C

C U+0043, C LATIN CAPITAL LETTER C ← B Basic Latin D →

From the Etruscan letter 𐌂 (c, ce), from the Ancient Greek letter Γ (G, gamma), derived from the Phoenician letter 𐤂 (g, giml), from the Egyptian hieroglyph 𓌙.

C (lower case c)

1. The third letter of the basic modern Latin alphabet.

• (Latin script):  Aa  Bb  Cc  Dd  Ee  Ff  Gg  Hh  Ii  Jj  Kk  Ll  Mm  Nn  Oo  Pp  Qq  Rr  Sſs  Tt  Uu  Vv  Ww  Xx  Yy  Zz
• (Variations of letter C):  Ćć  Ĉĉ  Čč  Ċċ  C̄c̄  Çç  Ḉḉ  Ȼȼ  Ƈƈ  ɕ  ᴄ  Ｃｃ
• (select other variations) Ƈ ₡ ₵ ₢
• Other scripts: Г (ge), ג (gimel)
• For more variations, see Appendix:Variations of "c".
• C on Wikipedia.Wikipedia

A standardization of Ɔ and C because the latter happens to be an abbreviation of Latin centum (“hundred”), from abbreviation of ƆIC, an alternative form of >I<, from tally stick markings resembling Ж (a superimposed X and I), from the practice of designating each tenth X notch with an extra cut.

• c, LL, ll

C (upper case Roman numeral, lower case c)

1. Roman numeral hundred (100)
2. the hundredth (100th)

• With a bar over the numeral, i.e., as C̅, it represents one hundred thousand.

• Previous: XCIX (99)
• Next: CI (101)

• English: c-note

• Lesser Roman numeral symbol: L (“50”)
• Greater Roman numeral symbol: D (“500”)
• Roman numerals

• (element symbol, carbon): abbreviation
• (metrology, coulomb): abbreviation
• (computing, hexadecimal 12): From its position as the twelfth element of the series {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, A, B, C, D, E, F}

C

1. (chemistry) Carbon.
2. (metrology) Symbol for coulomb, an SI unit of electric charge.
3. (metrology) Symbol for degrees Celsius.

   Alternative form: °C

   • 2019 December 2, Fiona Harvey, “Climate crisis: what is COP and can it save the world?”, in The Guardian‎:

     Current commitments made by national governments under the Paris agreement fall far short of what is required – taken together, they would still condemn the world to an estimated temperature rise of more than 3C by the end of the century.

4. (computing, hexadecimal) The digit for 12.

   0x0000000C

5. (genetics) IUPAC 1-letter abbreviation for any cytosine
6. (biochemistry) IUPAC 1-letter abbreviation for cysteine
7. (mathematics) differentiable class

   C¹ functions are differentiable once, and C² functions are twice differentiable

8. (mathematics) The constant of integration.

   ${\displaystyle \int \cos x\,dx=\sin x+C}$

9. (physics) capacitance
10. (linguistics) A wildcard for a consonant
11. (Voice Quality Symbols) creak (vocal fry)
12. (finance) Long-term bond credit rating by Moody's Investors Service, indicating that a bond is in default, with little prospect of debt recovery.
13. (finance) Long-term bond credit rating by Fitch Ratings, indicating that a bond is low grade and on the verge of default.
14. (clothing) Bra cup size.

• Letter styles
• 
  Capital and lowercase versions of C, in normal and italic type
• 
  Uppercase and lowercase C in Fraktur

Other representations of C:

NATO phonetic: Charlie Morse code: –·–· Braille: ⠉ ASL Manual: C

Signal flag:

Semaphore:

• (letter name): IPA^(key): /siː/

• Audio (UK):

  (file)

• (phoneme): IPA^(key): /s/, /k/, /tʃ/, /ks/, /ʃ/, ...
• Homophones: si, cee, sea, see
• Rhymes: -iː

C (upper case, lower case c, plural Cs or C's)

1. The third letter of the English alphabet, called cee and written in the Latin script.
   • 1943 November – 1944 February (date written; published 1945 August 17), George Orwell [pseudonym; Eric Arthur Blair], Animal Farm , London: Secker & Warburg, published May 1962, →OCLC:

     Boxer could not get beyond the letter D. He would trace out A, B, C, D, in the dust with his great hoof […]

• (Latin script letters) letter; Aa, Bb, Cc, Dd, Ee, Ff, Gg, Hh, Ii, Jj, Kk, Ll, Mm, Nn, Oo, Pp, Qq, Rr, Ss, Tt, Uu, Vv, Ww, Xx, Yy, Zz

C (upper case, lower case c)

1. The ordinal number third, derived from this letter of the English alphabet, called cee and written in the Latin script.

C

1. A standard size of dry cell battery between A and D.

C (plural Cs)

1. (US, slang) One hundred dollars; a c-note.^[1]
   • 1935, Henry Louis Mencken, George Jean Nathan, The American Mercury, volume 35, page 227:

     I keep on fairbanking the chump until he is between a poop and a sweat. The score is half a C and he's broke.

2. (music) The first note in the C chromatic and major scales.

   Hyponyms: high C, middle C

4. (education) An academic grade better than a D and worse than a B.
   • 2021 June 18, Sam Roberts, “Saul B. Cohen, Who Helped Raise CUNY Standards, Dies at 95”, in The New York Times‎, archived from the original on 18 June 2021‎:

     Dr. Cohen himself got a C in his first formal course in geography, during a summer program at Harvard after he graduated from high school. But he went on to earn three degrees and become the executive director of the Association of American Geographers and a leading expert in political and human geography — a specialty field that explores the impact of natural and arbitrary borders, territory, resources and populations on a nation’s cultural, social and economic development, as well as its relations with other countries.

5. (Unicode) Canonical Decomposition, followed by Canonical Composition

   (Can we add an example for this sense?)

6. (slang) Cocaine.^[2]
   • 1945, William Burroughs, letter, 24 Jul 1945:

     Where did you secure the C? My own supply is utterly depleted.

7. (slang, vulgar) Cunt.^[3]
   • 1977-1980, Lou Sullivan, personal diary, quoted in 2019, Ellis Martin, Zach Ozma (editors), We Both Laughed In Pleasure

     He turned me on my stomach & slowly gently put his cock in my ass. I was so happy! But I was having a hard time completely relaxing & so he withdrew & went in my C.

