• Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/-né- (#-né-)

• Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/dus- (#dus-)
• Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/h₁n̥- (#h₁n̥-)
• Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/h₁su- (#h₁su-)
• Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/n̥- (#n̥-)

• Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/-dʰlom (#-dʰlom)
• Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/-dʰrom (#-dʰrom)
• Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/-éh₁ti (#-éh₁ti)
• Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/-éh₁yeti (#-éh₁yeti)
• Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/-eh₂yéti (#-eh₂yéti)
• Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/-éyeti (#-éyeti)
• Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/-(h₁)seti (#-(h₁)seti)
• Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/-h₂ (#-h₂)
• Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/-h₂ti (#-h₂ti)
• Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/-h₃onh₂- (#-h₃onh₂-)
• Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/-iHnos (#-iHnos)
• Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/-iskos (#-iskos)
• Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/-kʷe (#-kʷe)
• Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/-mn̥ (#-mn̥)
• Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/-mos (#-mos)
• Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/-mós (#-mós)
• Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/-néwti (#-néwti)
• Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/-nós (#-nós)
• Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/-os (#-os)
• Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/-ós (#-ós)
• Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/-ōs (#-ōs)
• Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/-oyéti (#-oyéti)
• Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/-rós (#-rós)
• Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/-seti (#-seti)
• Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/-sḱéti (#-sḱéti)
• Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/-st (#-st)
• Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/-teh₂ (#-teh₂)
• Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/-teh₂ts (#-teh₂ts)
• Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/-tḗr (#-tḗr)
• Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/-teros (#-teros)
• Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/-tis (#-tis)
• Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/-tlom (#-tlom)
• Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/-tōr (#-tōr)
• Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/-tós (#-tós)
• Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/-trih₂ (#-trih₂)
• Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/-trom (#-trom)
• Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/-tus (#-tus)
• Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/-us (#-us)
• Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/-wē (#-wē)
• Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/-wós (#-wós)
• Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/-yéh₁- (#-yéh₁-)
• Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/-yeti (#-yeti)
• Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/-yéti (#-yéti)
• Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/-yós (#-yós)
• Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/-yōs (#-yōs)

