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The following lists of Proto-Tuu reconstructions are from Güldemann (2005) and Starostin (2021).
Güldemann (2005)
| English gloss |
Proto-Tuu
|
| child |
*ʘa
|
| father |
*a̰a
|
| mother |
*qa > *ka̰ > *kx(o)a̰
|
| name |
*ǀãe, *ǁae
|
| people, men |
*tuu
|
| spouse |
*ǀha- ~ *(ⁿ)ǀha-
|
| woman |
*ǀa-
|
| beard |
*nǀum
|
| bite, ache |
*tsʼii
|
| cough |
*ǀho̰ ~ *(ⁿ)ǀho
|
| defecate |
*t(h)xa(i)
|
| die |
*ǀʼaa
|
| ear |
*nǂ(u)i
|
| eat |
*ãa, *ãi
|
| eye (or see ?) |
*tsʼaa
|
| hand, arm |
*ǀkxʼaa
|
| hair |
*ǀkhu
|
| head |
*nǀaa
|
| lungs |
*ǁʼon
|
| mouth |
*thu
|
| neck |
*ǂkxʼa(-u) > *ǂkxʼu
|
| nose |
*nǀu, *nǀũ
|
| shoulder |
*gǁa̰e
|
| skin |
*tũ-
|
| tired |
*ǀkhu, *ǀkho
|
| tongue |
*ǀʼãri > *ǀʼani
|
| tooth |
*ǁkha(i)
|
| bee, honey |
*ǀkho
|
| bird |
*ǀhui
|
| bow |
*ǀha(u)
|
| egg |
*gǂu(i)
|
| fat |
*sõe, *sã̰a
|
| gemsbok |
*!hai, *!ha̰i
|
| hartebeest |
*(g)!aʼa
|
| horn |
*ǁã(i)
|
| hunt |
*ǀkxʼõa, *ǀkxʼãa
|
| leopard |
*!ab- > *!au
|
| meat |
*ʘo-, *ʘa-
|
| ostrich |
*qoe > *to̰e
|
| porcupine |
*ǀhõ ~ *(ⁿ)ǀhõ
|
| ground, earth |
*!ʼã(u)
|
| hut, shelter |
*nǁa(i)
|
| sun, day |
*ǁʼõe, *ǁʼũi, *ǁʼã
|
| tree, wood |
*ʘho, *nʘo, *nʘa
|
| water, rain |
*!khaa
|
| wind |
*ǂ(k)hue, *ǂ(k)hoe
|
| carry (child) |
*ǀqam
|
| call, shout |
*!ʼai
|
| come |
*saa, *sii
|
| cook, roast |
*ǁa(u)
|
| give |
*nǀa
|
| go |
*ǁʼa-
|
| help |
*hui
|
| own, possess |
*ǁʼãi, *ǁʼai
|
| see |
*nǀa, *nǀi
|
| sense, feel |
*t(h)ã̰a
|
| sit |
*tshoo
|
| sleep |
*ʘõ(n), *ʘãi(n)
|
| walk, travel |
*tã̰i
|
Starostin (2021)
Classification
- Tuu family
- !Ui branch (languages: ǀXam, Nǁng, ǁXegwi)
- Taa branch (languages: !Xóõ and all of its dialects, as well as Bleek's Kakia and Nǀuǁen)
- Nossob subgroup (languages: ǀʼAuni, ǀHaasi)
List
| No. |
English gloss |
Proto-Tuu |
Proto-!Ui |
Proto-Taa |
Proto-Nossob
|
| 1 |
all |
|
*ku |
*kU-kaˤ |
|
| 2 |
ashes |
|
*!qui |
|
|
| 3 |
bark |
|
|
|
|
| 4 |
belly |
|
|
|
|
| 5 |
big |
|
|
*!xa-(i) |
*o-si ~ *u-si
|
| 6 |
bird |
|
*ǀqʰui |
*ǀ̰u(ʢ)- |
*si=ǀ̰u
|
| 7 |
bite |
*siʔi |
*c’i |
*siʔ- |
|
| 8 |
black |
|
*!(ʰ)oe |
*ǂaʔ- |
