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(medicine) A woman who has given birth or brought pregnancies to viable gestational age a certain number of times, indicated by the number prepended to this word.
2010, Shelley Lynn Tremain, editor, Foucault and the Government of Disability:
The problems that male paras encounter in relation to bladder management pale in significance when placed alongside the problems with bladder management that female paraplegics experience. For women paras, attempts are made to train the bladder to empty itself at regular intervals; however, accidents do happen.
“para”, in Kielitoimiston sanakirja (in Finnish) (online dictionary, continuously updated), Kotimaisten kielten keskuksen verkkojulkaisuja 35, Helsinki: Kotimaisten kielten tutkimuskeskus (Institute for the Languages of Finland), 2004–, retrieved 3 July 2023
In spoken language this preposition frequently contracts with the next word, especially with articles and pronouns, but today these contraction are not usually represented in the written language.
Para + definite article contractions are colloquial.
Xavier Varela Barreiro, Xavier Gómez Guinovart (2006–2018) “para”, in Corpus Xelmírez - Corpus lingüístico da Galicia medieval (in Galician), Santiago de Compostela: Instituto da Lingua Galega
1) obsolete *) the accusative corresponds with either the genitive (sg) or nominative (pl) **) the comitative is formed by adding the suffix -ka? or -kä? to the genitive.
Para arebivir el Ladino en el siekolo 21 es menester profitar de lo dijital para dokumentar i ambezar esta lingua en perikolo de ekstinsyon.
In order to revive Ladino in the twenty first century it is necessary to take advantage of digital technology to document and learn this endangered language.
"para", in Charles du Fresne du Cange’s Glossarium Mediæ et Infimæ Latinitatis (augmented edition with additions by D. P. Carpenterius, Adelungius and others, edited by Léopold Favre, 1883–1887)
"para", in William Smith, editor (1848), A Dictionary of Greek Biography and Mythology, London: John Murray
Kelly Harper Berkson, Amanda Bohnert, Sui Hnem Par (2022) “Consonant Sounds in Hnaring Lutuv”, in Indiana Working Papers in South Asian Languages and Cultures, volume 3, number 1
1912-1930 , Monumenta Iuris cura praepositorum Chartophylacio Maximo Varsoviensi, volume III, page 156:
Ego Petrus obligo me sibi (sc. Andree) solucionem facere..., videlicet vnum tharling pannorum coltryskych, in quo fieri debent XL-ta media stamina et quodlibet paria uel stamen integrum debet percipere a me per XII florenos Vngaricales vlg. par *puolstuczkow... Ego Petrus... promitto... Andree... secundum tharling staminorum vlg. *puolstuczkow coltryskych dare... sine omni dilatione..., videlicet quod par *puolstuczkuow per XII florenos Vngaricales
Boryś, Wiesław (2005) “para I-II”, in Słownik etymologiczny języka polskiego (in Polish), Kraków: Wydawnictwo Literackie, →ISBN
Mańczak, Witold (2017) “para I-II”, in Polski słownik etymologiczny (in Polish), Kraków: Polska Akademia Umiejętności, →ISBN
Bańkowski, Andrzej (2000) “para 1-2”, in Etymologiczny słownik języka polskiego (in Polish)
B. Sieradzka-Baziur, Ewa Deptuchowa, Joanna Duska, Mariusz Frodyma, Beata Hejmo, Dorota Janeczko, Katarzyna Jasińska, Krystyna Kajtoch, Joanna Kozioł, Marian Kucała, Dorota Mika, Gabriela Niemiec, Urszula Poprawska, Elżbieta Supranowicz, Ludwika Szelachowska-Winiarzowa, Zofia Wanicowa, Piotr Szpor, Bartłomiej Borek, editors (2011–2015), “para”, in Słownik pojęciowy języka staropolskiego (in Polish), Kraków: IJP PAN, →ISBN
Ewa Deptuchowa, Mariusz Frodyma, Katarzyna Jasińska, Magdalena Klapper, Dorota Kołodziej, Mariusz Leńczuk, Ludwika Szelachowska-Winiarzowa, Zofia Wanicowa, editors (2023), “para”, in Rozariusze z polskimi glosami. Internetowa baza danych (in Polish), Kraków: Pracownia Języka Staropolskiego Instytut Języka Polskiego Polskiej Akademii Nauk
c.500 AD, Kaccāyana, Pālivyākaraṇaṃ (overall work in Pali), page 252; republished as Satish Chandra Acharyya Vidyabhusana, editor, Kaccayana's Pali Grammar (edited in Devanagari character and translated into English), Calcutta, Bengal: Mahabodhi Society, 1901:
सब्बेसं तिण्णं पठममज्झिमुत्तमपुरिसानं एकाभिधाने परो पुरिसो गहेतब्बो। सो च पठति, ते च पठन्ति, त्वञ्च पठसि तुम्हे च पठथ, अहञ्च पठामि = मयं पठाम; सो पचति, ते च पचन्ति, त्वञ्च पचन्ति, तुम्हे च पठथ, अहञ्च पचआमि = मयं पचाम एवं सेसासु विभत्तीसु परो पुरिसो योजेतब्बो॥
Sabbesaṃ tiṇṇaṃ paṭhamamajjhimuttamapurisānaṃ ekābhidhāne paro puriso gahetabbo. So ca paṭhati, te ca paṭhanti, tvañca paṭhasi, tumhe ca paṭhatha, ahañca paṭhāmi = mayaṃ paṭhāma; so pacati, te ca pacanti, tvañca pacasi, tumhe ca pacatha, ahañca pacāmi = mayaṃ pacāma. Evaṃ sesāsu vibhattīsu paro puriso yojetabbo.
