Appendix:Amdang word list

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The following comparative word list of Amdang dialects is from Wolf (2010: 69-74).[1] The dialects of the Kouchane, Sounta, Yaouada, and Tere villages are documented.

Note: French glosses are directly from the original source. English glosses, not in the source, are translations in progress.

Metadata

Village Township Speaker Date recorded Coordinates
Kouchane Mimi Goz Ousmane Barak (male) 9 November 2004 N 14° 38.866', E 020° 51.200'
Sounta Mimi Goz Hassan Baikai (male) 2 December 2004 N 14° 44.098', E 020° 53.704'
Yaouada Mimi Hadjer Yasine Haroun (male) 7 December 2004 N 14° 39.767', E 021° 08.177'
Tere Mimi Hadjer 8 December 2004 N 14° 49.578', E 021° 17.459'

List

No. English gloss French gloss Kouchane Sounta Yaouada Tere
1 mouth bouche sɪˈmi sɪˈme, semɪŋ sɪˈmi, sɪˈmiŋ sɪmɨ, sɪmiŋ
2 eye œil ni niː, kʊɲe niː, kʊndʒi ni, kʰuɲi
3 head tête do doː, koˈjɛ doː, kujɛ doː, kʰujɛ
4 hair cheveux gili geˈlɛ gɪlɨ sisɛ
5 teeth (pl) dents (pl) kɑlkɑ dɑlkɑ, kɑlkɑ dɑlkɑ, kɑlkɑ kɑlkɑ, dɑlˈkɑ
6 nose nez gʊrnɑ gʊrnɑ gʊrnɑ, gʊrnɑŋ gʊrnɑ, gʊrˈnɑŋ
7 ear oreille dili, kiliŋgɛ dɪli, kiliŋɛ dili, kilɪŋɛ dili, kʰilɪŋɣə
8 neck cou kɔrɔm kɔrɔm kʰɔˈrɔm kʰɔˈrɔm
9 breast sein nɑnkɑ, kɑnkɑ nɑŋkɑ nɑŋˈkɑ nɑŋˈkʰɑ
10 arm (whole) bras (l'entier) nɑŋ, kɑɲɪŋ nɑŋ, kɑɲɪŋ nɑŋ, kɑɲɛ nɑŋ, kɑnjɛ
11 leg (whole) jambe (l'entier) sɔgɔl, sɔgɔlɛ sɔxɔl, sɔxɔlɛ sɔxɔlɛ, sɔˈxɔl sɔɣɔl, sɔɣɔlɛ
12 buttocks fesse doko, dokʊŋ doko dokʰo dokʰo
13 belly ventre doː, koto do, kotʊ doː, kʰʊtʰo do, kotʰo
14 blood sang tʃoː tʃoː tʃou tʃou
15 skin peau kuː sɑrː sɔr, sɑr kʰu
16 man homme dɛdi kɔdi, kɑdɨŋgɛ kɔʈ, kɑdiŋə kʰɑrdɪŋə, kʰɔrdi dɨdɪ, dɨdɪgɪŋ, kʰɔrdɪ, kʰɑrdɪŋə
17 woman femme ɑmdeiɑ, ɑmdeiɑŋ, bɛdi, bɛdɪŋ jɑː, jɑŋ jɑː, jɑŋ ʔɑmdɑjɑ, ʔɑmdɑjɑŋ
18 child enfant kɔçɔ, kɑçɑ kɔtʃɔ, kɑtʃɑ kɑtʃɑ, kɑtʃɑbiː kʰɔçɔ
19 name nom tʃuluk tʃolʊk tʃølʊkʰ
20 sun soleil dul dʊl dʊl dʊl
21 moon lune dʊwɑl doˈwɑl dowɑl doˈwɑl
22 night nuit lolo noəˈlo lʊlo lolo
23 wind vent dɑˈwut dɑwʊtʰ dowutʰ dɑwut
24 earth (general, see 102) terre (général, v. 102) duː dou duː du
25 water eau sunu sunu sʊnu sʊnu
26 fire feu woɔt wot̚ wʊtʰ wʊt
27 tree arbre sɔŋ sɔŋ̃ sɔŋ sɔŋ
28 bird oiseau diːjɛ dijɛ dijo dɪjo