|
| 9 |
blood |
|
*ǁxau |
*!̃aˤ |
*ǁxau
|
| 10 |
bone |
|
*ʗ(°)a |
*ǂã |
|
| 11 |
breast (chest) |
|
*ǁ̃uiŋ |
|
|
| 12 |
burn (tr.) |
|
*ǁa |
|
|
| 13 |
claw (fingernail) |
*ǁqu-rV |
*ǁqo-rV |
*ǁqu-; *ǁ̰aʔm |
|
| 14 |
cloud |
|
|
|
|
| 15 |
cold |
|
|
*ǁãʔũ |
|
| 16 |
come |
*si ~ *sa |
*si ~ *sa |
*si ~ *sa |
*si ~ *sa
|
| 17 |
die |
*ǀʼa |
*ǀʼa |
*ǀʼa |
|
| 18 |
dog |
*ǂʰɔ- |
*ǂʰu- |
*ǂqʰa- |
*ǂʰɔŋ
|
| 19 |
drink |
*kxʼa(ʰ)- |
*kxʼa- |
*kxʼaʰ- |
*kxʼa-
|
| 20 |
dry |
*ǁoˤ- |
*ǁo |
|
|
| 21 |
ear |
*ǂ̃u- |
*ǂ̃u- |
*ǂ̃u- |
*ǂ̃u-
|
| 22 |
earth (sand) |
|
*!(q)ʼãũ |
*ǂx’um |
(?) *!̪aʔa
|
| 23 |
eat |
*ʔã |
*ʔã |
*ʔã |
*ʔa ~ *ʔã
|
| 24 |
egg |
|
(?) *ǂaʔwi |
*ǂ̰u- |
|
| 25 |
eye |
|
*cʼa-xu |
(?) *ǂʼũ- ~ *!ʼũ- |
(?) *cxo
|
| 26 |
fat (n.) |
*sɔˤ- |
*so- |
*sãˤ |
*so-
|
| 27 |
feather (hair) |
|
|
|
|
| 28 |
fire |
*ǀ’i |
*ǀ’i |
*ǀ’a- |
*ǀ’i
|
| 29 |
fish |
|
|
|
|
| 30 |
fly (v.) |
*ʒ(o)eˤ |
*ǁ/ʰ/au; *zeˤ |
*ʒõẽˤ |
|
| 31 |
foot |
|
*ʗ̃a |
*ǂ̃u- |
*!Xai
|
| 32 |
full |
|
*!qauŋ |
*!̪um |
|
| 33 |
give |
|
*a |
*!qʰa- |
|
| 34 |
good |
|
|
|
|
| 35 |
green |
|
|
*ǀ̰aiˤ- |
|
| 36 |
hair |
*ǀʰu- |
*ǀʰu |
*ǀ̰qʰu- |
*ǀʰo
|
| 37 |
hand |
*ǀx’a |
*ǀx’a |
*ǀx’a |
*ǀx’a/N/
|
| 38 |
head |
*ǀ̃a |
*ǀ̃a |
*ǀ̃a- |
*ǀ̃a; *xu
|
| 39 |
hear |
(?) *tu |
*tu |
*tãˤ |
|
| 40 |
heart |
*ǀq’a(-i) |
*ǀai |
*ǀq’a- |
*ǀe
|
| 41 |
horn |
*ǁã- |
*ǁãĩ |
*ǁã- |
|
| 42 |
I |
*ŋ |
*ŋ |
*ŋ |
*ŋ
|
| 43 |
kill |
|
*ǀʰa ~ *ǀʰi |
*qa- |
|
| 44 |
knee |
|
*ǀ̃u- |
*ǁ̰xũ |
|
| 45 |
know |
|
*ǁxae |
|
|
| 46 |
leaf |
|
|
*ǀ̰ana |
|
| 47 |
lie |
*ta ~ *tu |
*ta |
*tu |
|
| 48 |
liver |
*ǁ̃aN |
*ǁ̃aN |
*ǁ̃am |
|
| 49 |
long |
|
*ǀʼa |
|
|
| 50 |
louse |
*ʘ̃u- |
*ʘ̃u- |
|
|
References
- Güldemann, Tom (2005) ‘“Tuu”: A New Name for the Southern Khoisan Family’, in Tom Güldemann (ed.), Studies in Tuu (Southern Khoisan). University of Leipzig Papers on Africa, Languages and Literatures, 23 (Leipzig: Institut für Afrikanistik, University of Leipzig), pp. 2–9.
- Starostin, George (2021). Lexicostatistical studies in Khoisan II/1: How to make a Swadesh wordlist for Proto-Tuu. Journal of Language Relationship / Вопросы языкового родства 19(2): 99–135.