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The following list of Proto-Niger-Volta reconstructions (or roughly, Proto-Bisa-Busa) is from Schreiber (2008).
Note: German glosses are directly from the original source. English glosses, not in the source, are translations in progress.
Languages
The languages used to reconstruct Proto-Niger-Volta are (Schreiber 2008: 52, 55):
- Bokobaru
- Boko
- Busa
- Kyenga
- Shanga
- Bisa (Lere, Lebri, Barka)
- Samo (North: Tougan; South: Toma, Yaba)
Together, the languages above are also referred to as the Bisa–Busa languages.
List
German gloss |
English gloss |
Proto-Niger-Volta
|
Angst |
anxiety |
*N-jiN
|
ankommen |
arrive |
*ko
|
anschwellen, größer werden |
swell, get bigger |
*wĩrɛ
|
ansehen |
look at |
*ga(-ri)
|
anzünden |
set fire |
*tɛ kɛ/pɛ
|
Arm (Schulter - Hand) |
arm (shoulder - hand) |
*gɔN(-ka)
|
Asche |
ash |
*tɛ.bu
|
atmen |
to breathe |
*peNsa
|
auf |
on |
*la
|
aufstehen, sich erheben |
get up, stand up |
*juti
|
aufwecken |
wake |
*buN
|
Auge |
eye |
*jɛN (< *gɛN)
|
ausbohren, ein Loch bohren |
drill a hole |
*pɔ̃
|
ausgehen, hinausgehen |
go out |
*bɔ
|
ausreißen, herausziehen |
pull out |
*wuri (< *buri)
|
ausziehen, ablegen (Kleidung) |
take off (clothes) |
* (< *gari)
|
Baobab (Baum) |
baobab (tree) |
*poN
|
Bart |
beard |
*lɛN.kaN
|
Bauch |
belly |
*nɔ(sɛ)
|
bauen |
to build |
*dɔ
|
Bauhinia (Baum) |
bauhinia (tree) |
*gɔn.toro
|
Baum |
tree |
*li/*da
|
bedecken |
cover |
*ku
|
beenden |
break up |
*N-ja
|
beerdigen |
bury |
*bẽlɛ
|
Bein |
leg |
*gwaN(-da)
|
beißen |
bite |
*son da
|
beschädigen, kaputt machen |
damage, break |
*za-rɛ
|
Besen |
broom |
*masɪe (< *N-wo-se)
|
Biene, Honig |
bee, honey |
*zɔrɔ
|
bitter |
bitter |
*kwɛki
|
blasen |
blow |
*pelɛ
|
Blatt |
leaf |
*lo
|
bleiben |
stay |
*gɔ
|
Blume, Blüte |
flower, blossom |
*vu (< *bu)
|
Blut |
blood |
*(N-)wa(-ru)
|
Boa |
boa |
*mele-da
|
Bogen |
bow |
*sa
|
brennen (ver-) |
burn |
*tɛ/*wõ da/ka
|
Brennholz |
firewood |
*wõ.gɔ
|
Brust (der Frau) |
breast (of woman) |
*N-jɔ́
|
Buckel |
humpback |
*kɔNɔ
|
Bürde, Schwere |
burden, severity |
*guli
|
Chef |
boss |
*ki(-li/-be)
|
den Fuß auf etwas setzen |
to set foot on something |
*to ... la
|
Dorn, Stachel |
thorn, sting |
*lari
|
Ehefrau |
wife |
*N-lo
|
Ehemann |
husband |
*ziN
|
Ei |
egg |
*gwe(-li)
|
eintreten |
enter |
*gɔ
|
Eiter |
pus |
*N-bo.i
|
entfalten |
unfold |
*puli
|
Erde (stofflich) |
earth (material) |
*to(-li)
|
Erde, Welt |
earth world |
*to-ro
|
erhalten |
receive |