LINK	ETYM	FORM	DEF	ALTERNATIVE/USAGE/SEE ALSO/RELATED TERMS/SYNONYMS	TO	FROM
-né-		‎(oblique stem *-n-)	Forms mostly transitive imperfective verbs from perfective intransitive roots.	SEE ALSO: *-néwti; USAGE: The infix is inserted into the zero grade of the root, before the final consonant, which must be a stop or laryngeal. The root must also contain a sonorant non-initially. The verb thus formed ablauts like a normal athematic verb. In the zero grade, the -n- is never syllabic, the preceding sonorant is instead.	(V)	V
dus-		-	"bad"	ANTONYM: *h₁su-
h₁n̥-	Zero grade form of *h₁en	-	"in, in-"
h₁su-		-	"good"	ANTONYM: *dus-
n̥-		-	"not, un-"	RELATED: *ne
-dʰlom		-	Alternative form of *-trom	ALTERNATIVE: *-dʰrom, *-tlom, *-trom	n
-dʰrom		-	Alternative form of *-trom	ALTERNATIVE: *-dʰlom, *-tlom, *-trom	n
-éh₁ti		*(Ø)-éh₁ti ‎(oblique stem *(Ø)-h₁-?)	Creates stative (or durative) verbs from perfective roots. or 2) from nominals	DERIVED: *-éh₁yeti	V	RN
-éh₁yeti	From *-éh₁ti ‎(stative suffix) +‎ *-yeti.	*(Ø)-éh₁ye-	Thematicization of the athematic stative verbal suffix; see *-yeti.		V	V
-eh₂yéti	Innovated compound suffix from *-eh₂ ‎(eh₂-stem noun suffix) + *-yéti.	-	Creates iterative/ frequentative/ intensive verbs. or 2) causative verbs		V
-éyeti	From *-yeti.	*(o)-éyeti	Forms causative imperfective verbs from roots. or 2) iterative/frequentative from roots		V	R
-(h₁)seti		*(é)-(h₁)seti	Creates desiderative imperfective verbs from roots.		V	R
-h₂		*(é)-(o)-h₂ n	Creates collective nouns, which refer to groups or sets of things.		N
-h₂ti		-	Forms factitive verbs from adjective stems.		V	A
-h₃onh₂-	From *h₃enh₂-.	-	Derives adjectives, nouns denoting burden, authority.		AN
-iHnos	From *-nós.	-	Creates adjectives of materials.		A	N
-iskos		-	Characteristic of, typical of, pertaining to		A
-kʷe	See *kʷis.	-	"and", or Forms distributives from interrogatives.		D	I
-mn̥	Cognates with the same ablaut: *-mno- (e.g. Latin alumnus). Cognates with a different ablaut: *-mḗn (< **-mens) (e.g. Ancient Greek ποιμήν ‎(poimḗn, “shepherd”)). & *-mō (< **-mons) (e.g. Latin sermō, Ancient Greek δαίμων ‎(daímōn)). See also *-h₃onh₂-.	*(é)-mn̥ n	Creates action nouns or result nouns from verbs.	DERIVED: *-mn̥-to-	N	V
-mos		*(ó)-mos m	Creates action/result nouns from verb stems.		N	V
-mós		*(Ø)-mós m	Creates action/result nouns from verb stems.		N	V
-néwti		*(Ø)-néwti	Forms transitive imperfective verbs from roots.	SEE ALSO: *-né-	V	R
-nós		*(Ø)-nós	Creates verbal adjectives from verb stems.	SYNONYMS: *-tós	A	V
-os		*(é)-os n	Creates action nouns or result nouns from verbs. or 1) Creates nouns from verb stems denoting the performance or action of that verb.	DERIVED TERMS: *-ōs 1) RELATED TERMS: *-ós, *-éh₂	N	V
-ós		*(o)-ós m	Creates agent nouns from verb stems, denoting someone or something that performs that verb's action.	RELATED TERMS: *-os, *-éh₂	N	V
-ōs	For **-oss, i.e. neuter s-stem *-os with nominative *-s.	*(é)-ōs m, f	Creates masculine and feminine action nouns or result nouns from verbs.	RELATED TERMS: *-ēs	N	V
-oyéti	From *-yéti ‎(factitive verb suffix).	-	Creates factitive verbs from adjectives.		V	A
-rós		*(Ø)-rós	Forms adjectives from so-called "Caland" roots.	SEE ALSO: *-us	A	R
-seti		*(é)-seti	Forms primary verbs.		V
-sḱéti		*(Ø)-sḱéti	Forms durative or iterative imperfective verbs from roots.		V	R
-st		*(?)-st	Forms perfective verbs from roots.		V	R
-teh₂		f	Used to form nouns representing state of being	RELATED TERMS: *-teh₂ts, *-túHts	N
-teh₂ts		f	Used to form nouns representing state of being	RELATED TERMS: *-teh₂, *-túHts	N
-tḗr		*(Ø)-tḗr m	Derives agent nouns from verbs, denoting someone or something whose role or purpose it is to perform the verb's action.	DERIVED TERMS: *-ter-yeh₂, *-tr-ih₂, *-tr-om; RELATED TERMS: *-tōr	N	V
-teros		-	Contrastive/oppositional adjectival suffix.	SEE ALSO: *-yōs; USAGE NOTES: In Proto-Indo-European, X-teros meant "one which is especially X", "one which is more X than other things", "one which is X as opposed to something else". Compare: .... In some daughters the suffix was grammaticalized as the marker of a comparative degree in adjectives: .... In some daughters it attracted various pronominal adjectives (determiners), i.e. words meaning "other": .... or possessives: ....	A
-tis		*(é)-tis f	Derives abstract/action nouns from verb roots.		N	V
-tlom		-	Alternative form of *-trom	ALTERNATIVE: *-dʰlom, *-dʰrom, *-trom	n
-tōr		*(é)-tōr m	Derives agent nouns from verbs, denoting someone or something who has performed the verb's action.	RELATED TERMS: *-tḗr	N	V
-tós		*(Ø)-tós	Creates verbal adjectives from verb stems.	SYNONYMS: -nós	A	V
-trih₂	From *-tḗr.	*(é)-trih₂	Derives agent nouns from verbs, denoting someone or something who has performed the verb's action.	DERIVED TERMS: *-trih₂-k-s; RELATED TERMS: *-tōr	N	V
-trom	Thematicized from the zero-grade of *-tḗr. Originally the neuter gender of some adjective *-tros meaning "of the doer, of doing". Of note is the similar development later exercised by daughter languages (e.g. Latin -tor > -tōrius ‎(“of the doer, of doing”) > -tōrium ‎(“thing/ place of the doer”)).	n	Forms nouns denoting a tool or instrument.	ALTERNATIVE: *-dʰlom (occuring with roots ending in *-h₁ or *-h₂. See e.g. fābula from root *bʰeh₂- ‎(“to speak”)), *-dʰrom, *-tlom	N
-tus		*(é)-tus m	Derives action nouns from verb roots.	DERIVED TERMS: *tu-no-; *tew-d-h₃onh₂-	N	V
-us		*(é)-us	Forms adjectives from so-called "Caland" roots.	SEE ALSO: *-rós	A	R
-wē		*-we ~ *-wē	"or"	DERIVED TERMS: *(h₁)i-we ‎(“as”), *ne-we ~ *ne-wē
-wós	Originally the suffix forming the perfect active participle.	*(Ø)-wós	Creates adjectives from verb stems.		A	V
-yéh₁-		*(Ø)-yéh₁- ‎(oblique stem *(Ø)-ih₁-)	Forms the optative mood of verbs.	USAGE NOTES: This suffix was a derivational suffix in early PIE, like for example *-sḱéti. It was affixed directly to roots in the zero grade rather than to verb stems, and was not formed to statives.	(V)	v
-yeti		*(é)-yeti	Creates transitive imperfective verbs from roots.	SEE ALSO: *-yéti; DERIVED TERMS: *-éyeti, *-éh₁yeti; USAGE NOTES: In many daughter languages, this suffix came to be affixed to stems as well. It was used frequently to convert originally athematic inflections into thematic inflections.	V	R
-yéti		*(Ø)-yéti	Creates intransitive, often deponent, imperfective verbs from roots.	SEE ALSO: *-yeti; DERIVED TERMS: *-eh₂yéti, *-(i)dyéti, *-oyéti	V	R
-yós		*(Ø)-yós	Creates adjectives from noun stems.	DERIVED TERMS: *e-yós; USAGE NOTES: When affixed to athematic nouns, the thematic vowel of the suffix was stressed and the noun appeared in the oblique stem. When affixed to thematic nouns, the thematic vowel of the noun was dropped; accent remained on the noun stem if the thematic vowel was not originally accented.	A	N
-yōs	For **-yoss, from *-yos- (with nominative *-s), an intensive marker signifying "very", "rather". It was directly added to the e-grade root (if there was one) rather than to the stem of the adjective noun.	*-(é)-yōs	Forms adjectives from roots, meaning "very" or "rather".	DERIVED TERMS: *-is-ō ~ *-is-n-es, *-is-tos, *-is-(t)m̥mo-; SEE ALSO: *-(t)ero-; USAGE NOTES: Adverbs were formed by using the stem, *-yos-, without any ending.	A	R