8. Abbreviation of consonant.
9. (UK politics, in election results) Abbreviation of Conservative.
10. Abbreviation of century.

    Alternative forms: C., c.

    • 1979, The Automobile Association, AA Town Plans, London: Hutchinson Publishing Group Ltd., →ISBN, page 222, column 1:

      Contains an interesting collection of English and European paintings from the 14th to 20th-Cs, in particular the Lycett Green collection of old masters.

    • 2013, Yvette Vignando, edited by Jane Caro, Destroying the Joint: Why Women Have to Change the World, St Lucia, Qld.: University of Queensland Press, →ISBN, page 127:

      Thanks, @janecaro, for showing that public profiles can be used for good & that social media belongs in a 21stC democracy.

11. (basketball) Abbreviation of center.

    Coordinate terms: PG, SG, SF, PF

• (in Unicode): D, KC, KD, NF

The programming language is so named because it followed on from an earlier language called B.

C

2. (programming) A particular high-level programming language from which many others are derived.
   • 1995, Gary Wolf, "The Curse of Xanadu", Wired Magazine

     The PDP-11, from the Digital Equipment Corporation, was a coveted machine. It was the original computer to run a new programming language called C, which was on its way to becoming the hackers' standard. Gregory, as it happened, didn't have any spare PDP-11s at his disposal. But the repairman took the opportunity to question some of Nelson's blithe predictions in Computer Lib, and Nelson, in response, unleashed his glib and bitter tirade against the conservative ignoramuses in the computer business.

3. (British) Head of the Secret Intelligence Service (MI6).
4. (stock ticker symbol) Symbol for the company Citigroup Inc on the NYSE

(programming language): Objective-C

• C family
• C++, C plus plus
• C--, C minus minus
• C#, C sharp

• BCPL

Abbreviations.

C

1. (entomology) Abbreviation of costa.

C

1. (stenoscript) the sequence circ or its sound
2. (stenoscript) the prefix circum-

C

1. (Internet slang, text messaging) Abbreviation of see.

   Alternative form: c

   • 2008 January–February, Chris Rodell, “Small talk, big results”, in Men's Health, volume 23, number 1, →ISSN, page 80:

     Sure, we may use cellphones and e-mail hundreds of times a week, but we say very little. […] Most of our talk, even in privileged IM circles, is no deeper than the words we exchange with the pizza guy. […] U C wt I mn?

Uncertain. Possibilities include:

• Hainanese 鮮／鲜 (si²³, “fresh”).
• From the first letter of Carnation, an evaporated milk brand.

• (Singapore) IPA^(key): /siː(˦)/

C (not comparable)

1. (Singapore, colloquial, after kopi (“coffee”) or teh (“tea”)) With sugar and evaporated milk added.

• Unicode Consortium, Unicode Standard Annex #15, revision 41 (2014-06-05), § 1.2, table 1: “Normalization Forms”

• (letter name): IPA^(key): /sɪə/

C (upper case, lower case c)

1. The third letter of the Afrikaans alphabet, written in the Latin script.

• (Latin-script letters) letter; Aa, Bb, Cc, Dd, Ee, Ff, Gg, Hh, Ii, Jj, Kk, Ll, Mm, Nn, Oo, Pp, Qq, Rr, Ss, Tt, Uu, Vv, Ww, Xx, Yy, Zz

C (plural C's, diminutive C'tjie)

1. C

IPA^(key): /t͡s/

C (upper case C, lower case c)

1. The third letter of the Albanian alphabet, written in the Latin script.

• (Latin-script letters) shkronjë; A a, B b, C c, Ç ç, D d, Dh dh, E e, Ë ë, F f, G g, Gj gj, H h, I i, J j, K k, L l, Ll ll, M m, N n, Nj nj, O o, P p, Q q, R r, Rr rr, S s, Sh sh, T t, Th th, U u, V v, X x, Xh xh, Y y, Z z, Zh zh
• (Arvanitic) (Greek-script letters) Α α, Β β, Ƃ ƅ, Γ γ, Γϳ γϳ, Δ δ, D d, Ε ε, Ε̱ ε̱, Ζ ζ, Ζ̇ ζ̇, Θ θ, Ι ι, Ϳ ϳ, Κ κ, Κ̇ κ̇, Λ λ, ΛΛ λλ, Λ̇ λ̇, Μ μ, Ν ν, Ν̇ ν̇, Ο ο, Π π, Ρ ρ, Ρ̇ ρ̇, Σ σ, Σ̈ σ̈, Τ τ, Ȣ ȣ, Υ υ, Φ φ, Χ χ, Χ̇ χ̇, ΤΣ τσ, ΤΣ̈ τσ̈, DΣ dσ, DΣ̈ dσ̈

C

1. The seventeenth letter of the Angami alphabet, written in the Latin script.

• (Latin-script letters) Ü ü, Üi üi, A a, Ai ai, I i, Ie ie, U u, Uo uo, E e, Ei ei, O o, Ou ou, K k, Kh kh, G g, Ng ng, C c, Ch ch, J j, Jh jh, Ny ny, T t, Th th, D d, N n, Ts ts, Tsh tsh, Dz dz, P p, Ph ph, B b, M m, Pf pf, Bv bv, Y y, Yh yh, R r, Rh rh, L l, Lh lh, F f, V v, W w, Wh wh, S s, Sh sh, Z z, Zh zh, H h

C upper case (lower case c)

1. The third letter of the Azerbaijani alphabet, written in the Latin script.

• (Latin script letters) hərf; Aa, Bb, Cc, Çç, Dd, Ee, Əə, Ff, Gg, Ğğ, Hh, Xx, Iı, İi, Jj, Kk, Qq, Ll, Mm, Nn, Oo, Öö, Pp, Rr, Ss, Şş, Tt, Uu, Üü, Vv, Yy, Zz

• IPA^(key): (phoneme) /k/, /s̻/

C (upper case, lower case c)

1. The third letter of the Basque alphabet, called ze and written in the Latin script.

• Used chiefly in recent loanwords and foreign proper nouns.

