User:Victar/Reflexes/Proto-Indo-Iranian
Hello, you have come here looking for the meaning of the word User:Victar/Reflexes/Proto-Indo-Iranian. In DICTIOUS you will not only get to know all the dictionary meanings for the word User:Victar/Reflexes/Proto-Indo-Iranian, but we will also tell you about its etymology, its characteristics and you will know how to say User:Victar/Reflexes/Proto-Indo-Iranian in singular and plural. Everything you need to know about the word User:Victar/Reflexes/Proto-Indo-Iranian you have here. The definition of the word User:Victar/Reflexes/Proto-Indo-Iranian will help you to be more precise and correct when speaking or writing your texts. Knowing the definition ofUser:Victar/Reflexes/Proto-Indo-Iranian, as well as those of other words, enriches your vocabulary and provides you with more and better linguistic resources.
Reflexes of Proto-Indo-Iranian
Consonants
| PIE | pre-PII | PII | PIA | Skr. | PNur. | pre-PIr. | PIr. | EOI | LOI | Examples | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OAv. | YAv. | OP | PIE | PII | Skr. | PIr. | Old Iranian | ||||||||||
| *b | *b | b | *b | b | *bélom (“strength, force”) | *bálam | bálam | ||||||||||
| *bʰ | *bʰ | bh | *b[C 1] | *bʰréh₂tēr (“brother”) | *bʰráHtā | bhrā́tā | *bráHtā | OAv. brā́ta, OP brā́tā | |||||||||
| *b | b | β[C 2] | *β ‹b›[C 2] | *n̥bʰrós (“cloud”) | *abʰrás | abhrá | *abráh | YAv. aβra, MMP aβr | |||||||||
| *b[C 3] > *p[C 4] | *p | p | *p | *pʰ[C 5] | *f | f | *h₃nṓbʰs (“navel”) | *Hnā́pš | *Hnā́fš | ||||||||
| *p | *p | p | *p | *p | p | *ph₂tḗr (“father”) | *pHtā́ | pitā́ | *pHtā́ | OAv. pᵊtá, OP pitā́ | |||||||
| *pʰ[C 5] | *f | f | *h₂ṓps (“water”) | *Hā́pš | *Hā́fš | ||||||||||||
| p[C 6] | f | *septḿ̥ (“seven”) | *saptá | saptá | *haftá | OAv. haptá, BMP haft | |||||||||||
| *pʰ[C 7] | ph | *p | *pʰ | f | *kepHos (“phlegm”) | *kapʰas | kaphaḥ | *kafah | OAv. kafə̄ | ||||||||
| *b[C 4] | b | *b | b | *pdós (“of the foot”) | *bdás | *bdáh | frabda | ||||||||||
| *píph₃eti (“to drink”) | *píbati | píbati | |||||||||||||||
| *d | *d | d | *d | *d | d | *dóru (“wood”) | *dā́ru | dā́ru | *dā́ru | YAv. dā́ᵘru, OP dā́ruv | |||||||
| *d[C 1] > *t[C 8] > *tʰ[C 7] | *θ | θ | *deh₂iwḗr (“brother-in-law”) | *daHiwā́ | devā́ | *θHaywā́ | |||||||||||
| *dʰ[C 7] | dh | *d[C 1] | d | ||||||||||||||
| *t[C 4] | t | *t | t | *h₁ḗdsi (“you eat”) | *Hā́tsi | *átsi | |||||||||||
| *t | *t | *t | t | *t | *t | t | *tenúh₂s (“body”) | *tanúHs | tanū́ḥ | *tanúHs | OAv. tanū́š, OP tanū́š | ||||||
| *tʰ[C 9][C 5] | *θ | θ | *twéHom (“you”, acc.sg.) | *twáHam | tvā́m | *θwáHam | OAv. θβąm, OP θᵘvā́m | ||||||||||
| θ | *θ > š[C 10] | *h₁sn̥tyós (“real, true”) | *Hsatyás | satyáḥ | *Hhaθyáh | OAv. haⁱθiiə̄́, OP hašiyáʰ | |||||||||||
| *θ > *δ[C 11] | δ | *δ <d> | *wokʷtlom (“mouth”) | *wáktram | váktram | *wáxδram | YAv. váxᵊδrəm | ||||||||||