29 dog chien kut kʊt̚, kujɛ kʰutʰ, kʰujɛ kʰʊt, kʰujə
30 elephant éléphant ɔŋgɔr fil ˈnɑmɑr fil
31 goat (sheep) chèvre (et mouton) dewo dewʊ, kʰɛi kʰøi, dowu deou, kʰøi
32 cow vache juː jou, tʃuː tʃuː, juː
33 hen poule kuˈri kuˈri kʰʊˈri kʰuˈri
34 snake serpent nʊm nʊm nʊŋ nʊm
35 fish poisson hut hut hutʰ sɑmɑkʰ
36 come venir zɑjɛ zɑjɛ zɑjɛ tɑjo
37 go partir zo zo zoː doː
38 eat manger zɑm zɑm zɑm dɑm
39 drink boire zɑbɑt zɑbɑt zɑbɑtʰ dɑbɑt
40 give birth donner naissance çəːrʊ tʃorʊ dʒəru tʃorou
41 die mourir wɑjɔ wɑijə wɑjo wɑijo
42 kill tuer foijo fɔijə fʊijo fuijo
43 push (to advance) pousser (faire avancer) tɑŋzɛ tɑŋ tʰɑŋ tʰɑŋfo
44 shoot tirer dʊs dʊsː dʊs dʊs
45 laugh rire zɑlːɑt zɑlɑt̚ zɑlɑtʰ lɑtːo
46 cry, weep pleurer rʊŋɑ zʊrːʊŋə roijə, zʊrŋo
47 want vouloir ʔido ʔido ʔido, ʔudo kʰidou
48 see voir ligidɔu zɛl lɪgidou leijou
49 hear entendre jɨrgo zɪrːgə jɪrgɨdou jɪrgədɑou
50 know savoir lɔso olʊsɑjo lɔsɔ lɔso
51 tongue langue dɔlː dɔl dɔl dɔl
52 neck (exterior) cou (l'extérieur) gɔrːɔt gɔrːɔt kʰɔrɔm gɔrːɔt
53 finger doigt bɑri, bɑre bɑri bɑrːi bɑr
54 nail ongle koko kʰoːkʰo kʰokʰo kʰoˈkʰo
55 knee genou koro kʰoro kʰʊro kʰorom
56 navel nombril dʊm dʊm dʊm dʊm
57 urine urine sɪgi sɪgi sɪgi sɪgi
58 bone os dʊrtu dɑrˈtu dʊrːtʰu dɔrtʰu
59 horn corne dɛlfi dɛlfi, kʰɛlfi dɛlfi, kʰɛlfi dɛlfi, kɛlfi
60 tail queue duguˈdi dʊguˈdi dʊgu di dugudi
61 star étoile nit nit̚ niːtʰ nit̚
62 year an sɑnɑ ʔɑmtʰɛtʰ sɑnɑ ʔɑmtʰɪt̚
63 cloud nuage (blanc) lili liːli liːli lili
64 dew (dry season) rosée (saison sèche) ʔidʊ ʔɪdu ʔɪdu ʔidu
65 stone (or mountain); hajar pierre (ou montagne); hajar bɑŋ bɑŋ bɑŋ bɑŋ
66 river rivière dɑwu dɑwu dɑu dɑwo
67 smoke fumée kɔbu kɔbu kubu kʰubu
68 meat viande niːn nɪn nin nin
69 egg œuf dʊrdɑ dʊrdɑ, kʊrdɑ dʊrdɑ, kʊrdɑ dʊrˈdɑ
70 milk lait çəˈlo tʃəˈlo tʃuˈlo tʃolo
71 bark écorce ʔɑfɑlɑk ʔɑdɑ ʔɔfɔrkʰɔ
72 root racine dɑrɑ, kɑrɑ dɑrˈrɑ dɑˈrɑ dɑˈrɑ
73 flower fleur muːru moru mʊru muru
74 seed (graine de) semence kʊlɑ kʊlːɑ kʰolɑ kʰolɑ
75 field champ ɺɔ ro rːɔː rːɔ
76 house maison (case et / ou concession) kulʊk̚ kʰoˈokʰ kʰʊluk tʰʊl
77 bed lit sɑˈro sɑro sɑro sɑro
78 town village hɪlːə hɪlːə hɪlːə .
79 ember braise ɣiː rɛi riː rɛi
80 knife couteau bɑlː bɑl bɑl bɑl
