The following comparative word list of Kadu languages are from Schadeberg (1994) and Stevenson & Blench (n.d.).
Kadu word lists by Schadeberg (1994):[1]
The data was collected by Thilo C. Schadeberg from October 1974 to January 1975.
| abbreviation | MU | YE | KU | MI | TL | TO | SA | KR | TS |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| language name | Mudo | Yegang | Kufo | Miri | Talla | Tolibi | Sangali | Krongo | Talasa |
| people | ka-muɗo | ka-yɛgaŋ | kud̪u maa-guufɔ | kad̪u maa-miri, kad̪u maa-faɗɔ | kaa-d̪alla | ku-d̪uunu | ka-saŋaali | kad̪u mɔ-ɗi | kaa-d̪alasa |
| locality | ɗi ma-yɛgaŋ; k-ɛɛgaŋ | kuufɔ | ɲɲa maa-miri | t̪alla | ku-d̪uunu | ka-saŋaali | |||
| language | t̪u-muɗo | sani ma-yɛgaŋ; d̪-ayga | t̪iŋ-guufɔ | ti-miri, t̪umma maa-miri | t̪in-d̪alla | t̪ʊn-d̪uunu, t̪umma maa-d̪uunu; t̪olibi (language as a whole, rather than a single dialect) | t̪umma ka-saŋaali | niinʊ mɔ-ɗi | t̪alasa |
| informant name | Muhammed Ibrahim Doka | Tayyib Abd el-Baagi | Jakeliin Faddala | Mahmuud Kabbaashi | Abdalla Ibrahiim Abdalla (Kumoodo) | Abas Kuku Akwa | Adariis Tiiya | Tuttu Anjaali Ajri | Beshiir Aynaak (Kuuku Kafi) |
| informant birth date | 1950 | 1947 | 1958 | ca. 1937 | 1945 | ca. 1947 | 1936 | 1935 | 1942 |
| informant birth place | J. Kamdang | Timero | Kassala | Miri Juwa | Kadugli | Tunu | Krongo Abdalla | Torooji | Seraf |
| informant notes | Kufo is her first language which she learned from her grandmother; she has lived at Kufo since 1972. | the same as Abdalîa 1969 in thé bibliography | a recent seulement at thé southern end of the Eliri mountain range | ||||||
| Stevenson | Tulishi | Keiga | Kanga | Miri | Kadugli | Katcha | Tumnia | Krongo | Tumtum |
| dialect (Stevenson) | Kamdang | Keiga Tummero (Timero) | Kufa | Miri Juwa | Tuna | Krongo Abdulla | Torogi | Talassa |
| gloss | Mudo | Yegang | Kufo | Miri | Talla | Tolibi | Sangali | Krongo | Talasa | cf. | notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| all | ɲɛ́mak | ɓil | ɓáʔyá | ɲáʔɗɛ̂k | ɗɔ́k | ɲɛ́ɗɗɛ́ | agúlli | tʊ́llɪ | ɗúllɛ | ||
| animal | ɔ́ɔ́ma marı́ı́ɗa / ɛɛma marı́ı́ɗa | ama mariid̪u | ɛɛma ma-gúrɔ́ / nı́ı́mɔ ma-gúrɔ́;t̪ʊʊɗá ma-gúrɔ́ / ʊʊɗá ma-gúrɔ́ | nı́ı́malme / aamalme | nı́ı́mɔ́ marı́ı́dɔ / ɛɛma marı́ı́dɔ | nd̪uuɗa mad̪aar / uuɗa mad̪aar | ɲááma / ɛɛma | thing, blood, meat | YE: COLL; MI: gúrɔ́ outside; TS: thing | ||
| arm | nı́ı́sʊ / kisı́nɛ | nissʊ / nisinɛ́ | niisʊ́ / iʃı́nɛ | niisʊ / iisinɛ́ | niisɔ / kaɗɗɔ́ | niisɔ / iisı́nɛ́ | niisʊ / ı́ı́sʊnʊ | niisʊ / nı́sinɛ | niisʊ / nisı́nɛ | * = hand; MU, YE, MI, SA, TS: * | |
| ashes | (t̪uhúɗá) / huɗá | fuɗʊ́ʔ | fuɗo gumaabassá | fúɗɔ | fuɗɔ | fúɗɔ́ | fúɗɔ́ | ndɔɔlɔ | ndɔɔlɔ | earth, rain, sky | KU: white earth |
| back | ɗɔ́rrɛ / ke- | ɗɔ́(ɔ́)lárɛ / kʊ- | ɗugaarɛ / náɗúgáárɛ | ɗúwääre | ɗɔgɛɛrɛ / nááɗɔ́gɛɛrɛ | dɔ́ɔ́rɔ́ɔ́rı́ / ni- | dɔ́ɔ́rɛ́ / ni- | ||||
| bad | tááɗɔrɛ | t̪ajɔ́ | tá(l)áɗiilá | it̪t̪aara | ɔɔɖarɔkkɔ́ | ɔɔrɔ́ɔ́bɔ | aŋɔrɔ́ɔ́ɓɔ́ | MIː good | MU: not good; TL: AIA; KR: b or ɓ? | ||
| bark n. | inner: t̪ifɛk / ffɛkouter: t̪iŋgɔ́la / kɔ́la | (ı́nd̪i-fɛ́k) / ffɛ́k | tufu / ɒ́-, nɛ́ɛ́túfu | ndufuk / tufuk | (t̪indafuk) / tafuk | inner: (ńɖafu) / ʈáfuouter: mud̪úgáálá maafá | andúfu / túfu | t̪ɛɛfı́ | t̪ufɛ́ / nı́d̪ı́ı́fɛ | KU: PL, COLL | |
| belly | áádi / niŋg- | aadı́ / nigidı́ | aad̪ı́ / nı́ŋı́d̪ı́ | aad̪i / naad̪ı́ | aad̪i / nı́ŋg- | ɛɛdi / naŋgɛɛdi | aadi / náŋgádi | aad̪i / nigád̪i | aad̪i / naŋád̪i | ||
| big | m-, n-ı́kki / kaɗurú | ablúŋɔ́ | (m-)aaɓukkɛ́ / gʊ́ʊ́gʊ́̈ʔŋɛ | aɖabbʊ | ɑɑdabbʊ | (má-)áʈáɓɓu / k-, n-ánɖaɓɓu | mááɓukwá | íiji / ŋgíifi | (m-)ı́ı́gi / kı́ı́fi | many | |
| bird | midi-kóói / ali- | d̪- / aawı́k | nd̪- / ɔɔi | ńd̪- / ɔ́yi | nd̪ɛi / ai | ńd̪ɥii / ʔwii | and̪- / ɔ́yı́ | small: nd̪ʊgááı́ / wááíbig: kɔlɔ / núgɔlɔ | nd̪ʊɣááı́ / ʊwááı́ | MU: d or d̪? | |
| bite v. | agı́d̪ɛna | ŋiɗʊd̪u | afákká! | agiɗɔ́ | agı́ɗɔ́ɔ́nɔ | kı́ɗɔ́ɔ́nɔ | agaɗɔ́(ɔ́nɔ) | ɔccidi | ʊmáŋ | ||
| black | áɗɗuk | áɗuk | gun-ɗúɗɗú / gaa- | aɗuɗúk | aɗuɗɗúk | uɗɗuɗú | áámáála | alúúɲá | aɲʊ́ʊ́lá | ||
| blood | (t̪iŋ-) / aríída | arid̪ʊ | r̀ɗʊ | ariid̪u | ariid̪ʊ | (ǹd̪ɛ́ꜝríídó) / áꜝríídó | ariid̪ʊ | ʌ́ríd̪ɔ | ard̪a | ||
| blow (with mouth) | húlɛ́k! | fɪllɪ́! | fullɛ! | ufúllɛ́k | fúllɛ́! | fúlɔɔji! | (p)fúlʷaagɛ́! | ||||
| blunt | t̪aa-ʊ́ʊ́rı́ | t̪úlúnd̪ulu | t̪álá manukúrí | iimuldumuldu | eeɖiliʈilí | ásánjúguri | n-aaɛ́ | eat, dead | MU: not sharp; TL: AIA | ||
| bone | gúba | t̪úŋʊ́ɓa | kuɓa | t̪uŋuɓa | t̪iŋguba | kʊɓa | t̪ʊ́gʊ́ɓííní | kúɓʊ́ʊ́ní | kʊ́ɓʊ́ʊ́ní | MU: u, uu | |
| bones | gubúúni | kooɓá | kuɓɔɔni | kuɓʊʊní | kuba | kʊɓooní | kúɓííní | nugúɓʊ́ʊ́ní | nʊ́gʊ́ɓʊ́ʊ́ní | MU: ʊ, ʊʊ? | |
| branch | nɛɛsɔ mı́nd̪eaadı́ / kisı́nɛ mı́nd̪eaadı́, kisı́nɛ maagadı́ | ɓəlánɔsɔ́ / anɔ́sɔ́ (t̪áŋáꜝɗı́) | nɛɛsɔ maa-fá | ńzı́gáʈɛ / agaʈɛ (maafá), sɛgɛʈɛ́ | nɪaasʊ máfa | sı́lı́mı́ / ni- | tree, ear, wing; TOː wing | ||||
| breast | t̪unu / anu | t̪ʊ- / nʊgʊ | nd̪ʊ- / nʊgʊ | t̪ʊ- / a-nʊgʊ | t̪u- / u-nugu | t̪ɔ- / a-nogo | t̪ɔ́- / á-nɔ́gu | t̪ʊnugu / anɔgu | t̪- / ɑnɔgʊ | * = heart; MI, TL, TO, SA, KR, TS: *; TS: (ɑ ~ ɔ) | |
| breathe | ɛ́ɛ́laɲa | ála aɲʊ́ | áálaɲa | ɛ́ɛ́lɛ́nd̪iɲa | ɪ́ɪ́la t̪iɲá | ɪ́ɪ́lá t̪iɲá aɗɔ | wind | YE: breathe wind; TS: above | |||
| brother | irı́yɛ / n- | arı́yɛ́ / nigɛrı́yɛ́ | ar(r)é / nigiré | rɪ́ / nigirɪ́ | ɔrɛ́ / nugɔrɛ́ | ɓáláádı́im- / kʌlʌ́ʌ́nı́kim- | ɓálánı́ı́ma / kaláánı́gı́ma | * = sister; TL: ɪ or ɛ?; YE, TS: *; KR: +POSS, * | |||
| burn | ga-hı́nnɛ | t̪afı́nɛ | yi-fánɛ | afánnɛ | afáána | kifı́nnɛ | kafɛánna | maad̪a | maɗʊrɛ | ||
| child | t̪amad̪ɪ, ɓiláád̪a, / kaland̪ɪ | ɓəlá / kaɲɲá | ɓəleelá / álleela | bittá / allaala | ɓiibálá / lɛ́ɛ́lá | ɓálɛ́aat̪ / kalɛ́ | ɓı́ld̪a / kɪlyá | MU: boy, girl, PL; YE: boy | |||
| claw | mu-sɔlɔ́ŋgɔ́ maadikɔ́ɔ́i / ki- m. | t̪ʊŋ-sʊáálá d̪aawı́k / gʊ-(sʊaa ~ sʷaa ~ sɔɔ) | mu-sɔŋgɔ́rɔ́ / ku- | mu-súlaaga / ku- | mu-sɔ́láágá mund̪ʷı́i / ku- | / ʊ́ʊ́nı́ mɔ́gɔlɔ | másálɔ́ɔgá kánd̪ʊgááı́ | nail, bird; KRː leg | MI, TL: nail | ||
| clean | ɔɓɓɛ́ | agʷɔ́llá | aguulı́ | insı́lı́ | ɔɔdı́ | aɗɪ́ɪ́lá | MU: red; TS: good | ||||
| clothing | t̪- / anɗi | t̪áŋ́nɗi / ánɗi | t̪and̪i / ǹd̪i | t̪- / and̪i | t̪andi / annɗi | t̪- / ɛ́nɗi | nd- / ándi | n-d̪ʊ / a-d̪ʊʊ-nɛ́, náá-d̪ʊ | TL: AIA | ||
| cloud | ǹd̪ulûk / t̪ulûk | t̪iifúɗɔ́ | t̪adı́ı́gɔ́ | t̪imbagarak | t̪ú- / luugu | kwáálá | t̪i- / magaara | ndiigʊ | KU: rain; MI: COLL; TS: smoke | ||
| cold | elı́mɛ | t̪iɲjul | leʔmɛ́ (e, i?) | a'jjálɔ | ı́ı́jɑllɔ | ééjálɔ | allɪmmá | álı́mmi | ŋádɛ́ɛ́ɽi | KU: e or i? | |
| come | aai!, ageɗɛ!; ɔ́ɔ́nɛ | ɗɛ́ya(ŋ)!; ɗɛɛ, ɗɛya | áyú!;yiɗɛ | aayʊk!; aaɗʊk | aɗɔk; aayuk | aayu!; ɔɗɔ | ɗı́ı́ya!; aɗɛ | ɗiiyaǃ; aɗiiya | ɗı́á!; áɗia | MU: ageɗɛǃ PL; TL: AIA | |
