Appendix:Naro Swadesh list

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This is a Swadesh list of words in Naro, compared with definitions in English.

Presentation

Forms are shown in the standard Naro orthography as well as in IPA. Where possible, tone is marked in the pronunciation column. If tone is left unmarked, then it is unknown or ambiguous.

List

No. English Naro
 IPA
pronunciation
1 I ra rā
2 you (singular) tsi, si tsī, sī
3 he m m̩̄
4 we kham, tsam, sam, ta, xae, se kʰām̄, tsām̄, sām̄, tā, ǁāē, sē
5 you (plural) tu, xao, sao tū, ǁāō, sāō
6 they khara, tsara, sara, ne, xu, zi kʰārā, tsārā, sārā, nē, ǁū, zī
7 this ncẽè ᵑǀẽ̂ː
8 that gore, ẽesíhãa, ãá, sãá, ẽe xòrè, ẽ̄ːsíhã̄ː, ã́ː, sã́ː, ẽ̄ː
9 here ncẽè koe, qʼoase ᵑǀẽ̂ː kòè, ǃˀōāsē
10 there ẽesíhãa koe, ẽesíhãa za ẽ̄ːsíhã̄ː koe, ẽ̄ːsíhã̄ː za
11 who dìí, dìína dǐː, dǐːnā
12 what dùú, nta dǔː, n̩̄tā
13 where nda n̩̄dà
14 when ẽe, khama, nè, no, mcámá, n-cámá ẽː, kʰāmā, nè, nò, m̩̀ǀámá, ǹ̩ǀámá
15 how nta, nta ma, tsoagase n̩̄tā, n̩̄tā mā, tsoaxase
16 not ta, táá, tama tà, táː, tāmā
17 all wèé wěː
18 many káí káí
19 some cʼẽe ǀˀẽ̄ː
20 few cgʼorò ǀxʼōrò
21 other tãá, cʼẽe tã́ː, ǀˀẽ̂
22 one cúí ǀúí
23 two cám̀ ǀám̀
24 three nqoana ᵑǃōānà
25 four hàka hàkā
26 five koro kōrō
27 big dxòò, kaia, kaisá, ntca̱bè, subu-kgʼàm̀ tama, tco̱o-tco̱o ᵍǁòː, kāī.ā, kāīsá, ᵑǂāˤbè, sūbū-kxʼàm̀ tāmā, ǂo᷅ˤː-ǂo᷅ˤː
28 long kuri-kuri, qáò, tcheèn tcao kuri-kuri, ǃáò, ǂʰe᷆ːn ǂāō
29 wide tchàà, zàbà-zaba ǂʰàː, zàbà-zàbà
30 thick dtcìì, tsáú, zéné ᵍǂìː, tsáú, zéné
31 heavy qóḿ ǃóḿ
32 small ncõo-ncone, tcʼoma ᵑǀõː-ᵑǀone, ǂˀoma
33 short xòm̀ ǁòm̀
34 narrow cgʼáré ǀxʼáré
35 thin ncõ̱e, xaa ᵑǀõ̀ˤē, ǁāː
36 woman khóè kʰóè
37 man (male) kgʼáò, khóè, kgʼáò-khoe kxʼáò, kʰóè, kxʼáò-kʰōè
38 man (human) khóè kʰóè
39 child cóá, xuù ǀóá, ǁūù
40 wife dxàe, dxàe-khoe ᵍǁàē, ᵍǁàē-kʰòè