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

*PIE-affixes (oblique stem *-n-)

1. Forms mostly transitive imperfective verbs from perfective intransitive roots.

The infix is inserted into the zero grade of the root, before the final consonant, which must be a stop or laryngeal. The root must also contain a sonorant non-initially. The verb thus formed ablauts like a normal athematic verb. In the zero grade, the -n- is never syllabic, the preceding sonorant is instead.

Imperfective, athematic
3rd singular	*-né-ti
3rd plural	*-n-énti
Active voice	Present indicative	Past indicative	Imperative	Subjunctive	Optative
1st singular	*-né-mi	*-né-m̥	—	*-né-oh₂	*-n-yéh₁m̥
2nd singular	*-né-si	*-né-s	*-né-, *-n-dʰí	*-né-esi	*-n-yéh₁s
3rd singular	*-né-ti	*-né-t	*-né-tu	*-né-eti	*-n-yéh₁t
1st dual	*-n-wós	*-n-wé	—	*-né-owos	*-n-ih₁wé
2nd dual	*-n-tés	*-n-tóm	*-n-tóm	*-né-etes	*-n-ih₁tóm
3rd dual	*-n-tés	*-n-tā́m	*-n-tā́m	*-né-etes	*-n-ih₁tā́m
1st plural	*-n-mós	*-n-mé	—	*-né-omos	*-n-ih₁mé
2nd plural	*-n-té	*-n-té	*-n-té	*-né-ete	*-n-ih₁té
3rd plural	*-n-énti	*-n-ént	*-n-éntu	*-né-onti	*-n-ih₁ént
Participle	*-n-ónts
Middle voice	Present indicative	Past indicative	Imperative	Subjunctive	Optative
1st singular	*-n-h₂ér	*-n-h₂é	—	*-né-oh₂er	*-n-ih₁h₂é
2nd singular	*-n-th₂ér	*-n-th₂é	*-n-só	*-né-eth₂er	*-n-ih₁th₂é
3rd singular	*-n-tór, *-n-ór	*-n-tó, *-n-ó	*?	*-né-etor	*-n-ih₁tó, *-n-ih₁ó
1st dual	*-n-wósdʰh₂	*-n-wédʰh₂	—	*-né-owosdʰh₂	*-n-ih₁wédʰh₂
2nd dual	*?	*?	*?	*?	*?
3rd dual	*?	*?	*?	*?	*?
1st plural	*-n-mósdʰh₂	*-n-médʰh₂	—	*-né-omosdʰh₂	*-n-ih₁médʰh₂
2nd plural	*-n-dʰh₂wé	*-n-dʰh₂wé	*-n-dʰh₂wé	*-né-edʰh₂we	*-n-ih₁dʰh₂wé
3rd plural	*-n-n̥tór, *-n-rór	*-n-n̥tó, *-n-ró	*?	*-né-ontor	*-n-ih₁ró
Participle	*-n-m̥h₁nós

• *-néwti

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Possibly from *dews- (“lack”).^[1] De Vaan instead suggests a derivation from the root of *dwóh₁ (“two”) with sense development from "into two" > "apart" > "bad".^[2]

*PIE-affixes^[3]

1. bad

   Antonym: *h₁su-

• (perhaps) Armenian:
  • Old Armenian: տ- (t-)
• Balto-Slavic:
  • ⇒ Proto-Slavic: *dъždžь (“rainstorm, rain”) (< *dus-dyu- (“bad sky”), from *dyu- (“sky, day”))
• Proto-Celtic: *dus- (see there for further descendants)
• Proto-Germanic: *tuz- (see there for further descendants)
• Proto-Hellenic: *dus- (see there for further descendants)
• Proto-Indo-Iranian: *duš- (see there for further descendants)
• (perhaps) Italic:^[2]
  • Latin: dis-

• Mallory, J. P., Adams, D. Q., editors (1997), “Bad”, in Encyclopedia of Indo-European culture, London, Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers, page 43
• Mallory, J. P., Adams, D. Q., editors (1997), “Hostile”, in Encyclopedia of Indo-European culture, London, Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers, page 281
• Mallory, J. P., Adams, D. Q., editors (1997), “Lack”, in Encyclopedia of Indo-European culture, London, Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers, page 343

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Zero grade form of *h₁en

*PIE-affixes

1. in, in-

• Proto-Celtic: *in-, *ni-
• Ancient Greek: ἐν- (en-), nasalized ἀ- (a-) (ἀδελφός (adelphós))
• Latin: in-
  • French: in-, en-
• Proto-Slavic: on-, vьn-, vъ-, u-
  • Czech: v-, u-, ú-, na-
  • Russian: в- (v-)

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Possible metathesis of *h₁wes- (“good”), or perhaps related to *h₁es- (“to be”).^[1]

Hittite 𒀀𒀸𒋗𒍑 (āššuš, “good”) and possibly Epic Greek ἠΰς (ēǘs, id.) provide strong evidence for a u-stem adjective *h₁óh₁s-u-s, gen.sg. *h₁h₁s-éw-s,^[2] which would point to a reduplicated root *h₁es-. Since Proto-Indo-European apparently did not allow geminate clusters, the weak stem would have simplified to *h₁s-éw-; this could be the source of the combining form *h₁su-, with which it would be identical in the zero-grade.