| cook | ellaŋ-gure! | aʃaŋ-guri! | aaɗik(a)-ɛ́ɛ́ma | eenaana | oonɛ́ɛ́ma | ɔʃɔ́ɔ́ ɲáama | aɗɔ́ɔ́rɛ! | eat, food, thing | TL: AIA | ||
| count | ı́ı́nɛ́ɛ́nɛ! | inɔ́ɔ́nı́! | innɛɛnɛ(k)! | innoono | innɛɛnɛ́! | ɪ́ɪ́nɔ́ɔ́nı́! | ı́ı́náánɛ́! | TL: AIA | |||
| cut | ɛt̪t̪ɛ! | átɛ́k! | aatɛ́k! | aadek | rumɔna! | cı́ɗɔɔnɔ! | at̪t̪ɛ! | TL: AIA | |||
| dance | ı́sı́lı́ d̪ááɲa!; tááɲa n. | abəlá | aasilı́! | siili | asiilı́! | aɓála! | aɓála! | MU: n.; YE, KR: play | |||
| day ̀(24 hours) | huŋgú | fuŋu | ooró / nug(un)- | ayyá | ɪɪyá | MU, MI: PL; KR, TS: SG=PL, sun | |||||
| day(light) | ʊʊrʊ́ / nʊ́rʊ́rʊ | ʊrʊ́ | albʊ́ʊ́rni(?) | t̪a-(g)úúru | uuru | ʊʊTʊ́ | ʊrʊ́ʊ́ni | KU: ?, TL: AIA | |||
| die | at̪t̪ái | ayi | yaai | ayi | at̪t̪áyʔ | ayyi | aaya | aayá | aaɛ́ | dead | |
| dig | igiɗáána! | aɗı́! | iiɗʊ́! | igiɗo | ı́ı́ɗɔ́! | iccı́ɗɔ́ɔnɔ! | ı́ɗı́áána | TL: AIA | |||
| dirty | ajı́lʊ | jı́lɔ́ | t̪á(l)áɗiilá | aaɲɔɔrɔ | tʊ́tti; ɔlʊ́ʊ́nı́ | aŋɔrɔ́ɔ́ɓɔ́ | MI, TS: bad | ||||
| dog | eera / it̪t̪ı́ı́ni | eera / art̪ɪ́ɪ́nɪ́ | ɪɪra / t̪iini | ɪɪrá / at̪iini | (t)ɪɪrá / it̪t̪iini | t̪eerá / (ɪt̪)t̪ɪɪnɪ́ | éérá / ácɪɪnɪ | ndanɪ́ɪ́rá / nijı́ꜝt̪ɪ́ɪ́ni | ɛɛrá / nigı́t̪ı́ı́ni | SA: c ~ t | |
| drink, imp. | owɛ́ | wɛ́ | owɛ | ááwɛ | awwɛ | ɔɔɛ | awa | ʊʊwɪ | ʊʊwɛ | ||
| dry | ɔ́rɔ́mɛ | armɛ́ | romɛ | m-, g-ur(u)mɛ (tone?) | arumɛ | árúmɛ | arúmmá | árʊ́mɪ | (n-)árʊ́mɛ̂ | MI: tone? | |
| dust | ǹduɣúruk | andúk | nd̪úŋúru | u-ndúnguru / nú- | ǹd̪úŋgúru | ndiigʊ | t̪úŋgu | TL: M, KR: smoke | |||
| ear | neesɔ | nɔɔsɔ ~ nɔssɔ | nɛɛsɔ́ | nɛɛsɔ | naasɔ | nɛɛsɔ | naasɔ | nɛaasʊ | nɛɛsɔ | ||
| ears | kisínɛ | anɔ́ɔ́sɔ́ | íʃinɛ | isinɛ́ | isinɛ́ | iisɛ́nɛ́ | easana | nísinɛ | nɛ́sínɛ | ||
| earth | kuráʔ | ɓattúl | ɓɔɔɲɔ́ | buttúlúk | ɓúttúlu | ɓuʈúnɖúlú | ɓʊttúlú | naɓú; fúɗɔ́ | fuɗʷá | ashes | KU: soil |
| eat, imp. | urí | kurɪ́ | ʊʊri | ágúrri | oori | aguri | agúrí | ágʊ́rɪ | aguri | ||
| egg | ǹjúlɛ | t̪ʊ- | t̪in- | t̪unzʊlɛ | t̪inzule | t̪un- | anzɔ́lɔ́ | t̪u- | t̪u- | ||
| eggs | súlɛ | súlɛ | sulɛ | sʊlɛ | sule | sulɛ | sɔ́lɔ́ | súli | súlɛ́ | ||
| empty | ɪɪlɔhɔ́lɔ́ | armɛ́ | iffɔlɔ | musʊ́rʊ | aamusuru | ɔɔɗɔ́ŋgɔ́ɲɔ | ʌd̪ɔfɔ́ɔ́l | YE: dry; TL: M | |||
| eye | áyye | ayyɛ | ɛɛ | ɔɔyɛ | ayyɛ | ɔɔe | aaya | ɓalí-m-ɔyʊ | ayyɛ | ||
| eyes | ɲéne | nigɛ́ɛ́nɛ́ | iyyɛ | iiyɛ | iyyɛ | iyye | iiyɛ | (kalí-m-)iiyʊ | kilyá-m-íyyɛ | MU: e ~ ɪ | |
| fall | iirɛ́ɛ́nɛ | ɗúŋgɛ́(-mi) | ad̪íŋɛ̂ | aɗíŋŋɔ | ɛɗíŋgɔ | aɗíŋgɔ | aɗíŋga | has fallen | |||
| far | ɔ́ɓɓá | illur | m-, k-agóɓɓa | kuɓɓa | aguɓɓa | ı́ı́rʊ | ı́ı́rʊ | TL: AIA | |||
| fat | (t̪ı́n-) / ɔɔɓá | (t̪ánáɓa)aɓá | ɔɔɓa | ɔɔɓa | (nd̪ı́n-) / ɔɔba | (ńd̪ɔ́n-) / ɔɔɓa | ʊʊɓa | aaɓá | ɔɔɓá | *= oil; YE, MI, SA, KR, TS: * | |
| father | ábba / kɔ́ / ééma | fa(ŋ) / nugúfaa | appá; imá | iimá / nig- | pópá / kobópá | ɪ́ɪ́ma; m̀pá | ɪ́ɪ́ma; ʊmpá | MU: my, your, his father; YE: +POSS; KR, TS: my father | |||
| fear | árəɓá | ariɓá | iriɓá | ɛriɓá | árı́ɓá | áráɓá | is afraid | ||||
| feather | tı́-mándala / mandala | t̪úŋʊ́lɔ / kʊlɔ́ | t̪i-md̪ala / m̀d̪ala | t̪á-liifʊ / ká- | t̪-aalimbɔ / (k)- | ǹd-alɔnd̪ɔ / (k)- | ca- / mad̪ala | t̪i- / mad̪alla | t̪i- / náɓá | ||
| few | g-ı́t̪t̪i | asɔ́gɔ́ | ga-ditɛ́ʔlá | tittik | g-ı́ʈı́lli | ka-(ti)tı́ɲá | ŋg-áttɛ́llɪ | k-it̪t̪yɔ́; k-it̪ɔ́llı́ | small | ||
| fight v. | arɛ́ɛ́nɛ | akárə́ɓɔkǃ | ááɗı́gɔǃ | ɗigo | ɛ́ɛ́magɔrɔɓɔ | ʌ́ryʌ́ʌ́nı́ǃ | arɛ́ɛ́nɛ́ǃ | TL: AIA | |||
| finger | t̪amad̪i maa nı́ı́sʊ / kaland̪i misı́nɛ | ɓəláá-nı́ı́sʊ́ / kaɲá-nísínɛ́, kaɲa-níísʊ | lɛɛnı́ı́sʊ́ / ligisinɛ́ | ɓilı́nı́ı́sɔ / allegaɗɗɔ́ | ɓánnı́ı́sɔ́ / ligiisı́nɛ́ | nd̪iniisʊ / kalɛ́mma nisı́nɛ | ɓı́ld̪a má nd̪iniisʊ / kilyá maa nisı́nɛ | child, hand | |||
| fire | (ǹdilı́ssi) / issı́ | (t̪ən-) / assi | iʃʃı́ | issi | ı́ssi | issi / nissi, nigissı́ | aʃʃı́ | issi | issi | ||
| fish | mind- / k-iláwa | t̪an- / aara | md̪igilɛ́ɛ́gɔ́ / kilɛ́ɛ́gɔ́ | m̀d̪igilɔ́ɔ́gɔ / kilɔ́ɔ́gɔ | md̪igilɔ́ɔ́gɔ / kilɔ́ɔ́gɔ | miid̪igilɔ́ɔ́gɔ́ / kilɔ́ɔ́gɔ́ | mijigɔlɔ́ɔ́gɔ́ / kɔlɔ́ɔ́gɔ́ | mad̪ı́ı́lɔɔgʊ / kı́lɔɔgʊ | mid̪igɔlɔ́ɔ́ga / kalɔ́ɔ́ga | ||
| flow | ı́ı́sɔ | ı́ssʊ́ | ı́ı́sʊ̂ | ı́ı́sɔ́ | úufu | ʊ́ʊ́fʊ | |||||
| flower | ńd̪úlı́ / t̪úlı́ | t̪ʊ́- / dʊlɪ(ŋ) | nd̪ulik / t̪ulik | un- / d̪uli | ǹd̪uli / t̪úli | t̪ʊ́lɪ | t̪ʊ́lɪ | TL: M; KR, TS: COLL | |||
| fly v. | ámbɛ | lɛflɛ | yi-fı́ı́rı́ | afı́ı́rı̂ | afı́ı́ri | ə́ŋgala | afı́ı́rı́ | ı́ı́fi | afɪ́ | ||
| fog | ǹdakkat̪ı́yok | t̪úŋɔŋɔ́k | t̪uruuruk | d̪aadı́ı́gɔ / nad̪áádı́ı́gɔ | t̪uruuru; t̪aaʈı́ı́gó | ndiigʊ | gʊr(ʷ)aana | TL: M | |||
| food | kúrı́ | kúrı́, ama-gúrı́ | kuri | aama | kúri | kʊ́ri | (ɲaama) kuri | eat, thing | TL: AIA | ||
| foot | awa / kunɛ́ | ʊ́nnɛ́ / nʊ(ŋ)ʊnɛ́ | awwa / ʊʊnɛ | aimáwwa / nı́ꜝŋáı́múúnɛ́ | awwa gayı́ / oonɛ ganı́ꜝŋgáyı́ | awwa / ɔɔna | awwʌ́ʌ́ditti | awwa / ʊʊnɛ | TL, TOː neck | *= leg; MU, YE, MI, SA, TS: * | |
| full | ɪɪd̪ɪɪnɛ́ | adiŋinɛ́ | ziliŋɛ | ád̪iginɛ | aɓɓeyɔ́k | ád̪ı́gı́nɛ́ | ajɛgana | ad̪iginı́ | ad̪iginɛ́ | ||
| gazelle | t̪eááɓo / áɓo | kɛlɛ / nigɛ́lɛ | t̪i-girɪɪzi / a- | t̪ilimɛ / n(i)d̪ı́lı́mɛ | kúꜝsáálá / núgúꜝsáálá | t̪ɔɔfɔ́ / nigɔ́d̪ɔ́ɔ́fɔ́ | t̪ɔɔfɔ́ / nɪgɪdɔ́ɔ́fɔ́ | MI: z ~ s | |||
| give | ináá; ı́ɲáǃ | náá | náá-ɲaǃ | aná; náá-nı́ǃ | amána | amáná; ná-ŋaʔáǃ | aná; náá-niǃ | aɗáŋ; ɗáŋa-nı́ | ná; náǃ | Mu: give meǃ; Ku: give usǃ; MI: give himǃ; TO: he gives, give meǃ; SA: give himǃ; KR: give himǃ | |
| go | yɔgɔ́ǃ | sáŋaǃ | attɔ | ɲúŋŋɔ́ǃ | ŋ́gʷáǃ | TS: walk | |||||
| good | ɔ́d̪ɔrɛ / k- | ı́yyɔ́(ŋ) | (gu-m-)állú / g- | aɗɪɪlá | aɗiilá | áɗiilá | a'jjálá | aɗɪ́ɪ́lá | (n-)aɗɪ́ɪ́lá | ||
| grass | (t̪ı́n-) / aayá | (t̪əŋ-sak) / ssak | dryː (nd̪al-) / aayɔ; greenː ı́nzı́ / nɛɛsı́ | neesi | (ńd̪ɔn-) / ɔɔyɔ | tiisı́; tú | tiisı́; tú | TL: AIA | |||
| green | agɪ́r(r)ı́ | rikkı́rı́ | ageerı́ | agiiri | agɪ́ɪ́rı́; agirkı́rı́ | ajɪ́ɪ́rı́ | agɪ́ɪ́rı́ | TL: AIA | |||
| guts | t̪ɪ́ŋ-(g)ássi / kássi | t̪aŋ- / assissi | t̪iŋ-(g)issi / kissi | ammáád̪i | nı́ı́mɔ́ꜝmɛ́ɛ́dı́ / ɛɛmɛ́ɛ́dı́ | kʌ́dissi | mid̪áá-ɗı́si / ká- | TLː belly; TOː thing, belly | YE: ss ~ s ~ z | ||
| hair | (t̪ı́nau / aláu), au | (t̪i-) / ɲiɓá | (nd̪ul-) / uu | (nd̪alawu) / áwu | (ńd̪ı́n-) / au | (ǹdan-) / awó | (and̪an-) / a(w)u | (nd̪in-) / ááú | (nd̪ɪn-) / áwwá | MU: COLL | |
| hand | nı́ı́sʊ / kisı́nɛ | nissʊ / nisinɛ́ | niisʊ / iisinɛ | ai-maa-nı́ı́sɔ / niŋai-maa-gaɗɗó | niisɔ-gayı́ / iisinɛ-gayı́ | niisʊ / ı́ı́sʊnʊ | niisʊ / nı́sinɛ; kɔɗɔ́llɔ / kalɛ́mma-nı́sinɛ | niisʊ / nisı́nɛ | TOː neck | *= arm; MU, YE, MI, SA, KR, TS: *; TL: neck of arm; SA: s ~ z | |
| head | aad̪ú / niŋ(g)áád̪u | amɗú / n- | ŋud̪u / nu- | ʌʌdu / nʌ́ʌ́du | ëëd̪u / nı́ŋg- | ood̪u / núŋꜝgóód̪ú | aŋgád̪ú / náŋgad̪u | ʌ́ʌ́d̪u / nig- | aŋɑ́d̪u / n- | MU: d̪ ~ ð | |