| *tʰ[C 12] | th | *t | *tʰ | *θ | θ | *tongʰéyeti (“to pull, weigh”) | *tʰanǰʰáyati | *θanǰáyati | OAv. θaṇjaiieṇte, BMP sanǰed | ||||||||
| *tʰ[C 7] | *Hróth₂os (“chariot”) | *Hrátʰas | ráthaḥ | *Hráθah | |||||||||||||
| *t[C 13] | t | *sth₂uh₂néh₂ (“pillar”) | *stʰuHnáH | sthūṇā́ | *stuHnáH | OAv. stūná, OP stūnā́ | |||||||||||
| *dʰ | *dʰ | dh | *d[C 1] | *d | d | *dʰoréyeti (“to hold”) | *dʰāráyati | dhāráyati | *dāráyatī | OAv. dāraiiat̰ (inj.), OP dārayāmiy (1sg.) | |||||||
| ∅[C 14] | ∅ | *bʰudʰnés (“bottom”) | *bʰudʰnás | budhná | *bunáh | YAv. būnō | |||||||||||
| *g⁽ʷ⁾ | *g⁽ʷ⁾ | *g[C 15] | g | *g | g | *gʷṓws (“cow”) | *gā́wš | gáuḥ | *gā́wš | OAv. gā́uš, OP gā́vʰ | |||||||
| *g[C 15] > *ǵ[C 16] | *ǰ /ǵź/[C 17] | *ȷ́ | j /dź/ | *ǰ /dž/ | j | *gʷih₃wós (“alive”) | *ǰiHwás | jīváḥ | *ǰiHwáh | OAv. juuə̄́, OP jīváʰ | |||||||
| *g⁽ʷ⁾ʰ[C 7] | *gʰ[C 15] | gh | *g[C 1] | g | |||||||||||||
| *g⁽ʷ⁾ʰ | *g⁽ʷ⁾ʰ | *dl̥h₁gʰós (“long”) | *dr̥Hgʰás | dīrgháḥ | *dr̥Hgáh | OAv. darᵊgə̄́, OP dargáʰ | |||||||||||
| *gʰ[C 15] > *ǵʰ[C 16] | *ǰʰ /ǵźʰ/[C 17] | *źʰ | h | *ǰ /dž/[C 1] | j /dž/ | *gʷʰn̥tós (“slain, killed”) | *ǰʰatás | hatáḥ | *ǰatáh | OAv. jatə̄́, OP jatáʰ | |||||||
| *g⁽ʷ⁾[C 3] > *k⁽ʷ⁾[C 4] | *k[C 15] | *k | k | *k | *kʰ[C 5] | *x | x | *dʰréwgʰs (“a lie”) | *dʰrúkš | dhrúk | *drúxš | OAv. druxš | |||||
| *k⁽ʷ⁾ | *k⁽ʷ⁾ | k | *k | *k | k | *kóh₂mos (“wish”) | *káHmas | kā́maḥ | *káHmah | OAv. kā́mə̄, OP kā́maʰ | |||||||
| *kʰ[C 5] | *x | x | *ḱukrós (“bright”) | *ćukrás | śukráḥ | *ćuxráh | OAv. suxrə̄́, OP θuxráʰ | ||||||||||
| *kʰ[C 12] | kh | *kʰ | *kumbʰós (“vessel”) | *kʰumbʰás | kumbhá́ | *xumbáh | Av. xumba | ||||||||||
| *k[C 15] > *ḱ[C 16] | *č /ḱś/[C 17] | *ć | c /tś/ | *č | *č /tš/ | c /tš/ | *(s)kérmn̥ (“skin”) | *čárma | cárman | *čárma | OAv. cárᵊman, OP cárman | ||||||
| *g⁽ʷ⁾[C 4] | *g[C 15] | g | *g | *g | g | *ḱekdʰí (“to be able”) | *ćágdʰí | śagdhí | |||||||||
| *k⁽ʷ⁾ʰ[C 7] | *kʰ[C 15] | kh | *k | *kʰ | *x | x | *sekʷh₂ṓy (“friend”) | *sakʰā́y | sakhā́ | *haxā́y | YAv. haxa | ||||||
| *ǵ | *ǵ | *ź[C 15] | *ȷ́ /dź/[C 17] | j /dź/ | *j /dz/[C 18] | z | *δ <d> | *ǵénh₁os (“race, lineage”) | *ȷ́ánas | jánaḥ | *ȷ́ánah | OAv. zánə̄ | |||||
| *g[C 19] | g | *g | g | g | |||||||||||||
| *ḱ[C 4] | *ś[C 15] | *š[C 20] | *ṣ | ṣ | *š | š | s | *h₃reǵtós (“straightened”) | *Hraštás | *Hraštáh | OAv. rašta, OP rāsta | ||||||
| *ǵʰ[C 7] | *źʰ[C 15] | *ȷ́ʰ /dźʰ/[C 17] | *źʰ | h | *ȷ́ | *ȷ́ /dź/[C 1] | *j /dz/[C 18] | z | *δ <d> | *eǵh₂óm (“I”) | *aȷ́ʰám | ahám | *aȷ́ám | OAv. azə̄m, OP adam | |||
| *ǵʰ | *ǵʰ | *s[C 10] | *δ > š[C 10] | *h₁yaǵnós (“sacrifice”) | *yaȷ́nás | yajñá | *yaȷ́náh | OAv. yasnə̄́, BP yašn | |||||||||
| *gʰ[C 19] | gʰ | *g[C 1] | g | g | |||||||||||||
| *ḱ | *ḱ | *ś[C 15] | *ć /tś/[C 17] | *ś | ś | *c /ts/[C 18] | s | θ | *ḱukrós (“bright”) | *ćukrás | śukráḥ | *ćuxráh | OAv. suxrə̄́, OP θuxráʰ | ||||