• (Latin-script letters) A a, B b, C c, (Ç ç), D d, E e, F f, G g, H h, I i, J j, K k, L, l, M m, N n, Ñ ñ, O o, P p, Q q, R r, S s, T t, U u, (Ü ü), V v, W w, X x, Y y, Z z

• “C”, in Euskaltzaindiaren Hiztegia [Dictionary of the Basque Academy], Euskaltzaindia

• IPA^(key): (Central, Balearic, Valencia)

C (upper case, lower case c)

1. The third letter of the Catalan alphabet, written in the Latin script.

• (Latin script letters) alfabet català; Aa, Bb, Cc, (Çç), Dd, Ee, Ff, Gg, Hh, Ii, Jj, Kk, Ll, (L·Ll·l), Mm, Nn, Oo, Pp, Qq, Rr, Ss, Tt, Uu, Vv, Ww, Xx, Yy, Zz

C

1. A letter in the German-based alphabet of Central Franconian.
2. A letter in the Dutch-based alphabet of Central Franconian.

• In the German-based spelling, c is generally used only in ck (doubled k), ch for /ɕ/, /x/ (rarely /k/), and sch for /ʃ/.
• In the Dutch-based spelling, c is used in ch and sometimes after the Dutch cognate for /k/ or /s/. The digraph sj is used for /ʃ/.

• IPA^(key): /k/

C (lower case c)

1. A letter of the Mazahua alphabet.

simp. and trad.		C

C

1. (electronics) USB-C

   C口  ―  sēikǒu  ―  USB-C port

C

1. The third letter of the Latin alphabet.

C

1. The third letter used in Pinyin.

• 《汉语拼音方案》 defines a standard pronunciation for each letter. However, these pronunciations are rarely used in education; another pronunciation is commonly used instead.
• The pronunciation above are only used while referring to letters in Pinyin. They are not used in other context (such as English).

C

1. The fourth letter of the Czech alphabet, written in the Latin script.

• (Latin-script letters) písmeno; A a, Á á, B b, C c, Č č, D d, Ď ď, E e, É é, Ě ě, F f, G g, H h, Ch ch, I i, Í í, J j, K k, L l, M m, N n, Ň ň, O o, Ó ó, P p, Q q, R r, Ř ř, S s, Š š, T t, Ť ť, U u, Ú ú, Ů ů, V v, W w, X x, Y y, Ý ý, Z z, Ž ž

• (phoneme): IPA^(key): /s/, /k/, /x/, /ks/, /ʃ/, ...
• (letter name): IPA^(key): /seː/

• Audio:

  (file)

• Rhymes: -eː

C (upper case, lower case c)

1. The third letter of the Dutch alphabet, called cee and written in the Latin script.

• (Latin script letters) letter; Aa, Bb, Cc, Dd, Ee, Ff, Gg, Hh, Ii, Jj, Kk, Ll, Mm, Nn, Oo, Pp, Qq, Rr, Ss, Tt, Uu, Vv, Ww, Xx, Yy, Zz

• ᛋ, C (Dalecarlian runes)

C (upper case C, lower case c)

1. (obsolete, non-native words) The letter of the Elfdalian alphabet, written in the Latin script.

• (letter name): IPA^(key): /tso/
• (phoneme): IPA^(key): /ts/

• Audio:

  (file)

C (upper case, lower case c)

1. The third letter of the Esperanto alphabet, called co and written in the Latin script.

• (Latin script letters) litero; Aa, Bb, Cc, Ĉĉ, Dd, Ee, Ff, Gg, Ĝĝ, Hh, Ĥĥ, Ii, Jj, Ĵĵ, Kk, Ll, Mm, Nn, Oo, Pp, Rr, Ss, Ŝŝ, Tt, Uu, Ŭŭ, Vv, Zz

• (letter name, tsee): IPA^(key): /ˈtseː/,
• (phoneme): IPA^(key): /ˈts/, , /ˈk/, , /ˈs/, (depending on the source language)

C (upper case, lower case c)

1. The third letter of the Estonian alphabet, called tsee and written in the Latin script.

• Used only in foreign words.

• (Latin-script letters) täht; A a, B b (C c), D d, E e, F f, G g, H h, I i, J j, K k, L l, M m, N n, O o, P p (Q q), R r, S s, Š š, Z z, Ž ž, T t, U u, V v (W w), Õ õ, Ä ä, Ö ö, Ü ü (X x, Y y)

The Finnish orthography using the Latin script was based on those of Swedish, German and Latin, and was first used in the mid-16th century. No earlier script is known. See the Wikipedia article on Finnish for more information, and C for information on the development of the glyph itself.

C (upper case, lower case c)

1. The third letter of the Finnish alphabet, called see and written in the Latin script.

• Used only in loanwords. In more established loanwords replaced with k or s.

• (Latin-script letters) kirjain; A a, B b, C c, D d, E e, F f, G g, H h, I i, J j, K k, L l, M m, N n, O o, P p, Q q, R r, S s (Š š), T t, U u, V v (W w), X x, Y y, Z z (Ž ž), Å å, Ä ä, Ö ö

C

1. Abbreviation of cum laude approbatur.
2. Alternative letter-case form of c (“C (musical note)”)

C (upper case, lower case c)

1. The third letter of the French alphabet, written in the Latin script.

• (Latin-script letters) lettre; A a (À à,  â, Æ æ), B b, C c (Ç ç), D d, E e (É é, È è, Ê ê, Ë ë), F f, G g, H h, I i (Πî, Ï ï), J j, K k, L l, M m, N n (Ñ ñ), O o (Ô ô, Œ œ), P p, Q q, R r, S s, T t, U u (Ù ù, Û û, Ü ü), V v, W w, X x, Y y (Ÿ ÿ), Z z

• IPA^(key): /tseː/

• Audio:

  (file)

C (upper case, lower case c)

1. The third letter of the German alphabet, called ce and written in the Latin script.

• IPA^(key): /t͜sʰ/

C (lower case c)

1. A letter of the Heiltsuk alphabet, written in the Latin script.

• (Latin-script letters) A a, Á á, A̓ a̓, B b, C c, C̓ c̓, D d, Ꟛ ꟛ, G g, Gv gv, Ǧ ǧ, Ǧv ǧv, H h, H̓ h̓, Ħ ħ, I i, Í í, I̓ i̓, K k, Kv kv, K̓ k̓, K̓v k̓v, L l, ʼL l̓, Ḷ ḷ, Ḷ́ ḷ́, ʼḶ ḷ̓, Ɫ ɫ, M m, ʼM m̓, Ṃ ṃ, Ṃ́ ṃ́, ʼṂ ṃ̓, N n, ʼN n̓, Ṇ ṇ, Ṇ́ ṇ́, ʼṆ ṇ̓, P p, P̓ p̓, Q q, Qv qv, Q̓ q̓, Q̓v q̓v, S s, T t, T̓ t̓, Ƛ ƛ, Ƛ̓ ƛ̓, U u, Ú ú, U̓ u̓, W w, ʼW w̓, X x, Xv xv, X̌ x̌, X̌v x̌v, Y y, ʼY y̓, Z z, ʔ