*je
|
Ernährung, Nahrung |
nutrition, food |
*pɔ.be-li
|
essen |
eat |
*be(-le)
|
Exkrement |
excrement |
*(go.)boN
|
Fabel |
fable |
*jĩNlɛ
|
fächeln |
fan |
*pipe
|
fangen |
to catch |
*kuN
|
Feld(er) |
field(s) |
*buta
|
Fell Gefieder |
fur plumage |
*kaN
|
festbinden, festmachen, fesseln |
tie down, fasten, bind |
*dora/*jɛ
|
Fetisch |
fetish |
*jɛ̃si
|
Fett |
fat |
*jõ(-si)
|
Feuer |
fire |
*tɛ (< *ta-i)
|
Fieber |
fever |
*mɛ.wõ
|
Finger |
finger |
*(N-)gɔN (-nẽ)
|
Fingernagel |
fingernail |
*gɔN.ko
|
Fleisch (menschl.) |
flesh (human) |
*(ba)sĩN
|
Fleisch |
meat |
*siN
|
Flügel |
wing |
*(N-)gɔN.kĩa
|
Frau |
woman |
*lo
|
füllen |
to fill |
*paN
|
Fuß |
foot |
*gwaN
|
garen |
ferment |
*maN
|
geben |
give |
*ko
|
Gedärme, Darm |
intestines |
*nɔN(-si)
|
gehen, laufen |
go running |
*ta
|
Geruch |
odor |
*gwiN
|
gestern |
yesterday |
*gwiN
|
Getränk |
drink |
*pɔmiN(-lɛ)
|
graben, aushöhlen |
dig, hollow out |
*vɔ̃re (< *pɔ̃re)
|
Gras, Stroh |
grass, straw |
*boro
|
Haare |
hair |
*N-wĩ.kaN
|
haben |
to have |
*jiN
|
Hacke |
hoe |
*ka
|
Hahn |
tap |
*ko(ro)-sa
|
Hals, Nacken |
neck |
*wu(-ka) (< *bu(-ka))
|
halten |
hold |
*kuN
|
Hase |
hare |
*fo(-li/-N)
|
Haus, Hof |
house, yard |
*vali (< *wa(-li))
|
Haus, Hütte |
house, hut |
*kwe (< *ko(-li))
|
Haut, Leder |
skin, leather |
*ki
|
heiraten |
marry |
*N-lo.sa
|
helfen |
help |
*domaN kɛ/ba
|
Herz |
heart |
*sõ(-li)
|
Himmel |
sky |
*la/*(N-)wusu
|
hinaufsteigen |
ascend |
*di(-re)
|
hinlegen (sich) |
lie down |
*wu-ta
|
hinuntergehen |
go down |
*dji
|
Hirse |
millet |
*ji/wi(-si)
|
Hitze |
heat |
*wõ
|
hochziehen, aufrichten |
pull up, straighten up |
*torɛ
|
Holz |
wood |
*gɔ(-li)
|
hören |
listen |
*mã
|
Horn |
horn |
*(N-)bina
|
Huhn |
chicken |
*koro
|
Hund |
dog |
*gwã-(li)
|
jüngste/r, Jüngste/r |
youngest |
*da-
|
Kadaver |
cadaver |
*gali
|
Kalebasse |
calabash |
*poN(-li)
|
Kälte |
cold |
*niN(-li)
|
Karitébaum |
shea tree |
*ku(-li)
|
kauen |
chew |
*so
|
kehren |
sweep |
*woro
|
Khaya Senegalensis |
Khaya senegalensis |
*mõda
|
Kind, Sohn |
child, son |
*nẽ(.go)
|
Kinn |
chin |
*lɛto
|
Kleinkind |
small child |
*nẽ.tɛ̃na
|
Knie |
knee |
*koN.ko
|
Knochen |
bone |
*(N-)gero
|
Knoten |
node |
*kure
|
knüpfen, flechten |
make, weave |
*tã
|
kochen (zubereiten) |
cook (prepare) |
*kuta
|
kochen, abkochen |
cook, boil down |
*pipi
|
Köcher |
quiver |
*kuna
|
Kolanuss |
kola nut |
*goro/*wo-ro
|
König |
king |
*ki(-li)
|
Kopf |
head |
*N-wĩ (< *guN-li)
|
Körper |
body |
*mɛ̃(-ka)
|
Kraft, Stärke |