*PIE-affixes^[3]

1. good

   Synonym: *h₁wes-

• *dus-

• Proto-Balto-Slavic: *sùdarwas
  • Lithuanian: sūdrùs
  • Proto-Slavic: *sъdorvъ
• Proto-Balto-Slavic: *suwrēt-, *surēt-
  • Lithuanian: surėsti
  • Proto-Slavic: *sъrěsti

Lua error in Module:rootsee at line 88: Unable to infer source from pagename 'User:Sobreira/PIE-affixes' as it isn't a Reconstruction or Appendix page

• Proto-Celtic: *su- (see there for further descendants)
• Proto-Balto-Slavic: *su-
  • Lithuanian: su-
  • Proto-Slavic: *sъ-
• Proto-Hellenic: *ehu- (see there for further descendants)
• Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hsu- (see there for further descendants)
  • → Old Armenian: հ- (h-) (or inherited and contaminated with the Iranian)

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Zero grade form of the sentence negative *ne, used with verbal adjectives and forming bahuvrihis.

*PIE-affixes

1. not, un-

• *ne

Lua error in Module:rootsee at line 88: Unable to infer source from pagename 'User:Sobreira/PIE-affixes' as it isn't a Reconstruction or Appendix page

• Proto-Albanian: *a-
  • Albanian: e-
• Proto-Armenian:
  • Old Armenian: ան- (an-) (see there for further descendants)
• Proto-Celtic: *an- (see there for further descendants)
• Proto-Germanic: *un- (see there for further descendants)
• Proto-Hellenic: *ə- (see there for further descendants)
• Proto-Indo-Iranian: *a- (see there for further descendants)
• Proto-Italic: *ən- (see there for further descendants)
• Proto-Tocharian: *e(n)-^[1] (see there for further descendants)

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

• *-dʰrom, *-tlom, *-trom

*PIE-affixes n

1. Alternative form of *-trom

Thematic
	singular
nominative	*-dʰlom
genitive	*-dʰlosyo
	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*-dʰlom	*-dʰloy(h₁)	*-dʰleh₂
vocative	*-dʰlom	*-dʰloy(h₁)	*-dʰleh₂
accusative	*-dʰlom	*-dʰloy(h₁)	*-dʰleh₂
genitive	*-dʰlosyo	*?	*-dʰloHom
ablative	*-dʰlead	*?	*-dʰlomos, *-dʰlobʰos
dative	*-dʰloey	*?	*-dʰlomos, *-dʰlobʰos
locative	*-dʰley, *-dʰloy	*?	*-dʰloysu
instrumental	*-dʰloh₁	*?	*-dʰlōys

• *-dʰlis
  • Proto-Italic: *-ðlis
    • Latin: -bilis (see there for further descendants)

• Proto-Balto-Slavic: *-dla < *-dʰlom or *-tlom
  • Proto-Slavic: *-dlo (see there for further descendants)
• Proto-Germanic: *-ilaz (merged with *-tlóm)^[1] (see there for further descendants)
• Hellenic:
  • Ancient Greek: -θλον (-thlon)
  • Ancient Greek: -θλη (-thlē)
• Italic:
  • Latin: -bulum (by anaptyxis) (see there for further descendants)
  • Latin: -bula (by anaptyxis) (see there for further descendants)
  • Latin: -ula (when compounded as *-gdʰl-)

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

*-dʰlom, *-tlom, *-trom

Variant of *-trom.

Sometimes hypothesized to have developed from assimilation to a preceding voiced aspirate^[1] (compare Bartholomae's law in Indo-Iranian). Sihler describes this as the usual explanation and considers it "the only remotely plausible" one if the *t- forms of the suffix are original, but says it is problematic, noting that this form of the suffix is not attested in contexts like Greek λέκτρον (léktron) (from Proto-Indo-European *legʰ-) even though, under this hypothesis, the *-dʰ-initial variants would have originated in words like this.^[2]

Based on the contexts in which it occurs, Olsen 1988 argues that it actually originated from coalescence of a voiceless laryngeal (*h₁ or *h₂) with the following *-t-, initially resulting in a voiceless aspirate, which is proposed to have merged with the outcome of voiced aspirates in the languages in which this allomorph is attested.^[3]

*PIE-affixes n

1. Alternative form of *-trom

Thematic
	singular
nominative	*-dʰrom
genitive	*-dʰrosyo
	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*-dʰrom	*-dʰroy(h₁)	*-dʰreh₂
vocative	*-dʰrom	*-dʰroy(h₁)	*-dʰreh₂
accusative	*-dʰrom	*-dʰroy(h₁)	*-dʰreh₂
genitive	*-dʰrosyo	*?	*-dʰroHom
ablative	*-dʰread	*?	*-dʰromos, *-dʰrobʰos
dative	*-dʰroey	*?	*-dʰromos, *-dʰrobʰos
locative	*-dʰrey, *-dʰroy	*?	*-dʰroysu
instrumental	*-dʰroh₁	*?	*-dʰrōys

• Proto-Hellenic: *-tʰron, *-tʰrē
  • Ancient Greek: -θρον (-thron), -θρη (-thrē)
• Proto-Italic: *-ðrom, *-ðrā
  • Latin: -brum, -bra

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

*(Ø)-éh₁ti (oblique stem *(Ø)-h₁-?)^[1]

1. Creates inchoative (or fientive) verbs from perfective roots.
2. Creates inchoative (or fientive) verbs from nominals.