81 rope corde ʔɔŋɔ ʔɔŋɔ ʔɔŋɔ ʔɔŋɔ
82 battle / fight bataille / bagarre kɔrː kʰerɑ kʰɪrɑ
83 cooking pot marmite tiː tiː tʰiː ti
84 iron fer hɑˈdid hɑdid
85 path (street) chemin (ou rue) ʔɔru ʔɔru ʔoru ʔɔru
86 walk marcher (à pied) zɪlɪŋɛ zɪliŋɛ zoː diː
87 run courir zɛdːɛr zɛdɛr jɔgzɛ tʰɛrə
88 fly (bird) voler (oiseau) bɪrfo, bɪr bɪrː bɪrː bɪrː
89 sit s'asseoir zuguŋ zʊgudɔŋ zogudɔŋ ʔɑgudɔŋ
90 stand up se lever zɔŋɔ guɪjo goː
91 lie down se coucher zɪŋˈjɑl zɪɲɑl wɪnjəlɑijo wuɪnjɑl
92 sleep dormir winjɑlɑjo ʔuwɪɲɑlɑi zʊnjɑl wʊnjɨlɑjo
93 fall tomber fokɑijo zɔk̚ fʊkʰɑjo fokʰɑjo
94 hit frapper zuˈgut zugʊt zuˈgʊtʰ kʰutʰɛijo
95 wash laver kiˈdʒɑk kiʝɑk zoː, wʊɨjə kʰədjɑk
96 give donner zɪŋˈki zɪŋkʰi zɪŋˈkʰi dɪŋˈkʰi
97 buy acheter zuːl zʊl zuːn tʰɑulo
98 steal voler (dérober) dɑwɑlɑi dɑwɑlɑi dɑwɑlɑi tʰɑdɑwɑlɑifo
99 burn brûler zuni zuni fiːfo tʰɑwuˈnu
100 say dire zɔldo zʊldo ʔʊldʊŋu, zɑrɑ rogʊndo
101 sky ciel sɑmɑ sɑmɑ sɑmɑ sɑmɑ
102 sand (fine, see 24) sable (fin, voir 24) swɑ sowɑ soˈwɑ sowɑ
103 head louse pou de tête niːnɑ nenɑ, nelɑ ninɑ nɪnɑ
104 branch branche ɑu leˈfɛl, ʔɑwu wɛrdə lɛfɛl
105 leaf feuille wɨrdə wɛrˈdɛ lɛvɛl wɪrˈdɛ
106 salt sel wɑˈrɑt wɑˈrɑtʰ wɑˈrɑtʰ wɑˈrɑt̚
107 oil huile dɨtʰ detʰ dɪt dɪt̚
108 hunger faim dɔrː dɔrː dɔrː dɔrɔ
109 thirst soif dɪtʰ dɪt dɪt̚ dɪtʰ
110 one un wʊk wok wok ʔokʰ
111 two deux ɲʊŋ ɲʊːŋ ɲʊŋ ɲʊŋ
112 three trois it̚ ʔɪt ʔit ʔɪt̚
113 four quatre ɑŋwɑl ʔɑŋwɔl ʔɔŋɔl ʔɔŋgɔl
114 five cinq wɑt wɑt wɑt wɑtʰ
115 ten dix bɔkʰ bɔk bɔkʰ bɔk̚
116 eleven onze bɔkɔrɔwʊk bɔkɔrɔwʊk bɔkʰɑrdʊk bɔkʔɑrdʊk̚
117 hot chaud tul tʊl tʰʊlːu tʊlːo
118 cold froid dilɪtʰ dɪlɪt fɪnː fɪnː
119 dry sec wɑsde wɑs, wɑstə wɑsti wɑs
120 high haute kɛˈsi kʰɛˈsi kɛˈsi kɛˈsi
121 small petite taille bɪrɨˈki bɪrːˈki bɪrˈkʰi tʰobɪrˈkʰi
122 many beaucoup biː biː biː biː
123 few peu bɑgɑt̚ bɑˈgɑt bɑˈgɑtʰ bɑlɑto
124 new nouveau dɪdiwu dɪdou dɪˈduʊ dɪdou
125 red rouge nɪrː nɛrə nɪrː nɪrː
126 black noir mɪnˈdi mɪndi mɪndi mɪndi
127 white blanc fɑdɑlːi fɑdɑldɨ fɑtɑldɪ fɑtɪldɪ
128 send (someone on an errand) envoyer (qqn en commission) zoː zɑirɑ kɑĩrʊŋu kʰɑirʊŋgu
129 pay verser zorː dʒɔr rou roːu
130 launch lancer zɑlˈgɛtʰ zɛlˈgɛt jɪrgətɑi jɪrgətʰɑijo
131 bite mordre zɛˈdɛl zɛˈdɛl wʊdɪlɑi wɨdəlɑijo
132 scratch gratter zɨgɪl jɪgilɑijo jɪgəlɑijo