| hear | uhuɲáǃ | finʊ́ǃ | fuɲɔ́ǃ | fʊʊɲɔ́ǃ | ufúúɲɔǃ | ɔfɔɔɲɔ́ǃ | afı́yɛǃ | ufuɲɔ́ǃ | iifiɲáǃ | ||
| heart | tuŋgurú / núúru | ɓəla-d̪únúgu / kaɲa-munúgú | t̪o- / nugu | t̪ʊ-nʊgʊ / a- | t̪u-nugu / u- | t̪ɔ-nogo / a- | t̪ɔ́-nɔ́gu / a- | t̪ʊ-nugu / a-nɔgu | t̪ʊ- / a-nɔgʊ | *= breast; KU: o ~ ʊ; MI, TL, TO, SA, KR, TS: *; TS: a ~ ɔ | |
| heavy | ı́ı́ꜝdı́ndi | am̀nɔ́gɔ | ándi | indi | ı́ntı́ | ı́ı́ndindi | at̪t̪áɓɛ́ | ||||
| hit | ɓʷáánaǃ | bâǃ | ɓɔ́ɔ́nɔǃ | ubbaana | ɓɔ́ɔ́nɔ́ǃ | ɓı́ı́nuǃ | páaǹǃ | rɔ́ɔ́naǃ | |||
| hoe v. | ı́nd̪áánɛǃ | lɛɛlɛ́ǃ | abbáánaǃ | ı́ı́ɗɔ́ǃ | aláaliǃ | asɛ́ǃ | TO: dig | ||||
| hole | ayye / ɲéne | ayyeɛ / nigɛ́ɛ́nɛ́ | ɔɔyɛ / gı́jɛ́ɛ́nɛ | ɛɛyɛ / nɛ́ɛ́yɛ, gijɛɛnɛ | ɔɔe / kijɛɛnɛ́ | ɔyyɔ / nɪ̈gʊ́ʊ́ni | ayyɛ / nigı́nnɛ | eye; TL: M | |||
| horn | t̪il-ı́ı́do / k- | nd̪i-gı́d̪ɔ / kı́ı́d̪ɔ́ | nd̪il- / iiɗʊ́ | nd̪il- / iid̪ʊ́ | t̪in- / ı́ı́d̪ɔ | t̪in- / ı́ı́d̪ɔ́ | t̪in- / ı́ı́d̪ʊ́ | t̪in- / ı́id̪ʊ | t̪in- / ı́ı́da | ||
| house | ɗi / néé- | ɗi | ɗı́ | ɗi | ɗi | ɗi | TL: AIA | ||||
| hunt | asaasaǃ | (sáŋá) gɔlɔǃ | agɔɔlɔ́ǃ | ɒɒd̪ɒrɔǃ | aɗaasaǃ | (ŋgwá) d̪aasaǃ | YE, TS: go | ||||
| husband | miid̪ɛ- | dajɔ́- | ɲurı́ | ɲɔɔrı́ / ki- | ɲorı́ / nɔgɔ- | ɲaarı́ | ɲʊrı́ | man + POSS | |||
| kill | t̪áánaǃ | ɛɛd̪áánáǃ | ɛɛd̪áánaǃ | aad̪áánaǃ | iid̪áánáǃ | (ɛ)aad̪áánaǃ | ɪɪd̪ááǹǃ | ɪɪɗáánaǃ | |||
| knee | mı́ / nɛ́ɛ́- | mmı́ / na-mı́ | m̀mi / nʊ́ŋgi | kuugi / nu-gúúgi | nigɔɔgi | kúúgɛ́ / nu-gúúgɛ́ | mmı́ / náá-mı́ | mı́ / nɔ́ɔ́- | mmı́ / náá-ꜝmı́ | TL: SG=PL | |
| knife | l-áágɔk / n- | kulɓa | fok | t̪ʊn-kʊlʊbaŋ / nɪ- | nd̪aalafala | TL: AIA; KR: R | |||||
| know | assu | mútu(ŋ) | yʊssu | asú | ússuʔ | ussu | assʊ́ | ɔ́ɔ́nı́ | ɔ́ɔ́nɛ | ||
| lake | t̪ɔ / náá-d̪ɔ | fə́lák / nʊ- | lad̪á (maa ɓiid̪i) | t̪afo | t̪umbɔlɔ́ɔ́lɔ / náád̪úmbɔlɔ́ɔ́lɔ | káɓʊ́gá / nı́gaɓʊga | t̪ɔ́ / náá-ꜝd̪ɔ́ | MU: pool; TL: AIA | |||
| laugh | eed̪ı́ı́d̪iǃ | ad̪ı́tɔ́ǃ | agijɛɛnɛ́ǃ | ı́kkı́jɛɛnɛ́ǃ | ikkijɛɛnɛ́ǃ | ɔjɔ́ɔ́nı́ǃ | iijáánɛ́ǃ | ||||
| leaf | nd̪ááru / t̪ááru | t̪u- / súlʊ | ndáárú / (t̪igi-)táárú | t̪ul- / lusúk | naasɔ / isinɛ́ | ǹɖáárú (maafá) / ʈáárú | ndáárú / táárú | ndáaru / taaru | ndandɛ́ maafa / nı́rándɛ | TL: ear; TS: wing of tree | |
| left (side) | kɔ́ɔ́lɛ | nisʊ gúl(l)ɛ́ | niisʊ maa gɔ́ɔ́lɛ́ | niiso maa gulle | niisɔ má-gúle | niisʊ má-guuli | niisʊ máá-gúúli | hand | TL: AIA | ||
| leg | awa / kunɛ́ | ʊ́nnɛ́ / nʊ(g)ʊnɛ́ | owwa / ŋʊnɛ | awwa / ʊ́ʊ́nɛ | awwa / uunɛ | awwa / oonɛ | aawa / ɔɔna | awwa / ʊ́ʊ́ni | awwa / ʊʊnɛ | foot | |
| lie (down) | úhúŋguǃ | yɔ́kǃ; fúŋʊ | úfúŋŋɔ́ǃ; ı́yyúǃ | ɔɔyʊ́kǃ | ayyuk | iyyúǃ; ɔfúŋŋɔ | ayyúǃ | ɔ́yɔǃ; ɔ́fuŋo | yyʊ́ǃ | ||
| light (not heavy) | ɛ́ɛ́ꜝlááfalak | fəlɛ́fə́lɛk | ı́ı́fálfalɛk | iibalapalak | ééɓálápʰala | ɪ́ɪ́faffi | ɪ́ɪ́fáfɛ | TL: AIA | |||
| live (somewhere) | ánd̪aanɛ | t̪ifɛ́ | agúrı́ | at̪t̪áppı́ri | äfigiɗi | áfı́ | ádá | MU: sit; MI: eat; TO: alive | |||
| live (be alive) | ánd̪aanɛ | t̪ı́ı́nʊ́ | afı́gı́ɗı́ | at̪t̪áfigiɗi, äfigiɗı́ | ɔ́d̪inɔ | ád̪ı́ná | MU: sit | ||||
| liver | lɛ́ɛ́ɲi / ki- | ɲı́ / na- | t̪iɲɛɲi / nááɲɛ́ɲi | kik / nɛ́ɛ́gı̂k | (t̪i-) / niŋgı́ | t̪ú- / nɔŋɛ́ | (ta-)nı́ɲɛ́ / naga- | ti-ɲı́ / nɔ́ɔ́- | t̪iɲı́ / nı́-d̪ı́ɲi | ||
| long | (n-)asálla / k-, n-asagák | asəgálá | iʃı́gaʔla / g-ı́ʃı́kka | átɔ́ŋgɔrɔ, aadɔ́ŋgɔ́rɔ | asagaalá | mɔ́ɔ́-, ɔ́ɔ́-tɔŋgɔrɔ / kɔ-tɔ́ŋgɔrɔ | aadúŋgɔ́rɔ | asʊráájı́ | (n-)asurɛ́ɛ́gɛ́ / kúsúrɛ, ŋussúrɛ́ | ||
| louse | t̪iŋ- / k-iɗı́ŋı́di | t̪ı́ŋı́ndı́ɗi / kɪd̪ɪɗı́ | t̪igid̪ı́gı́d̪i / kid̪ı́gı́d̪i | t̪i-gidı́kı́dik / a- | kiɗı́kiɗik | t̪iŋgid̪ı́ŋŋɛ́ / kı́d̪ı́ŋŋɛ́ | ciŋgidı́ɲı́ / kidı́ɲı́ | KR: Ar.; TL: SG=PL; TS: Ar.; | |||
| man | m-ɪɪd̪ɛ / kʸ | d̪aajɔ́ / jɔ́gɔ́ | mid̪ɛ / nigı́d̪ɛ | mid̪ɛ / nigı́d̪ɛ | miid̪ɛ / nigı́ı́d̪ɛ | miid̪ɛ / nɛgı́ı́d̪ɛ | mɪɪd̪a / nɪgɪ́ɪ́d̪a | kááú / kad̪ú | taa- / ɗɛ́ɛ́gɔ | KR: person / people | |
| many | g-ı́kki | ad̪iŋinɛ́ | g-at̪t̪u | kaffây | pı́ı́yɔ̂k | g-ááɖabbo | k-aaɓuk(k)wá | ŋgı́iji ~ njı́iji | k-ı́ı́gi | big | |
| meat | (t̪-) / k-úɗa | (t̪-) / ooɗá | (nd̪-) / uuɗá | ʊʊɗá | (t̪-) / ʊʊɗá | (t̪-) / ʊʊɗá́ | t̪ɔɔda / ɔda | ʊ́ʊ́ɗa | ʊ́ʊ́ɗa | ||
| moon, month | t̪árɛ / kɛd̪aráánɛ | t̪ɛrɛ́ / kɛrɛ́ɛ́nɛ́ | t̪árɛ́ | t̪ɛrɛ́ / kɛd̪ɛrɛɛnɛ | t̪ärɛ́ | t̪ɛrɛ́ / nagad̪ɛ́rɛ, nagad̪ɛrɛɛnɛ́ | t̪ará | t̪ári / naad̪ári | t̪arɛ / nid̪árɛ | ||
| mother | ééya / nóóha / nı́ı́ma | ndee- / nigı́nde- | áyya; niimɔ́ | niimɔ́ / nigiimɔ́ | niimɔ́ / niginiimɔ́ | nı́ı́mʊ | nı́ı́má | MU: my / your / his mother; YE: +POSS | |||
| mountain, hill | ɲa / náá- | mea / kayanɪ́ | ɲa / nááɲá | ɲɲa / nááɲâ | ɲɲa / nááɲâ | aɲa / nááɲá | mɛ / náámɛ́ | ɗɪááma / naa-; ɓ- / ɔrɔɔrɔ | miɲa / nid̪ı́miɲa, nı́gı́kiɲa | TL: village | |
| mouth | nı́ı́nɔ / niináádi | niinʊ / namnáád̪ı́ | niinɔ / nitti | niinɔ / niginı́ı́nɔ | niinɔ / niginı́ı́nɔ | niinɔ / náá-, nɛ́ɛ́-nı́ı́nɔ | niinʊ / naginı́ı́nʊ | niinɔ / munɔ́ɔ́d̪i | niina / nim̀naad̪i | ||
| nail | m-isilɔ́ŋgɔ / k- | t̪ʊŋ-sʷáálá / kaɲá gʊ- (sʷaa ~ sɔɔ) | mu-ʃɔŋgɔ́rɔ́ / ku- | mu-sɔŋgɔ́rɔ́ / ku- | mu-súlaaga / ku- | mu-sɔ́láágá / ku- | ma-ʃɔ́ŋgɔrɔ / ka- | mudúú-yúúyu / ku-; mɔjɔ́ɔ́-ɗɔ́llɔ / kɔ- | ma-sálɔ́ɔgá / ka-, nı́-má- | claw; YEː child; KRː hand | |
| name | ɛrɛ / nɛ́ŋgɛ́rɛ | ɛrɛ / kɛrɛ́ɛ́nɛ́ | ɛɛrɛ / nigirɛɛmɛ | ɛɛrɛ / nigirɛɛnɛ | ɛɛrɛ / nigirɛɛnɛ | ɛɛrɛ / nɪgɛrɛɛnɛ́ | (ɛ)áárá / nɛgɛ́ráána | yaari / nigı́ɲaari | ɛɛrɛ | ||
| narrow | abɪrɪ́ɪk | at̪uɗı́ı́gı́ | titɛ́ʔlá | e'jjı́rı́ | aɓɪrɪ́ɪ́jɪ́ | it̪t̪ɔ́llı́ | TSː small | MI: small | |||
| near | ɛ́t̪t̪ɛ́ | agart̪ɛ | máá-gát̪t̪ɛ | kat̪t̪e | agaʈʈɛ | áfii-gat̪t̪ɪ | áfɛ́ɛ́-gat̪t̪ɛ | TL: AIA | |||
| neck | aı́ / niŋgái | tiŋir / kidiŋir | ii / nı́ŋgı́ı́ | ayi / náŋgáyı́ | tiŋgiri / nı́ı́ŋgı́ri | äyi / nä(ŋ)gäyı́ | áyyı́ / náŋgáꜝyyı́ | ááı́ / nigái | (ı́)yyɛ́ / nááyɛ́ | ||
| new | ɛ́ɛ́si / k- | mat̪t̪ı́k | ɓattı́ni (?) | ɔ́ɔ́diji | aadı́gı́ | KU, MI, TL, TO: Ar. | |||||
| night | (n-)ɔɔsɔ́k | t̪áɗúmɓɔ | albɔ́ɔ́sı́ni | t̪a-ɔ́ɔ́sɔk | aasɔ | ɔɔsɔ / nug- | waaʃı́nni | ɔɔsɛ́ki; ɔɔsɔ́-jɪɪji | ɔɔsʊ́nni | ||
| nose | ɔ́ŋgɔ́rɔk / n- | ɓ- / arwɔk | mɔɔrɔ / níŋgɔrɔ | úmb- / nugúŋg-ɔrɔk | ámb- / nigáŋg-árɔk | ḿbarɔ / nʊgʊ́mbárɔ | ɓ- / nag-ɔŋgɔ́rɔ | amʊ́ʊ́ni / nɪgámʊʊni | a-mʊ́ʊ́nɛ / nɛgá- | sg. nostril; YE: *; MI: * | |
| old (not new) | magʊha | mára | maa-ɓilli | allí | allí | MI: Ar.; TL: AIA | |||||
| old (not young) | ɓ-ʊ́kke / k- | ɓɔkkɛ́ / ku-; d̪-adfí / k- | taru / n-ándáru, kad- | kudunduru | aaɖaarɔ | t̪i-jíífí / kíífí | t̪i-gɛ́ɛ́fí / kɛɛfí | YE: woman: ɓɔkkɛ́ / ku-; man: d̪-adfí / k-; TL: PL, AIA | |||
| person / people | kɔ́yɔ́ / kád̪ʊ | kɔ̌ / kád̪úgú | m̀d̪i / kud̪u | ká / kadu | ámiɗi / kád̪u | ɛmiɗi / kadu | ámúɗi / kád̪ú | kááú / kád̪ú | kɔ́ / kád̪ú | ||
