User:Rhanese/sandbox

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Template:ngh-personal pronouns

α

Nǀuu personal pronouns
Collins, C., & Namaseb, L. (2011)
A-form Simple Click form
1st Singular na ng nǀng
Plural incl. i ca gǀi
Plural excl. si sa ／
2rd Singular a a gǀa
Plural u ba gǀu
3SG ku kua ／
H-form ha ha ／
3PL kin kina ／
H-form hn hna ／
Indefinite ǂi ǂa ／
Click form: The form used in the question starts with the first or second personal pronouns. It can also be used before the linker(ng).

A-form: The form used in declarative sentence.
H-form: The form often used in possessors, especially stories.

Tom G. (2007)
Singular Plural
Unmarked Subject in -a Dative in -a Unmarked Subject in -a Dative in -a
1st Incl i dya dya
1st Excl ng na na si sa sa
2st a a a u ba ba
3rd Weak ha ha ha hng ? ?
3rd strong ku kua kua kinn (kina) (kina)
Impersonal ǂi ǂa ?

β

Nǁng personal pronouns
Western dialect Eastern dialect
A-form Simple Click A-form Simple Click
1st singular na ng nǀng nya ng nǀng
plural inclusive ca i gǀi ca i gǀi
Exclusive sa si / sa si /
2st Singular a a gǀa a a gǀa
Plural ba u gǀu ba u gǀu
3st singular kua ku / kua ku /
H-form ha ha / ha ha /
plural kina kin / kina kin /
H-form hna hn / hng / hna hn / hng /
Indefinite ǂa ǂi / ǂa ǂi /
Click form: The form used in the question starts with the first or second personal pronouns. It can also be used before the linker(ng).

A-form: The form used in declarative sentence.
H-form: The form often used in possessors, especially stories.

References

  • Collins, C., & Namaseb, L. (2011). A Grammatical Sketch of N|uuki with Stories. Rüdiger Köppe Verlag.
  • "IOL Castletown 2022 - Solution". IOL 2022. Retrieved January 24, 2025.
  • Sands, Bonny & Jones, Kerry & Esau, Katrina & Collins, Chris & Witzlack-Makarevich, Alena & Job, Sylvanus & Miller, Amanda & Steyn, Betta & Zaanen, Menno & Namaseb, Levi & Berg, Dietloff & Mantzel, Dotty & Damarah, Willem & Snyman, Claudia & Wyk, David & Brugman, Johanna & Exter, Mats & Vaalbooi, Antjie & Westhuizen, Mietjie. (2022). Nǀuuki Namagowab Afrikaans English ǂXoakiǂxanisi/Mîdi di ǂKhanis/Woordeboek/Dictionary.
  • Shah, Sheena, and Matthias Brenzinger. Ouma Geelmeid ke kx’u ǁxaǁxa Nǀuu. Cape Town: CALDi, University of Cape Town. 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/17432.
  • Güldemann, Tom. “"Back to normal?" - ditransitives in the Tuu family.” (2007).


