Appendix:Hungarian fleeting-vowel words

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Hungarian fleeting-vowel words (Hungarian hangzóhiányos / hangzóvesztő / hangzótoldó névszótövek) lose their vowels in their last syllable in several inflected forms. These words include mostly nouns as well as a few adjectives and numerals. For an excerpt of similar verbs, see the last section near the bottom.

Nouns and adjectives

The column “Ending” contains the last two consonants in reverse-alphabetized order, in invisible format, only to enable sorting by the ending (aside from the other headers).

Word Accusative Meaning Ending Front or back Note
ajak ajkat lip kj back low-vowel word
akol aklot sheep-fold, pen lk back also regular
alom almot litter, animal bedding, bed of straw ml back see the unrelated endings -alom, -dalom etc. at the bottom of this table
-alom
-dalom
-adalom
-odalom		 -almat
-dalmat
-adalmat
-odalmat		 — ml back noun suffix, forming low-vowel words
see also the unrelated word alom near the top of this table
álom álmot dream ml back
árok árkot ditch, trench kr back
ászok ászkot gantry (for a barrel); Weinlager ksz back
átok átkot curse, malediction kt back
bagoly baglyot owl jg back
bajusz bajszot mustache szj back may also be regular: bajuszt
barom barmot cattle, livestock; (fig.) brute, idiot mr back
bátor bátrat brave rt back adjective; (as usual for adjectives) low-vowel word
berek berket grove (literary) kr front unrounded
birok birkot wrestle kr back rare except in one form, birokra
bodor bodrot curl (regional/literary),
curly (adjective)		 rd back
bokor bokrot bush rk back
bögöly böglyöt horsefly, gadfly jg front rounded
bugyor bugyrot bundle, parcel, pack (rare) rgy back
burok burkot shell, casing, cover, integument kr back not to be confused with unrelated bürök, below
bürök bürköt hemlock kr front rounded not to be confused with unrelated burok, above
bütyök bütyköt gnarl, knot, node, lump, excrescence kty front rounded
cimbalom cimbalmot Hungarian dulcimer; cimbalom ml back not a low-vowel word, in contrast to derivations ending in -alom
cinterem cintermet graveyard (archaic) mr front unrounded unrelated to terem (also with a fleeting vowel)
cirkalom cirkalmat curlicue, flourish; (archaic) compasses ml back low-vowel word; not a derivation with -alom
cirok cirkot (cirokot) sorghum, kaffir (corn) kr back
cukor cukrot sugar rk back
cseber csebret bucket, pail (dated) rb front unrounded alternative form of csöbör, below
csokor csokrot bouquet, nosegay rk back
csöbör csöbröt bucket, pail (dated) rb front rounded alternative form of cseber, above
csupor csuprot mug, pot, jar rp back
csücsök csücsköt tip, corner (of some cloth) kcs front rounded
csülök csülköt (pork) knuckle kl front rounded also csürök in archaism
dolog dolgot thing gl back
-elem
-delem
-edelem		 -elmet
-delmet
-edelmet		 — ml front unrounded noun-forming suffix; the noun elem (“element”) does not belong here
eper epret strawberry; mulberry rp front unrounded
érem érmet medal mr front unrounded unrelated to szemérem (“modesty, pudency”)
étek étket food (literary) kt front unrounded
ezer ezret thousand rz front unrounded numeral (“1000”)
farok farkat tail kr back low-vowel word
fátyol fátylat veil; fog, haze, mist lty back low-vowel word
féreg férget worm gr front unrounded
fészek fészket nest ksz front unrounded
fodor fodrot frill, ruffle rd back
fogoly foglyot prisoner; partridge jg back
gödör gödröt pit; socket rd front rounded
gyomor gyomrot stomach (organ) rm back
halom halmot heap, pile; mound, hill ml back
három hármat three mr back numeral (“3”); low-vowel word
haszon hasznot profit, use, gain, advantage nsz back
horog horgot (fishing) hook gr back
horony hornyot groove, flute/fluting, rabbet, slot nyr back
hurok hurkot noose, loop kr back
iker ikret twin rk front unrounded
izom izmot muscle mz back
járom jármot yoke mr back
jászol jászlat manger; crib lsz back low-vowel word
kapocs kapcsot (paper)clip, clasp, clamp, staple, snap csp back
kapor kaprot dill rp back
karom karmot claw, talon mr back
kazal kazlat stack, rick lz back low-vowel word
kebel keblet bosom (literary) lb front unrounded
kelet keletet (keltet)
(poss.) kelte		 date tl front unrounded the accusative tends to be regular but the possessive-suffixed form loses a vowel; its homonym with the more common sense “east” is regular
kéreg kérget crust, bark gr front unrounded
koboz kobzot lute, lyre (historical) zb back
korom kormot soot mr back
köböl köblöt butt, vat (archaic) lb front rounded
kölyök kölyköt kid, young (of animals), whelp, puppy kj front rounded
köröm körmöt fingernail mr front rounded
lator latrot / latort knave, rogue rt back may also be regular
lélek lelket soul kl front unrounded with alternating vowel length in its first syllable
lepel leplet veil, shroud, pall lp front unrounded
lucsok lucskot sludge, slush kcs back also locsok, lucsk in archaic or regional form
majom majmot monkey, ape mj back
malom malmot mill ml back
marok markot inside of a (closed) hand; handful, grasp, grip kr back
meder medret riverbed rd front unrounded
méreg mérget poison; anger gr front unrounded
mocsok mocskot filth, sleaze, grime kcs back
murok murkot wild carrot (rare) kr back
nyereg nyerget saddle gr front unrounded