| play v. | ɪsánnaǃ; sánna | abəlá | yi-ɓala | ka-ɓala | aɓala | aɓalaǃ | aɓálaǃ; balá | aɓálaǃ | * = dance; MU: n.; YE: *; TL: M; KR: n. *; TS: * | ||
| pull | sínaʔǃ; ɛ́ɛ́sikǃ | asíkǃ | aazíkǃ | íssinɔ | issinɔ́ǃ | ɔ́ɔʃɪǃ | ʌ́ʌ́ziǃ | ||||
| push | (w)uráánaǃ | kúr(r)ɔ́ǃ | kurɔ́ɔ́nɔǃ | ugúrɔɔnɔ | kúrɔ́ɔ́nɔǃ | kúrɔɔnɔǃ | kʊ́rʷɒɒnɒǃ | ||||
| rain | mmɪ́ | ammɪ́ | t̪iifúɗɔ́ | t̪ífúdɔ | t̪ambaɗɔ | t̪ímɓiɗɔ | ca(ŋ)fɔɗɔ | nni | nni | cloud, sky | |
| red | ɔɓɓɛ́ | abbɛ́ | (m-)oɓɓé / g- | abbɪ | óóde | oʈʈɔ́yɔ́ | ʌtɔ́yɔ́ | ʌ́yɔɔni | asííri | ||
| right (side) | t̪aad̪ana | niisʊ gúrí | niisʊ maa gúrí | niiso maa duwaana | niisɔ maa gúrí | niisʊ má gʊrɪ | niisʊ máá gúri | hand, eat | TL: AIA | ||
| river | kəríʔ / niriŋgə́ríʔ | kirí / nigírí | kiri / nɛ́ɛ́gíri | kiri; ri / náárí | ɔt̪t̪ɔ / nɔɔd̪ɔ | rɪ́ / náá- | rí / náá-ꜝrí | TL: kiri AIA; ri / náárí M | |||
| road | hiiní / kihííni | fíní / ni- | fiini / ná-fííni | fiini / náá- | fííní / nɛ́ɛ́- | fííní / naga-; ɗaa-fííní / na-ɗáá-fiini | fúúni / naa- | pfúúni / nu-fúúni | |||
| root | ɓár(r)ɛ / ɛ́r(r)ɛ | t̪ʊgumɓɛ́rɛ́ / ɛ́ɛ́rɛ́ | ɓarrɛ́ / árrɛ́ | ɓárrɛ / áárɛ́ | ɓɛ́ɛ́rɛ / ɛ́ɛ́rɛ | ɓ- / ɛrɛ́ɛ́rɛ | ɓə-ráára / a- | ɓ- / árri | ɓárrɛ / ni- | TL: vein, vagina | |
| rope | ǹd̪- / óórik | t̪- / áárík | árruk / naarúk | ruk; ru / nááru | rrú / náárú | rʊ | rʊ́ / náá-rʊ | nd̪- / ɔɔrɛ | MI: ruk AIA; ru / nááru M | ||
| rotten | aaɗááɗí; ɔ́ɲɔ́rɔk, aɲɔrɔk | aɲɔrɔk | aáɲɔ́rɔk | ɔ́ssɔ́li | (á)káɽu | MU: aaɗááɗí (fruit, meat), ɔ́ɲɔ́rɔk (wood) | |||||
| rough | ɪ́ɪ́rɔŋgɔrɔk | sʊ́ʊ́ásʊʊa | íígúŋɔ; íígásʊŋʊsɔ | ɔ́kkɔyɔkɔyɔ | ɪ́ɪ́gʊŋgʊ | akkuɲá | |||||
| round | aɗugúllú | ɗuguulu | ɗuguulú | aɗuguulú | ɔɗugulú | aɗɗúá jááná | aɗugú gwáána | ||||
| rub | ooyɔ́ǃ | t̪ʊd̪ɔ́d̪ɔ́ǃ | aʃʃɔɔnʊ́gʊ́d̪ɛ́ǃ; sígíd̪ɛǃ | uyyu | ɓɑnɑɑnɔ́gɔ́ǃ | issʊ | árɔ́ʔi | ||||
| salt | t̪ɪ́ŋɪ́ɗa | kaɗál | t̪iŋadala | t̪aŋaɗala | t̪ɛ́ŋéd̪ala | t̪imalá | t̪imɛlá | TL: AIA | |||
| sand | (ǹd̪ɔmúk) / t̪ɔmúk | sɛsɛk | nd̪omogú | nd̪amagú | nd̪aamoogʊ́ | nd̪amogú | nd̪ámɔgú | t̪isiŋááɲí | t̪isiŋɛ́ɛ́ŋɛ́ | ||
| say | íkkiǃ | kiǃ | akkiǃ | ákki | ikkiǃ | lɛ | ɪ́ccɪǃ | akinɪɪnɪǃ | |||
| scratch | muróónoǃ | gwaaraǃ; kɔrkɔ́d̪ɔ́ǃ | aagúrtɛk; azúgúrɛǃ | aagɔrdɛk | agɔraanaǃ; agɔ́rdɛǃ | aguraanaǃ | agurá | ||||
| see | id̪ínaǃ; kand̪áú | iid̪ʊ ~ ind̪ʊǃ; t̪iinʊ | ɗiyeɓuǃ | ɗííyɛǃ; aji | ijɔ́ɔ́gɔ | iirɔ́ɔ́nɔ́ǃ | máláǃ | ássalaǃ | siɲjáǃ | MU: kand̪áú 1PL | |
| seed | t̪i- / malóa | t̪u-múlóá / mulóá | t̪i- / mɔɔla | / állɪɪla maa nááfá | t̪índ̪ayɔk / t̪ayɔk | ńd̪ɔɔyɔ / t̪ɔɔyɔ | ca- / mʊgɔla | t̪i- / mɔ́gɔ́lɔ | t̪in-, t̪a-d̪in-iigí / íígi | YE: o ~ ʊ; MI: children of trees | |
| sew | eɗɔɔlaanaǃ | ɗʊ́laǃ | arɗáánaǃ | ɛ́rɗaana | ís(s)ɔɔgɔǃ | uufɔɔgɔǃ | aɗalaanaǃ | TL: M | |||
| sharp | ʊ́ʊ́rí | arɓígí | manukúrí | anakuri | anúkúri | ánákúri | nanákúri | eat | TL: AIA | ||
| short | ad̪d̪id̪íri | at̪id̪írí | adʊŋɔ́ | aduŋo | ɔɔʈugu-ʈugu | ad̪id̪íírí | (n-)ad̪iɗíírí / ŋ-it̪t̪íɗí | ||||
| sing | uwɛʔǃ | awɪ́ǃ | uuweǃ | uuwed̪ɔ́ɔ́su | uwɔd̪ɔ́ɔ́suǃ | uuwíǃ | úúwɛ́ǃ | ||||
| sister | íɲɛ / n- | aríyɛ́ / nigɛríyɛ́ (*) | ɲɛ́ / nigi- | (ɲ)ɲɛ́ / nigi-ɲɛ́ | iɲɛ́ / nig- | ɓáláádíim- / kʌlʌ́ʌ́níkim- | ɓáláánííma / kaláánígíma (*) | * = brother; KR: + POSS, *; TS: * | |||
| sit | ɓɪ́gɪ́ɓuǃ; ánd̪aanɛ | mɔ́kǃ; mɔg-mɪ́ | mmíǃ; yimmí | mmíkǃ; mik | ammik | ammíǃ; ammi | ammíǃ; ammi | ɔ́miǃ; ánná...kúɓú | ámîǃ; ami; ɛ́ɗáánɛ | ||
| skin | (nd-) / á-ídɛ | dʊʊɔ / adʊ́ʊ́ɔ́ní | (t̪imi-duŋa) / m̀tʊŋa | (nd̪i-) / a-giid̪ɛ | t̪ɔ / ád̪ɔɔne | ɔt̪t̪ɔ́ / ɔd̪ɛɛnɛ́ | t̪ɔ́ɔ́nɔ / ɔd̪ɔ́ɔ́nɔ | t̪ʊ / ʊd̪ʊʊní | t̪ʊ / náá-d̪ʊ | ||
| sky | (nd̪ullúk) / t̪ullúk | ɗɔmsal | ɗɔɔmɛ | ɗɔ d̪ífúɗɔ; t̪ífúɗɔ | t̪ambaɗɔ | t̪ímɓiɗɔ | ɗáámásálá | másála | MI ashes, rain | TL, TO: rain; TS: above (ɗɔ́ɔ́-) | |
| sleep | ááríd̪ɛ | arkid̪ɛ | yaard̪ɛ | ííríd̪ɛ | íriid̪ɛ | íírígíd̪ɛ́ | áárígíd̪a | ɪ́rɪjí | ɪɪrigíd̪ɛ | he is asleep | |
| small | m-, n-ít̪t̪i / k-, n-íd̪íd̪i | asɔ́gɔ́ | (ʃi)ʃiʔɲá / gííɗáɗɗa | titɛ́ʔlá | aadíttik | (m-)iʈílli / k-iʈííɖi | mi-t(t)it(t)íɲá / ki- | atálli / ŋgííyɛlli | (m-)ɛttyɔ́; ma-ɗisɛ́ɛ́llɛ / kí-ɗísɛ | few | |
| smell v. | úɗɗu | ánɗu | úɗɗu | úɗɗú | úɗɗu | ɒ́ɒ́ɗu | |||||
| smoke n. | (ńd̪iyɔk) / t̪iyɔk | tííkʊ́ | tiigɔ | (n-) / tiigu(k) | ndiigʊ | ńʈiigo | (ándiigɔ) / tiigɔ | ndiigʊ | ndiigʊ | KR: dust; TS: cloud | |
| smooth | ɪ́ɪ́ssassɛrɛk | kilikílík | kugulí | ɔ́ɔ́gɔ́lɔɓa-kɔlɔɓa | ɪɪrijiriji | ʊ́ʊ́ɲʊ́gʊ́lí | |||||
| snake | ɲi / náá-, nɛ́ɛ́-, ɲɛ́ɛ́- | mamáálák / ni- | nni / náá-ni | ni / nɛ́ɛ́- | ínní / nóóní | nni / nɔ́oni | nni / náá-ni | TL: M | |||
| speak | ɔlɔnɔǃ | íɓá (sani)ǃ | gi-d̪ímáága | ɛɛmaǃ | aama | ɛɛma | ɛáámá | ɛ́ɛ́ma; ájááma | ad̪ɛ́ɛ́maǃ | TL: AIA | |
| spear | kánda / ɔ́lɔ́ɔ́nɛ; ɓɔ́ɔ́la / kɪ- | báálá / nu- | kanɖá / maganɖá | gándá / nágándá | kanʈʰá / maganʈʰá | t̪iŋ-gándá / ni- | kándá / nigándá | MU: (d ~ ɖ); bɔ́ɔ́la / kɪ- (shaft); TL: M | |||
| spit | ɓáánaǃ | ɓɔɔk fɔ́kǃ | pt̪ûǃ | agij-ɑ́ɑ́lɑɑga | uppu-báálaaga-jɔ́ | ɓíŋalɛkǃ; alaga | bɛ́ɛ́naǃ | TL: throw saliva; KR: alaga (saliva) | |||
| split | tímání guɓoǃ | afɛ́rɛ́d̪ɔ́ǃ | ɗusúnɔǃ | apparana-kubo | ɔɗusúnááná kuɓu | súnú kúɓúǃ | araɓááni kaɓʊ́ǃ; sʊ́ŋááꜝní-gáɓú | TL: AIA, atte (chop) | |||
| squeeze | t̪ərîkǃ | at̪irɛ́d̪ɔǃ | aad̪íríkǃ | ad̪íríǃ | ayaanaǃ; umunɔɔnɔ gwaana | ɛɛnaǃ | |||||
| stab | hɔ́naǃ | tɔ́(g)ɔ́d̪ɔǃ; fʊ́ǃ | fʊ́ʊ́nɔǃ | ɓoono | fɔ́ɔ́nɔǃ | ɔ́ɔduǃ | (p)fáŋiǃ | YE: fʊ́ǃ (shoot); TL: ɓoono (shoot), AIA | |||
| stand | abɛ́ | abíyɛ́ | yiɗigiɗɔ | ɗiŋɛ́ | afííɗɔ | ɛɛɗiŋɛ́; at̪t̪i-fikíɖɔ | adíɲɛ́; fyáágɔɗɔǃ | ɔ́ɓú; fíǃ | áɓʊ́ŋɛ́ɛ | ||
| star | t̪í- / míd̪ik | t̪əmádíŋik / adiŋík | t̪i- / mid̪iŋɛ | t̪i- / mid̪igik | t̪im- / mad̪agɛk | t̪i- / mid̪igí | ca- / mad̪ígí | t̪i- / mɛd̪ijí | t̪i- / mid̪igi | ||
| stick | ɓ-ala / ke- | arík / n- | arík / nɛ́ɛ́gə́rík | tok; tɔ / nɔ́ɔ́- | kʊ́ʊ́fí / nʊgʊ́ʊ́fí | kʊʊfɪ / náágʊʊfɪ | kʊʊfi / nʊ́gʊ́ʊ́fi | TL: tok AIA; tɔ / nɔ́ɔ́- M | |||
| stone | m-úsei / k- | mi-síník / gu- | miʃi / níígíʃi | misik / nɛ́ɛ́gísik | misik / náá- | misi / nɛ́ɛ́gisi | miʃi / kiʃi, náágísi | n-isi / k-; m-isi | mi-zigi / ka- | KR: m-isi (R) | |
| straight | wɪ́rrɪ́k | kúkúrik | aadɔ́ŋgɔ́rɔ | ɔʈʈɔʈɔ́ | ɔrtɔŋ gwáán | t̪ɔŋ-gɔ́ɔ́ná | MI: long | ||||
| suck | oɓóǃ | ɓoáǃ | aɓɓúǃ | ʊ́ɓɓʊǃ | oɓɓíǃ | aɓúǃ | ɔɔnɛ́ǃ | ||||
| sun | t̪énéa | ayá | nd̪alaaya | nd̪alaya | nd̪inaaya | ǹd̪anaaya | and̪anáyá | ayyá | ɪɪyá | * = day | |
| swell (swollen) | úŋgu | awɔ́ní(ŋ) | afúúrú | ufúúrú | úwú | awu | awu | ||||
| tail | ndɛɗík / t̪ɛɗík | íídík / nig- | tú / nɒ́ɒ́- | iid̪í / niŋgid̪i | iid̪i / níŋg- | t̪iid̪í / nɪgí- | tú / náá- | ííd̪í / nijíꜝt̪ʊ́ʊ́ni | iid̪í / nigit̪ááni | ||