Appendix:Nǀuu word lists

№ English Nǀuu
1 I na, ng, nǀng
2 you
(singular) 		a, gǀa
3 he ku, kua, ha
4 we
(plural) 		i, ca, gǀi(inclusive), si, sa(exclusive)
5 you
(plural) 		u, ba, gǀu
6 they
(plural) 		kin, kina
(general), kike, kika
(general), hn, hng, hna
7 this a, aha
8 that nǁaa, kea
9 here a
10 there ǁʻa
11 who kyuuxe, cuu, xe
12 what kyuixe, cûi, xe
13 where kidyaxe, kija xe
14 when kama dyaxe
15 how dyee, jee
16 not ǁu, ǁam, ǁae
17 all huniki
18 many kebeke
19 some
20 few tsʼôqe, tsʼôqea, ǂʻî
21 other ǂâa
22 one ǁʻoe
23 two ǃu
24 three nǃoana
25 four
26 five
27 big ǃxoo
28 long ǀʻâa
29 wide khana
30 thick gǀuma
31 heavy ǁʻumʻi
32 small ǂʻî
33 short ǂqôe, ǂqôea (Western), ǂqôi (Eastern)
34 narrow ǂʻoo, ǂʻooa
35 thin ǀxʼuia, ǀʻuia , ǀxʼuuia
36 woman ǀeeki
37 man
(adult male) 		ǂoo
38 man
(human being) 		nǁng ǃui
39 child
(a youth) 		ǀoba, ǀaba
40 wife
41 husband
42 mother xainki
43 father ainki
44 animal diersi, dirsi
45 fish
46 bird ǀqhuisi
47 dog ǂhûn, ǂhûny
48 louse mʘusi
49 snake ǀâaqsi, ǀâqasi, ǀxʼao
50 worm ǃ’hûusi
51 tree ʘoo
52 forest
53 stick
(of wood) 		ʘoo
54 fruit
55 seed ǀhona
56 leaf blaarsi
57 root ǃhabesi (Eastern)
58 bark
(of tree) 		ǁxʼûusi
59 flower blomsi
60 grass ǀhee, ǀhisi
61 rope ǃqâa
62 skin
(of a person) 		jûu, jôo
63 meat
(as in flesh) 		ʘoe
64 blood ǁxauke
65 bone ǁaba
66 fat
(noun) 		sun (Western), suny (Eastern)
67 egg ǂui, gǂui
68 horn ǁqhoesi
69 tail ǃhai
70 feather
(rather not down) 		gǃuru
71 hair ǀhuuke
72 head nǀaa
73 ear nǂûisi
74 eye tsʼaxam
75 nose nǀucu, nǀukyuu
76 mouth kyu
77 tooth
(rather not molar) 		ǁhâisi
78 tongue ǀʻan (Western), ǀʻâi (Eastern)
79 fingernail ǁqorosi
80 foot ǃxʼuuke
81 leg jhîi, dsyhîi
82 knee nǀûusi
83 hand ǀxʼa
84 wing ǃaqbasi
85 belly ǁxʼâ
86 guts ǁqhoqoke (intestines)
87 neck woar
88 back likin jarkin
89 breast ǁhâi
90 heart ǀe
91 liver nǁan
92 to drink kxʼâi
93 to eat âi, â
94 to bite keikei, koa
95 to suck mihk
96 to spit andip
97 to vomit umwwuj
98 to blow
(as wind) 		koal
99 to breathe mohng
100 to laugh uruhr
101 to see kapang
102 to hear koarongehda, rong
103 to know
(a fact) 		kidal
104 to think leme, lemlem, lamlam
105 to smell
(sense odor) 		load
106 to fear mijik
107 to sleep moair
108 to live koaujoan
109 to die mehdi, dauluhlla