133 split (wood) fendre (le bois) fɑs fɑs fɑs fɑs
134 press presser wɑigɛ ʔɑdʒɑl ʔɑdʒɑlɑ hɑsɑrfo
135 cultivate cultiver zɛŋgɛl zɛˈŋɛl tʰɑgɛlo gɪlou
136 cough tousser kʊrˈro kʰɔrːɔ kʰʊrːufo kʊrːo
137 vomit vomir giˈdɑf gɪˈdɑf gɪdɑfɑu gɪˈdɑf
138 suck sucer sɪm sɪm kʰʊrdʒifɑou sɪmfou
139 spit cracher tof tof tʰʊfou tokfɔu
140 blow (on) souffler (sur) sisɪrɛʝ fuː zɪŋijou fufɔu
141 married / marry marier / épouser kʊlʊg fog kʰʊlʊkʰfoː djizɪrfou kʰulʊkʰɔu
142 bury enterrer zɪrim ziˈrim kʰirimɑgɔu rimɛijou
143 sing chanter dɪkʰ dek dɪkfɔu dɪkʰ
144 whistle siffler suˈqɑt, suˈqɑt sisərɛt sisirɑtʰfou sɪˈsiro
145 bark aboyer ɑwu hɑwu hɑufou hɔu
146 play jouer zɑwɑl kʰɑwɑle kɑwulɪŋgo fɑl
147 fear avoir peur jɛwɑu jɑwɑo jɑou jɪvədʊŋgu
148 smell sentir (odorat) ʔɛˈzi sɪŋ sɪŋfɔu sɪŋ
149 show montrer zʊlˈdo wɑsɑp̚ wɑsifɔu ʔʊldʊŋukʰou
150 count compter zʊn, zʊl zʊn hisɑbfɔu kʰʊn
151 back dos dɑrː dɑrː dɑrː dɑrː
152 hand main nɑŋ nɑŋ nɑŋ nɑŋ
153 foot pied sɔˈkɔl sɔˈxɔl sɔgɔl sɔɣɔl
154 heart cœur sʊlˈmɑ sʊlmɑ sʊlˈmɑ sʊrˈmɑ
155 father père bɑː bɑː
156 mother mère jɑː jɑː jɑˈdɑi
157 brother frère ʔɑˈrʊl ʔɑˈrʊl ʔɑˈrun hɑˈrʊl
158 sister sœur tɑnɑ tʰɑnɑ tʰɑnɑ tʰɑnɑ
159 maternal uncle oncle maternel ɑnɑt jɑtsi ʔɑnɑt jɑtsɪ ʔɑnɑtʰ ʔɑnɑt̚
160 chief (village) chef (du village) iˈmɑm, mɑnʝɑk mɑndʒɑkʰ ʔimɑːm ʔɪˈmɑm
161 rainy season saison pluvieuse wɑˈdɛl wɑdɛl wɑˈdɑl
162 dry season, hot saison sèche, chaude wijɛs wiˈjɛs tʰɑi wiˈjɛs
163 hill colline bɑŋ bɔŋ, bɛkʰɛ bɛkʰɛ, bɑŋ bɑŋ, bɑkʰe
164 grass herbe wʊʃ wʊʃ wʊʃ wiʃ
165 dust poussière tɑˈwɑr tɑˈwɑr tʰɑˈwɑr tɑˈwɑr
166 stone caillou kɑikɑ kʰɑikʰɑ nɑŋ kʰɑikʰɑ, dɑikʰɑ
167 filth ordure tuˈdu tʰudu tʰudu tʰudu
168 hole trou konɑ kʰonɑ kʰonɑ kʰonɑ
169 calabash calebasse ketɑ kʰeˈtʰɑ sɑrˈtʰe, kɪtʰɑ kʰetʰɑ
170 habit habit kɑˈlɑkʰ kʰɑlɑg xɑlɑg kɑlɑk̚
171 camel chameau kɑˈmɑl kɑˈmɑl kɑˈmɑl kɑˈmɑl
172 ant (black) fourmi (noire) diːditi diditi sʊdʊl dɪrtʰi
173 spider araignée mɔrmorijʊ ŋɔŋoriu mɔrmʊri ŋɑrŋɑrijə
174 scorpion scorpion ɳɑŋ ɲɑŋ ɲɑŋ ɲɑŋ
175 heavy lourd nɑŋ nɑŋ nɑŋ nɑŋ
176 light (weight) léger wɑwɛ wɛwɛ wɛwɛ wɛwe
177 old vieux kʊŋkut kʰɔŋkʰotʰ kʊŋgʊtʰ kʰʊŋkʰut̚
178 good (just) bon (juste) sɑˈmɑ sɑˈmɑ sɑˈmɑ sɑmɑːŋʊ
179 bad mauvais ʃɛn ʃɪn ʔɑsɑˈmɑ ʃɪnɔ̈