With all three, third, second, and first persons, in one expression, the last person is to be taken. He reads, they read, thou readest, you read, and I read = we read; he cooks, they cook, thou cookest, you cook , and I cook = we cook. The last person is to be applied thus for other endings.
c.500 AD, Kaccāyana, Pālivyākaraṇaṃ (overall work in Pali), page 291; republished as Satish Chandra Acharyya Vidyabhusana, editor, Kaccayana's Pali Grammar (edited in Devanagari character and translated into English), Calcutta, Bengal: Mahabodhi Society, 1901:
6. Vacavasavahādīnaṃ ukāro vassa ye Vaca, vasa, vaha iccevamādīnaṃ dhātūnaṃ vakārassa ukāro hoti ya paccaye pare.Uccate, vuccate; vussati; vuyhati.
Vac, vas, vah etc. which have 'u' for 'va' Roots vac, vas, vah and so on etc. have 'u' from 'va' next to the ending 'ya'. Exx: uccate, vuccate; vussati; vuyhati.
According to Słownik frekwencyjny polszczyzny współczesnej (1990), para is one of the most used words in Polish, appearing 43 times in scientific texts, 13 times in news, 4 times in essays, 16 times in fiction, and 11 times in plays, each out of a corpus of 100,000 words, totaling 87 times, making it the 733rd most common word in a corpus of 500,000 words.
References
^ Ida Kurcz (1990) “para”, in Słownik frekwencyjny polszczyzny współczesnej (in Polish), volume 1, Kraków, Warszawa: Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Języka Polskiego, page 356
Further reading
para in Wielki słownik języka polskiego, Instytut Języka Polskiego PAN
Some senses of para, such as 'in order to', introduce a subordinate clause. When this clause begins with a personal pronoun, some Brazilian speakers use a prepositional pronoun instead of a nominative one:
Comprei um bolo para mim comer.
I bought a cake for me to eat.
Instead of the standard:
Comprei um bolo para eu comer.
Literally, “I-bought a cake for I to-eat.”
Such usage is strongly proscribed, since eu(“I”) is used as the subject of sentences (it performs the action), and mim(“me”, prepositional), as the object of prepositions.
Para + definite article contractions are colloquial. Those without r are nonstandard:
Julio Salinardi, Córdoba y Traslasierra: integración y disgregación (2006): Con respecto a la lengua sanavirona, hay algunas palabras cuyo significado es seguro, tales comon sacat (pueblo), charaba (cacique), para (agua) y mampa (acequia).
Čestmír Loukotka, Johannes Wilbert (editor), Classification of South American Indian Languages (1968, Los Angeles: Latin American Studies Center, University of California), page(s) 48
La niña compró un regalo de navidad para su abuela.
The girl bought a Christmas gift for her grandmother.
Ahora me gustaría hacer un truco de magia para ustedes.
I'd now like to perform a magic trick for you all.
2021 July 21, Juan Garzon, “Los mejores celulares Android de 2021”, in CNN en Español:
Comprar un celular no es fácil, al menos considerando que lo ideal es comprar el mejor para cada uno de nosotros porque no todos tenemos las mismas necesidades, ni le damos el mismo uso, ni podemos pagar el mismo precio, ni tenemos las mismas preferencias. Sin embargo, aquí recopilo los mejores celulares Android de 2021, teniendo en cuenta estos aspectos para ayudarte a determinar cuál podría ser mejor opción para ti.
This word is now usually seen as parang, except when an enclitic is used which separates para and -ng, although this could be ignored also and have the enclitic after the word parang modifies.
Parang... Parang aso siya.
It looks like... It looks like a dog.
(instead of Para siyang aso.)
This word may appear as parang alone. For example, when agreeing with someone that it actually looks like a dog, you reply with parang “It seems so”, or parang nga “It actually looks like one”.
This word used to be used like tulad or gaya, it used genitive case (ng, mo, etc.) instead of the linker -ng. Seen in the Lord's Prayer (Ama Namin), which is still preserved today. The Lord's Prayer spells ng as nang.
Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in standard Welsh. All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.
Further reading
R. J. Thomas, G. A. Bevan, P. J. Donovan, A. Hawke et al., editors (1950–present), “parhau”, in Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru Online (in Welsh), University of Wales Centre for Advanced Welsh & Celtic Studies