strength |
*paNga
|
krank sein |
be sick |
*ja ba
|
kratzen |
scratch |
*koN.kɔ
|
kritisieren |
criticize |
*tɔpɛ
|
Kürbis |
pumpkin |
*gwɛ
|
kurz, klein |
short, small |
*kuNtu
|
lachen |
laugh |
*ja do/ba
|
laufen, rennen |
going running |
*ba-re-si
|
Leber |
liver |
*pɔN
|
legen |
lay |
*da
|
lernen |
learn |
*da
|
lieben, mögen |
love, like |
*jĩ (< *gi)
|
Lied |
song |
*lorɛ
|
Loch |
hole |
*golo
|
machen |
do |
*kɛ/*ba/*do
|
Magen |
stomach |
*boN
|
mahlen |
grind |
*lo
|
Mahlzeit, Nahrung |
meal, food |
*pɔ.be-le
|
männlich (Mensch) |
male (human) |
*goN(-li)
|
männlich (Tier) |
male (animal) |
*sa
|
Matte |
mat |
*pe-li
|
Medikament |
drug |
*(N-)jɛ-si
|
Mehl |
flour |
*wĩ-si
|
Mensch, Mann |
man, man |
*goN
|
Milan |
kite |
*kwele
|
Milch |
milk |
*(N-)jɔ.ji
|
Mitte |
center |
*bide
|
Mond, Monat |
moon, month |
*mõ(-li)
|
Mund |
mouth |
*lɛ
|
Mutter |
mother |
*da/*nã
|
Muttertier |
mother |
*da
|
Nabel |
navel |
*koto
|
Nacht |
night |
*gwaN(.ji)
|
nähen |
sew |
*nãmi
|
Name |
surname |
*tɔ
|
Namensvetter |
namesake |
*tɔ-mã
|
Nase |
nose |
*N-jẽ
|
neben |
next |
*kwedo
|
nehmen, tragen |
take, carry |
*sa(i)
|
Nilpferd |
hippo |
*bɔrɛ
|
Ohr |
ear |
*toro
|
Panther |
panther |
*gwɛ(-li) (< *go-li)
|
Perlhuhn |
guinea-fowl |
*gaN
|
Pfeil |
arrow |
*ka(-li)
|
Pilz |
mushroom |
*tɔrɔ
|
Regen |
rain |
*la
|
Regenzeit |
rainy season |
*bu.ji
|
regnen |
rain |
*la ba/kɛ
|
reifen |
tires |
*mã
|
Rind, Ochse |
ox |
*do-li
|
rot |
red |
*tina
|
Rücken |
move |
*kɔ
|
rufen |
call |
*bole/*si
|
Sache |
thing |
*pɔ
|
säen |
sow |
*do
|
sagen |
say |
*pelɛ
|
Salamander |
salamander |
*zure
|
Salz |
salt |
*wu-si (< *gu-si)
|
Samenkorn |
seed |
*wɛla
|
Sand |
sand |
*N-jɔN.ta
|
saugen (Kind, an der Brust) |
suck (child, on the chest) |
*ɲɔ̃.ɪnĩ (*N-jɔ́.mĩNli)
|
Schafbock |
ram |
*kolɔ (< *ko-li)
|
schälen, enthülsen, entfalten |
peel, shell, unfold |
*polibɔ
|
schärfen, wetzen |
sharpen, whet |
*lɛ bɔ
|
Schenkel |
leg |
*gwaN
|
schlafen |
sleep |
*(N)-jitiN ba
|
schlagen, töten |
beat, kill |
*djɛ
|
Schlamm, Schmutz |
mud, dirt |
*bo.ta
|
Schlange |
snake |
*mẽle (< *ɪnẽ-li)
|
schließen |
shut down |
*taN
|
schlucken, verschlingen |
swallow, devour |
*mõN
|
schwanger |
pregnant |
*nɔ-si
|
Schwanz |
tail |
*N-wuli (< *gu-li)
|
schwarz |
black |
*ti(da)
|
schwer |
heavy |
*guli-na
|
Seele |
soul |
*(N-)lĩɲĩ
|
sehen |
see |
*ji
|
Seil, Schnur, Leine |
rope, cord, leash |
*ba(-li)
|
sich ansammeln |
accumulate |
*tiri
|
(Regen) sich setzen |
(rain) to sit down |