With e-grade throughout:

Imperfective, athematic, active only
3rd singular	*(Ø)-éh₁ti
3rd plural	*(Ø)-éh₁n̥ti
Active voice	Present indicative	Past indicative	Imperative	Subjunctive	Optative
1st singular	*(Ø)-éh₁mi	*(Ø)-éh₁m̥	—	*(Ø)-éh₁oh₂	*(Ø)-éh₁yeh₁m̥
2nd singular	*(Ø)-éh₁si	*(Ø)-éh₁s	*(Ø)-éh₁, *(Ø)-éh₁dʰi	*(Ø)-éh₁esi	*(Ø)-éh₁yeh₁s
3rd singular	*(Ø)-éh₁ti	*(Ø)-éh₁t	*(Ø)-éh₁tu	*(Ø)-éh₁eti	*(Ø)-éh₁yeh₁t
1st dual	*(Ø)-éh₁wos	*(Ø)-éh₁we	—	*(Ø)-éh₁owos	*(Ø)-éh₁ih₁we
2nd dual	*(Ø)-éh₁tes	*(Ø)-éh₁tom	*(Ø)-éh₁tom	*(Ø)-éh₁etes	*(Ø)-éh₁ih₁tom
3rd dual	*(Ø)-éh₁tes	*(Ø)-éh₁tām	*(Ø)-éh₁tām	*(Ø)-éh₁etes	*(Ø)-éh₁ih₁tām
1st plural	*(Ø)-éh₁mos	*(Ø)-éh₁me	—	*(Ø)-éh₁omos	*(Ø)-éh₁ih₁me
2nd plural	*(Ø)-éh₁te	*(Ø)-éh₁te	*(Ø)-éh₁te	*(Ø)-éh₁ete	*(Ø)-éh₁ih₁te
3rd plural	*(Ø)-éh₁n̥ti	*(Ø)-éh₁n̥t	*(Ø)-éh₁n̥tu	*(Ø)-éh₁onti	*(Ø)-éh₁ih₁n̥t
Participle	*(Ø)-éh₁n̥ts

With ablaut in the suffix:

Imperfective, athematic, active only
3rd singular	*(Ø)-éh₁ti
3rd plural	*(Ø)-h₁énti
Active voice	Present indicative	Past indicative	Imperative	Subjunctive	Optative
1st singular	*(Ø)-éh₁mi	*(Ø)-éh₁m̥	—	*(Ø)-éh₁oh₂	*(Ø)-h₁yéh₁m̥
2nd singular	*(Ø)-éh₁si	*(Ø)-éh₁s	*(Ø)-éh₁, *(Ø)-h₁dʰí	*(Ø)-éh₁esi	*(Ø)-h₁yéh₁s
3rd singular	*(Ø)-éh₁ti	*(Ø)-éh₁t	*(Ø)-éh₁tu	*(Ø)-éh₁eti	*(Ø)-h₁yéh₁t
1st dual	*(Ø)-h₁wós	*(Ø)-h₁wé	—	*(Ø)-éh₁owos	*(Ø)-h₁ih₁wé
2nd dual	*(Ø)-h₁tés	*(Ø)-h₁tóm	*(Ø)-h₁tóm	*(Ø)-éh₁etes	*(Ø)-h₁ih₁tóm
3rd dual	*(Ø)-h₁tés	*(Ø)-h₁tā́m	*(Ø)-h₁tā́m	*(Ø)-éh₁etes	*(Ø)-h₁ih₁tā́m
1st plural	*(Ø)-h₁mós	*(Ø)-h₁mé	—	*(Ø)-éh₁omos	*(Ø)-h₁ih₁mé
2nd plural	*(Ø)-h₁té	*(Ø)-h₁té	*(Ø)-h₁té	*(Ø)-éh₁ete	*(Ø)-h₁ih₁té
3rd plural	*(Ø)-h₁énti	*(Ø)-h₁ént	*(Ø)-h₁éntu	*(Ø)-éh₁onti	*(Ø)-h₁ih₁ént
Participle	*(Ø)-h₁ónts

• *-éh₁yeti

• Proto-Anatolian: *-ǣ́di
• Proto-Balto-Slavic: *-ḗˀtei
  • Proto-Slavic: *-ěti

• Sihler, Andrew L. (1995) New Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin, Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

• *-h₁yéti^[2]

From *-éh₁ti (stative suffix) +‎ *-yeti.

