Appendix:Cognates between English and Polish

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Terms inherited from Proto-Indo-European

Proto-Indo-European root English cognate Polish cognate
*bʰardʰéh₂ beard broda (“beard”)
*bʰébʰrus beaver bóbr (“beaver”)
*bʰéreti bear brać (“to take”)
*bʰeyh₂- bive bać (“to be afraid, to fear”)
*bʰerǵʰos bargh, barrow, berg, berry brzeg (“bank, coast, shore”)
*bʰorwos barrow browek (“male piglet”, dialectal)
*bʰosós bare bosy (“barefooted, unshod”)
*bʰréh₂tēr brother brat (“brother”)
*der- tear drzeć (“to rend, to tear”)
*derHgʰ- tarry dziergać (“to crochet, to embroider”)
*dn̥ǵʰwéh₂s tongue język (“language, tongue”, suffixed)
*dóru tree drzewo (“tree”)
*dʰayl- deal dział (“section”)
*dʰéh₁t do dziać (“to happen, to knit”)
*dʰol- dale dół (“bottom, pit”)
*dʰrágʰyeh₂ dregs drożdże (“yeast”)
*dʰugh₂tḗr daughter córa (“daughter”)
*dʰwes- deer duch (“ghost, spirit”)
*dʰwṓr door drzwi (“door”), dźwierze (“door”, archaic)
*ǵénh₁tis kind zięć (“son-in-law”)
*ǵn̥néh₃ti can, con, cun znać (“to be acquainted with, to know”)
*ǵómbʰos comb ząb (“tooth”)
*ǵr̥h₂nóm corn, grain ziarno (“grain”)
*ǵyewh₁- chew żuć (“to chew”)
*ǵʰh₂éns goose gęś (“goose”)
*ǵʰl̥h₃tós gold żółty (“yellow”)
*gʰóstis guest, host gość (“guest”)
*gʰrebʰ- grave, graven grześć (“to bury”)
*gʰróbʰ- grave grób (“grave”)
*gnétti knead gnieść (“to crumple, to crush, to knead”)
*golHwos callow głowa (“head”)
*gʷḗn queen żona (“wife”)
*gʷih₃wós quick żywy (“alive”)
*gʷréh₂wō quern żarna (“quern”)
*Hrugʰís rye reż (“rye”, obsolete)
*h₁édti eat jeść (“to eat”)
*h₁én in w (“in”)
*h₁nómn̥ name imię (“name”)
*h₁ól-ḱ-is ~ h₁él-ḱ-is elk łoś (“elk, moose”)
*h₁ówHdʰr̥ udder wymię (“udder”)
*h₁rebʰ- rib żebro (“rib”)
*h₁rowdʰós red rudy (“red-haired”)
*h₁widʰéwh₂ widow wdowa (“widow”)
*h₁wíteros wither wtóry (“second”, archaic)
*h₂éngulos ankle węgieł (“corner, quoin”)
*h₂érh₃trom ard radło (“ard, lister”)
*h₂éryeti ear orać (“to plough”)
*h₂eḱmoros hammer kamor (“large stone”)
*h₂er- arm ramię (“shoulder, upper arm”)
*h₂moldus mild młody (“young”)
*h₂ówis ewe owca (“ewe, sheep”, suffixed)
*h₂ṓws ear ucho (“ear, lug”)
*h₂ōwyóm egg, ey jajo (“egg”)
*h₂sowsos sear suchy (“dry”)
*h₂welh₁dʰ- wield władać (“to reign, to rule”)
*h₂wĺ̥h₁neh₂ wool wełna (“wool”)
*h₃bʰrúHs brow brew (“eyebrow”)
*h₃ókʷs eye oko (“eye”)
*ḱerdʰ- herd czereda (“crowd, host, pack”), trzoda (“flock, herd”)
*ḱolh₂- culm, haulm słoma (“straw”)
*ḱrapo- roof strop (“ceiling”)
*ḱr̥h₂nós horn sarna (“roe deer”)
*ḱweytos white świat (“world”)
*kewh₂- hew kuć (“to forge”)
*kleh₂- lade kłaść (“to lay, to put”)
*kéh₂ilos hale, whole cały (“intact, whole”)
*kréwh₂s raw krew (“blood”)
*kr̥h₂-s-ḗr ~ *kr̥h₂-s-n-ós hornet szerszeń (“hornet”)
*kʷóteros whether który (“which one”)
*kʷoynéh₂ pain cena (“price”)
*légʰyeti lie leżeć (“to be situated, to lie, to recline”)
*lewbʰos lief luby (“beloved”)
*lewgʰ- lie łgać (“to lie, to tell falsehood”)
*lewk- lynx ryś (“lynx”)
*leyǵʰ- lick lizać (“to lick”)
*logʰéyeti lay łożyć (“to defray, to lay out”)
*loypéyeti leave lepić (“to mold”)
*médʰu mead miód (“honey”)
*méh₂tēr mother macierz (“matrix, motherland”)
*me-mógʰ-e ~ *me-m̥gʰ-ḗr may móc (“to be able”)
*meyḱ- mix miesić (“to knead”)
*mogʰtis might moc (“might, power”)
*monogʰos many mnogi (“plural”)
*mosgʰós marrow mózg (“brain”)
*moynéyeti mean mienić (“to flicker, to glisten”)
*musom moss mech (“moss”)
*múh₂s mouse mysz (“mouse”)