*N-jen.ta
|
singen |
to sing |
*lorɛ kɛ/ba
|
Sohn |
son |
*nɪ-gɔ/yare
|
Sonne |
sun |
*wusu (< *gusu)
|
spalten, hacken |
split, chop |
*pari
|
Speichel |
saliva |
*lɛ.ji
|
sprechen |
speak |
*bo
|
springen |
jump |
*pelo
|
Spur |
track |
*gwe
|
Staub |
dust |
*bu.ta
|
stehenbleiben, festnehmen |
stop, arrest |
*go/*djɛ
|
Stein |
stone |
*gwɛ(-li) (< *go-li)
|
sterben |
to die |
*ga
|
Tamarindenbaum, Parkia biglobosa |
tamarind tree, Parkia biglobosa |
*koro
|
Tanz |
dance |
*bõ
|
Tau (der) |
dew |
*piN(-li)
|
Termiten |
termites |
*beri
|
Tier |
animal |
*jõ.bi-si
|
Tochter, Mädchen |
daughter, girl |
*nẽ.lo
|
Tod |
death |
*ga(-li)
|
Ton zum Töpfern |
clay for pottery |
*gwi
|
tot, vertrocknet |
dead, dried up |
*gwire
|
töten |
kill |
*djɛ
|
träumen |
dream |
*nina
|
trinken |
drink |
*mĩN(-lɛ)
|
trocken |
dry |
*gwire
|
Tunke, Soße |
dip, sauce |
*do
|
Tür |
door |
*kwɛ
|
über/oben |
over / above |
*la
|
Vater |
father |
*dari
|
verfaulen |
rot |
*fɔ̃/vɔ̃ (< *bɔ̃)
|
Vergnügen |
pleasure |
*sã
|
verlassen, aufbrechen |
leave, break up |
*to
|
verstehen |
understand |
*mã
|
verteilen |
to distribute |
*gili
|
Vogel |
bird |
*bõ(-li)
|
vorbeikommen |
come round |
*kani
|
wählen, aussuchen |
choose |
*bo
|
Waise |
orphan |
*to.nẽ (*)
|
Wange |
cheek |
*ga
|
warm, heiß |
warm hot |
*wõ
|
Warzenschwein |
warthog |
*bo(-la/-li)
|
waschen |
to wash |
*pi
|
waschen (refl.) |
wash (refl.) |
*zɔrɔ
|
Wasser |
water |
*jiN
|
Weg |
path |
*za(-li)
|
weiß |
white |
*pu
|
werfen |
throw |
*zu
|
werfen |
throw |
*zu
|
wie |
as |
*lo
|
Wind |
wind |
*pina
|
wissen, kennen |
know |
*dɔN
|
Wunde |
wound |
*(N-)bo
|
Zahn |
tooth |
*soN(-ka)
|
Zeh |
toe |
*gaɲi (< *gaN-nẽ)
|
zerbrechen, brechen |
break |
*wure/*yare (< *gare)
|
zerstoßen |
pound |
*zɔN
|
Ziege |
goat |
*bo-li
|
ziehen |
pull |
*gaNri
|
Zunge |
tongue |
*N-lɛ
|
1.SG |
1st sg |
*mó̱
|
2.SG |
2nd sg |
*ʔĩ
|
3.SG |
3rd sg |
*à
|
1.PL |
1st pl |
*wó
|
2.PL |
2nd pl |
*kó
|
3.PL |
3rd pl |
*Ǹ (< *jõ)
|
1. eins |
1. one |
*do
|
2. zwei |
2. two |
*pela
|
3. drei |
3. three |
*jalko
|
4. vier |
4. four |
*sireko
|
5. fünf |
5. five |
*sodu
|
6. sechs |
6. six |
*sodu-do
|
7. sieben |
7. seven |
*so-pela
|
8. acht |
8. eight |
*soda-ko
|
9. neun |
9. nine |
*soda-si
|
10. zehn |
10. ten |
*pu
|
References
- Schreiber, Henning. 2008. Eine historische Phonologie der Niger-Volta-Sprachen: Ein Beitrag zur Erforschung der Sprachgeschichte der östlichen Ost-Mandesprachen (Mande Languages and Linguistics 7). Cologne: Rüdiger Köppe.