*(Ø)-éh₁yeti

1. Thematicization of the athematic stative verbal suffix; see *-yeti.

Imperfective, thematic, active only
3rd singular	*(Ø)-éh₁yeti
3rd plural	*(Ø)-éh₁yonti
Active voice	Present indicative	Past indicative	Imperative	Subjunctive	Optative
1st singular	*(Ø)-éh₁yoh₂	*(Ø)-éh₁yom	—	*(Ø)-éh₁yōh₂	*(Ø)-éh₁yoyh₁m̥
2nd singular	*(Ø)-éh₁yesi	*(Ø)-éh₁yes	*(Ø)-éh₁ye	*(Ø)-éh₁yēsi	*(Ø)-éh₁yoys
3rd singular	*(Ø)-éh₁yeti	*(Ø)-éh₁yet	*(Ø)-éh₁yetu	*(Ø)-éh₁yēti	*(Ø)-éh₁yoyt
1st dual	*(Ø)-éh₁yowos	*(Ø)-éh₁yowe	—	*(Ø)-éh₁yōwos	*(Ø)-éh₁yoywe
2nd dual	*(Ø)-éh₁yetes	*(Ø)-éh₁yetom	*(Ø)-éh₁yetom	*(Ø)-éh₁yētes	*(Ø)-éh₁yoytom
3rd dual	*(Ø)-éh₁yetes	*(Ø)-éh₁yetām	*(Ø)-éh₁yetām	*(Ø)-éh₁yētes	*(Ø)-éh₁yoytām
1st plural	*(Ø)-éh₁yomos	*(Ø)-éh₁yome	—	*(Ø)-éh₁yōmos	*(Ø)-éh₁yoyme
2nd plural	*(Ø)-éh₁yete	*(Ø)-éh₁yete	*(Ø)-éh₁yete	*(Ø)-éh₁yēte	*(Ø)-éh₁yoyte
3rd plural	*(Ø)-éh₁yonti	*(Ø)-éh₁yont	*(Ø)-éh₁yontu	*(Ø)-éh₁yōnti	*(Ø)-éh₁yoyh₁n̥t
Participle	*(Ø)-éh₁yonts

• Proto-Balto-Slavic: *-ḗˀtei
  • Proto-Slavic: *-ěti (present tense declension)
• Proto-Celtic: *-īti
  • Proto-Brythonic: *-id
• Proto-Germanic: *-janą (see there for further descendants)
• Proto-Hellenic:
  • Ancient Greek: -έω (-éō) (partially)
• Proto-Italic: *-ēō
  • Latin: -eō
  • Latin: -ō (single case of stō)
• Proto-Indo-Iranian: *-áHyati
  • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *-áHyati
    • Sanskrit: -आयति (-ā́yati)

• Sihler, Andrew L. (1995) New Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin, Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN
• Lundquist, Jesse, Yates, Anthony D. (2017–2018) “Chapter XX: Proto-Indo-European”, in Klein, Jared S., Joseph, Brian D., Fritz, Matthias, editors, Handbook of Comparative and Historical Indo-European Linguistics: An International Handbook (Handbücher zur Sprach- und Kommunikationswissenschaft ; 41.2), Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter Mouton, →ISBN, § The morphology of Proto-Indo-European, page 2162

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Innovated compound suffix from *-éh₂ (eh₂-stem nominal suffix) + *-yéti (factitive verbal suffix). See also *-h₂ti.

*(o)-eh₂yéti

1. Creates iterative, frequentative, or intensive verbs.
2. Creates causative verbs.

Imperfective, thematic
3rd singular	*(o)-eh₂yéti
3rd plural	*(o)-eh₂yónti
Active voice	Present indicative	Past indicative	Imperative	Subjunctive	Optative
1st singular	*(o)-eh₂yóh₂	*(o)-eh₂yóm	—	*(o)-eh₂yṓh₂	*(o)-eh₂yóyh₁m̥
2nd singular	*(o)-eh₂yési	*(o)-eh₂yés	*(o)-eh₂yé	*(o)-eh₂yḗsi	*(o)-eh₂yóys
3rd singular	*(o)-eh₂yéti	*(o)-eh₂yét	*(o)-eh₂yétu	*(o)-eh₂yḗti	*(o)-eh₂yóyt
1st dual	*(o)-eh₂yówos	*(o)-eh₂yówe	—	*(o)-eh₂yṓwos	*(o)-eh₂yóywe
2nd dual	*(o)-eh₂yétes	*(o)-eh₂yétom	*(o)-eh₂yétom	*(o)-eh₂yḗtes	*(o)-eh₂yóytom
3rd dual	*(o)-eh₂yétes	*(o)-eh₂yétām	*(o)-eh₂yétām	*(o)-eh₂yḗtes	*(o)-eh₂yóytām
1st plural	*(o)-eh₂yómos	*(o)-eh₂yóme	—	*(o)-eh₂yṓmos	*(o)-eh₂yóyme
2nd plural	*(o)-eh₂yéte	*(o)-eh₂yéte	*(o)-eh₂yéte	*(o)-eh₂yḗte	*(o)-eh₂yóyte
3rd plural	*(o)-eh₂yónti	*(o)-eh₂yónt	*(o)-eh₂yóntu	*(o)-eh₂yṓnti	*(o)-eh₂yóyh₁n̥t
Participle	*(o)-eh₂yónts
Middle voice	Present indicative	Past indicative	Imperative	Subjunctive	Optative
1st singular	*(o)-eh₂yóh₂er	*(o)-eh₂yóh₂e	—	*(o)-eh₂yṓh₂er	*(o)-eh₂yóyh₂e
2nd singular	*(o)-eh₂yéth₂er	*(o)-eh₂yéth₂e	*(o)-eh₂yéso	*(o)-eh₂yḗth₂er	*(o)-eh₂yóyth₂e
3rd singular	*(o)-eh₂yétor	*(o)-eh₂yéto	*?	*(o)-eh₂yḗtor	*(o)-eh₂yóyto, *(o)-eh₂yóyh₁o
1st dual	*(o)-eh₂yówosdʰh₂	*(o)-eh₂yówedʰh₂	—	*(o)-eh₂yṓwosdʰh₂	*(o)-eh₂yóywedʰh₂
2nd dual	*?	*?	*?	*?	*?
3rd dual	*?	*?	*?	*?	*?
1st plural	*(o)-eh₂yómosdʰh₂	*(o)-eh₂yómedʰh₂	—	*(o)-eh₂yṓmosdʰh₂	*(o)-eh₂yóymedʰh₂
2nd plural	*(o)-eh₂yédʰh₂we	*(o)-eh₂yédʰh₂we	*(o)-eh₂yédʰh₂we	*(o)-eh₂yḗdʰh₂we	*(o)-eh₂yóydʰh₂we
3rd plural	*(o)-eh₂yóntor	*(o)-eh₂yónto	*?	*(o)-eh₂yṓntor	*(o)-eh₂yóyro
Participle	*(o)-eh₂yómnos

