The following list of Proto-Daju reconstructions is from Thelwall (1981: 132-162).[1]
Since synchronic Daju languages display suppletion for plural forms, suppletive plurals have also been reconstructed for Proto-Daju.
| Gloss | Proto-Daju (singular and generic forms) |
Proto-Daju (plural forms) |
|---|---|---|
| to be able | *-kidir- | |
| allow | *waŋ- | |
| animal | *oɣai | |
| to answer | *leg-; *ləb- | |
| ant | *men | |
| ant | *ɲimuɣic | *ɲimug; *ɲimuɣu |
| antelope | *meɣem-(ne) | *meɣemu |
| anthill | *suude | |
| arm | *ande | *asiɲ |
| finger | *pəɣ | |
| ash | *usukuce | |
| back | *oŋe | *oŋi; *oŋ-ta |
| bad | *tas | |
| bark | *kaɓundice | *kaɓundu |
| basket | *laŋe | *laŋda |
| bat | *kəjoge | |
| to bathe, wash | *ɗai- | |
| to bear child | *oksiŋ; *kii- | |
| bee | *təmoxe | |
| honey | *təmoxiɲ | |
| beer | *ɓuɣ | |
| belly | WD *sime | ED *ɓileke |
| big | WD *kilaŋ | |
| bird | *awade | *awadiɲ; *awadu; *awadta |
| to bite | *kas- | |
| bitter | *təbak | |
| black | *jʔul | |
| blacksmith | ED *meded- | |
| blind | WD *digine; *diguge | *ŋojʔoxe |
| blood | *tamuke | |
| to blow | *us- | |
| body | *wane | *wanəŋ |
| bone | *ŋai | *ŋayu |
| bow | *teg- | *tegu |
| boy | *cace | |
| brain | *ɗuɣ (?) | |
| to break | *ɗiŋ | |
| breast | *-iɗice | *-iɗige |
| to breathe | *uŋ- | |
| to bring | *koi- | |
| brother | *piɣ-ɓo- | |
| brown | WD *pus (?) | |
| to build | *ɗVɲ- (?) | |
| bull | *taŋanice | |
| buffalo | *taŋanu | |
| to burn | *tuɲ- | |
| butterfly | *peɣ- (?) | |
| to buy, sell | *ŋaɲ | |
| to call, name | *ɓaŋ- | |
| to carry | *ɓak(t)- | |
| cat | *kubine | *kubi; *kubiŋ |
| charcoal | *culu | |
| chicken | *ukuɣuke | |
| chief | *ɓuge | |
| chin | *lete | *letu |
| chin | WD *coboŋe | |
| claw, nail | *ɓoroŋe | *ɓoroŋda |
| clay | *ɲuɣe | *ɲuɣu |
| clean | *ɗuɣ | *wara |
| to climb | *dek- | |
| cloth | *kaT- | *tandu |
| cold | *kiɣkiɣ | |
| to come | *ɓoŋ | |
| to cook | *wun- | |
| to cook | *ɓak(t)- | |
| cotton | *ɲiɣi | *ɲiɣida |
| to cough | *oɣ- | |
| to count | *ŋ-gand- | |
| cow | *teɲe | *təke |
| crocodile (waral) | *kasubeke | |
| crocodile (waral) | *ɓoloŋoɣ | |
| crocodile (waral) | *ɓoŋoɣ | |
| to cut | *coɣ; WD *waɲ- | |
| to dace, play | *ɓuŋe | |
| deaf | *əɣ(s)- | |
| to die | *ɓo- | |
| to hoe | WD *li- | |
| to do, make | *sog- | |
| dog | *iise | *iisu |
| donkey | *kacu | *kacu |
| dream | *minaŋe | |
| to dress | *lag- | |
| to drink | *wuɣ- | |
| drum | *ɓal | |
| dry | *ka-maas | |
| dung | *ŋice | |
| dust | *kur | |
| ear | *wunute | *wunuge |
| earth | *usuke | |
| to eat | *si- | |
| egg | *wala | |
| elbow | *ɓoloste | *ɓolosu |
| elephant | *tumose | |