110 to kill kojukdi
111 to fight pei
112 to hunt
(transitive) 		kaloe
113 to hit juk, pokihdi, wes
114 to cut koskos
115 to split pwalang, karara
116 to stab
(or stick) 		doakoahdi, dok
117 to scratch
(an itch) 		karipwid, karipwidoa
118 to dig warwar
119 to swim
120 to fly zeqe
121 to walk dyaqn (jaqn)
122 to come saa
123 to lie
(as on one's side) 		okdekda, il
124 to sit mwindi
125 to stand jeu, u, uhda
126 to turn
(change direction) 		kahp, kapir, lok, pwur, pwuroj, wes
127 to fall
(as in drop) 		dolla, kup
128 to give kihdoa
129 to hold
(in one's hand) 		padik
130 to squeeze poadpoad
131 to rub rujoruj, rujoa
132 to wash amwumw, amwun
133 to wipe amwumw, amwun, daulimw, pohk‚ popohk
134 to pull doapwdoapw, doapwoa, oappoap, oppop
135 to push jinejin, jinoak, pwuhj
136 to throw kaskas, kasoa, loajloaj, loapwoa
137 to tie pirapir, piroa, sipsip
138 to sew doa, doadoa
139 to count
140 to say ka
141 to sing ǂheeke
142 to play umwwoais
143 to float pei
144 to flow
145 to freeze
146 to swell likammas
147 sun ǁʻûi
148 moon ǂoro
149 star uju
150 water ǃqhaa
151 to rain wud
152 river pil lap
153 lake
154 sea
(as in ocean)
155 salt dyebe (jebe)
156 stone ǃao
157 sand
158 dust pwirejpar
159 earth
(as in soil) 		pwirej
160 cloud koasoau
161 fog
162 sky loang, mijen loangge
163 wind
(as in breeze) 		eng
164 snow
165 ice ais
166 smoke kalahs
167 fire oai
168 ashes moalkoahr
169 to burn
(intransitive) 		okoj
170 road al
171 mountain ǃao
172 red ǀxʼaba
173 green krihn
174 yellow
175 white ǃʻuria
176 black ǃhoe
177 night pwoang
178 day
(daytime) 		ǁʻûi
179 year kurisi
180 warm
(as in weather) 		karkar, pwespwes
181 cold
(as in weather) 		mwolou
182 full ǂʻunga,
183 new ǃxaekya
184 old kuria
185 good ǃaba
186 bad
187 rotten
(as a log) 		ǂxʼoaka
188 dirty ǀxʼuri, ǀx'urixa
189 straight ǂʼhanu, ǂhu, ǂhuu
190 round hala, hhala
191 sharp
(as a knife) 		ǀxʼau, tsʼii
192 dull
(as a knife) 		ǂʻubu, ǂʻubua
193 smooth ǀxʼaria, ǀqari, ǀqaria
194 wet ǁhabi, ǁhabe, ǁhabea
195 dry
(adjective) 		ǁoo, ǁooa
196 right
(correct) 		ǂhu, ǂhuu
197 near nǂaʻi, nǂeea
198 far haru
199 right
(side) 		kxʼam
200 left
(side) 		ǁʻere
201 at nǁaa
202 in ǁâaʻî, ng
203 with
(accompanying) 		nǀa
204 and a, nǀa
205 if ǃûu
206 because
207 name kaǀî