41 husband dxàe ᵍǁàē
42 mother tata, xõò tata, ǁõ᷆ː
43 father bàa, bàaba, papa, tata, xõò ba᷅ː, ba᷅ːbā, pápà, tata, ǁõ᷆ː
44 animal kgʼoo-coa kxʼǒː-ǀōà
45 fish xʼaù ǁˀāù
46 bird tsa̱rá tsàˤrá
47 dog ha̱ghù hǎˤɡù
48 louse ntcã̱à ᵑǂã̀ˤː
49 snake cgʼao, nqa̱m tsí tsoro ǀxʼāō, ᵑǃāˤm̄ tsí tsōrō
50 worm nqo̱o, nxa̱i ᵑǃo᷅ˤː, ᵑǁàˤī
51 tree hìi hi᷅ː
52 forest hìi-kgʼai, tcʼoo, xgáú hi᷅ː-kxʼāī, ǂˀōː, ǁxáú
53 stick dqàbí, hìi, tcʼàmà, tsa̱ḿ, xʼábí ᵍǃàbí, hi᷅ː, ǂˀàmà, tsàˤḿ, ǁˀábí
54 fruit tcʼáró ǂˀáró
55 seed cgùri, tcʼubi ǀxùrī, ǂˀūbī
56 leaf to̱àrà, xoaba tòˤàrà, ǁōābā
57 root to̱be tòˤbē
58 bark (of a tree) xgʼõó ǁxʼṍː
59 flower blom blōm̄
60 grass dcãa ᵍǀã᷅ː
61 rope cʼérè, dqùi, táù ǀˀérè, ᶢǃùī, táù
62 skin khòo, ko̱á-ko̱a, nxùbù, suì, tcʼáá kʰòō, kòˤá-kòˤà, ᵑǁùbù, sūì, ǂˀáː
63 meat kgʼòó, cgàa kxʼǒː, ǀxa᷅ː
64 blood cʼáò ǀˀáò
65 bone cʼõá ǀˀṍá
66 fat (noun) nxúì ᵑǁúì
67 egg tcʼubi ǂˀūbī
68 horn nxãà ᵑǁã̂ː
69 tail tsáó tsáó
70 feather cʼõò ǀˀõ᷆ː
71 hair cʼõò ǀˀõ᷆ː
72 head tcúú ǂúː
73 ear tcee ǂēː
74 eye tcgáí ǂxáí
75 nose tcuì ǂūì
76 mouth kgʼáḿ kxʼáḿ
77 tooth xõ̱ó ǁõ̌ˤː
78 tongue ta̱m tàˤm̄
79 fingernail xo̱rò ǁóˤrò
80 foot nqàrè ᵑǃàrè
81 leg cʼõá ǀˀṍá
82 knee qúrù ǃúrù
83 hand tshàu tsʰàū
84 wing tcgàmà ǂxàmà
85 belly ncãà tcúú ᵑǀã̀ː ǂúː
86 guts cõ̱é ǀõ̀ˤé
87 neck qgʼáó ǃxʼáó
88 back qãá ǃã́ː
89 breast cãà, bíì, tcgãè ǀã᷆ː, bîː, ǂxã̄è
90 heart tcáó ǂáó
91 liver kgʼãé kxʼã́é
92 to drink xhãò-xhão, kgʼáà ǁʰã́ò-ǁʰã̀ò, kxʼâː
93 to eat ko̱m, tcʼõó kòˤm̄, ǂˀṍː
94 to bite ka̱á kǎˤː
95 to suck nco̱ḿ-nco̱m̀, tcõ̱ò, com ᵑǀòˤḿ-ᵑǀōˤm̀, ǂõ̂ˤː, ǀōm̄
96 to spit kgàra, qgara kxàrā, ǃxārā
97 to vomit cgõè, qgàa ǀxṍè, ǃxa᷅ː
98 to blow dqòm̀, tcʼãá ᶢǃòm̀, ǂˀã́ː
99 to breathe sónò sónò
100 to laugh kgʼãè kxʼã̄è
101 to see bóò, móò, hḿm̀, máà bôː, môː, hm̩̂ː, mâː
102 to hear kóḿ kóḿ
103 to know qʼãa ǃˀã̄ː
104 to think tcʼẽe, tcʼẽe-tcʼẽese ǂˀẽ̄ː, ǂˀẽ́ː-ǂˀẽ̀ːsè