| *θ > š[C 10] | *h₂n̥ḱ-nó-s (“near”) | *Haćnás | *Haćnáh | OAv. asnāt̰, OP ašnaiy | |||||||||||||
| *š[C 20] | *ṣ | ṣ | *š | š | *h₃eḱtéh₃ (“eight”) | *HaštáH | aṣṭā́ | *HaštáH | OAv. aštā, MP hašt | ||||||||
| *k[C 19] | k | *k | k | k | |||||||||||||
| *s | *s | *s | *s | s | *s | *s | *s | s | *h₂stḗr (“star”) | *Hstā́ | stṛ́ | *Hstā́ | OAv. star, BP (stl /stār/) | ||||
| *h[C 21] | h | *sm̥-dʰó- (“with”) | *sadʰá | sadhá, sahá | *hadā́ | OAv. hadā́, OP hadā́ | |||||||||||
| *∅[C 22] | ∅ | *š[C 23] | š | *h₂ṓps (“water”) | *Hā́ps | áp | *Hā́fš | YAv. āfš | |||||||||
| *š[C 24] | *ṣ | ṣ | *š | *š | š | *h₁r̥stís (“spear”) | *Hr̥štíš | ṛṣṭíḥ | *Hr̥štíš | OAv. arštíš, OP arštíš | |||||||
| *ṣ[C 25] | |||||||||||||||||
| *∅[C 22] | ∅ | *wṓkʷs (“voice, speech”) | *wā́kš | vā́k | *wā́xš | Av. vā́xš, OP wā́z | |||||||||||
| *z[C 4] | *z | *y | *z | z | *nésdisth₂os (“closest”) | *názdistʰas | nédiṣṭhaḥ | *názdištʰah | OAv. názdištə̄ | ||||||||
| *ž[C 24] | *ẓ | *y | *ž | ž | *nisdós (“nest”) | *niždás | nīḍáḥ | ||||||||||
| *m | *m | m | *m | m | *méh₂tēr (“mother”) | *máHtā | mā́tā | *máHtā | OAv. mā́tā, OP mā́tā | ||||||||
| *n | *n | n | *n | n | *néyHeti (“to lead”) | *náyati | náyati | *náyatī | YAv. naiieiti, OP anaya (impf.) | ||||||||
| ṇ[C 26] | |||||||||||||||||
| *l | *l | *l~r | l~r | *r | *r | r | *ḱelh₁éd (“autumn”) | *ćarád | śarád | *ćarád | OAv. sarə́d, OP θarád | ||||||
| *r | *r | r | *bʰréh₂tēr (“brother”) | *bʰráHtā | bhrā́tā | *bráHtā | OAv. brā́ta, OP brā́tā | ||||||||||
| *ř[C 27] | |||||||||||||||||
| *∅[C 28] | |||||||||||||||||
| *w | *w | v | *w | *w | v | *wĺ̥kʷos (“wolf”) | *wŕ̥kas | vṛ́kaḥ | *wárkah | OAv. və́hrkə̄, OP várkaʰ | |||||||
| *w | *w | v | *w | *w | *w <v> | β[C 29] | *w <v> | ||||||||||
| *y | *y | y | *y | y | *h₁yaǵeti (“to honor”) | *yáȷ́ati | yájati | *yáȷ́atī | YAv. yázaiti, OP yádataiy | ||||||||
Consonant clusters
| PIE | pre-PII | PII | PIA | OIA | PNur | pre-PIr | PIr. | EOI | LOI | Examples | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Skr. | OAv. | YAv. | OP | PIE | PII | Skr. | PIr. | Old Iranian | |||||||||
| DsK | *dsg⁽ʷ⁾ | *dzg⁽ʷ⁾[C 4] | *dzg[C 15] | *dg[C 30] | dg | *zg[C 31] | zg | *Hódsgʷos (“sprout”) | *Hádᶻgas | *ádgaḥ | *Házgah | BMP azg | |||||
| *dsk⁽ʷ⁾ | *tsk⁽ʷ⁾[C 4] | *tsk[C 15] > *tsḱ[C 16] > *tśḱ[C 32] | *ćč /tśḱś/[C 17] | *ść[C 30] > *ćć | cc | *śč[C 31] | *sč[C 18] | sc | *uds-kʷeh₁ (“above”) | *utˢčáH | uccā́ | *usčáH | YAv. uscá | ||||
| D(s)T | *dd | *dᶻd[C 33] | *dᶻd | *dd[C 30] | dd | *dd | *zd[C 31] | zd | OAv. fra-uuōizdūm (2pl.aor.mid.inj.) | ||||||||
| *dt | *tt[C 4] > *tˢt[C 33][4] | *tˢt | *tt[C 30] | tt | *st[C 31] | st | *ud-tn̥h₂nós | uttānáḥ | OAv. ustānə̄́ | ||||||||
| *tt[C 4] *tˢt[C 33] > *tˢtʰ[C 7] |
*tˢtʰ | *ttʰ[C 30] | tth | št | *stʰ[C 31] | *st[C 13] | st | *ud-sth₂- (“standing up”) | *utˢtʰa | uttha | |||||||