• (phoneme): IPA^(key):
• (letter name): IPA^(key):

• Audio:

  (file)

C (upper case, lower case c)

1. The fourth letter of the Hungarian alphabet, called cé and written in the Latin script.

Inflection (stem in long/high vowel, front unrounded harmony)
	singular	plural
nominative	C	C-k
accusative	C-t	C-ket
dative	C-nek	C-knek
instrumental	C-vel	C-kkel
causal-final	C-ért	C-kért
translative	C-vé	C-kké
terminative	C-ig	C-kig
essive-formal	C-ként	C-kként
essive-modal	—	—
inessive	C-ben	C-kben
superessive	C-n	C-ken
adessive	C-nél	C-knél
illative	C-be	C-kbe
sublative	C-re	C-kre
allative	C-hez	C-khez
elative	C-ből	C-kből
delative	C-ről	C-kről
ablative	C-től	C-ktől
non-attributive possessive - singular	C-é	C-ké
non-attributive possessive - plural	C-éi	C-kéi

Possessive forms of C
possessor	single possession	multiple possessions
1st person sing.	C-m	C-im
2nd person sing.	C-d	C-id
3rd person sing.	C-je	C-i
1st person plural	C-nk	C-ink
2nd person plural	C-tek	C-itek
3rd person plural	C-jük	C-ik

• C-dúr
• C-vitamin

• (Latin-script letters) betű; A a, Á á, B b, C c, Cs cs, D d, Dz dz, Dzs dzs, E e, É é, F f, G g, Gy gy, H h, I i, Í í, J j, K k, L l, Ly ly, M m, N n, Ny ny, O o, Ó ó, Ö ö, Ő ő, P p, Q q, R r, S s, Sz sz, T t, Ty ty, U u, Ú ú, Ü ü, Ű ű, V v, W w, X x, Y y, Z z, Zs zs

• IPA^(key): /ts/

C (lower case c)

1. The third letter of the Ido alphabet, written in the Latin script.

• (Latin-script letters) litero; A a, B b, C c, D d, E e, F f, G g, H h, I i, J j, K k, L, l, M m, N n, O o, P p, Q q, R r, S s, T t, U u, V v, W w, X x, Y y, Z z

• (letter name): IPA^(key): /t͡ʃe/ (standard)
• (letter name): IPA^(key): /se/ (variant, Dutch-influenced)
• (phoneme): IPA^(key): /tʃ/

C (upper case, lower case c)

1. The third letter of the Indonesian alphabet, written in the Latin script.

• (Latin script letters) Aa, Bb, Cc, Dd, Ee, Ff, Gg, Hh, Ii, Jj, Kk, Ll, Mm, Nn, Oo, Pp, Qq, Rr, Ss, Tt, Uu, Vv, Ww, Xx, Yy, Zz

C (upper case, lower case c)

1. The third letter of the Irish alphabet, written in the Latin script.

• (Latin-script letters) litir; A a (Á á), B b (Bh bh, bhF bhf, bP bp), C c (Ch ch), D d (Dh dh, dT dt), E e (É é), F f (Fh fh), G g (gC gc, Gh gh), H h, I i (Í í), L l, M m (mB mb, Mh mh), N n (nD nd, nG ng), O o (Ó ó), P p (Ph ph), R r, S s (Sh sh), T t (Th th, tS ts), U u (Ú ú), V v
• (diacritics) ◌́ ◌̇
• (dotted letters used chiefly in Gaelic type) Ḃ ḃ, Ċ ċ, Ḋ ḋ, Ḟ ḟ, Ġ ġ, Ṁ ṁ, Ṗ ṗ, Ṡ ẛ ṡ, Ṫ ṫ

• (letter name) IPA^(key): ^**/ˈt͡ʃi/^*
  • Rhymes: -i
  • Homophone: ci
• (phonemic realization) IPA^(key): /k/
• (phonemic realization before e or i) IPA^(key): /t͡ʃ/

C f or m (invariable, upper case, lower case c)

1. The third letter of the Italian alphabet, called ci and written in the Latin script.

• (Latin-script letters) lettera; A a (À à), B b, C c, D d, E e (É é, È è), F f, G g, H h, I i (Í í, Ì ì, Î î, J j, K k), L l, M m, N n, O o (Ó ó, Ò ò), P p, Q q, R r, S s, T t, U u (Ú ú, Ù ù), V v (W w, X x, Y y), Z z
• Italian alphabet on Wikipedia.Wikipedia

The Kashubian orthography is based on the Latin alphabet. No earlier script is known. See the Kashubian alphabet article on Wikipedia for more, and C for development of the glyph itself.

C (upper case, lower case c)

1. The fifth letter of the Kashubian alphabet, written in the Latin script.

• (Latin-script letters) A a, Ą ą, àã, B b, C c, D d, E e, É é, Ë ë, F f, G g, H h, I i, J j, K k, L l, Ł ł, M m, N n, O o, Ò ò, Ó ó, Ô ô, P p, R r, S s, T t, U u, Ù ù, W w, Y y, Z z, Ż ż

• ⟨Ts⟩ in Uʼmista orthography (standard Kwak'wala)

• IPA^(key): /t͜s/

C (lower case c)

1. (Liqʼwala dialect) A letter of the Kwak'wala alphabet, written in the Latin script.