References

  • Collins, C., & Namaseb, L. (2011). A Grammatical Sketch of N|uuki with Stories. Rüdiger Köppe Verlag.
  • "IOL Castletown 2022 - Solution". IOL 2022. Retrieved January 24, 2025.
  • Sands, Bonny & Jones, Kerry & Esau, Katrina & Collins, Chris & Witzlack-Makarevich, Alena & Job, Sylvanus & Miller, Amanda & Steyn, Betta & Zaanen, Menno & Namaseb, Levi & Berg, Dietloff & Mantzel, Dotty & Damarah, Willem & Snyman, Claudia & Wyk, David & Brugman, Johanna & Exter, Mats & Vaalbooi, Antjie & Westhuizen, Mietjie. (2022). Nǀuuki Namagowab Afrikaans English ǂXoakiǂxanisi/Mîdi di ǂKhanis/Woordeboek/Dictionary.
  • Shah, Sheena, and Matthias Brenzinger. Ouma Geelmeid ke kx’u ǁxaǁxa Nǀuu. Cape Town: CALDi, University of Cape Town. 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/17432.
  • Güldemann, Tom. “"Back to normal?" - ditransitives in the Tuu family.” (2007).


Appendix:Nǁng word lists

English Nǁng
1 I na, ng, nǀng
2 you
(singular) 		a, gǀa
3 he ku, kua, ha
4 we
(plural) 		i, ca, gǀi(inclusive), si, sa(exclusive)
5 you
(plural) 		u, ba, gǀu
6 they
(plural) 		kin, kina
(general), kike, kika
(general), hn, hng, hna
7 this a, aha
8 that nǁaa, kea
9 here a
10 there ǁʻa
11 who kyuuxe, cuu, xe
12 what kyuixe, cûi, xe
13 where kidyaxe, kija xe
14 when kama dyaxe
15 how dyee, jee
16 not ǁu, ǁam, ǁae
17 all huniki
18 many kebeke
19 some
20 few tsʼôqe, tsʼôqea, ǂʻî
21 other ǂâa
22 one ǁʻoe
23 two ǃu
24 three nǃoana
25 four
26 five
27 big ǃxoo
28 long ǀʻâa
29 wide khana
30 thick gǀuma
31 heavy ǁʻumʻi
32 small ǂʻî
33 short ǂqôe, ǂqôea (Western), ǂqôi (Eastern)
34 narrow ǂʻoo, ǂʻooa
35 thin ǀxʼuia, ǀʻuia , ǀxʼuuia
36 woman ǀeeki
37 man
(adult male) 		ǂoo
38 man
(human being) 		nǁng ǃui
39 child
(a youth) 		ǀoba, ǀaba
40 wife
41 husband
42 mother xainki
43 father ainki
44 animal diersi, dirsi
45 fish
46 bird ǀqhuisi
47 dog ǂhûn, ǂhûny
48 louse mʘusi
49 snake ǀâaqsi, ǀâqasi, ǀxʼao
50 worm ǃ’hûusi
51 tree ʘoo
52 forest
53 stick
(of wood) 		ʘoo
54 fruit
55 seed ǀhona
56 leaf blaarsi
57 root ǃhabesi (Eastern)
58 bark
(of tree) 		ǁxʼûusi
59 flower blomsi
60 grass ǀhee, ǀhisi
61 rope ǃqâa
62 skin
(of a person) 		jûu, jôo
63 meat
(as in flesh) 		ʘoe
64 blood ǁxauke
65 bone ǁaba
66 fat
(noun) 		sun (Western), suny (Eastern)
67 egg ǂui, gǂui
68 horn ǁqhoesi
69 tail ǃhai
70 feather
(rather not down) 		gǃuru
71 hair ǀhuuke
72 head nǀaa
73 ear nǂûisi
74 eye tsʼaxam
75 nose nǀucu, nǀukyuu
76 mouth kyu
77 tooth
(rather not molar) 		ǁhâisi
78 tongue ǀʻan (Western), ǀʻâi (Eastern)
79 fingernail ǁqorosi
80 foot ǃxʼuuke
81 leg jhîi, dsyhîi
82 knee nǀûusi
83 hand ǀxʼa
84 wing ǃaqbasi
85 belly ǁxʼâ
86 guts ǁqhoqoke (intestines)
87 neck woar
88 back likin jarkin
89 breast ǁhâi
90 heart ǀe
91 liver nǁan
92 to drink kxʼâi
93 to eat âi, â
94 to bite keikei, koa
95 to suck mihk
96 to spit andip
97 to vomit umwwuj
98 to blow
(as wind) 		koal
99 to breathe mohng
100 to laugh uruhr
101 to see kapang
102 to hear koarongehda, rong
103 to know
(a fact) 		kidal
104 to think leme, lemlem, lamlam
105 to smell
(sense odor) 		load
106 to fear mijik
107 to sleep moair
108 to live koaujoan
109 to die mehdi, dauluhlla
110 to kill kojukdi