| Dʰs | *bʰs | *bʰs | *bzʰ[C 34] | ps[C 35] | *bz[C 1] | *bž[C 1] | bž | *bʰsoHtós (“eaten”) | *bžʰaHtás | psātáḥ | |||||||
| *gʰs | *gʰs | *gʰš[C 24] | *gžʰ[C 34] | *gẓʰ | kṣ[C 35] | *gz[C 1] | *gž[C 1] | gž | *dʰégʷʰsn̥ts (“laughing”) | *dʰágžʰats | jákṣat | ||||||
| *ǵʰs | *ǵʰs | *ǵʰš[C 24] > *źʰš[C 15] > *źžʰ[C 34] |
*ȷ́žʰ /dźž/[C 17] | *ḍẓʰ[C 30] | *ṭṣ[C 35] > kṣ[C 36] | *źžʰ[C 31] > *źž[C 1] | *ž[C 37] | ž | *wéǵʰsn̥t (“to transport”, 3pl.) | *wáȷ́žʰat | vákṣat | *wážat | YAv. uz-uuažat | ||||
| *ǵʰš[C 24] > *źʰš[C 15] > *źžʰ[C 34] > *źž[C 38] |
*ȷ́ž /dźž/[C 17] | *ḍẓ[C 30] | *źž[C 31] | *sísǵʰsetoy (“to overcome”) | *sízȷ́žatay | sī́kṣate | |||||||||||
| *ǵs[C 3] > *ḱs[C 4] | *ḱš[C 24] > *śš[C 15] | *ćš /tśš/[C 17] | *ṭṣ[C 30] > *ṭ[C 22] | ṭ | *ć | *śš[C 31] | *š[C 37] | š | *neyǵʰs? (“a spit”) | nikṣati | YAv. naēzəm | ||||||
| DʰsK | *bʰsḱ | *bʰsḱ | *bzʰḱ > *bzǵʰ[C 34] > *bzǵ[C 38] > *bźǵ[C 32] |
*bźǰ /bźǵź/[C 17] | *bȷ́ /bdź/[C 30] | bj /bdź/ | *bǰ /bdž/[C 31] | *bǰ <bj> | *ubʰsḱéti (“to press”) | *ubǰáti | ubjáti | *ubǰáti | OAv. ubjiiāite (pass.subj.) | ||||
| *g⁽ʷ⁾ʰsḱ | *g⁽ʷ⁾ʰsḱ | *gʰsḱ[C 15] > *gzʰḱ > *gzǵʰ[C 34] *gzǵ[C 38] > *gźǵ[C 32] |
*gźǰ /gźǵź/[C 17] | *gȷ́[C 30] | *źǰ[C 31] | *zǰ[C 18] | zj | *twengʰsḱéti (“to compel”) | *twenzǰáti | *θwenzǰátī | YAv. θβązjaiti | ||||||
| Dʰt | *bʰt | *bʰt | *bdʰ[C 34] | bdh | *bd[C 1] | bd | *ubʰtós (“woven”) | *ubdʰás | ubdháḥ | *ubdáh | YAv. ubdaēna | ||||||
| *dʰt | *dʰt | *ddʰ[C 34] | *dᶻdʰ[C 33] | *ddʰ[C 30] | ddh | *dd | *zd[C 31] | zd | *n̥-dh₁téh₂ (“unbound”) | *adᶻdʰáH | addhā́ | *azdáH | OAv. azdā́ | ||||
| *g⁽ʷ⁾ʰt | *g⁽ʷ⁾ʰt | *gʰt[C 15] | *gdʰ[C 34] | gdh | *dʰéwgʰti (“to milk”) | *dáwgdʰi | dógdhi | *dáwgdī | BMP dōš- | ||||||||
| *g⁽ʷ⁾ʰtʰ[C 7] | *gʰtʰ[C 15] > *gtʰ[C 39] | *ktʰ[C 4] | kth | *t | *kʰtʰ[C 5] | *xθ > *xδ[C 11] | xδ | *h₁ugʰtHóm (“word”) | *Huktʰám | ukthám | *Huxθám | OAv. uxδa | |||||
| *ǵʰt | *ǵʰt | *źʰt[C 15] > *źdʰ[C 34] | *ždʰ[C 24] | *ẓdʰ > *ẓḍʰ[C 40] | *iʳḍʰ > iḍh[C 41] | *žd[C 1] | žd | *h₃miǵʰtós (“urinated”) | *Hmiždʰás | mīḍháḥ | YAv. maēzəṇti (3pl.) | ||||||
| Ks | *ḱs | *ḱs | *ḱš[C 24] > *śš[C 15] | *ćš /tśš/[C 17] | *ṭṣ[C 30] | kṣ[C 36] | *ć | *śš[C 31] | *š[C 37] | š | *déḱsinos (“right (side)”) | *dáṭṣinas | dákṣiṇaḥ | *dášinah | OAv. dáṣ̌inə̄ | ||
| *ǵs | *ḱs[C 4] | *ṭṣ[C 30] > *ṭ[C 22] | ṭ | *h₃rḗǵs (“king”) | *Hrā́ćš | rā́ṭ | *Hrā́š | ||||||||||
| KKs | *ḱks | *ḱks | *ḱkš[C 24] > *śkš[C 15] | *kš | *kṣ | kṣ | *kʰš[C 5] | *xš | xš | *ḱíḱkseti (“to help”) | *ćíkšati | śíkṣati | *ćíxšati | YAv. Younger Avestan: 𐬯𐬌𐬑𐬱𐬆𐬨𐬥𐬀 (sixšəmna, ptc.pres.med.) | |||
| LT | *lt | *lt | *lt | *ḷt[C 42] > *ḷṭ[C 40] | ṭ | *rt | *pol-to-s (“cloth”) | *paltas | paṭa | MP pardag | |||||||
| *rt | *rt | *rt | *rt | rt | *ṭṭ | *rt | ṣ̌ | rt | |||||||||