• Uʼmista (Latin-script letters) A a, A̱ a̱, B b, D d, Dł dł, Dz dz, E e, G g, Gw gw, G̱ g̱, G̱w g̱w, H h, I i, K k, Kw kw, K̓ k̓, K̓w k̓w, Ḵ ḵ, Ḵw ḵw, Ḵ̓ ḵ̓, Ḵ̓w ḵ̓w, L l, ʼL ʼl, Ł ł, M m, ʼM ʼm, N n, ʼN ʼn, O o, P p, P̓ p̓, S s, T t, T̓ t̓, Tł tł, T̓ł t̓ł, Ts ts, T̓s t̓s, U u, W w, ʼW ʼw, X x, Xw xw, X̱ x̱, X̱w x̱w, Y y, ʼY ʼy, ʼ

• Liq̓ʷala (Latin-script letters) A a, Ə ə, B b, D d, Ꟛ ꟛ, Dᶻ dᶻ, E e, G g, Gʷ gʷ, Ǧ ǧ, Ǧʷ ǧʷ, H h, I i, K k, Kʷ kʷ, K̓ k̓, K̓ʷ k̓ʷ, Q q, Qʷ qʷ, Q̓ q̓, Q̓ʷ q̓ʷ, L l, L̓ l̓, Ł ł, M m, M̓ m̓, N n, N̓ n̓, O o, P p, P̓ p̓, S s, T t, T̓ t̓, Ƛ ƛ, Ƛ̓ ƛ̓, C c, C̓ c̓, U u, W w, W̓ w̓, X x, Xʷ xʷ, X̌ x̌, X̌ʷ x̌ʷ, Y y, Y̓ y̓, ʔ

• (phoneme): (Classical Latin) IPA^(key): /k/,
• (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA^(key): /k/,
• (Classical Latin) IPA^(key): /ɡ/,
• (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA^(key): /ɡ/,

C (upper case, lower case c)

1. The third letter of the Latin alphabet, written in the Latin script.

C

1. the numeral one hundred (centum)

• C in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879) A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
• C in Charles du Fresne du Cange’s Glossarium Mediæ et Infimæ Latinitatis (augmented edition with additions by D. P. Carpenterius, Adelungius and others, edited by Léopold Favre, 1883–1887)
• C in Harry Thurston Peck, editor (1898), Harper's Dictionary of Classical Antiquities, New York: Harper & Brothers

Proposed in 1908 as part of the new Latvian spelling by the scientific commission headed by K. Mīlenbahs, which was accepted and began to be taught in schools in 1909. Prior to that, Latvian had been written in German Fraktur, and sporadically in Cyrillic.

• IPA^(key):

• Audio:

  (file)

C (upper case, lower case c)

1. The fourth letter of the Latvian alphabet, called cē and written in the Latin script.

• (Latvian letters) latviešu burti; Aa, Āā, Bb, Cc, Čč, Dd, Ee, Ēē, Ff, Gg, Ģģ, Hh, Ii, Īī, Jj, Kk, Ķķ, Ll, Ļļ, Mm, Nn, Ņņ, Oo, Pp, Rr, Ss, Šš, Tt, Uu, Ūū, Vv, Zz, Žž

• IPA^(key): /t͡s/

C (lower case c)

1. The third letter of the Lower Sorbian alphabet, called cej and written in the Latin script.

• (Latin-script letters) pismik; A a, B b, C c, Č č, Ć ć, D d, E e, Ě ě, F f, G g, H h, Ch ch, I i, J j, K k, Ł ł, L l, M m, N n, Ń ń, O o (Ó ó), P p, R r, Ŕ ŕ, S s, Š š, Ś ś, T t, U u, W w, Y y, Z z, Ž ž, Ź ź
• (obsolete letters) B́ b́, Ė ė, Ḿ ḿ, Ṅ ṅ, Ṕ ṕ, Ṙ ṙ, ſ, ß, Ꞩ ẜ, Ẃ ẃ, Ẇ ẇ, Ż ż

• (Name of letter) IPA^(key):
• (Phoneme) IPA^(key):

C

1. The third letter of the Malay alphabet, written in the Latin script.

• (Latin script letters) Aa, Bb, Cc, Dd, Ee, Ff, Gg, Hh, Ii, Jj, Kk, Ll, Mm, Nn, Oo, Pp, Qq, Rr, Ss, Tt, Uu, Vv, Ww, Xx, Yy, Zz

• c

From Latin C, from Etruscan Etruscan 𐌂 (c), from Ancient Greek Γ (G, gamma), from Phoenician 𐤂 (g, giml).

• (letter name) IPA^(key): /seː/
• (phoneme) IPA^(key): /s/, /k/, /tʃ/, /ʃ/

• Audio:

  (file)

• Rhymes: -eː
• Hyphenation: C
• Homophones: c, se
• Usage notes: In Norwegian, c is pronounced as /k/ before the vowel letters a, o, and u, as well as all consonants ("campus", "corner", "cue", "credo"), it is pronounced as /s/ before the vowel letters i, e, y and æ ("cicerone", "cellete", "cyste", cæsar), and rarely pronounced as /tʃ/ or /ʃ/ in some Italian loanwords ("cembalo", "ciabatta", "cello").

C (lowercase c)

1. The third letter of the Norwegian Bokmål alphabet, written in the Latin script.

• (Latin script letters) Aa, Bb, Cc, Dd, Ee, Ff, Gg, Hh, Ii, Jj, Kk, Ll, Mm, Nn, Oo, Pp, Qq, Rr, Ss, Tt, Uu, Vv, Ww, Xx, Yy, Zz, Ææ, Øø, Åå

C m (definite singular C-en, indefinite plural C-er, definite plural C-ene)

1. the letter c, the third letter of the Norwegian alphabet
2. indicates the third entry in a list, order or rank

   øl i klasse C ― beer with 2.75–3.75 volume percent alcohol

   førerkort klasse C ― driver's license for a truck

   førerkort klasse C1 ― driver's license for a light truck

   hepatitt C ― hepatitis C

   • 1857, Henrik Wergeland, Samlede Skrifter VIII, page 515:

     [jeg har] allerede sagt A. Traditionen vil nok lægge B. og C. til

     already said A. Tradition will probably add B. and C. to

   • 1939, Knut Hamsun, Artikler, page 100:

     historie er, hvad A mener til forskel fra B, og hvad C igen mener til forskel fra A og B

     history is what A means as a difference from B, and what C in turn means as a difference from A and B

3. (education) the third highest grade in a school or university using the A-F scale

   å få C til eksamen

   to get a C on your exam

4. (music) C, c-note (the first note in the C chromatic and major scales; the lowest note of an instrument, written below the staff and the D note)

   den høye C ― high C

   • 1997, Tove Nilsen, G for Georg, page 42:

     så gal at man virkelig tror at svaler er g-nøkler og bass-nøkler og a’er og c’er som svever rundt hverandre og lager konsert i himmelen

     so crazy that you really think swallows are g-keys and bass-keys and a's and c's floating around each other and making a concert in the sky