nyirok nyirkot lymph; moisture, damp(ness) kr back
odor odrot hollow, cavity; geode; swage (regional or technical) rd back may also be regular
ólom ólmot lead (metal) ml back
orom ormot summit, peak, pinnacle (literary) mr back
öböl öblöt bay, gulf lb front rounded
ököl öklöt fist lk front rounded
ökör ökröt ox rk front rounded
pecek pecket peg, pin kc front unrounded alternative form of pöcök, below
(not to be confused with unrelated pocok)
petrezselyem petrezselymet parsley mj front unrounded
piszok piszkot dirt, filth, grime ksz back
pocok pockot vole, fieldmouse, fieldvole kc back not to be confused with unrelated pöcök, below
pokol poklot hell lk back
pöcök pöcköt peg, pin kc front rounded alternative form of pecek, above
not to be confused with unrelated pocok, above
prücsök prücsköt (endearing) little child; (regional) cricket kcs front rounded compare tücsök, below
retek retket radish kt front unrounded
rücsök rücsköt pockmark, knurl, tubercle
(any protuberance causing coarseness)		 kcs front rounded
sarok sarkot / sarkat corner; heel kr back low-vowel word in one of its two senses (“heel”)
sátor sátrat tent rt back low-vowel word
selyem selymet silk mj front unrounded
sodor sodrot current, course rd back used chiefly with a possessive suffix
sólyom sólymot falcon, hawk mj back
sulyok sulykot mallet, battledore, dolly;
beater, rammer (historical)		 kj back
sulyom sulymot water caltrop; buffalo nut mj back
szatyor szatyrot bag (for shopping), satchel rty back
szeder szedret blackberry; bramble; mulberry rd front unrounded
szemérem szemérmet modesty, pudency mr front unrounded unrelated to érem (“medal”)
szirom szirmot petal mr back
szitok szitkot curse, invective, verbal abuse kt back
szobor szobrot statue, sculpture rb back
szurok szurkot pitch, tar kr back
szutyok szutykot grime, filth, dirt kty back
takony taknyot snot, nasal mucus nyt back
tegez tegzet quiver (historical) zg front unrounded also regular
telek telket (building) plot/site kl front unrounded
terem termet hall, room mr front unrounded
titok titkot secret kt back
torok torkot throat kr back
torony tornyot tower nyr back
töbör töbröt sinkhole, doline, funnel-shaped crater (technical) rb front rounded
tulok tulkot young bullock, steer (archaic) kl back not to be confused with unrelated tülök, below
tücsök tücsköt cricket kcs front rounded
tükör tükröt mirror rk front rounded
tülök tülköt klaxon, horn, hooter (historical) kl front rounded archaic alternative form: türök (also with a fleeting vowel)
not to be confused with unrelated tulok, above
üröm ürmöt wormwood, mugwort, artemisia mr front rounded
üszök üszköt cinder, ember; firebrand ksz front rounded
vacok vackot den, lair (literary) kc back
vászon vásznat linen; cloth; canvas nsz back low-vowel word
veder vedret bucket rd front unrounded alternative (less common) form of vödör, below
vékony(a) véknyat loin, flank, side (folksy, rare as a noun) nyk back used chiefly with a possessive suffix;
the final vowel is preserved in the standard form
verem vermet ditch, pit, snare, fall trap mr front unrounded
vétek vétket trespass, transgression, vice, fault kt front unrounded
vöcsök vöcsköt grebe kcs front rounded also vicek, vöcsög in regional/archaic form
vödör vödröt bucket rd front rounded alternative form of veder, above
  • The regional nouns pityer (“pipit, titlark”) and erek (“portico, vestibule, balcony”) may optionally also behave as fleeting-vowel words.
  • The nouns sereg (“army”), csegely (“pendentive, spandrel, panache”), and csepely (“sparse shrub”) might behave in regionalism as fleeting-vowel words.
  • The noun élet (“life”) may behave in archaism or literary style as a fleeing-vowel word.
  • The adjective éber (“awake”) might behave in regionalism as a fleeting-vowel word.
  • The rare, archaic noun döbör (“crater”) may optionally also behave as a fleeting-vowel word.
  • The archaic noun tőrök (“awl”) has (had) a fleeting vowel, as well.
  • Regional tüsök (“thorn”), an alternative form of standard tüske, as well as regional gyürök (“ring, hoop”) (an alternative form of gyűrű) have fleeting vowels.
  • The adjective and noun vacak (“rubbish(y), scrap(py)”) may be treated in regionalism as a fleeting-vowel word (coinciding with forms of vacok, above).
  • The archaic nouns balom (“ ball”), cirom (“dirt, filth”), kotyor (“coppice”), pucok (“support, prop”) had fleeting vowels.
  • The regional noun gyalom (“drag-net”) had a fleeting vowel.
  • The archaic or literary noun gyilok (“dagger, stiletto”) had a fleeting vowel.
  • The archaic nouns bucok (“chunk, lump, clod”), bugoly (“panicle, cluster”), cobor/cubor (“warp beam”), lobor (“pyramid ”), and szugoly (“nook, corner”) may be treated as fleeting-vowel words.

Verbs

Verbs that behave similarly include the following:

Verbs marked with an asterisk are always or chiefly used with a verbal prefix.

Some verbs with the endings given above are regular (e.g. köhög, hatol, botoz, and kötöz).

Some verbs are not grouped here as only a noun derived from the present participle loses a vowel, and it's lexicalized on its own, e.g. ebédel (“to have lunch”) → ebédelő emberek (“people having lunch”) but ebédlő (“dining room”).

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