• Proto-Balto-Slavic: *-ā́ˀtei
  • Proto-Slavic: *-ati (present tense declension)
• Proto-Celtic: *-āti
  • Brythonic: *-ọd
  • Old Irish: -aid
• Proto-Germanic: *-ōną (present tense declension) (see there for further descendants)
• Proto-Hellenic:
  • Ancient Greek: -άω (-áō), -ῶ (-ô) (the uncontracted present tense declension -άω is the most conservative)
• Proto-Italic: *-āō
  • Latin: -ō, -āre (first conjugation, etymology 3) (see there for further descendants)
• Proto-Indo-Iranian: *-aHyáti
  • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *-aHyáti
    • Sanskrit: -आयति (-āyáti), -आपयति (-āpayati) (with unexplained medial -p-) (see there for further descendants)

• Sihler, Andrew L. (1995) New Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin, Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

From *-yeti.

*(o)-éyeti

1. Forms causative imperfective verbs from roots.
2. Forms iterative or frequentative imperfective verbs from roots.

Imperfective, thematic
3rd singular	*(o)-éyeti
3rd plural	*(o)-éyonti
Active voice	Present indicative	Past indicative	Imperative	Subjunctive	Optative
1st singular	*(o)-éyoh₂	*(o)-éyom	—	*(o)-éyōh₂	*(o)-éyoyh₁m̥
2nd singular	*(o)-éyesi	*(o)-éyes	*(o)-éye	*(o)-éyēsi	*(o)-éyoys
3rd singular	*(o)-éyeti	*(o)-éyet	*(o)-éyetu	*(o)-éyēti	*(o)-éyoyt
1st dual	*(o)-éyowos	*(o)-éyowe	—	*(o)-éyōwos	*(o)-éyoywe
2nd dual	*(o)-éyetes	*(o)-éyetom	*(o)-éyetom	*(o)-éyētes	*(o)-éyoytom
3rd dual	*(o)-éyetes	*(o)-éyetām	*(o)-éyetām	*(o)-éyētes	*(o)-éyoytām
1st plural	*(o)-éyomos	*(o)-éyome	—	*(o)-éyōmos	*(o)-éyoyme
2nd plural	*(o)-éyete	*(o)-éyete	*(o)-éyete	*(o)-éyēte	*(o)-éyoyte
3rd plural	*(o)-éyonti	*(o)-éyont	*(o)-éyontu	*(o)-éyōnti	*(o)-éyoyh₁n̥t
Participle	*(o)-éyonts
Middle voice	Present indicative	Past indicative	Imperative	Subjunctive	Optative
1st singular	*(o)-éyoh₂er	*(o)-éyoh₂e	—	*(o)-éyōh₂er	*(o)-éyoyh₂e
2nd singular	*(o)-éyeth₂er	*(o)-éyeth₂e	*(o)-éyeso	*(o)-éyēth₂er	*(o)-éyoyth₂e
3rd singular	*(o)-éyetor	*(o)-éyeto	*?	*(o)-éyētor	*(o)-éyoyto, *(o)-éyoyh₁o
1st dual	*(o)-éyowosdʰh₂	*(o)-éyowedʰh₂	—	*(o)-éyōwosdʰh₂	*(o)-éyoywedʰh₂
2nd dual	*?	*?	*?	*?	*?
3rd dual	*?	*?	*?	*?	*?
1st plural	*(o)-éyomosdʰh₂	*(o)-éyomedʰh₂	—	*(o)-éyōmosdʰh₂	*(o)-éyoymedʰh₂
2nd plural	*(o)-éyedʰh₂we	*(o)-éyedʰh₂we	*(o)-éyedʰh₂we	*(o)-éyēdʰh₂we	*(o)-éyoydʰh₂we
3rd plural	*(o)-éyontor	*(o)-éyonto	*?	*(o)-éyōntor	*(o)-éyoyro
Participle	*(o)-éyomnos

• Proto-Armenian:
  • Old Armenian: -եմ (-em) (partially)
• Proto-Balto-Slavic: *-eitei
  • Latgalian: -eit
  • Latvian: -īt
  • Lithuanian: -yti
  • Proto-Slavic: *-iti (see there for further descendants)
• Proto-Celtic: *-īti
  • Proto-Brythonic: *-id
  • Old Irish: -id (class A II)
• Proto-Germanic: *-(i)janą (class 1 weak verbs) (see there for further descendants)
• Proto-Hellenic: *-éyō
  • Ancient Greek: -έω (-éō) (partially)
• Proto-Italic: *-eō
  • Latin: -eō (Second conjugation (causative) verbs)
• Proto-Indo-Iranian: *-áyati
  • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *-áyati
    • Sanskrit: -अयति (-áyati) (mostly)
  • Proto-Iranian: *-áyati
    • Avestan: -𐬀𐬌𐬌𐬈𐬌𐬙𐬌 (-aiieⁱti) (mostly)
• Proto-Albanian: *-tjā
  • Albanian: -së