   • 1939, Knut Hamsun, Artikler, page 100:

     [de] larmet ikke og gik ikke og tok det høie C

     did not make noise and did not go and did the high C

   • 1999, Børre Qvamme, Opera, operette og ballett gjennom tidene, page 70:

     Duprez vakte sensasjon ved sine ut de poitrine, høy c tatt som brysttone

     Duprez aroused sensation by his out de poitrine, high c taken as chest tone

   • 2000, Pål Gerhard Olsen, Fredstid:

     han gjør stolen hennes tobent så hun når den høye c av forskrekkelse

     he makes her chair two-legged so she reaches the high c out of fright

5. C (Roman numeral hundred; 100)

• Only used in words of foreign origin, usually English. Even rare in loanwords, as this letter does not represent a sound of its own. Also used in old inscriptions and texts instead of s or k.
• Still kept in many Christian names, therefore Caroline and Karoline are both acceptable spellings.
• In most of the neo-runic inscriptions from 17-19th centuries is spelled as ᛎ.

Abbreviation of celsius, named after Swedish astronomer Anders Celsius (1701–1744).

• IPA^(key): /seː/, /ˈsɛlsɪʉs/

• Audio:

  (file)

• Audio:

  (file)

• Rhymes: -eː, -ʉs
• Hyphenation: C
• Homophones: c, se, celsius

C

1. (metrology) symbol for degrees Celsius

Abbreviation of coulomb, named after French physicist Charles-Augustin de Coulomb.

• IPA^(key): /seː/, /kʊˈlɔmb/

• Audio:

  (file)

• Audio:

  (file)

• Rhymes: -eː, -ɔmb
• Hyphenation: C
• Homophones: c, se, coulomb

C

1. (metrology) Symbol for coulomb, an SI unit of electric charge.

Named C because it followed on from an earlier programming language called B.

• IPA^(key): /seː/, /siː/

• Audio:

  (file)

• Audio:

  (file)

• Rhymes: -eː, -iː
• Hyphenation: C
• Homophones: c, si

C

1. (programming) C (a particular high-level programming language from which many others are derived)

Abbreviation of karbon, from French carbone (“carbon”), from Latin carbō, carbōnem (“charcoal, coal”), from Proto-Indo-European *kerh₃- (“to burn”).

• IPA^(key): /seː/, /karˈbuːn/

• Audio:

  (file)

• Audio:

  (file)

• Rhymes: -eː, -uːn
• Hyphenation: C
• Homophones: c, karbon

C

1. (chemistry) carbon (the chemical element (symbol C) with an atomic number of 6)
   • 1943, (Carl Fred. Holmboe, Michael Faraday, pages 165–166:

     kullstoffet C (carbo) er tetravalent og danner metan CH4 med fire vannstoffatomer

     carbon C (carbo) is tetravalent and forms methane CH4 with four hydrogen atoms

• “C” in The Bokmål Dictionary.
• “C” in Det Norske Akademis ordbok (NAOB).
• “C (Programmeringsspråk)” in Store norske leksikon
• “C (Atomsymbol)” in Store norske leksikon
• “C (Tone)” in Store norske leksikon
• “C (Romertall)” in Store norske leksikon

• c

C (upper case C, lower case c)

1. the third letter of the Norwegian alphabet

• Only used in words of foreign origin, usually English. Even rare in loanwords, as this letter does not represent a sound of its own. Also used in old inscriptions and texts instead of s or k.
• Still kept in many Christian names, therefore Caroline and Karoline are both acceptable spellings.
• In most of the neo-runic inscriptions from 17-19th centuries is spelled as ᛎ. ^{[1] [2]}

• (phoneme): IPA^(key): /t͡ʃ/

C (upper case, lower case c)

1. The third letter of the Nupe alphabet, written in the Latin script.

• (Latin-script letters) banki; A a (Á á, À à), B b, C c, D d, Dz dz, E e (É é, È è), F f, G g, Gb gb, H h, I i (Í í, Ì ì), J j, K k, Kp kp, L l, M m (Ḿ ḿ, M̀ m̀, M̄ m̄), N n (Ń ń, Ǹ ǹ, N̄ n̄), O o (Ó ó, Ò ò), P p, R r, S s, Sh sh, T t, Ts ts, U u (Ú ú, Ù ù), V v, W w, Y y, Z z, Zh zh

• (phoneme): IPA^(key): /k/, /tʃ/

C

1. A letter of the Old English alphabet representing the phonemes /k/ and /tʃ/

C

1. the numeral 100 (hundred)
   • late 9th century, translation of Orosius’ History Against the Pagans

     ⁊ R̄omana wæs ān C ⁊ ān M ofslaġen, ⁊ heora sċipa IX ādruncen.

     And 1,100 of the Romans were slain, and nine of their ships were sunk.

The Polish orthography is based on the Latin alphabet. No earlier script is known. See the history of Polish orthography article on Wikipedia for more, and C for development of the glyph itself.

• IPA^(key): /ˈt͡sɛ/

C (upper case, lower case c)

1. The fourth letter of the Polish alphabet, called ce and written in the Latin script.

• (Latin-script letters) A a, Ą ą, B b, C c, Ć ć, D d, E e, Ę ę, F f, G g, H h, I i, J j, K k, L l, Ł ł, M m, N n, Ń ń, O o, Ó ó, P p, R r, S s, Ś ś, T t, U u, W w, Y y, Z z, Ź ź, Ż ż

C (upper case, lower case c)

1. The third letter of the Portuguese alphabet, written in the Latin script.

• (Latin-script letters) letra; A a (Á á, À à, Â â, Ã ã), B b, C c (Ç ç), D d, E e (É é, Ê ê), F f, G g, H h, I i (Í í), J j, K k, L l, M m, N n, O o (Ó ó, Ô ô, Õ õ), P p, Q q, R r, S s, T t, U u (Ú ú), V v, W w, X x, Y y, Z z

• IPA^(key): /t͡s/

C (upper case, lower case c)

1. The third letter of the Romani alphabet, written in the Latin script.

• (Latin-script letters) A a, B b, C c, D d, E e, F f, G g, H h, X x, I i, J j, K k, Kh kh, L l, M m, N n, O o, P p, Ph ph, R r, S s, T t, Th th, U u, V v, Z z International Standard: (À à, Ä ä, Ǎ ǎ), Ć ć, Ćh ćh, (È è, Ë ë, Ě ě), (Ì ì, Ï ï, Ǐ ǐ), (Ò ò, Ö ö, Ǒ ǒ), Rr rr, Ś ś, (Ù ù, Ü ü, Ǔ ǔ), Ź ź, Ʒ ʒ, Q q, Ç ç, ϴ θ. Pan-Vlax: Č č, Čh čh, Dž dž, (Dź dź), Ř ř, Š š, (Ś ś), Ž ž, (Ź ź).