105 to smell hm̀m̀ hm̩̀ː
106 to fear qʼae ǃˀāē
107 to sleep xʼóm̀ ǁˀóm̀
108 to live kgʼõè kxʼȭè
109 to die chàà, xʼóó ǀʰàː, ǁˀóː
110 to kill cgʼõo ǀxʼȭː
111 to fight mẽéku, ncõo, nqa̱à, peè, xʼãà mẽ́ːkù, ᵑǀõ᷅ː, ᵑǃâˤː, pe᷆ː, ǁˀã̂ː
112 to hunt qa̱e, ghòne ǃàˤē, ɡònē
113 to hit ntcòà, tcàm, tcãò, xgʼáḿ ᵑǂòà, ǂàm̄, ǂã̀ò, ǁxʼáḿ
114 to cut gáò, qhòm, xgʼao xáò, ǃʰòm̄, ǁxʼāō
115 to split ghòà, xgʼãè ɡòà, ǁxʼã̄è
116 to stab qhàe, xhãe ǃʰàē, ǁʰã̀ē
117 to scratch góé, ncàrí, ncìrí, tòà xóé, ᵑǀàrí, ᵑǀìrí, tòà
118 to dig nxo̱be ᵑǁòˤbē
119 to swim ghãa-tòè ɡã᷅ː-tòè
120 to fly tsã̱è tsã̀ˤè
121 to walk qõò ǃõ̂ː
122 to come hàà hàː
123 to lie (as in a bed) xóé ǁóé
124 to sit ntcõe, ntcõoa, tcgõ̱e-tcgõ̱e ᵑǂȭē, ᵑǂȭːà, ǂxõ̀ˤē-ǂxõ̀ˤē
125 to stand téé téː
126 to turn (intransitive) ka̱bi, xgʼone, nxãa kàˤbī, ǁxʼōnē, ᵑǁã᷅ː
127 to fall tcgàba, cgʼáé ǂxàbā, ǀxʼáé
128 to give kama, máà kāmā, mâː
129 to hold qgóó, xʼam ǃxóː, ǁˀām̄
130 to squeeze nxo̱m, tsʼáḿ, xʼam ᵑǁòˤm̄, tsʼáḿ, ǁˀām̄
131 to rub tchùu, tsòro, xgòm ǂʰu᷅ː, tsòrō, ǁxòm̄
132 to wash xgʼaà ǁxʼa᷆ː
133 to wipe kòò, tchùu kòː, ǂʰu᷅ː
134 to pull dcòè, tcéè ᶢǀòè, ǂêː
135 to push ghànè, xàbù ɡànè, ǁàbù
136 to throw nceme, xao ᵑǀēmē, ǁāō
137 to tie qáé ǃáé
138 to sew qgãe ǃxã̀ē
139 to count nxárá ᵑǁárá
140 to say máá, méé, nxàe máː, méː, ᵑǁàē
141 to sing nxáè ᵑǁáè
142 to play kõ̱è kõ̀ˤè
143 to float
144 to flow tso̱rè tsòˤrè
145 to freeze nqaro ᵑǃārō
146 to swell gãe, xábú, dìbì xã̀ē, ǁábú, dìbì
147 sun cáḿ ǀáḿ
148 moon nxoe ᵑǁōē
149 star tcóm̀, tco̱nò ǂóm̀, ǂóˤnò
150 water tshàa tsʰa᷅ː
151 rain túú túː
152 river nòka nòkā
153 lake
154 sea
155 salt ta̱be tàˤbē
156 stone nxõ̱á ᵑǁõ̀ˤá
157 sand góḿ xóḿ
158 dust tsharà tsʰārà
159 earth góḿ xóḿ
160 cloud nxoma, túú-cʼõo ᵑǁoma, túː-ǀˀõ̀ː
161 fog qhàne ǃʰànē
162 sky nqarìkgʼáí ᵑǃārìkxʼáí
163 wind tcʼãá ǂˀã́ː
164 snow