| sK | *sgʰ | *zgʰ | *zǵʰ[C 16] > *źǵʰ[C 32] | *ȷ́ǰʰ /dź.ǵźʰ/[C 17] | *dȷ́ʰ /d.dźʰ/[C 30] | jj /d.dź/ | *źǰʰ[C 31] > *źǰ[C 1] | *zǰ /z.dž/[C 18] | *zǰ <zj> | *zz > *z | *mésgʰn̥ (“marrow”) | *maȷ́ǰʰan | majján | ||||
| *sg⁽ʷ⁾ | *zg⁽ʷ⁾ | *zǵ[C 16] > *źǵ[C 32] | *ȷ́ǰ /dź.ǵź/[C 17] | *dȷ́ /d.dź/[C 30] | jj /d.dź/ | *źǰ /ź.dž/[C 31] | *zǰ /z.dž/[C 18] | *zǰ <zj> | *zz > *z | *mésgeti (“to sink”) | *mázǰati | májjati | |||||
| *sg⁽ʷ⁾ | *zg⁽ʷ⁾ | *zg[C 15] > *zǵ[C 16] > *źǵ[C 32] | j /dź/, d | *(s)gʷéseti (“to extinguish”) | *ȷ́ǰásati | jásate | |||||||||||
| *sk⁽ʷ⁾ | *sk⁽ʷ⁾ /s.k⁽ʷ⁾/ | *sk /s.k/[C 15] > *sḱ /s.ḱ/[C 16] > *śḱ /ś.ḱ/[C 32] |
*ćč /tś.ḱś/[C 17] | *ść /ś.tś/ | śc /ś.tś/ | *ć | *śč /ś.tš/[C 31] | *sč /s.tš/[C 18] | sc | *ss > s | *poskʷéh₁ (“after”) | *paćčáH | paścā́ | *pasčáH | YAv. pasca, OP pasā | ||
| *sk⁽ʷ⁾ | *sk[C 15] > *sḱ[C 16] > *śḱ[C 32] |
*ćč /tśḱś/[C 17] | *šć /štś/ | ch /tśʰ/ | *(s)ḱeh₃ih₂ | *śćaHyáH | chāyā́ | *caHyáH | OP *sāyakā | ||||||||
| *sḱ | *sḱ /s.ḱ/ | *sś[C 15] /s.ś/ > *šś[C 24] /š.ś/ |
*šć /š.tś/[C 17] | *šś /š.ś/ | cch /t.tśʰ/ | *šc /š.ts/ | s | *pr̥sḱéti (“to question”) | *pr̥šćáti | pṛcchāmi (1sg.) | *pr̥šcáti | OP pr̥sāmiy (1sg.) | |||||
| *sḱ | *sś[C 15] > *śś[C 32] > *ść /śtś/[C 17] |
*šć /štś/[C 20] | *šś /šś/ | ch /tśʰ/ | *šc /śts/ | *c | s | θ | *sḱn̥déyeti (“to appear”) | *šćadáyati | chadáyati | *šcadáyati | YAv. saδaiieiti, OP θadaya | ||||
| Ts | *ds | *ts[C 4] | *ts | t | *c /ts/ | s | θ | *pṓds (“foot”) | *pā́ts | pā́t | *pā́c | ||||||
| ts | ts | ts | *ts | *wotsós (“yearling calf”) | *watsás | vatsáḥ | *waćáh | MP wahīg | |||||||||
| TK | *dʰg⁽ʷ⁾ʰ | *gʰθ[C 43] | *g⁽ʷ⁾ʰs > *g⁽ʷ⁾ʰš[C 24] > *gʰš[C 15] | *gžʰ[C 34] | *gẓʰ | kṣ[C 35] | *gž | gž | *dʰgʷʰéreti (“to flow”) | *gžʰárati | kṣárati | *gžáratī | YAv. γžaraiti | ||||
| *dʰǵʰ | *ǵʰθ[C 43] | *ǵʰs > *ǵʰš[C 24] > *źʰš[C 15] > *źžʰ[C 34] |
*ȷ́žʰ /dźžʰ/[C 17] | *ḍẓʰ[C 30] | *ṭṣ[C 35] > kṣ[C 36] | *źž[C 31] | *ž[C 37] | ž | *dʰǵʰḿ̥h₂s (“earth”) | *ȷ́žʰáHs | kṣā́ḥ | *žáHs | |||||
| *tk⁽ʷ⁾ | *k⁽ʷ⁾θ[C 43] | *k⁽ʷ⁾s > *k⁽ʷ⁾š[C 24] | *ks[C 15] | *kṣ | kṣ | *č | *kʰš[C 5] | *xš | xš | *tketróm (“power”) | *kšatrám | kṣatrám | *xšaθrám | OAv. xšaθrə́m, OP xšaçám | |||
| *tḱ | *ḱθ[C 43] | *ḱs > *ḱš[C 24] > *śš[C 15] | *ćš /tśš/[C 17] | *ṭṣ[C 30] | kṣ[C 36] | *ć | *śš[C 31] | *š[C 37] | š | *tḱéyti (“to settle”) | *ćšáyti | kṣéti | *šáyti | OAv. šaēiti | |||
| Tw | *ǵw | *ǵw | *źw[C 15] | *ȷ́w /dźw/[C 17] | *ȷ́w | jv | *jw (> *zβ[C 44]) | zb | z | *ǵwélHeti (“to burn”) | *ȷ́wálHati | jválati | |||||
| *ǵʰw | *ǵʰw | *źʰw[C 15] | *ȷ́ʰw /dźʰw/[C 17] | *źʰw | hv | *ǵʰwéreti (“to stagger”) | *ȷ́ʰwárati | hvárati | *ȷ́wárati | OAv. zbárəṇtī, MMP przyr- | |||||||
| *ḱw | *ḱw | *św[C 15] | *ćw /tśw/[C 17] | *św | śv | *čp | *cw (> *sφ[C 44]) | sp | s | *h₁éḱwos (“horse”) | *Háćwas | áśvaḥ | *Háćwah | YAv. áspō, OP ásaʰ | |||