180 long long kʰɛˈsi kʰɛsi kʰɛˈsi kʰɛˈsi
181 short (see 121) court (v. 121) bɪrˈki bɪrkʰi bɪrˈkʰi bɪrˈkʰi
182 full plein sɔl sɔl sɔl sɔlː
183 empty (not occupied) vide (non occupé) wɑsti wɑsˈte wɑstɪ wɑsˈdɨ
184 dirty sale ʃɨn ʃɪn ʃɪnʊ mʊnʊn
185 clean propre sɑmːɑ sɑˈmɑ sɑˈmɑ sɑˈmɑ
186 all tout kɑmɪl, kɑmɪn kʰɑmɪl zʊkʰo kʰɑmɪl, tʰɪm
187 six six ʔɑː ʔɑː ʔɑː ʔɑː
188 seven sept ukɛl ʔukʰɛ ʔuˈkʰɛl ʔʊkʰɛl
189 eight huit ʔɪʃɛr ʔɪʃɛn ʔɪˈʃɛl ʔɪˈʃɛl
190 new neuf bɔrːbɔrː bɔrbɔr bɔrˈbɔr bɔrbɔr
191 twenty vingt ʔɪʃirin, bɔkbɔkɳʊŋ bɔkʰbɔkʰɲʊŋ bɔkbɔkɲʊŋ tʰɪlmʊŋ
192 hundred cent mijɑ bɔkbɔgəbɔk bɔkbɔkwʊlibɔkʰo fɛrːə
193 arrive arriver tɑjo wʊlɔ wʊlou wʊlːo
194 fight lutter gɔwu gɔwu wɑrː gɑŋgɑŋ
195 tie, knot lier, nouer zugulɑi dzʊgul zulɛijo dulɛijo
196 search chercher dɑˈwɑr dɑwɑr fʊŋ fʊŋfowu
197 find (receive) trouver (recevoir) lɔbulu zɑbʊl lɑbul lɔbulɔ
198 plait tresser kɑidi ʔɑdʒɑl tɛjɑ fɑijo, kʰɑidɪŋgo
199 prepare food préparer la nourriture tɛlɑzɛ tʰɛlɛzɛ telɑtʰɑfo tʰelɑfo
200 swell enfler godulʊk lɑido lɛidi wʊdʊlʊkʰfou
201 dance danser kɑwɑlɛ kɑwɑle kʰɑwilɛi fɑlo
202 be hurt avoir (faire) mal tʊlo tʊlo sɑrtʰum tʰʊlːo
203 think penser, réfléchir nɛl, ʝulo nɪl ɑifɑkʰɑro lɪlfɔu
204 request demander zɑlɪ zɑle sɑʔɑlfou sɑʔɑlfou
205 take prendre zere zerə rːɛou reou
206 lead amener zɑn zɑn zɑn, dɛijou, zʊsu dʊsiu
207 hide (tidy up) cacher (ranger) zewɛn zɑmɛn fenɑi sɑmfou
208 swim nager kɑbɔu kʰɑbɑo ʔɔm tʰɑʔʊmfou
209 sweep balayer fɑt fɑt fɑt̚ tʰɑfɑtʰou
210 work travailler xidɪmɛ zɛ xɪdɪmə xɪdɪməfou tʰɑkɪdimefou
211 near près koti kʰoti kʰɔtʰi kʰotʰɨ
212 far loin kʊˈlukʰ kʊˈlukʰ kʊˈlʊkʰ kʰʊˈluk̚
213 right here ici ɑndo ʔɔnˈdɔ ʔɑndɔ ʔɔnˈdɔ
214 over there là-bas ʔɔntʰʊl ʔɔnˈtʊl ʔɔntʰʊl sɔˈnɛ
215 right side à droite ʝɑlɛgɛ dʒɑle dʒɑligə ʝɛlɪgə
216 left side à gauche gorɔ gɔˈrɔ gɔrɔgə gɔˈrɔgə
217 now maintenant hɑˈsɑ ʔɑˈsɑ ʔɑˈsɑ ʔɑˈsɑ
218 yesterday hier kʰɛtʰ kʰɛt gɪt kʰɛt̚
219 tomorrow demain wɑrɛgɛ wɑrɪgə wɑrɪgə wɑˈre
220 or ʔɑlɔ, kʰɛ ʔɑdɪgə kʰɛ
221 when quand gɔŋgɔ gɔŋgɔ gɔŋgɔ gɔŋgɔ
222 who qui gelɑŋ gelɑŋ ge gɪˈlːɑ
223 what quoi gɑlɑŋ gɑː gɑˈlɑ gɑː
224 how comment ʔɑmɪnɛŋ̃ ʔɑmɪnə ʔɑmɪnə gɑːŋfə
225 I je / moi kɑi kʰɑjɪ kʰɑi kʰɑjɪ
226 you tu / toi ze zeː ze deː
227 he, she il, elle / lui kɑizi ʔɛlː ʔɛl ʔɛl