| take | kúdɪkǃ | mʊ́ǃ; ɪyáǃ | lláǃ; nnaǃ | amáána | amáána, ɗógáǃ | aláǃ; ɗágwáǃ | ɪlláǃ; ɗúgwaǃ | lááǃ; ɗáǃ | t. from me; t. by yourself | ||
| thick | ʊ́ʊ́ɗʊnɗʊ | aguɗɛ́rɛ́ | asissík | adittik; ɛssissi | áʈáɓɓu | aɓɔrɔ́ŋɔ́; ɔ́ttɯdɯ | n-attíɽá | TL: AIA, M; TO: big | |||
| thin | ʊsissík | ʊ́rrɪ́ | titɛ́ʔlá | orri | ééɗáɗɗá | ʊ́ʊ́rʊ́ʊ́rí | n-ʊ́rʊ́ʊ́rí | MI: small; TL: AIA | |||
| thing | ɔ́ɔ́ma / ɛɛma | núm(m)á / ama | níímɔ / ɛɛma | níímɔ / aama | níímɔ́ / ɛɛma | ɲááma / ? | ɲááma / ɛɛma | animal | MU, YE: ? | ||
| tie | imeɗáánaǃ | mʊ́ɗɛǃ | fuɗáánaǃ | miɗaana | miɗáánaǃ | máɗaanaǃ | máɗɛ́-kabʊ́ | TL: AIA | |||
| tongue | ëëdɔ / niŋgɔ́ɔ́dɔ | t̪aŋʊɗɔ / anɗɔ́ɔ́nɛ́ | ŋɔɗɔ / ní- | (ŋ)ŋáɗɔ / nagáŋgáɗɔ | áŋgáɗuk / ni- | ŋ́gɔɗɔ / nugúŋgɔ́ɗɔ | a-ŋgɔ́ɗɔ / nɔ-, (n)agʊ- | cɔɔɗɔ / níjɔɔɗɔ | t̪ɔŋɔɗɔ́ / nid̪ɔ́ŋɔɗɔ́ | ||
| tooth | t̪íŋíni | t̪ɪŋɪnɪ | nd̪iŋiní | t̪í- | t̪- | t̪íŋ-gini | cíɲ(g)ini | t̪ɪn-jɪnɪ | t̪i-giní | ||
| teeth | ííni | kɪɪnɪ | ŋiini | ŋíni | iŋŋini | ii- | ágini | ɪ- | níd̪í- | ||
| tree | nde-aadí | t̪aŋaɗí | ffa | ffa | ffa | affá | fa | ffa | ffa | ||
| trees | k- | kaaɗí | fáád̪ánɛ | nááfa | nááfa | nnááfa | afáád̪ana | náfat̪ani | nááfa | ||
| turn, imp. | húꜝɗáǃ | afad̪ákǃ | aafálɛ́ | ɛɛlɛ | aafɛ́llɛ́ǃ | áffáǃ | asála karrɛ́ǃ | ||||
| vomit, imp. | ɔ́hɔǃ; ho | afááníǃ | ɔɔfɔ́ǃ | ɔɔfɔ ~ ɛ̈ɛ̈fɔ | ɔɔfɔ́ǃ | ɔ́ɔ́fɔǃ; ndɔ́ɔ́fɔ | ɔ́ɔ́fɔǃ | MU, KR: n. | |||
| walk | úŋgaanɛ | wáánɪ | yú-wáánɛ | wáánɛǃ | úúweene | ʊ́ŋgɛ́ɛ́nɛ | aguŋgwáná | t̪-aŋgwaani | ŋgʷá! | KR: R, TS: go | |
| warm | elálá | ŋúɗáni | aguɗáána | ííyuyyuk | aguɗáána | álaala | ŋ-áláála | ||||
| wash, imp. | ewáánaǃ | awáánɪ́ǃ | agut̪unɛ́ǃ, iyɔ́ɔ́nɔ | awaana | ɔgáánáǃ | awwáan(a)ǃ | ʊ́wáánaǃ | MI: hands, clothes; TL: AIA | |||
| water | ɓííd̪í | ɓiid̪i | ɓeeʃi | ɓiid̪i | ɓiid̪i | ɓiid̪i | ɓííjí | ɓiid̪i | ɓiigi | SA: j ~ d̪ | |
| wet | ɪ́ɪ́la | ifík | máá ɓiid̪i | aaɓiid̪i | aɓiid̪i | ɪ́ɪ́fɪ | (n-)ɪ́ɪ́fɪ́ | *= of water; MI, TL, TO: *; TL: AIA | |||
| what? | mina | məná | m̀na | -mna | minna | minna | mɔ́na | náán(á) | minna | ||
| when? | ááda | ád̪a | áád̪a | kijeed̪a | áád̪a | áád̪a | áád̪a | TL: AIA | |||
| where? | kaagá | gidíyɛ́ | kɪ́á | kiya | kíga | kâ | kádííyá | TL: AIA | |||
| white | ahííru | abrá | aaɓassá | aabassa | aabassa | ááɓássa | ááɓássa | afíírʊ́ | afíírá | ||
| who? | bid̪á | ndá | m̀d̪á | m̀d̪á; md̪aaní | m̀d̪a | mad̪a | mad̪a | ǹdá | nd̪á | ||
| wide | aduháála | afláŋá | aɖabbʊ | áʈáɓɓu | afaláŋŋá | íígi | MI, TO, TS: big | ||||
| wife | néá | nimɪ́yá / aya | yuugi / iyɛ | yɔɔgi / nií- | akká / iiya | nímɛ́ / kád̪ú ɲga niyɛ | yaagɪɪ / ɪɪya | *= woman + POSS; MU, YE, TO, KR: * ; MI, TS: PL * | |||
| wind | t̪iɲá | aɲʊ́ | t̪iɲa | t̪íɲa | ɲa | t̪íɲa | t̪iɲá | t̪iɲá | TL: AIA | ||
| wing | mɪ́-sawa / kɪ- | nd̪ugurt̪ɔ́k / kurt̪ɔ́k | nzɛgɛdɛ / agadɛ | nzagadek / agadek | ǹsɛgaʈɛ / agaʈɛ ~ ɛgɛʈɛ | ndandi / tandi | tandɛ / nírândɛ | ||||
| wipe | imbíǃ | ad̪iyʊǃ | ayugúǃ; agíyɔ́ɔ́nɔ | ígíyɔ́ɔ́nɔ | ɛgiyɔ́ɔ́nɔ́ǃ | sɔ́ɔnɔǃ | agiyánaǃ | ||||
| woman | n- / éá | nimɪ́yá / aya | liɲá / iyya | lɪɲá / iya | kká / iiya | akká / iiya | lɛ́mɛ / ííya | kááú maa nímmɛ́ / kád̪ú ŋgaa niiyɛ | nímíɲa / ɪɪya | ||
| woods | t̪íllɛ / adilɛ́ɛ́nɛ | ndílɛ́-ŋáád̪í | t̪íílɛ́ | d̪ííle / náá- | ʈʰíílɛ / ná- | tíili | ndíílɛɛɓʊ́ | YE tree | TL: d̪ ~ d, M; KR (R: ʈ) | ||
| work, imp. | ɪd̪aa gɔ́ɲáǃ | ad̪oáǃ | agɔ́ləjʊǃ | aaliŋo | ɛɛlíŋgɔ́ǃ | ɔd̪ɔ́ɔ́-mɔd̪ɔ | ad̪á-mádɔǃ | MU: do work; TL: AIA | |||
| worm | t̪ɪŋ(g)- / aɗinɔ | t̪aŋ- / aɗinɔ | t̪áá-díínʊ / á- | a-ɗiinɔ / d̪aa- | nd̪- / áɗiinɔ | c- / aɗɪaanʊ | mɪdááɗɪɪnɔ / adɪ́ɪ́nɔ́ | TL: M | |||
| wrong | t̪aa-d̪ígí | aɗwállá | kaa-mɔ́ɔ́rɛk | t̪ááláɗiila | ɔɔrɔ́ɔ́bɔ | aŋɔrɔ́ɔ́ɓɔ | MU: not right; TO: not good; KR, TS: bad | ||||
| year | t̪isÉ | yÉgÉ / ki- | uurnu; arúúnE / nag- | arúúnú / nag- | fáli / naa- | fálE / ni- | MI: Ar.; TL: AIA, M | ||||
| one | kɔ́ttɔk | tʊʊl | ŋɔ́ttɔ́ | ŋɔttɔk | ŋ́ŋattɔk | úŋ!gɔ́ʈʈɔ́ | ŋgɛttɔ́ | ɪ́ŋwa | íŋínɔ́ɔ́nɔ | ||
| two | kaará | áríya | (nd̪)ɛ́ɛ́rá | ɛ́ɛ́ra | ɛ́ɛ́ra | ɛ́ɛ́ra | ɛ́ɛ́rɛ́ | yáárɪ́a, ɲáári | ɛ́ɛ́rya | ||
| three | t̪ɔ́ɔ́na | ɗɔ́ɔ́ná | eɛɗɔ́ɔ́na | aad̪oona (aia) | eeɖɔ́ɔ́na | ɛaaɗɔ́ɔ́ná | yɔ́ɔ́ɗɔɔnɔ | ɔ́ɔ́ɗɔɔna | TL: AIA | ||
| four | kíísu | gíssʊ | iigíísʊ | iigiiso (aia) | éégíísɔ | iigíísʊ | yɪ́ɪ́jiisʊ | ɛ́ɛ́gissa | TL: AIA | ||
| five | t̪úmmu | dúmmʊ́ | iid̪úmmu | uud̪ummu | eed̪úmmú | iid̪úmmú | arɔ́ɔ́diniisʊ | niisʊ | KRː hand | TL: AIA; TS: hand | |
| six | rɔ́ssa | dúmáɲíŋgʊ | ad̪ʊmɗɪɔ́ɔ́na | and̪anaanago | eed̪úmmú (ɔɔ)funú-ŋgɔ́ʈʈɔ́ | attɪkɪ́dɪ́ ɲʊ́ŋgwa | niisʊ (yáŋ)íŋínɔ́ɔ́nɔ | TL: AIA | |||
| seven | kɔ́rdáta | ɗɔrká | iigíísʊ adʊkkʌʌd̪ʊ | attimisso | eed̪úmmu (ɔ́ɔ́)fun(uk)ɛ́ɛ́ra | attɪkɪ́dɪ́ ɲáár | niisʊ yáŋ(g)ɛ́ɛ́rya | TL: AIA | |||
| eight | áttá | abbʷá | agís-gíísʊ | t̪iŋt̪ist̪a | eed̪úmmú | attɪkɪ́dɪ́ ɲɔ́ɔ́ɗɔɔn | niisʊ yåŋ(g)ɔ́ɗɔ́ɔ́na | TL: AIA | |||
| nine | kɔ́rdɔ́ɓá | t̪aɲuŋgwɛ́ | t̪ʊm̀gíísʊ | uud̪umu t̪ist̪a | eed̪úmmú ɔ́ɔ́-fúnígíísɔ | attɪkídí ɲííjiis | niisʊ yáŋɛ́ɛ́gissa; nisínɛ kɛ́ɛ́gissa | TL: AIA | |||
| ten | t̪ɔ́ɓɓá | amɗɛ́ɛ́gá | ɛɛláána | iilaana | eed̪úmmú aníísínɛ́ | arwɒɒdɪnísínɛ | arɔɔdi niisʊ; (ya)anísínɛ | TL: AIA | |||
| twenty | t̪ɛaaɗí | ad̪aŋaaɗí | aagad̪úluguulú | akku maa miɗi | arwɒ́ɒ́dinísínɛ (cíí)jáágʊ́ʊ́nɪ | nisínɛ ŋattɛɛryʊ; nisínɛ́ ŋgɛ́ɛ́rꜝyá | TL: AIA; TO: Ar. | ||||
| hundred | t̪eaaɗi t̪ed̪úmmu | nigukku maamɗi giid̪ummu | (kad̪u) njɔ́jiisʊ | YE, MI, TO, TS: Ar.; TL: AIA | |||||||
| 1SG | aʔa | áʔa | aʔa | áʔa | aʔa | aʔa | áʔa | aʔa | aʔa | ||
| 2SG | oʔo | ʊ́ʔʊ | ɔʔɔ | ɔ́ʔɔ | oʔo | ɔʔo | ɔ́ʔɔ | ʊʔʊ | ʊʔʊ | ||
| 3SG.M | iʔi | íʔi | iʔi | iʔi | íʔi | ɪʔɪ | |||||
| 3SG.F | agu | aagu | ɔ́ɔ́gɔk | oogok | ɔ́ɔ́gɔ | aagu | aagu | ||||
| 1PL.IN | aŋá | aŋŋa | ŋ́ŋa | anga | aŋa | áŋŋá | aŋŋá | ||||
| 1PL.EX | aŋʊ́ | ɔŋŋɔ | ŋ́ŋɔ | oŋo | uŋɔ | ʌyyi | ɔ́ɔ́ú | aayʊ́ | |||
| 2PL | aga | aaga | aagak | aagak | aaga | aaga | aaga | ||||
| 3PL | agi | iigi | ɛɛgɛk | eegek | ɛɛgɛ | aaya | aai |
The following comparative word list of Kadu languages is from Stevenson & Blench (n.d.):
Glosses are sometimes listed multiple times to reflect different cognate sets for the same gloss.
| Gloss | Tulishi | Kamdang | Keiga | Demik | Kanga | Abu Sinun | Chiroro | Miri | Kadugli | Katcha | Krongo Abdullah | Tumma | Krongo | Fama | Kurondi |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| all | nyɛmuk | dok | ɪndɪli | t̪úllì | |||||||||||
| all | pil | nyɛ'dɛ | |||||||||||||
| armpit | ʈɛn-ɛ́ɖɔ / Ø- | ʈin-yááʈù | |||||||||||||
| arrow | kɪn-sína / Ø- | sulɛ / naa- | |||||||||||||
| arrow | kɛsɛ'dugala | buwala | buwala | bɔ́ɔ́lɔ̀ / ni- | |||||||||||
| arrow | tisi | ||||||||||||||
| ashes | fu’dwä / no | u’dö | fu’do | fudo | fudo | fu’do | fɔdo | fudo / no- | |||||||
