse -VpV- becomes Unknown -VvV-. See "gapa". I propose this word be written gava.

Unknown, South-West Skåne

Consonants

  • Old East Norse -oːpV- becomes Unknown -ɔːwV-. See "ropa". I propose this word be written råwa. NOTE: comes from p>b>β>w.
  • Old East Norse -VkV- becomes Unknown -VjV-. See "leka". I propose this word be written legja.

Unknown, South-East Skåne

Consonants

  • Old East Norse -VkV- becomes Unknown -Vd͡ʑV-. See "leka". I propose this word be written legja.
  • Old East Norse -Vt becomes Unknown -Vð. See "brott"; "spett". I propose these words be written brud and spud.

Södra Mellby, South-East Skåne

Consonants

  • Old East Norse hvV- becomes Södra Mellby hV-. See "var" and "vem". I propose these words be written hår and hymm.
  • Old East Norse kvV- is preserved in Södra Mellby.

Unknown, North Skåne

Consonants

  • Old East Norse -VkV- becomes Unknown -VgV-. See "leka"; "kaka". I propose these words be written lega and kaga.
  • Old East Norse -VpV- becomes Unknown -VbV-. See "gapa". I propose this word be written gaba.

Malmö, South-West Skåne

Vowels

  • Old East Norse uː becomes Malmö ø͡ʉ̟. See "mus". I propose this word be written möus.
  • Old East Norse oː becomes Malmö e͡u. See "mos". I propose this word be written meus.
  • Old East Norse yː becomes Malmö ø͡y. See "lys". I propose this word be written löys.
  • Old East Norse øː becomes Malmö ɶ͡œ. See "lös". I propose this word be written löös.
  • Old East Norse ɑ becomes Malmö a͡ɔ. See "lat". I propose this word be written laåd.

Listerland, an Island off of Blekinge

Consonants

  • Old East Norse -VpV- becomes Listerland -VbV-. See "sopa". I propose this word be written seuba.
  • Old East Norse -VkV- becomes Listerland -VgV-. See "måke". I propose this word be written mauge.
  • Old East Nose -VtV- becomes Listerland -VdV-. See "gata"; "äta". I propose these words be written gada and aida.
  • Old East Norse -Vk becomes Listerland -Vg. See "vik". I propose this word be written veig.
  • Old East Norse þ- becomes Listerland t-. See "tya". I propose this word be written töya.
  • Old East Nose -ð is lost in Listerland. See "jord". I propose this word be written jeur.

Vowels

  • Old East Norse iː becomes Listerland eɪ̯ː. See "vik".
  • Old East Norse ɑː becomes Listerland au̯ː. See "så"; "två"; "svårt". I propose these words be written sau; twau; and swaurt.
  • Old East Norse yː becomes Listerland øʏ̯ː. See "tya".
  • Old East Norse æ becomes Listerland aɪː. See "äta".

Osby, North-East Skåne

Consonants

  • Old East Norse -VtV- becomes Osby -VdV-. See "bryta"; "prata"; "ute"; "lite"; "bitar". I propose these words be written breyda; prada; eude; leide; and beidar.
  • Old East Norse -VkV- becomes Osby -VgV-. See "brukar"; "bleking". I propose these words be written breugar and bleging.
  • Old East Norse -VpV- becomes Osby -VbV-. See "supit". I propose this word be written seubid.
  • Old East Norse -Vk becomes Osby -Vg. See "skrek"; "mjuk". I propose that these words be written skreg and mjeug.

Vowels

  • Old East Norse yː becomes Osby əy. See "bryta".
  • Old East Norse iː becomes Osby ɛi. See "lite"; and "bitar".
  • Old East Norse uː becomes Osby əʉ. See "ute".

Ystad, South-East Skåne

Södra Sandsjö, South-East Småland

Consonants

  • Old East Norse -VþV- is lost in Södra Sandsjö. See "tiden" (from the original feminine accusative tīþena). I propose this word be written tiðena.
  • Old East Norse þ- becomes Södra Sandsjö d-. See "den". I propose this word be written dåin.
  • Old East Norse -VdːV- is preserved in Södra Sandsjö. See "klädda". I propose this word be written klaidda.