| *tw | *tw | tv | *θw | θβ | θw | *twéHom (“you”, acc.sg.) | *twáHam | tvā́m | *θwáHam | OAv. θβąm, OP θᵘvā́m | |||||||
| rw | *rw | *rw | *rw | *rw | rv | *w | *rw | *rw <ᵘruu> | *rw <rᵘv> | ||||||||
| sw | *sw | *sw | *sw | *sw | sv | *šp | *hw | *xʷ | xᵛ | *hw <ʰuv> | *swépnos (“sleep”) | *swápnas | svápnaḥ | *xwápnah | OAv. xᵛafᵊnə̄ | ||
| CL | *ḱL | *ḱL | *śr[C 15] | *ćr /tśr/[C 17] | *śr | śr | *cr /tsr/ | *cr /ts/ | sr | *θr > *šr[C 10] > *ṣ <ç> |
*ḱlównis (“buttocks”) | *ćráwniš | śróṇi | *ćráwniš | YAv. sraoni | ||
| *jr /dzr/[C 45] | zr | *δr > *šr[C 10] > *ṣ <ç> |
*ḱreddʰéh₂ (“belief”) | *ćradᶻdʰáH | śraddhā́ | *ȷ́razdáH | YAv. zrazdā | ||||||||||
| tr | *tr | *tr | *tr | tr | *tr | *tʰr[C 7] | *θr | θr | *šr[C 10] > *ṣ <ç> | *putrós (“boy”) | *putrás | putráḥ | *puθráh | OAv. puθrə̄́, OP puçáʰ | |||
| *tr[C 13] | tr | *θr > *šr[C 10] > *ṣ <ç> > š |
*úǵtros (“camel”) | *úštras | úṣṭraḥ | *úštrah | OAv. uštra, OP *uššaʰ | ||||||||||
| KY | *k⁽ʷ⁾y | *k⁽ʷ⁾y | *ky[C 15] > *ḱy[C 16] | *čy /ḱśj/[C 17] | *ćy | cy /tśj/ | *čy | *šy[C 9] | š́ | *šy <šiy> | *kyéwetor (“(s)he goes”) | *čyáwatey | cyávate | *šyáwatai | OAv. š́auuaitē (med.), OP ašiyava (impf.) | ||
| *gʰy | *gʰy | *ǵʰy[C 16] | *ǰʰy /ǵźʰj/[C 17] | *źʰy | hy | *ǰy /džj/[C 1] | *šy[C 9] | *ǰy <jii> | *źy > *ź > ž |
*ǰy <jiy> | *dʰrugʰyéti (“to deceive”) | *dʰruǰʰyáti | druhyáti | *druǰyáti | YAv. družaite (med.), OP ad(u)rujiya (impf.) | ||
| *gʰʲs > *gʲs[C 3] > gʲš[C 24] > *kʲš[C 4] |
*čš[C 17] | *ćṣ | *čṣ | *Hmíčš | |||||||||||||
Notes
- ↑ 1.00 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.09 1.10 1.11 1.12 1.13 1.14 1.15 1.16 Dʰ > D[5]
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 > /V(r)_
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 Tʰ > T /_s#[1][2][3]
- ↑ 4.00 4.01 4.02 4.03 4.04 4.05 4.06 4.07 4.08 4.09 4.10 4.11 4.12 4.13 4.14 4.15 D > T /_{s,T}; s > z, p > b /_D (PIE voicing assimilation)[4]
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.7 T > Tʰ /_C
- ^ f > p /_t
- ↑ 7.00 7.01 7.02 7.03 7.04 7.05 7.06 7.07 7.08 7.09 T > Tʰ /_
- ^ D > T /_H[5]
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 > _y
- ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 10.3 10.4 10.5 10.6 10.7 {δ,θ} > š /_R
- ↑ 11.0 11.1 *θ > *δ /F_
- ↑ 12.0 12.1 T > Tʰ /_NDʰ[5]
- ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 *Tʰ > *T /S_
- ^ d > ∅ /V_N
- ↑ 15.00 15.01 15.02 15.03 15.04 15.05 15.06 15.07 15.08 15.09 15.10 15.11 15.12 15.13 15.14 15.15 15.16 15.17 15.18 15.19 15.20 15.21 15.22 15.23 15.24 15.25 15.26 15.27 15.28 15.29 15.30 15.31 15.32 15.33 15.34 15.35 15.36 Kʷ > K; Ḱ > Ś ("Satemization")
- ↑ 16.00 16.01 16.02 16.03 16.04 16.05 16.06 16.07 16.08 16.09 16.10 K > Ḱ /_ (palatalization)[5]
- ↑ 17.00 17.01 17.02 17.03 17.04 17.05 17.06 17.07 17.08 17.09 17.10 17.11 17.12 17.13 17.14 17.15 17.16 17.17 17.18 17.19 17.20 17.21 17.22 17.23 17.24 17.25 17.26 17.27 Ś > TŚ (affricization)