| ashes | nɖɔ́ɔ́lɔ̀ pl. ʈɔ́ɔ́lɔ̀ | ||||||||||||||
| axe | k-ambu / ki- | kambuk / niŋgambuk | alfai / nig- | sikundo(k) | kambu | kunu / nugunu | kafa / naagafa | ʈíŋ-gafà / ní- | |||||||
| axe | su-kɔnɖro / o- | ndwara | |||||||||||||
| baboon | k-ooi / ki- | öyu / ki- | uyu / nuŋg- | uyuk | kwuyu | k-ɔiyu / nig- | k-ooyo / nog- | óóyù / nig- | uyu | ||||||
| back | ’dai / ki- | ’dorɛ / ki- | ’dɔlɛrɛ / kin- | ’dugwarɛ / na- | ’dugwarɛ / náá | dɔ́rɔɔrî / ni- | dóoróorí / nò- | ||||||||
| bad | adhruko | adhruko | aɖɔrɔkɔ | -orob | orobo | ||||||||||
| bamboo | ʈu-muro / Ø- | ʈam-mɛro / Ø- | ʈín-dhalà / Ø- | ||||||||||||
| bark (tree) | ndhi-fɛk / Ø- | míɖigɔʈɔ̀ / kɔtɔ̀ | |||||||||||||
| bark (tree) | tafu | ndofu, tofu | |||||||||||||
| bat | ’b-alɛʈɛ́ / Ø- | ’b-alɛʈɛ́ / Ø- | dhillî / ni-,ne- | ||||||||||||
| bean(s) | ma’dik / ʈi- | madik | madik | ʈi-ma’di / Ø- | ʈi-máádhî / Ø- | madi | |||||||||
| beard | kɪnzɛlɛbu / kalabu | bɔrɔrŋgɔ / ki- | nyiba ʈabok | ||||||||||||
| beard | musa ma nino | timmusa | ʈumusá mɔ bɔrɔŋɛ | bɔrɔŋɔ̂ | |||||||||||
| bee | ʈiŋuɖe / kuɖe | ʈuŋguɖek / kuɖek | tuŋgwudhe | tuŋgwudhe | tiŋudhe / kudhe | ʈuŋguɖe / kuɖe | ʈuŋgwuɖî / kwuɖî | kudhua | |||||||
| beer | ali | ŋali | kali | ŋaali / na- | ŋáálì | ||||||||||
| belly | kaaɖi' / kiaaɖi' | aadhi / niŋg- | adhi / nigidhi | adhi | adhi(k) | aiji | adhi | adhi | aiɖi / naŋgaɖi | aji | aiji | ááɖì / nigáɖì | aidhi | adhi | |
| big | abulɔŋɔ | abalɔŋ | abokɛ | abokwɛ | -adhilo | ààdàbbù | |||||||||
| big | -atagbo | adagbo, atagbo | -adagbo | -iji | ijumu | -ijimwa | |||||||||
| big | -ifi | -ifi | |||||||||||||
| bird | midh-ɛkɔi / al | thawɛk / awɛk | thawik / awik | twa | |||||||||||
| bird | laɖɔ(y)i / kɔyi | ʈaawɪ́k / aawɪ́k | ndoi | andhwe / awuye | ndoi | ndei / ei | ndwe / we | ndɔyé / weyi | ndugwáí / waí | ndugwai / wai | |||||
| bird | ndwi / wi | nduye / uye | kɔ́lɔ / ní | kolo / nigalo | |||||||||||
| bitter / sour | a’deri | ||||||||||||||
| bitter / sour | a’dolo | ||||||||||||||
| black | a’duk | a’duk | -ududu,dudu | u’du’du | u’du’du | -u’du’du | |||||||||
| black | amodik | -amandik | |||||||||||||
| black | aloiny | olunyu | -olunya | ||||||||||||
| blood | káríɖa’ | aridha | aridho | iridhu(k) | oridho, ɛridho | ɛridhó | ɛridhó | ariɖo (sg. baŋg-) | iridho | ɛridho | ɔ́riɖò sg. c- | ɔridho | |||
| blood[2] | oba | ||||||||||||||
| body | k-ɔná’ / ki- | ɔna | wana / anɖini | ɔná | ɔna | òonó / nig(w)- | |||||||||
| bone | kuɓâ’ / kuɓónì’ | ku’ba / ku’boni | thoŋu’ba / ku’ba | kubok | cigoboni / kuboni | thɔŋgoba / kuboni | thɔŋo’bá / ku’boní | ku’ba / ku’boni / naagu’ba | kubini | cigubini / kubini | kubóónì / no- | kuboni / nu- | koboni | ||
| bow (n.) | kɛsɛ'dugula | kwuyuyu | kwuyuyu | ʈabarapará / parabará | kúsurendî / no- | jariga | |||||||||
| bowels | löɖösi / kösi | ʈaŋ-asisi / Ø- | kisík | ema m-aɖi | mɔjóo-ɖìsì / kó- | ||||||||||
| bowels | am aiɖi | ||||||||||||||
| boy | lamadi / kalelanɖi | ʈamaɖi / kalanɖi | ’b ́la / kanyaŋ | bi-ledha(k) / ki- | bela / lele | biʈa / alala | bibala / lɛla | bilyadha / ilyadho | bilyáátà / kália | bileda adego | |||||
| boy | keleŋgin | ||||||||||||||
| breast (f.) | kun-tunu / Ø-tunu; kano / kiano | tho-no / a- | tho-nogo / Ø- | dhu-nugu / u- | tho-nogo / a- | tho-nogo / a- | tho-nogo / a- | ʈo-nogo / a- | thu-nogo / u- | tho-nogo / a- | ʈo-nogò / a- | tha-nogo / a- | thó-nugwu / a- | ||
| brother | riniriöze | irie / ninye | arie / niŋg- | rɪ / nigire | Ø-rɪ́ / no- | bɔlɔɖímɔ̀ / címɔ̀ | |||||||||
| buffalo | maɖakanɛ / ki- | aburɔŋɛ / nig- | li / nää- | lì / náálì | |||||||||||
| bull | k-ɔndola’ / ki- | kɔ’-dola / nɔ’- | m-iɖɛ / nig- | afo kamidhe | fio namidhe | kɔrra / nɔgɔrra | k-ɔdda / nɔg- | m-èèɖì / c- | fiyo midhe | ||||||
| butter | fuuti | camadhi | |||||||||||||
| buttocks | kaɖufa / ʈɪŋ- | ’bilik / ilik | ʈ-umbu / Ø-,naɖ- | n-ɖúúfà / à- | |||||||||||
| cat | k-ɔsɛ / ki- | kadis | kadis | mbisà / ni- | |||||||||||
| cat | muɖure / nu- | buɖörɛ | mdhiri | mudhiri | muɖure / aɖurene | muɖure / na- | mu-ɖurì / ku | mudhure | |||||||
| charcoal | ʈɪŋgi-yâ / ki- | ʈiŋg-iyak / ki- | ʈiŋ-iak / k- | kujak | kujak | ʈiŋ-íàk / k- | ʈiŋg-ia / k- | ʈinjííà / cííà | kiya | ||||||
| chest | ro | ro / naro | rɔ / narɔ | ’rɔ(k) | rɔ | rɔ / na- | rɔ / naa- | rɔ | rɔ̀ / nigɔrɔ́ɔ̀nì | ro | |||||
| chief or king | ki-ɔra’ / ni- | igwara | igwara | wara / nogo | ogwaara / nog- | igwara | ì-gwààrà / nijí | ugwara | |||||||
| chief or king | sak / na- | sigak / na- | |||||||||||||
| child | bila / kanya | bibala / lala | bilyááʈà / kália | bileda | |||||||||||
| chin | kin-zɛlɛbu / nɛ- | bɔrɔŋgɔ / ki- | ʈabok | ’bɔrɔŋgɛ / na- | |||||||||||
| claw, fingernail | ʈule / kale | mi-silɔŋgɔ / ki- | thoŋo-swala / ko- | mu-sulaga / ku- | ku-sulaaga | mu-solaga / ku- | |||||||||
| claw, fingernail | mishiŋiro | mishuŋgwiro | midhinyalo | ||||||||||||
| claw, fingernail | moɖo-yóyò / kwo- | ||||||||||||||
| cloth | ʈ-anɖi / k- | ʈ-andhe / Ø- | ʈaŋ-andhe / Ø- | thandi | thandi | ʈ-ɛnɖi- / Ø- | thandi | nɖ-andhì / Ø- | thandi | ||||||
| cloud[3] | ʈɪŋgo-tiyɔ / ko- | ʈimbagarak | ʈì-magáárà / Ø- | thì-mɔgár / Ø- | |||||||||||
| cloud | thulluk / ku- | ʈullúgú / naa- | |||||||||||||
| cloud | tifudo(k) | tifilo | ʈɪ-llɪpi / kɪ- | cìn-; fɔdɔ / najin- | |||||||||||
| cow | piɔ’ / kɛfɔ’ | hiɔ / ɛhɔ | fio / afo | sho | fio | fiɔ / ɔfɔ | fiɔ / ɛfɔ | fyà / yààfìì | fiyɔ | ||||||
| dog[4] | kaɖi’ | itheni | artheni | itheni | ɪceni | atheni | itheni | (i)ʈeni | atheni | nìgìʈènì | nigitheni | ||||
| dog | kerâ’ | era | era | era | era | era | therá | ʈera | era | nɖanèrà | ndhanera | iraa | |||
| donkey | ʈɔya / ni- | ki-sinɛ / nigi- | sillikiro | kisine | ki-sinɛ / nigi- | ki-sinɛ / nigi- | |||||||||
| donkey | ʈimb-asanì / Ø- | bethane | |||||||||||||
| dove | lamaamrɛ / ka- | timdiri | tiglikiri | nɖ-alambo / Ø- | ʈi-madhíírì / Ø- | nigilokodo | |||||||||
| drum | pampa / kii- | pampa / ki- | fofoŋ / ni- | famfa | amva | amba / nig- | amba / kab-, nagab- | f-àmbà / Ø- | |||||||
| drum | nugara (< Arabic) | ||||||||||||||
| dry (a.) | arumɛ | arumɛ | -arumɛ | ||||||||||||
| dung | ʈinjɔ | oɖo | ʈan-oso / Ø- | kúsò | |||||||||||
| dust | kura | andhuk | ndhuŋguru | fudhò / no- | |||||||||||
| ear | nɛsɔ’ / niz ́nɛ’ | nɛzɔ / kizinɛ | na-sɔ / a- | nɛzo(k) / izinɛk | nɛzɔ / izɪnɛ | nɛzɔ / izɪnɛ | nɛzɔ / izinɛ | nazɔ / izinɛ | nɛsɔ / isɪnɛ | nezo / ezenimu | nasɔ / izino | nìàsù / nísinì | niázɔ / nisini | neso / nɛsɛna | |
| earth | kuraagaa | ʈúŋgurá / kurá | kuraga | kuraga | kɔrɔŋɔ / ni- | ||||||||||