165 ice nxõ̱a-nxõ̱a ᵑǁõ̀ˤā-ᵑǁõ̀ˤā
166 smoke tsʼénè tsʼénè
167 fire cʼee ǀˀēː
168 ash tháú tʰáú
169 to burn ka̱ru, dào kàˤrū, dàō
170 road dàò, co̱aná dàò, ǀòˤàná
171 mountain xàbì ǁàbì
172 red nco̱à ᵑǀòˤà
173 green tsã̱á tsã̌ˤː
174 yellow dàḿ tcʼubi dàḿ ǂˀūbī
175 white qʼúú ǃˀúː
176 black ntcùú ᵑǂǔː
177 night ntcùú ᵑǂǔː
178 day cáḿ, dàò ǀáḿ, dàò
179 year kuri kūrī
180 warm qóḿ qʼoo, xʼoò, xʼoòsa ǃóḿ ǃˀōː, ǁˀo᷆ː, ǁˀo᷆ːsā
181 cold qgài, qgàisa ǃxàī, ǃxàīsā
182 full cgʼoè, tso̱e ǀxʼōè, tsòˤē
183 new ka̱ba kàˤbā
184 old cʼee-cʼerese, kaia, ncìí, ncìí-qʼoo, xgám̀ ǀˀeː-ǀˀerese, kāīā, ᵑǀǐː, ᵑǀǐː-ǃˀōː, ǁxám̀
185 good ncãa, qãè, tcʼuru ᵑǀãː, ǃã́è, ǂˀuru
186 bad qa̱à-qa̱à, tshúù, tshúù-xám̀ ǃa᷆ˤː-ǃa᷆ˤː, tsʰûː, tsʰûː-ǁám̀
187 rotten qgàm̀-qgàm̀, tsʼóó ǃxàm̀-ǃxàm̀, tsʼóː
188 dirty cgòrega, cgʼurigá ǀxòrēxa, ǀxʼūrīxá
189 straight kgʼáò, tchàno kxʼáò, ǂʰànō
190 round ghàrù-ghàrù, nxa̱ma-nxa̱mà, tcʼom̀-tcʼom̀ ɡàrù-ɡàrù, ᵑǁàˤmā-ᵑǁàˤmà, ǂˀōm̀-ǂˀōm̀
191 sharp (as a knife) tsʼéè tsʼêː
192 dull (as a knife) dcùrì-dcùrì, thìri, thurì-thurì ᶢǀùrì-ᶢǀùrì, tʰìrī, tʰūrì-tʰūrì
193 smooth tcgài-tcgari, tcgárí-tcgarisa, tcgʼaì-tcgʼàrì, to̱o-to̱risa, to̱rì-to̱rì ǂxàī-ǂxārī, ǂxárí-ǂxarisa, ǂxʼāì-ǂxʼàrì, toˤː-toˤrisa, tōˤrì-tōˤrì
194 wet cgʼãa, tcguù ǀxʼã̄ː, ǂxu᷆ː
195 dry cʼóò ǀˀôː
196 correct kgʼano kxʼano
197 near koe, qàe, qao, tcgáí-kgʼam koe, ǃàē, ǃāō, ǂxáí-kxʼam
198 far nqúù, qʼánè ᵑǃûː, ǃˀánè
199 right kgʼáò? kxʼáò
200 left dxàe, xʼáré ᶢǁàē, ǁˀáré
201 at koe, za koe, za
202 in koe, za, qʼoo koe, za, ǃˀoː
203 with ka ka
204 and hẽé, nà, nakà, thẽé, a hẽ́ː, nà, nākà, tʰẽ́ː, a
205 if kò ko nè, ncẽe, nè, nò kò kō nè, ᵑǀẽː, nè, nò
206 because dòm̀kà, ke, khama dòm̀kà, ke, kʰāmā
207 name cgʼõè ǀxʼȭè

References

  • Visser, Hessel (2001) Naro Dictionary, Gantsi, Botswana: Naro Language Project
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