• Yūsuke Sumi (2018) “C, c”, in ニューエクスプレス　ロマ（ジプシー）語 [New Express Romani (Gypsy)] (in Japanese), Tokyo: Hakusuisha, →ISBN, page 13

• IPA^(key): /k/, /tʃ/

C (upper case, lower case c)

1. The fifth letter of the Romanian alphabet, called ce or cî and written in the Latin script.

When followed by an i or e, this letter represents the phoneme /tʃ/, as in cel (/tʃel/) and citesc (/tʃiˈtesk/). When followed by hi or he (chi and che) and in all other cases, it represents /k/.

• (Latin script letters) Aa, Ăă, Ââ, Bb, Cc, Dd, Ee, Ff, Gg, Hh, Ii, Îî, Jj, Kk, Ll, Mm, Nn, Oo, Pp, Qq, Rr, Ss, Șș, Tt, Țț, Uu, Vv, Ww, Xx, Yy, Zz

• IPA^(key): /k̟/

C

1. The fifth letter of the Saanich alphabet, written in the Latin script.

• (Latin-script letters) A, Á, Ⱥ, B, C, Ć, Ȼ, D, E, H, I, Í, J, K, Ꝁ, Ꝃ, ₭, Ḵ, Ḱ, L, Ƚ, M, N, Ṉ, O, P, Q, S, Ś, T, Ⱦ, Ṯ, Ŧ, U, W, W̱, X, X̱, Y, Z, s, ¸

• IPA^(key): /kʰ/

C (upper case, lower case c)

1. The third letter of the Scottish Gaelic alphabet, written in the Latin script. It is preceded by b and followed by d. Its traditional name is coll (“hazel”).

• (Latin-script letters) litir; A a (À à), B b (Bh bh), C c (Ch ch), D d (Dh dh), E e (È è), F f (Fh fh), G g (Gh gh), H h, I i (Ì ì), L l, M m (Mh mh), N n, O o (Ò ò), P p (Ph ph), R r, S s (Sh sh), T t (Th th), U u (Ù ù)
• (diacritics) ◌̀
• (obsolete vowels) Á á É é Ó ó

The Silesian orthography is based on the Latin alphabet. No earlier script is known. See the Silesian language article on Wikipedia for more, and C for development of the glyph itself.

C (upper case, lower case c)

1. The fourth letter of the Silesian alphabet, written in the Latin script.

• (Latin-script letters) A a, àã, B b, C c, Ć ć, D d, E e, F f, G g, H h, I i, J j, K k, L l, Ł ł, M m, N n, Ń ń, O o, Ŏ ŏ, Ō ō, Ô ô, Õ õ, P p, R r, S s, Ś ś, T t, U u, W w, Y y, Z z, Ź ź, Ż ż

• (phoneme) IPA^(key): /t͡s/

C (lower case c)

1. The fourth letter of the Skolt Sami alphabet, written in the Latin script.

• (Latin-script letters) bukva; A a,  â, B b, C c, Č č, Ʒ ʒ, Ǯ ǯ, D d, Đ đ, E e, F f, G g, Ǧ ǧ, Ǥ ǥ, H h, I i, J j, K k, Ǩ ǩ, L l, M m, N n, Ŋ ŋ, O o, Õ õ, P p, R r, S s, Š š, T t, U u, V v, Z z, Ž ž, Å å, Ä ä, ʹ

• ƞ (Metelko alphabet)
• Z (Bohorič alphabet)

From Gaj's Latin alphabet C, from Czech C, from Latin C, from Etruscan 𐌂 (c), from Ancient Greek Γ (G, Gamma), from Phoenician 𐤂 (g, giml). Pronunciation as IPA^(key): /cə/ is initial Slovene (phoneme plus a fill vowel) and the second pronunciation is probably taken from German C.

• (phoneme): IPA^(key): /t͡s/,
• (letter name): IPA^(key): /t͡sə́/, /t͡sèː/, /t͡séː/

• Audio (letter name, non-tonal):

  (file)

• Rhymes: -ə, -eː

C (upper case, lower case c)

1. The third letter of the Slovene alphabet, written in the Latin script.
2. The fourth letter of the Slovene alphabet (Resian), written in the Latin script.
3. The third letter of the Slovene alphabet (Natisone Valley dialect), written in the Latin script.

C m inan

1. The name of the Latin script letter C / c.

• Overall more common

The diacritics used in this section of the entry are non-tonal. If you are a native tonal speaker, please help by adding the tonal marks.

Masculine inan., soft o-stem
nom. sing.	C
gen. sing.	C-ja
	singular	dual	plural
nominative (imenovȃlnik)	C	C-ja	C-ji
genitive (rodȋlnik)	C-ja	C-jev	C-jev
dative (dajȃlnik)	C-ju	C-jema	C-jem
accusative (tožȋlnik)	C	C-ja	C-je
locative (mẹ̑stnik)	C-ju	C-jih	C-jih
instrumental (orọ̑dnik)	C-jem	C-jema	C-ji

• More common when with a definite adjective

Masculine inan., no endings
nom. sing.	C
gen. sing.	C
	singular	dual	plural
nominative	C	C	C
accusative	C	C	C
genitive	C	C	C
dative	C	C	C
locative	C	C	C
instrumental	C	C	C

• (Latin script letters) Aa, Bb, Cc, Čč, Dd, Ee, Ff, Gg, Hh, Ii, Jj, Kk, Ll, Mm, Nn, Oo, Pp, Rr, Ss, Šš, Tt, Uu, Vv, Zz, Žž
• Ć

• (phoneme): IPA^(key): /ʕ/
• (letter name): IPA^(key): /ʕæɪ̯n/

C upper case (lower case c)

1. The twelfth letter of the Somali alphabet, called cayn and written in the Latin script.

1. The twelfth letter of the Somali alphabet, which follows Arabic abjad order. It is preceded by DH and followed by G.

• (Latin-script letters) ʼ, B b, T t, J j, X x, Kh kh, D d, R r, S s, Sh sh, Dh dh, C c, G g, F f, Q q, K k, L l, M m, N n, W w, H h, Y y, A a, E e, I i, O o, U u

C (upper case, lower case c)

1. The third letter of the Spanish alphabet, written in the Latin script.

C m

1. (chess) Abbreviation of caballo.; K (knight)

C (upper case, lower case c)

1. The third letter of the Swedish alphabet, written in the Latin script.

C n (genitive C:s)

1. (politics) Abbreviation of Centerpartiet (“Centre Party”).