| eye | *aŋune | *aŋwe; *aŋun |
| face | *toce | |
| to fall | *tel- | |
| far | *tiɣaŋ | |
| fast | *kaʀkaʀ | |
| fat (n) | *m-wi-d | |
| fat (adj) | *k-wi-r | |
| to swell | *ɓiŋ- | |
| father | *me | |
| to fear | *ɲag- | |
| field | *pəs | |
| to fight | *pog- | |
| to fight | *ɗis- | |
| fire | *maas | *maasta; *mastiɲ |
| fish | *asice | *as |
| flower | *tudulusi | |
| fly (n) | *aŋoɣe | |
| to fly | *bak- | |
| food | *sia | |
| to forget | *ɗia- | |
| frog | *ɓooɣ | *boŋoɲ |
| full | *kapəs | |
| gazelle | *musune | *musunu |
| giraffe | *age | *agiɲ |
| to give | *tog- | |
| to gnaw | *laɣ- | |
| to go | *wed- | |
| goat | *ais | |
| god | *kalge | |
| gourd | *satte | *sattu |
| gourd | *sikuluce | |
| granary | *cur | |
| grass | *ɲaɣke | |
| grave | *moroge | *morogta |
| green | *lasiɣ | |
| guinea fowl | *malase; *male | *malasu |
| gut | *kacalboce | *kacalboke |
| hair, feather | *apaɣtice | *apa(ɣ) |
| head | *ise | *isiɲ |
| heart | *kiŋgoɣse | *kiŋgoɣsiɲ |
| heavy | *tətəɣ | |
| to help | *pos- | |
| herd | *malle | |
| to hide | *ɗaɲ- (to build (?)) | |
| hole | *aɣa | |
| horn | *ya- | |
| horse | *muɣta | *muɣtu |
| house | *aaɣe | *aɣu; *aɣta |
| hunger | *ka-ɣase | |
| to kick | *dek | |
| kidney | *puce | |
| to kill | *pax- | |
| to kindle | *toɣ- | |
| knee | *simde | |
| to know | *yuɣ- | |
| lake | *luuk- | |
| to laugh | *kuk- | |
| to lay | *ɓak(t)- | |
| leaf | *wunute-ewete | *wunuŋge-ewege |
| left hand | *ɲogole | |
| leg, foot | *eɣe | *eɣiɲ; *eɣu |
| leopard | *kemese | |
| to lick | *lax(t) | |
| light (not heavy) | *pilbil | |
| lion | *osoxe | |
| liver | *muce | *muciɲ |
| to load | *ɗeg | |
| locust | *kataɣwoce | |
| long | *loi | |
| louse | *tiŋgaɣice | *tiŋgaɣ |
| man | *ki- | |
| male | *yo- | *yu |
| male | *p-abaŋe | |
| many | WD *wei | |
| to marry | *bak(t) | |
| mat | *-apaɲ | |
| meat | *iye | |
| milk (n) | *memke | |
| millet | *kuce | *kuɲ |
| millet porridge | *seɣ | |
| monkey | *kelegele | *kelegelu |
| moon, month | *isimeɣe | |
| mosquito | *mece | *meciɲ |
| mother | *ɓo | |
| mountain | *ŋa- | |
| stone mountain | *cabre | *cabrta |
| mouse | *ɲeŋəse | |
| mouth | *ikke | *ikku |
| name | *ange | *angu |
| navel | WD *tombole | WD *tombolda |
| near | WD *ɲitəg | |
| neck | *amice | *amita; *amu |
| throat | *ŋase | *ŋast- |
| new | WD *taj | |
| night | *woŋe | |
| nose | *mu-ne | |
| to open | WD *gin- | |
| ostrich | *tumune | *tumunu |
| other | WD *kerak | |
| to pain | *ɓad- | |
| palm | *koɣoce | |
| path, road | *soge | *sogta |
| pestle | ED *kijʔis | |
| pig | *ɓaɲa | |
| place | *aude | *audta |
| to pull | WD *ɓai- | |