| egg | kunzule’ / sule’ | njullɛ / sullɛ | thusule / sule | uzule | zulle / nugu- | ʈunzule / sule | tunzulɛ / sulɛ | tunzulɛ / sulɛ | thunzule / sule | ʈusúlì / (o)súlì | thusuli / suli | sulaa | |||
| eight | atha | ofunn-iɖɔna | atithona | ||||||||||||
| eight | ɔ’ba | ||||||||||||||
| eight | ugizizu | utumgizu | |||||||||||||
| eight | atemiso | ||||||||||||||
| elbow | ladugura / nii- | mi-thɔrɔ / ki- | ndh-uara / ath- | midugorok | midugorok | muthɔgɔrɔk | ma-thɔŋgɔɔrɔ / ki- | midu gworo | kɔthigɔ́ɔ́rɔ̀ / ni- | kurigoru | |||||
| elephant | mɔŋɔ́’ / ki- | mɔŋgɔ / ki- | muwo / nu- | mizok | muŋwo | mɔŋɔ / ki- | mɔŋɔ / na-, kɔ- | miŋwà / amiŋwààni | miŋo | ||||||
| empty | -ɔdhɔfɔ́ɔ̀lɔ̀ | ||||||||||||||
| enclosure (=zariba) | ɓ-aara / k- | b-aarak / aya- | b-aarɔk / Ø- | b-aarɔk / Ø- | |||||||||||
| enclosure (=zariba) | bújòòrì | ||||||||||||||
| excrement, shit | oɖo | ʈundh-oso / Ø- | nɖon-oɖo / Ø- | òòɖò | |||||||||||
| eye | koye’ / kiyanɛ’ | ai / iye | aye / nigɛnɛ | iye(k) / iue(k) | ayɛ / iye | eyɛ / iye | aye / iye | ɔe / iye | a'ia / iyi | ɔe / iye | báli m-ɔyyò | ɔyɔ / iy ́ | eye / iye | ||
| fat (n.) | tɪŋgɔ∫â / kɔɓâ’ | aba | obomefo (=butter) | ɔba | oba / ndhol- | ɔba / indhil- | ɔba / indhin- | ɔba / nɖare- | oba | ààbà | aba | ||||
| 'my father'[5] | apa | apa | a-fa / nugu- | fafa | fafa / naga- | apa | aba,pupá | pupa / ku- | fafa | fafa | mbapà | mpà ́ | |||
| 'your father' | kɔ | yo | auwo | ||||||||||||
| 'his father' | ema | iima | éémà / nac- | ima | |||||||||||
| fire | kisi’ | isi | así | isi | ishi | ɪsi | isi | isi | ɪsi | ɪsi | isì / nig- | isi | isi | ||
| fish | ʈɪŋgɪlowa’ / kalowa’ | ndhilowa / kilowa | thin-ara / Ø- | ||||||||||||
| fish | indigologo | midhigilogok | miji-kilɔgɔ / Ø- | midhi(gi)-logok / ki- | midhi-logo / ki- | mɪɖɪgɪ-logo / ki- | mijigi-lɔgo / ki- | miɖíí-lóògò / cíí- | midhi-lɔgo / ci- | kiloga | |||||
| fly (n.) | ʈɪŋga-'sa’ / ka- | thin-asa / Ø- | andhal-asa / Ø- | indhal-asa / Ø- | andhin-asa / Ø- | nɖan-asa / Ø- | ndhin-ása / Ø- | nɖin-áásà / Ø- | ndhin-ása / Ø- | ||||||
| foot | kowà’ / kunɛ’ | auwa / konɛ́ | Ø-onɛ / nog- | uwɔ gi danik | owa / owonɛ | owa / onɛ | owá / onɛ | auwá / onɛ | owá / onɛ | auwa | auwa / ona | àwwà / óónì | auwa / oni | auwa | |
| give | anyâ | nya | na | anokolo 'I gave' | nani | (a)’daŋga / ag- | ɖáŋà / a- | nana 'I gave' | |||||||
| good | -adela | -adela | -aɖela | adela | adɛ́lə | adila | |||||||||
| good | alo | ||||||||||||||
| good | iyoŋ | ||||||||||||||
| grass | ʈɪŋg-aaya / k- | andhal- / aya | indhal- / ayɔ | indhan- / ayɔ | nɖan- / ayɔ | ciŋg- / aya | |||||||||
| grass | ʈù / noo- | tru / nudu | |||||||||||||
| grass | thingisek | ||||||||||||||
| ground | bathul | butulu | búthulu | búthulu | fuda | fuda | |||||||||
| hair | kau | ||||||||||||||
| hair | thin- / au | uwɔk | andhal- / auwa | indhal- / au | indhan- / au | nɖan- / aú | au | ciŋg- / aú | nɖin- / áú | ndan- / au | auwa | ||||
| hair | thi- / nyiba | ||||||||||||||
| hand | Ø-nízò / iki- | nizo / kizinɛ | niso / nisinɛ | nizu / izini | nizo / izinɛ | nizo / izinɛ | nizo / izinɛ | niso / isinɛ | nizu / izinu | nizo / izino | nísò / nísinì | nizɔ / nisini | nisa / nisini | ||
| head | koɖu / kiɛɖu | adhu / niŋg- | amdho / n- | ŋudhu | ŋödhu / naga- | ödhu | ödhu | oɖu / naŋgaɖu | ŋgadhu | óóɖù / nig- | ɔdhu | udhu | |||
| heart | tho-no / a- | bilatho-nogo / kanya- | ɖunugu | thonogo | dhunugu | ʈunugu | ʈonogo | ʈonogò | thonogo | thúnugu | |||||
| horn | ndhili-dhɔ / ki- | ndhigi-dho / ki- | ndhili-dho / i- | indhili-dho / i- | indhini-dho / i- | ʈɪniɖo / iɖo | ʈin-ííɖù / Ø- | idho | |||||||
| I, me | a, ɪŋa | a | a’a | a’a | a’a | a’a | a’a | a’a | a’a | a’a | á’à | a’a | a’a | ||
| kill | aɖa | ɛdha | iɖa / ag- | ídà / ag- | idan | ||||||||||
| kill | pa | ba | |||||||||||||
| knee | ki-mee / na- | mi / na- | mi / nɛ- | mi | ʊmɛ / nug- | kogi / no- | kugɛ / nu- | kuge / nuguge | mi | mi / na- | mì / noo | mi | mi | ||
| leaf | kin-ʈaro / Ø- | thu-suloŋ / Ø- | ndaro | and-aro / nagat- | indarɔ / tarɔ | nɖarɔ / tarɔ | ndaro / taro | nɖááru / ʈáárù | ndaru / taru | ||||||
| leaf | tende | ||||||||||||||
| liver | lenyi / ki- | nyi / na- | ʈonogɛ | ʈinyì / ni- | |||||||||||
| long | -asalla | -asagala | -atɔŋgɔrɔ | -atɔŋgɔrɔ; -izigala | -asigala | -aʈɔŋgɔrɔ | asɔraij | ||||||||
| louse | thiŋi-dhe’de / ki- | kiɖikiɖik | |||||||||||||
| louse | lɪŋɛ / naga- | ||||||||||||||
| man (male) | bi-the / ki- | mi-dhɛ / ki- | tho-jo / Ø- | mi-dhek / nigi- | midhɛ | mi-dhɛ / nigi- | mi-dhɛ / nigi- | mi-dɛ / nigi- | medha | arijì / n- | ca-dego / Ø- | ||||
| many | -iki | adhene; adhigane | (k)atofai | (k)arragbo | (k)aɖagbo | ||||||||||
| meat | tu’-da’ / ku’- | ndhoda / koda | th-o’da / Ø- | odha | th-o’da / Ø- | th-oda / Ø- | o’da | ʈ-o’da / Ø- | thoda | nɖ-óóɖà / Ø- | ndh-oda / Ø- | dhoda | |||
| moon | ʈarɛ | tharɛ / kitharanɛ | therɛ / kirɛnɛ | tharɛk | tharɛ | tharɛ / kadharɛnɛ | thɛrɛ́ | ʈarɛ / na- | ʈàrì / nì- | thari | thara | ||||
| mountain | nya | nya / ayanɛ | mia / kayanɛ | ɪma / naɪma | nya / na- | nya / na- | nya / naa- | dhami | diaámà / ni- | ’diaama | minyagwana (?) | ||||
| mouth | nina / niina | nina / -dhi | nina / namnadhɛ | ninu | nino / nigi- | nino | nino | nino | nino | nino | níínò | nino | nina | ||
| name | ɛrɛ / nigirɛnɛ | ɛrɛ / nigirɛnɛ | ɛrɛ / nigirɛnɛ | ɛrɛ / nigirɛnɛ | ɛrɛ / nɪgɪrɛnɛ | yáárì / nigin- | yari | ||||||||
| neck | ai / niŋg- | ai / niŋgei- | ai | ai / nigeye | ai / nɪg- | ayi / naŋg- | ayi | áí / nìgéì | ai | ŋe | |||||
| neck | lerai | iyik | |||||||||||||
| new | (mi)bitinyo | mibitiŋo | mobɪʈɪŋɔ | -amothuni | -amumitini | ||||||||||
| night | ɔsɔk / nɔsɔsɔk | koso | bosoni | ɔsinɛ | ɔsɔ | ɔsɔ | ɔsɔ / nɔg- | ɔ́ɔ́sɔ̀ / nig- | ɔsɔ | usuni | |||||
| nose | bɔŋ-gɔrɔ / kaŋ- | bɔŋ-gɔrɔ / kaŋ- | b-arwɔk / Ø- | mɔrɔk | mɔrɔ | mɔŋɔrɔ / nɔgɔŋɔrɔ | ɔmbɔrɔk / nɔgɔŋgɔrɔk | ámbɔrɔk | mbɔrɔ / nɔgɔŋgɔrɔ | boŋgoro | bɔŋgɔrɔ | amʷɔ́ɔ́nì | amoni | mona | |
| one | ŋgʷɔʈɔ | kɔtɔk | tol | ŋɔtɔ | ŋɔtɔ | ŋatɔ | iŋɔtɔk | uŋɔtɔ(k) | ŋgɔʈɔ́ | ŋɔtɔ | nyuŋwa | nyuŋwa | iginono | ||
| other | ka(yodo) | kinodo | kɔnɔ | ||||||||||||
| rain (n.) | kime | me | amɛ | tifudɔ | cifɔ’dɔ | thifɔdɔ | thɔmbɔdɔ | tɪmpɪɖɔ | cimfɔdɔ | n(n)ì | oiyɔni | -ore | |||
| red | obɛ | -abe, apɛ | -obi,-odi | ote | -agbɛ | -otɛ | -oʈɛ | eyoni | oiyoni | -ore | |||||
| road | funɪ’ / nee- | Ø-hini / ki- | Ø-fini / ne- | fini | fini / no- | fini / nɛ- | fini / ne- | fini | fini / na- | fúúni / noo | funi / nɔ- | ||||
| root | thuŋ’b-arɛ / Ø- | bare | b-arɛrɛ / Ø- | bárirì | |||||||||||
| sand | ndhumuk | thinyamuk | kwaraga | ndhamugo | ndhamogo | ndhamogu | nɖamogo | ʈi-siŋàànyì / a- | ndamugwu | ||||||