- ↑ 18.0 18.1 18.2 18.3 18.4 18.5 18.6 18.7 Ś > S (depalatalization)[5]
- ↑ 19.0 19.1 19.2 Ḱ > K /_L (Weise's Law)
- ↑ 20.0 20.1 20.2 ś > š /[5][6]
- ^ s > h /[5]
- ↑ 22.0 22.1 22.2 22.3 C₁C₂ > C₁ /_#
- ^ *s > *š /P_
- ↑ 24.00 24.01 24.02 24.03 24.04 24.05 24.06 24.07 24.08 24.09 24.10 24.11 24.12 24.13 24.14 s > š /{K,L,i,Y}_ (Pedersen's ('RUKI') Law)
- ^ š > ṣ /r_
- ^ *n > ṇ /{r, ṣ}(…)_ (n-retroflexion)
- ^ *r > *ř /#_
- ^ r > ∅ /_{ć,b,m,p,ṣ}
- ^ v > β /_F
- ↑ 30.00 30.01 30.02 30.03 30.04 30.05 30.06 30.07 30.08 30.09 30.10 30.11 30.12 30.13 30.14 30.15 30.16 T]σσ[T > TT (PIA TST dissimilation)
- ↑ 31.00 31.01 31.02 31.03 31.04 31.05 31.06 31.07 31.08 31.09 31.10 31.11 31.12 31.13 31.14 31.15 31.16 T]σσ[T > ST (PIr TST dissimilation)
- ↑ 32.0 32.1 32.2 32.3 32.4 32.5 32.6 32.7 32.8 S > Ś /_Ć (palatal assimilation)[8]
- ↑ 33.0 33.1 33.2 33.3 ∅ > /T]σσ[ (Double-dental rule)
- ↑ 34.00 34.01 34.02 34.03 34.04 34.05 34.06 34.07 34.08 34.09 34.10 34.11 > /Dʰ_ (Bartholomae's law)
- ↑ 35.0 35.1 35.2 35.3 35.4 DZʰ > TS
- ↑ 36.0 36.1 36.2 36.3 ṭṣ > kṣ
- ↑ 37.0 37.1 37.2 37.3 37.4 S₁S₂ > S₂
- ↑ 38.0 38.1 38.2 CCʰ > CC[7]
- ^ (Grassman's law)
- ↑ 40.0 40.1 C > C̣ /_Ṭ (coronal assimilation)
- ^ ẓ > > /_ḍ (sibilant laxing)
- ^ lt, ls, ln > ḷt, ḷs, ḷn > ḷṭ, ḷṣ, ḷṇ > ṭ, ṣ, ṇ (Fortunatov's law)
- ↑ 43.0 43.1 43.2 43.3 TK > Kθ (Thorn metathesis)[8][9][10]
- ↑ 44.0 44.1 w > φ > ∅ /Z_
w > β > ∅ /S_ - ^ *S₁(T)R...S₂ > *S₂(T)R...S₂
Vowels and syllabic consonants
Notes
- ^ *a > ə̄ /_N
- ↑ 2.00 2.01 2.02 2.03 2.04 2.05 2.06 2.07 2.08 2.09 2.10 2.11 2.12 VH > V̄; L̥H > V̄L
- ^ *e > *a /*h₂_
- ^ *e > *o /*h₃_
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 Cʷ_; _C₁{u,w}
- ^ o > ō /_]σ (Brugmann's law)
- ^ *ay > ōi /C_CC; _C#
- ^ *āy > *ā /_# (sporadic)
- ^ *aw > ə̄u /_*š
- ^ V_C
- ^ H > H̥ /C_C
- ^ H̥ > ī /C_C#
- ^ H > ∅_ /*ǵ (Lubotsky's law)
- ^ r̥ > ŕ̥ /_T
Abbreviations
- # = word boundary
- C = consonant
- Cʰ = aspirated consonant
- Ć = palatal consonant
- Cʷ = labial consonant
- C̥ = syllabic consonant
- D = voiced stop (b, d, g, h₃, z)
- E = front vowel (e, i)
- F = fricative (δ, θ, x)
- G = voiced velar stop
- H = laryngeal
- K = (voiceless) velar stop
- L = liquid (l, r)
- N = nasal (n, m)
- P = bilabial stop (b, p)
- R = sonorant (l, r, n, m)
- T = (voiceless) stop
- S = sibilant (s, z)
- V = vowel
- V̄ = long vowel
- V̆ = short vowel
- Vʷ = rounded vowel
- X (ʰ, h₁, h₂)
- Y = glide
- Z = voiced sibilant
References
- ^ Lipp, Reiner (2009) Die indogermanischen und einzelsprachlichen Palatale im Indoiranischen: Neurekonstruktion, Nuristan-Sprachen, Genese der indoarischen Retroflexe, Indoarisch von Mitanni (Indogermanische Bibliothek; 3) (in German), volume 1, Heidelberg: Winter, page 212
- ^ The template Template:R:ine:HCHIEL does not use the parameter(s):