References

  1. ^ Wolf, Katharina. 2010. Une enquête sociolinguistique parmi les Amdang (Mimi) du Tchad: Rapport Technique. SIL Electronic Survey Reports 2010-028
Vocabulary lists of African languages
Nilo-Saharan

Nilo-Saharan • p-Nilo-Saharan • p-Nilotic (p-E. Nilotic • p-S. Nilotic) • p-Surmic • NE Sudanic • p-Nubian • Nara • p-Daju • p-Jebel • Temein • Central Sudanic (p-Central Sudanic • p-Sara-Bongo-Bagirmi • Sinyar • Birri • p-Mangbetu) • p-Kuliak (Ik) • Kadu • Berta • Kunama • Gumuz • p-Koman • Gule • Amdang • Mimi-D • p-Maban • Mimi-N • Kanuri • p-Songhay • Tadaksahak

Niger-Congo

p-Niger-Congo • p-Atlantic-Congo • p-Benue-Congo • p-Grassfields • p-Ring • Momo • Tivoid • Ekoid • Beboid • Bendi • p-Bantu (Swadesh list) • p-Kongo • p-Jukunoid • p-Plateau (p-Tarokoid) • p-N. Jos • p-Fali • p-Yoruboid • Olukumi • p-Edoid • p-Akokoid • p-Igboid • Akpes • Ayere-Ahan • p-Upper Cross River • p-Lower Cross River • Anaang • p-Ogoni • p-Ukaan • p-Nupoid • Oko • p-Idomoid • p-Ijaw • Defaka • p-Gbe (Fongbe) • p-Potou-Akanic • p-Mumuye • p-Jen • Yendang • Tula-Waja • p-Lakka • p-Bua • Kim • p-Central Togo • p-Guang • p-Gurunsi • p-Oti-Volta (p-E. Oti-Volta • p-C. Oti-Volta) •  Tiefo • Natioro • Bariba • p-Gbaya • Dogon • p-Mande (p-W. Mande • p-Mandekan • p-Niger-Volta • p-S. Mande) • Atlantic (Guinea) • p-Fula-Sereer • p-Cangin • p-Manjaku • Bijogo • p-Talodi • p-Heiban • p-Katloid • Rashad • Lafofa

Afroasiatic

p-Afroasiatic • p-Chadic • p-Ron • p-North Bauchi • p-South Bauchi • South Bauchi • p-Central Chadic • p-Masa • Kujarge • p-Cushitic • p-Agaw • p-Omotic • p-Aroid • p-Maji • Mao • p-Semitic

Khoisan

Khoisan • p-Khoe • p-Central Khoisan • p-Tuu •

Language isolates

Bangime • Jalaa • Laal • Ongota • Shabo • Sandawe • Hadza

Others

p-Niger-Saharan