Vowels

  • Old East Norse iː is preserved in Södra Sandsjö. See "tiden" (from the original feminine accusative tīþena). I propose this word be written tiðena.
  • Old East Norse e becomes Södra Sandsjö ɔ̞i̯. See "den". I propose this word be written dåin.

Grammar

Nouns

Cases

  • In Södra Sandsjö, the Norse feminine accusative form has been preserved, for example tiðena from Old Swedish tīþena. Another would be tsörkena from Old Swedish kyrkiuna. I am not sure why the second k does not show palatisation effects from the j. One would expect it to be a fricative somewhere along the lines of t͡ɕ or ɕ. Perhaps the -ena from other feminine nouns was generalised?

Verbs

The accent patterns (noted here on this page by an acute and a grave accent) are crucial in determining the forms of a verb in Skånska. From my own research, analysing a number of dialect texts collected between the 1870's and 1950's, it seems that there are a number of consistent patterns emerging. For example, the infinitive of a verb seems to take accent pattern #2 (denoted here with a grave); whereas the active past indicative singular usually seems to take accent pattern #1 (shown with an acute accent). This may, however, have a folk etymology base, rather than being inherited from an older form of Skånska.

Bö - To Become

Not a verb used in Modern Swedish, confined to south-east Skåne, and often conflated with reflexes of bliva, which is a Saxon loanword. Not sure where bö comes from, but it's clearly a strong verb, and shows archaic features.

  • Act.Past.Ind.Sg. ; ; ; ; ; .
  • Act.Past.Ind.Pl. ; .

Få/Fånga - To Get, Catch

The Modern Swedish form of this verb merges two originally distinct ones - få from Old East Norse; and fånga borrowed from Saxon.

  • Act.Past.Ind.Sg. (Örsjö); (Östra Vemmenhög) = Modern Swedish fick. Seems to follow the same pattern as gå/gånga for this part of the verb.

Gå/Gånga - To Go

The Modern Swedish form of this verb merges two originally distinct ones - gå from Old East Norse; and gånga borrowed from Saxon.

  • Act.Past.Ind.Sg. (Kivik; Simris); (Södra Sandsjö); (Örsjö; Falsterbo); (Simris; Löderup); (Skanör) = Modern Swedish gick. Simris and Löderup have preserved a different form of this word. Will have to do extra research to determine where it comes from.

Hjälpa - To Help

Skånska preserves the original strong inflection of this verb, unlike Modern Swedish, which has relegated this to the weak class.

  • Act.Past.Ind.Sg. (Kivik; Falsterbo) = Modern Swedish hjälpte. Skånska has generalised the hj- beginning to this part of the verb, which did not originally have it in Old East Norse. The vowel quality though has been preserved.

Komma - To Come, Arrive

  • Act.Past.Ind.Sg. (Kivik; Falsterbo; Reng); (Södra Sandsjö); (Löderup; Örsjö; Östra Vemmenhög) = Modern Swedish kom. All vowel reflexes are as expected, though the long final nasal in the form from Kivik, Falsterbo, and Reng is puzzling. This feature is also present in kunna.

Ligga - To Lie, Be Situated

  • Act.Past.Ind.Sg. (Simris); (Örsjö); (Falsterbo) = Modern Swedish låg.

Taga (Ta) - To Take, Accept, Steal, Pick Up

Skånska preserves a more archaic conjugation pattern than Modern Swedish, which has greatly simplified this verb.

  • Act.Past.Ind.Sg. (Kivik; Skanör); (Södra Sandsjö); (Löderup); (Örsjö); (Simris; Löderup) = Modern Swedish tog. A number of different forms seem to have been preserved here - I would not have expected the final g to have been preserved as they are in Löderup and Södra Sandsjö - this may potentially be influence from other Swedish dialects, or descendants from alternative forms of the verb with an original -kk- cluster. The umlaut on the vowel of the second from from Löderup and Simris is equally puzzling, as is their reflex of the final consonant, which suggests the influence of j or a front vowel. More investigation is needed here.

Vocabulary

NOTE: I will enter all words in here as I find them in the sources, without any changes to orthography. Proposed changes will be mentioned in my comments on the words.

Nouns

Verbs

Adjectives

Adverbs

Pronouns

References

Wikious
Boobota
Sagapedia