vol=I
Please see Module:checkparams for help with this warning.Kobayashi, Masato (2017–2018) “Chapter V: Indic”, in Klein, Jared S., Joseph, Brian D., Fritz, Matthias, editors, Handbook of Comparative and Historical Indo-European Linguistics: An International Handbook (Handbücher zur Sprach- und Kommunikationswissenschaft ; 41.2), Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter Mouton, →ISBN, § The phonology of Indic, page 332 - ^ Kulikov, Leonid (2017) “Part 4 Chapter 2: Indo-Aryan”, in Kapović, Mate, editor, The Indo-European Languages (Routledge Language Family Series), 2nd edition, London, New York: Routledge, →ISBN, page 229
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 Fortson, Benjamin W. (2010) Indo-European Language and Culture: An Introduction, second edition, Oxford: Blackwell, pages 117–123
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 Kümmel, Martin Joachim (2017) Einführung ins Altiranische [Introduction to Old Iranian] (in German), Jena: Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, pages 8-14
- ^ Martínez García, Javier, de Vaan, Michiel (2014) Introduction to Avestan (Brill Introductions to Indo-European Languages; 1), Brill, →ISBN, pages 10-37
- ^ Lipp, Reiner (2009) Die indogermanischen und einzelsprachlichen Palatale im Indoiranischen: Neurekonstruktion, Nuristan-Sprachen, Genese der indoarischen Retroflexe, Indoarisch von Mitanni (Indogermanische Bibliothek; 3) (in German), volume 1, Heidelberg: Winter, page 181
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 Kobayashi, Masato (2004) Historical Phonology of Old Indo-Aryan Consonants (Study of Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa Monograph Series; 42), Tokyo: Research Institute for Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa, Tokyo University of Foreign Studies, →ISBN, page 70
- ^ Windfuhr, Gernot (2010) The Iranian Languages (Routledge Language Family Series), Oxon, New York: Routledge, →ISBN, page 49
- ^ The template Template:R:ine:HCHIEL does not use the parameter(s):
section=9.4.3.
Please see Module:checkparams for help with this warning.Cantera, Alberto (2017–2018) “Chapter VI: Iranian”, in Klein, Jared S., Joseph, Brian D., Fritz, Matthias, editors, Handbook of Comparative and Historical Indo-European Linguistics: An International Handbook (Handbücher zur Sprach- und Kommunikationswissenschaft ; 41.2), Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter Mouton, →ISBN, § The phonology of Iranian, page 495 - ^ Lua error in Module:quote at line 2578: |title= is an alias of |chapter=; cannot specify a value for both
- ^ Jamison, Stephanie W. (1988) “The Quantity of the Outcome of Vocalized Laryngeals in Indic”, in Bammesberger, Alfred, editor, Die Laryngaltheorie und die Rekonstruktion des indogermanischen Laut- und Formensystems, Heidelberg: Winter, pages 213-226