111 to fight pei
112 to hunt
(transitive) 		kaloe
113 to hit juk, pokihdi, wes
114 to cut koskos
115 to split pwalang, karara
116 to stab
(or stick) 		doakoahdi, dok
117 to scratch
(an itch) 		karipwid, karipwidoa
118 to dig warwar
119 to swim
120 to fly zeqe
121 to walk dyaqn (jaqn)
122 to come saa
123 to lie
(as on one's side) 		okdekda, il
124 to sit mwindi
125 to stand jeu, u, uhda
126 to turn
(change direction) 		kahp, kapir, lok, pwur, pwuroj, wes
127 to fall
(as in drop) 		dolla, kup
128 to give kihdoa
129 to hold
(in one's hand) 		padik
130 to squeeze poadpoad
131 to rub rujoruj, rujoa
132 to wash amwumw, amwun
133 to wipe amwumw, amwun, daulimw, pohk‚ popohk
134 to pull doapwdoapw, doapwoa, oappoap, oppop
135 to push jinejin, jinoak, pwuhj
136 to throw kaskas, kasoa, loajloaj, loapwoa
137 to tie pirapir, piroa, sipsip
138 to sew doa, doadoa
139 to count
140 to say ka
141 to sing ǂheeke
142 to play umwwoais
143 to float pei
144 to flow
145 to freeze
146 to swell likammas
147 sun ǁʻûi
148 moon ǂoro
149 star uju
150 water ǃqhaa
151 to rain wud
152 river pil lap
153 lake
154 sea
(as in ocean)
155 salt dyebe (jebe)
156 stone ǃao
157 sand
158 dust pwirejpar
159 earth
(as in soil) 		pwirej
160 cloud koasoau
161 fog
162 sky loang, mijen loangge
163 wind
(as in breeze) 		eng
164 snow
165 ice ais
166 smoke kalahs
167 fire oai
168 ashes moalkoahr
169 to burn
(intransitive) 		okoj
170 road al
171 mountain ǃao
172 red ǀxʼaba
173 green krihn
174 yellow
175 white ǃʻuria
176 black ǃhoe
177 night pwoang
178 day
(daytime) 		ǁʻûi
179 year kurisi
180 warm
(as in weather) 		karkar, pwespwes
181 cold
(as in weather) 		mwolou
182 full ǂʻunga,
183 new ǃxaekya
184 old kuria
185 good ǃaba
186 bad
187 rotten
(as a log) 		ǂxʼoaka
188 dirty ǀxʼuri, ǀx'urixa
189 straight ǂʼhanu, ǂhu, ǂhuu
190 round hala, hhala
191 sharp
(as a knife) 		ǀxʼau, tsʼii
192 dull
(as a knife) 		ǂʻubu, ǂʻubua
193 smooth ǀxʼaria, ǀqari, ǀqaria
194 wet ǁhabi, ǁhabe, ǁhabea
195 dry
(adjective) 		ǁoo, ǁooa
196 right
(correct) 		ǂhu, ǂhuu
197 near nǂaʻi, nǂeea
198 far haru
199 right
(side) 		kxʼam
200 left
(side) 		ǁʻere
201 at nǁaa
202 in ǁâaʻî, ng
203 with
(accompanying) 		nǀa
204 and a, nǀa
205 if ǃûu
206 because
207 name kaǀî

References

  • Collins, C., & Namaseb, L. (2011). A Grammatical Sketch of N|uuki with Stories. Rüdiger Köppe Verlag.
  • "IOL Castletown 2022 - Solution". IOL 2022. Retrieved January 24, 2025.
  • Sands, Bonny & Jones, Kerry & Esau, Katrina & Collins, Chris & Witzlack-Makarevich, Alena & Job, Sylvanus & Miller, Amanda & Steyn, Betta & Zaanen, Menno & Namaseb, Levi & Berg, Dietloff & Mantzel, Dotty & Damarah, Willem & Snyman, Claudia & Wyk, David & Brugman, Johanna & Exter, Mats & Vaalbooi, Antjie & Westhuizen, Mietjie. (2022). Nǀuuki Namagowab Afrikaans English ǂXoakiǂxanisi/Mîdi di ǂKhanis/Woordeboek/Dictionary.
  • Shah, Sheena, and Matthias Brenzinger. Ouma Geelmeid ke kx’u ǁxaǁxa Nǀuu. Cape Town: CALDi, University of Cape Town. 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/17432.
  • Güldemann, Tom. “"Back to normal?" - ditransitives in the Tuu family.” (2007).
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