| sand | thi-sɛsɛk / Ø- | ||||||||||||||
| seed | thi-mulua / Ø- | baŋindhiliye; ledhimiye | ɪndh-eyuk / th- | ʈayɔk | ʈɔyɔ / na- | ʈi-mɔgɔ́lɔ̀ / Ø- | |||||||||
| sit | ɪmbi | imik | (a)mik | amik | am(m)i / ag- | ɔ́mi / ɔ́- | omi | umi | |||||||
| sit | arukwá | ||||||||||||||
| skin | timil odho | thidhɛ | tho(go) | ona | furugo mana | tho / nadho | tho | ʈ-o’da / Ø- | thoda | ʈò, ʈinɖò | thɔ | oda | |||
| small | asogo | -isinya | -ititila | -atitik | -ɪʈiʈi | ŋwutu | atɛlli | ||||||||
| small | isoso | jiu | itiny | -itemwa | |||||||||||
| smoke | tiyo | tikoŋ | tigo | ntigo | nɖigo | tigo | nɖíígò / no- | ndigo | |||||||
| snake | nya / na- | mamalak / ni- | nyi | ni / nö- | ni / ne- | ni / no- | nnì / nóónì | nɪ | ni | ||||||
| star | ʈɪ-mɪɖe / Ø- | thi-midhik / Ø- | thum-adɛgɛk / Ø- | thi-mdhiŋi | thɪ-mɪdhɪkɛ / Ø- | thimidhigɛ | ʈɪ-mɪɖɪgi / Ø- | ʈɪ-mɪɖɪji / Ø- | thɪ-mɪdhɪji / Ø- | madhigi | |||||
| stone | miŋowi | mu-sei / gu- | thim-sɛnik / ku- | mizi | misɪk / nagisɪk | mi-si / nagi- | mi-si / negi- | mí-sì / kí- | mi-si / ki- | kisigi | |||||
| stone | tafa | tafa | |||||||||||||
| sun | ʈɪgɪnya’ | thinea | aya | ’ndhinaia | indhilaia | ɪndhalaya | indhinaia | nɖanaya | ayyâ / n- | aya | |||||
| tail | kiɖi’ / kiiɖi’ | idhik / niŋg | idhi / nig- | idhi | Ø-iɖi / nig- | Ø-íídi / nij- | idhi | ||||||||
| tail | Ø-ʈiɖi / nigi | ||||||||||||||
| the bush | tille | til-eŋ / kindi- | thile | thile / no- | thíílì / no- | ||||||||||
| thin | orri | -e’da’da; =-ɪʈɔʈɔ́ | |||||||||||||
| thin | |||||||||||||||
| this | na | ye | ya | ya | |||||||||||
| this | mɔ | mɔ | mɔ | ||||||||||||
| this | ye | ya | nɔ | ||||||||||||
| thou | o; ɪŋo | ɔ | o’o | o’o | u’u | ɔ’ɔ | ɔ’ɔ | ɔ’ɔ | u’u | ú’ù | o’o | u’u | |||
| three | -ɛɖɔna | thɔna | thɔna | ɛdhɔna | idhɔna | ɛdhɔna | ɛdhɔna | ɔdhɔna | iɖɔna | idhɔna | nyodhon | nyɔdhɔn | odhona | ||
| to bear child | -ɛnɛ | -anɛ | ɛnɛ / ag- | aaní / ag- | |||||||||||
| to beat | -ubana | ubbaana | ubana / ag- | ||||||||||||
| to beat | rúa / a- | arondi | |||||||||||||
| to bite | a’dɔnâ | kidono (vi) | kidono (vi) | ki’dono (vi) | |||||||||||
| to bite | -dhodhu | kidi (vt) | kidi (vt) | ki’di (vt) | ɔ́kidì / ag- | ||||||||||
| to blow | fulle / ago- | fullɛ / ago- | fúllì / o- | ||||||||||||
| to break (bowl) | ayoɖí | olana | ɔla(na) / ag- | ɔlɔ̀ / ɔg- | |||||||||||
| to break (stick) | nobuɖé | ’bo | bo | buna | buna | buna | ’boná / aga- | banà / a- | abana | ||||||
| to breathe | ala nya / ag- | íŋwɔ́ɔ̀nà / áj- | |||||||||||||
| to bring | ’dea | ayani | ayani | ayu | díà a / á- | di | |||||||||
| to build | ärubwäna’ | -arabono | urubono | orubo(no) / ag- | órubò / oj- | ||||||||||
| to burn | -ahinnɛ | -afinɛ | afaana | afɪnnɛ | |||||||||||
| to burn | ogu’dana | ogudaana | ágwudò | ágwudáánà | |||||||||||
| to buy / sell | ánâ’ | anoga | ’na | ana | ana | ana | ɔnɔ̀ / ɔ- | ònó | ano | ||||||
| to call | munä | alga- | muni / ago- | omúnò / aj- | |||||||||||
| to come | ide’ | -i’de | dia | ande | adɛ,-idɛ | anudo | ida(k) | -iɖo | díà / á- | -(a)di | dia | ||||
| to come (imp.) | ayu(k) | ayuk | ayu | ayu | iyə | ||||||||||
| to cook | iji | uzo | taforo | isho / ag- | osió / o- | naw’... gisi | |||||||||
| to cough | ɔlɔ | aɖɔlɔ / ag- | ɔlɔ̀ / ɔ- | ||||||||||||
| to count | inoni | inono | ɪnnɛnɛ / ag- | ínonì / ɔj- | |||||||||||
| to cover | okothu / ag- | áthì / ag- | |||||||||||||
| to cry out, shout | athɛ | atharthar | ba | uzumu | edek | athɛ / ag- | áthì / ag- | ata | |||||||
| to defecate | oɖo | óóɖò / ág- | |||||||||||||
| to die | a(y)í | aia | ai | ay | ayi,eyi / ag- | ááyà / ag- | -ay- | ||||||||
| to dig | a’dönö | ii’do / ag- | ídò / aj- | ||||||||||||
| to drink[6] | we | wɛ | awɛ | wɛ | ɔwɛ, awɛ | awe | |||||||||
| to drink | aga- | anau | ag- | agw- | |||||||||||
| to drink (imp.) | oi | ooi | oi | ɔɛ | ó(y)ì | oi | |||||||||
| to eat (v.i.) | ori | kwuri / agagwuri | owuri | agwuri | agwuri | ogwuri | agwuri / a- | áúgwúrì | augwuri | agwuri | |||||
| to go | saŋa / aga- | -ja | -jɔ | yáú / ajáú | yau | ||||||||||
| to go | kolo | kɔlɔ | |||||||||||||
| to go (imp.) | ŋgwa'nɛ’ | ŋgwani | awani | wani | wani | ŋgwa | |||||||||
| I went | anafi | anafi | |||||||||||||
| to hear | ofunyo | finuk | ofunyɔ | (a)finyo | (o)funyo | (o)funyɔ / ag- | funyò / o- | funyɔ | aŋgafinya | ||||||
| to know | osʷoŋe | aso | ussu | osso / ag- | ósò / og- | ||||||||||
| to know | ɔ́ɔ́ni / ag- | ||||||||||||||
| to say | olala’ | thimaga | ɛma | ama | iki / ag- | íci / aj- | ama / aj- | adhoiama | |||||||
| to see | idho / ag- | die | dii | ajo(go) / ag- | urúnà / ag- | idhina | |||||||||
| to sleep | yú | arkhidhɛ | aridhɛ | ɛridhɛ | ɛrɛgɪɖɛ / ag- | erikíɖì / ag- | irigidhe | ||||||||
| to stand | a’dɪŋɛ | obúnyì / ag- | |||||||||||||
| to stand | oto | ||||||||||||||
| tongue | k-a’ɗu’ / ki- | cɔ́ɔ́ɖɔ̀ / ni- | cɔdɔ / nijɔdɔ | ||||||||||||
| tongue | ɔdɔ | thɔŋɔ’dɔ / a’dɔnɛ | oŋodhok | ŋɔdɔ / na- | ŋgɔdɔ / nagɔ- | aŋgado | ŋgaɖɔ | oŋgodho | ŋgɔdɔ / na- | thaŋado | |||||
| tooth | tɪŋɪnɪ’ / kɪnɪ’ | thiŋini / ini | thigini / kini | ’ndhiŋini / inik | ciŋeni / ŋeni | th-ɪŋɪni / Ø- | tiŋini | ʈɪŋgɪni / ɪgini | ciŋini / agini | ʈinjinì / ijinì | tiŋgeni / igeni | t-igini / Ø- | |||
| tree | kinsaɗí / kaɗí | thiŋa’di / ka’di | |||||||||||||
| tree | fa / na- | fa | fa / na- | fa / na- | fa | fa / na- | fa / na- | fà / nafaʈànì | fa / afathání | nifadhuna | |||||
| two | -ɛrâ’ | ara | arijaŋ | ɛra | ɛra | ɛra | ɛra | ɛra | ɛra | ɛra | nyari | nyari | era | ||
| warm / hot | -uŋu’danɛ | agudaana | agɔ’daana | oudaana | agu’daana | ||||||||||
| warm / hot | -ilala | alala | |||||||||||||
| water | bíɖi’ | bidhi | bidhi | beji | beshi | biji | bidhi | bidhi | biɖi / na- | biji | ʈim-bììɖì / Ø- | bidhi | bidhi | ||
| we (exclusive) | unze | ɔŋo | ’ŋo | uŋo | uŋo | ɔŋɔ | óù | agʷu | o'o | ||||||
| we (inclusive) | anze | aŋa | aŋa | aŋa | aŋa | áŋà | |||||||||
| wet[7] | mu beji | mubidhi | -anya’dɔ | -efi | -ifi | ||||||||||
| what? | məná | mna | mná | minná | minná | ||||||||||
| what? | mini ŋɔ́ | ||||||||||||||
| white | -ahíra | apura | -afiuru | -ofiuru | -ifíra | ||||||||||
| white | abasa | -abasa | -abasa | -abasa | |||||||||||
| white | -ijeni | ||||||||||||||
| who? | mdha, mdá | mda | mda (gɛ) | mdɛ (gɛ) | |||||||||||
| who? | madá, miɖi ŋɔ | ||||||||||||||
| woman | nɪn-ya / ki- | ne-a / iy- | nimia / aya | linya | linya | lima / eya | lɪnyá / iya | linya / eya | niminya / keleŋgaya | ||||||
| woman | kau | ka / naga | ka / ŋiya | kaó / eya | káú ma nìmìà | kumo | |||||||||
| you sg., ye | ŋaga | aka | aga | aga | aga | aga | aga | aga | ága | aga | aga |