| to push | *sajʔ- | |
| rain, sky | *koɣa | *koɣiɲ |
| to rain | *kejʔ | |
| rakuba | *toləg | *toləgu |
| to reach | *ɲjog- | |
| red | *pir | |
| right hand | ED *aɓaanic | |
| river | *coloŋgo | *coloŋgu |
| root, vein | *miɣe | WD *pistice |
| rope | *sitte | *sittu |
| to rub | *ba- | |
| saliva | *aluke | |
| salt | *-kaluka | |
| scorpion | WD *caŋga; ED *dən | WD *caŋgu; ED *dənu |
| to scratch | *goɣoɲ | |
| to see | *oɣ | |
| seed | *yu | |
| sowing | *sibe | |
| sesame | *kul | *kulu |
| to sew | *aɣ- | |
| shadow | *ligide | *ligidta |
| sharp | *wii | |
| sheep | *saga (?) | *saganu (?) |
| shoe | *kuɓa | *kuɓada |
| to shoot | *ɗab- | |
| short | *tiliŋ | |
| to shut | WD *den | |
| to sing | *laŋ- | |
| to sit | *uc- | |
| skin | *mie | *midi |
| slave | *ciləɣe | |
| to sleep | *səŋ(d) | |
| day | *səŋge | |
| slow | *məcede | |
| to smash | *paxk- | |
| to smell | *ŋoos- | |
| smoke | *ləge | |
| smooth | WD *pari-c; ED *siɣsiɣ (?) | |
| snake | WD *koɣka; ED *dol | WD *koɣku; ED *dolu |
| to sneeze | WD *tis- | |
| spear | *malase | |
| to speak | *ŋad- | |
| to talk | *leg- | |
| to split | *ɗet- | |
| to squeeze | *sik- | |
| to squeeze | WD *mos- | |
| to stab | *usi(t)- | |
| to stad | *is- | |
| star | *niɲ | |
| to steal | *pil-; *gox- | |
| to stop | *to- | |
| to suck | *ɓan- | |
| to suckle | *ɗe- | |
| sun | *ɣoŋe | |
| to swallow | *wad- | |
| to sweep | *wor- | |
| sweet | *tidi | |
| to swim | WD *wa; ED *ɓa- | |
| tall | *iibe | *iibu; *iibta |
| termite | *tondoce | |
| thick | WD *timig | ED *tijʔax |
| thigh | *taxkice | *taxku |
| thin | *waɣ; *kaɓatale | |
| thirst | *uxkute | |
| this | *ma- | |
| thorn | *kwinice | *kwinu |
| to tie | *ak(s)- | |
| today | *-oɣo | |
| tomorrow | WD *mugu | |
| tongue | *ɲabire | *ɲabirta |
| tooth | *ɲiɣte | *ɲiɣke |
| tortoise | *-gox | |
| tree | *ewete | *ewe |
| twin | *pidaxce; *pidu | |
| to turn | *goloŋ | |
| urine | *cuke | |
| to vomit | WD *bik- | ED *jalag- |
| vulture | *winice | *winu |
| to wait | *ɓend- | |
| warm, hot | *tapei | |
| to watch | *mesk- | |
| water | *ma- | |
| well (n) | *goʀe | *golta |
| wet | *ɲidak | |
| white | *papaʀ (?) | |
| who | WD *mina | |
| wind | *mege | |
| woman | *wuɣe | *wuɣu |
| worm | *uxuce | *ux |
| year | *oso | *osot- |
| one | *no- | |
| two | *pidax | |
| three | *kodos | |
| four | *tispet | |
| five | *maduk | |
| six | *aran | |
| seven | *paɣtindi < *pag-t-ande | |
| eight | *kosande < *kodos-ande | |
| nine | *tabistanda < *tispet-t-ande | |
| ten | *asiɲ | |
| I | *ag | |
| thou | *gi | |
| he | *ma | |
| she | *ce | |
| we (incl.) | *kon | |
| ye | *aŋgo | |
| they | *sa |