*néh₂s nose nos (“nose”)
*nogʷós nake nagi (“naked, nude”)
*new- new nowy (“new, novel”)
*-níd- nit gnida (“nit”)
*nisdós nest gniazdo (“nest, socket”)
*nókʷts night noc (“night”)
*péh₂wr̥ fire perz (“couch grass”)
*péth₂r̥ feather pióro (“feather, fountain pen”)
*perd- fart pierdzieć (“to fart”)
*pḱórmos harm srom (“shame, vulva”)
*pl̥h₁nós full pełny (“filled, full, unabridged”)
*plúsis flea pchła (“flea”)
*pn̥kʷstis fist pięść (“fist”)
*pṓds foot spód (“bottom, underside”)
*pórḱos farrow, pork prosię (“piglet”)
*polHwos fallow płowy (“fallow, fawn”)
*priHeh₂yeti free sprzyjać (“to favour”, prefixed)
*séh₁yeti sow siać (“to sow”)
*séh₁mn̥ semen siemię (“flaxseed”)
*séh₂ls salt sól (“salt”)
*seh₂- sad syty (“sated, satiated”)
*seykʷ- sie szczać (“to piss”)
*sḱeh₃iros hoar szary (“grey”)
*sḱēy- sheer szczery (“earnest, sincere”)
*skéydt shit cedzić (“to filter, to strain”)
*skek- shake skoczyć (“to jump, to leap”)
*skek- shag skakać (“to jump, to leap”)
*skewbʰ- shove skubać (“to pluck”)
*skewd- shoot kidać (“to scatter, to throw”, dialectal)
*skewh₁- show chować (“to conceal, to hide, to rear”)
*skrengʰ- ring krąg (“circle”), kręg (“vertebra”)
*smal- small mały (“little, small”)
*snóygʷʰos snow śnieg (“snow”)
*sodéyeti set sadzić (“to plant”)
*somHós same sam (“alone”)
*spenh₁- spin piąć (“to ascend, to climb, to trail”)
*spoHy- foam piana (“foam, froth”)
*stéh₂dʰh₁om stud stado (“drove, herd, troop”)
*steh₂wéyeti stow stawić (“to show up, to turn up”)
*stel- stell słać, ścielić (“to make the bed, to spread”)
*steyh₂- stain, stone ściana (“wall”)
*sth₂rós stour stary (“old”)
*strēl- strale, streal strzała (“arrow”)
*streyg- strike strzyc (“to clip, to shear, to trim”)
*suH- swine świnia (“pig”)
*suHnús son syn (“son”)
*swésōr sister siostra (“sister”)
*swer- swear swarzyć (“to feud, to quarrel”)
*syúh₁ti sew szyć (“to sew”)
*táwros steer tur (“aurochs”)
*terh₁- throw trzeć (“to rub”)
*tr̥nós thorn cierń (“prickle, thorn”), tarń (“blackthorn”)
*trowdos threat trud (“toil”)
*trósdos thrush drozd (“thrush”)
*tuHsont- thousand tysiąc (“thousand”)
*túh₂ thou ty (“you”, singular)
*udrós otter wydra (“otter”)
*wéǵʰeti weigh wieźć (“to carry, to drive”)
*weh₂b- weep wabić (“to lure”)
*wĺ̥kʷos wolf wilk (“lupus, wolf”)
*woǵʰéyeti wedge wozić (“to carry, to drive”)
*woḱso- wax wosk (“wax”)
*wódr̥ water woda (“water”)
*wóps wasp osa (“wasp”)
*wóyde weet, wit wiedzieć (“to know as a fact”)
Proto-Indo-European root English cognate Polish cognate

Terms derived from Proto-Germanic

Proto-Germanic root English cognate Polish cognate
*bōkō beech buk (“beech”)
*dōmaz doom duma (“pride”)
*dōmijaną deem dumać (“to muse, to ponder”)
*fatilaz fettle pętla (“loop”)
*fulką folk pułk (“regiment”)
*handugaz handy chędogi (“neat, tidy”, obsolete)
*hlaibaz loaf chleb (“bread”)
*hlaiwaz lee chlew (“pigsty”)
*hūsą house chyża (“barn”, dialectal)
*hwīlō while chwila (“moment”)
*katilaz kettle kocioł (“cauldron”)
*kaupijaną cheap kupić (“to buy”)
*klajjaz clay klej (“glue”)
*krabbô crab krab (“crab”)
*kuningaz king ksiądz (“Christian priest”)
*meluks milk mleko (“milk”)
*panningaz penny pieniądz (“money”)
*plōgaz plough pług (“plough”)
*rakentǭ rackan wrzeciądz (“hasp”)
*sadulaz saddle siodło (“saddle”)
*tūną town tyn (“fence made of branches”)
*walhaz Wales Włoch (“Italian”)
Proto-Germanic root English cognate Polish cognate
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