   Synonym: Centern

   • 2022 September 6, “Så förbereder S och C regeringssamarbete [This is how S and C prepare government cooperation]”, in Dagens Nyheter:

     Flera källor bekräftar att S nu ofta stämmer av politiska beslut med C:s partiledning.

     Several sources confirm that S now often reconciles political decisions with C's party leadership.

Borrowed from Spanish C. Each pronunciation has a different source:

• Filipino alphabet pronunciation is influenced by English C.
• Abecedario pronunciation is from Spanish C.

• (Standard Tagalog)
  • IPA^(key): /ˈsi/ (letter name, Filipino alphabet)
    • Rhymes: -i
  • IPA^(key): /ˈse/ (letter name, Abecedario)
    • Rhymes: -e
  • IPA^(key): /k/ (phoneme)
  • IPA^(key): /s/ (phoneme, before vowels e and i)

C (upper case, lower case c, Baybayin spelling ᜐᜒ)

1. The third letter of the Tagalog alphabet (the Filipino alphabet), called si and written in the Latin script.
2. (historical) The third letter of the Tagalog alphabet (the Abecedario), called ce and written in the Latin script.

• This letter is mostly used only in Spanish-based spellings, proper nouns, or unadapted loanwords.

• (Latin-script letters) titik; A a, B b, C c, D d, E e, F f, G g, H h, I i, J j, K k, L l, M m, N n, Ñ ñ, Ng ng, O o, P p, Q q, R r, S s, T t, U u, V v, W w, X x, Y y, Z z
• CH

• “C”, in Pambansang Diksiyonaryo | Diksiyonaryo.ph, Manila, 2018

• (phoneme): IPA^(key): /d͡ʒ/
• (letter name): IPA^(key): /d͡ʒeː/

C (upper case, lower case c)

1. The third letter of the Turkish alphabet, called ce and written in the Latin script.

• (Latin script letters) harf; Aa, Bb, Cc, Çç, Dd, Ee, Ff, Gg, Ğğ, Hh, Iı, İi, Jj, Kk, Ll, Mm, Nn, Oo, Öö, Pp, Rr, Ss, Şş, Tt, Uu, Üü, Vv, Yy, Zz

• (Hà Nội) IPA^(key): ,
• (Huế) IPA^(key): ,
• (Saigon) IPA^(key): ,
• Phonetic spelling: xê, cờ

C (upper case, lower case c)

1. The fifth letter of the Vietnamese alphabet, called xê or cờ and written in the Latin script.

• (Quốc ngữ letters) chữ cái; A a (À à, Ả ả, àã, Á á, Ạ ạ), Ă ă (Ằ ằ, Ẳ ẳ, Ẵ ẵ, Ắ ắ, Ặ ặ),  â (Ầ ầ, Ẩ ẩ, Ẫ ẫ, Ấ ấ, Ậ ậ), B b, C c (Ch ch), D d, Đ đ, E e (È è, Ẻ ẻ, Ẽ ẽ, É é, Ẹ ẹ), Ê ê (Ề ề, Ể ể, Ễ ễ, Ế ế, Ệ ệ), G g (Gh gh, Gi gi), H h, I i (Ì ì, Ỉ ỉ, Ĩ ĩ, Í í, Ị ị), K k (Kh kh), L l, M m, N n (Ng ng, Ngh ngh, Nh nh), O o (Ò ò, Ỏ ỏ, Õ õ, Ó ó, Ọ ọ), Ô ô (Ồ ồ, Ổ ổ, Ỗ ỗ, Ố ố, Ộ ộ), Ơ ơ (Ờ ờ, Ở ở, Ỡ ỡ, Ớ ớ, Ợ ợ), P p (Ph ph), Q q (Qu qu), R r, S s, T t (Th th, Tr tr), U u (Ù ù, Ủ ủ, Ũ ũ, Ú ú, Ụ ụ), Ư ư (Ừ ừ, Ử ử, Ữ ữ, Ứ ứ, Ự ự), V v, X x, Y y (Ỳ ỳ, Ỷ ỷ, Ỹ ỹ, Ý ý, Ỵ ỵ)

• (standard) IPA^(key): /ɛk/
  • (informal) IPA^(key): /kə/

C (upper case, lower case c)

1. The third letter of the Welsh alphabet, called ec and written in the Latin script. It is preceded by B and followed by Ch.

• C at the beginning of words mutates to G in a soft mutation, to Ngh in a nasal mutation and to Ch in an aspirate mutation, for example with the word Cymru (“Wales”):

• (Latin-script letters) llythyren; A a (Á á, À à,  â, Ä ä), B b, C c, Ch ch, D d, Dd dd, E e (É é, È è, Ê ê, Ë ë), F f, Ff ff, G g, Ng ng, H h, I i (Í í, Ì ì, Πî, Ï ï), J j, L l, Ll ll, M m, N n, O o (Ó ó, Ò ò, Ô ô, Ö ö), P p, Ph ph, R r, Rh rh, S s, T t, Th th, U u (Ú ú, Ù ù, Û û, Ü ü), W w (Ẃ ẃ, Ẁ ẁ, Ŵ ŵ, Ẅ ẅ), Y y (Ý ý, Ỳ ỳ, Ŷ ŷ, Ÿ ÿ)

• R. J. Thomas, G. A. Bevan, P. J. Donovan, A. Hawke et al., editors (1950–present), “C”, in Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru Online (in Welsh), University of Wales Centre for Advanced Welsh & Celtic Studies

C (upper case, lower case c)

1. The third letter of the Zulu alphabet, written in the Latin script.

• (Latin-script letters) A a, B b, C c, D d, E e, F f, G g, H h, I i, J j, K k, L l, M m, N n, O o, P p, Q q, R r, S s, T t, U u, V v, W w, X x, Y y, Z z