• Sihler, Andrew L. (1995) New Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin, Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 504
• Ringe, Donald (2006) From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic (A Linguistic History of English; 1)‎, Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 28
• Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, pages 22-23: “(4a) Kausativ-Iterativ mit Suffix -éi̯e/o-”
• Beekes, Robert S. P. (2011) Comparative Indo-European Linguistics: An Introduction, 2nd edition, revised and corrected by Michiel de Vaan, Amsterdam, Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company, page 256: “causatives with *-o- in the root”

*(Ø)-éyeti

1. Forms imperfective verbs from roots.

Imperfective, thematic
3rd singular	*(Ø)-éyeti
3rd plural	*(Ø)-éyonti
Active voice	Present indicative	Past indicative	Imperative	Subjunctive	Optative
1st singular	*(Ø)-éyoh₂	*(Ø)-éyom	—	*(Ø)-éyōh₂	*(Ø)-éyoyh₁m̥
2nd singular	*(Ø)-éyesi	*(Ø)-éyes	*(Ø)-éye	*(Ø)-éyēsi	*(Ø)-éyoys
3rd singular	*(Ø)-éyeti	*(Ø)-éyet	*(Ø)-éyetu	*(Ø)-éyēti	*(Ø)-éyoyt
1st dual	*(Ø)-éyowos	*(Ø)-éyowe	—	*(Ø)-éyōwos	*(Ø)-éyoywe
2nd dual	*(Ø)-éyetes	*(Ø)-éyetom	*(Ø)-éyetom	*(Ø)-éyētes	*(Ø)-éyoytom
3rd dual	*(Ø)-éyetes	*(Ø)-éyetām	*(Ø)-éyetām	*(Ø)-éyētes	*(Ø)-éyoytām
1st plural	*(Ø)-éyomos	*(Ø)-éyome	—	*(Ø)-éyōmos	*(Ø)-éyoyme
2nd plural	*(Ø)-éyete	*(Ø)-éyete	*(Ø)-éyete	*(Ø)-éyēte	*(Ø)-éyoyte
3rd plural	*(Ø)-éyonti	*(Ø)-éyont	*(Ø)-éyontu	*(Ø)-éyōnti	*(Ø)-éyoyh₁n̥t
Participle	*(Ø)-éyonts
Middle voice	Present indicative	Past indicative	Imperative	Subjunctive	Optative
1st singular	*(Ø)-éyoh₂er	*(Ø)-éyoh₂e	—	*(Ø)-éyōh₂er	*(Ø)-éyoyh₂e
2nd singular	*(Ø)-éyeth₂er	*(Ø)-éyeth₂e	*(Ø)-éyeso	*(Ø)-éyēth₂er	*(Ø)-éyoyth₂e
3rd singular	*(Ø)-éyetor	*(Ø)-éyeto	*?	*(Ø)-éyētor	*(Ø)-éyoyto, *(Ø)-éyoyh₁o
1st dual	*(Ø)-éyowosdʰh₂	*(Ø)-éyowedʰh₂	—	*(Ø)-éyōwosdʰh₂	*(Ø)-éyoywedʰh₂
2nd dual	*?	*?	*?	*?	*?
3rd dual	*?	*?	*?	*?	*?
1st plural	*(Ø)-éyomosdʰh₂	*(Ø)-éyomedʰh₂	—	*(Ø)-éyōmosdʰh₂	*(Ø)-éyoymedʰh₂
2nd plural	*(Ø)-éyedʰh₂we	*(Ø)-éyedʰh₂we	*(Ø)-éyedʰh₂we	*(Ø)-éyēdʰh₂we	*(Ø)-éyoydʰh₂we
3rd plural	*(Ø)-éyontor	*(Ø)-éyonto	*?	*(Ø)-éyōntor	*(Ø)-éyoyro
Participle	*(Ø)-éyomnos

• Proto-Hellenic: *-éyō
  • Ancient Greek: -έω (-éō) (partially)
• Proto-Indo-Iranian: *-áyati
  • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *-áyati
    • Sanskrit: -अयति (-áyati) (partially)
  • Proto-Iranian: *-áyati
    • Avestan: -𐬀𐬌𐬌𐬈𐬌𐬙𐬌 (-aiieⁱti) (partially)

• Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 19: “(1s) Präsens mit Suffix -éi̯e/o-”
• Beekes, Robert S. P. (2011) Comparative Indo-European Linguistics: An Introduction, 2nd edition, revised and corrected by Michiel de Vaan, Amsterdam, Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company, page 256: “non-causatives with zero grade in the root”

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

*(é)-(h₁)seti^[1]

1. Creates desiderative imperfective verbs from roots.

Imperfective, thematic
3rd singular	*(é)-(h₁)seti
3rd plural	*(é)-(h₁)sonti
Active voice	Present indicative	Past indicative	Imperative	Subjunctive	Optative
1st singular	*(é)-(h₁)soh₂	*(é)-(h₁)som	—	*(é)-(h₁)sōh₂	*(é)-(h₁)soyh₁m̥
2nd singular	*(é)-(h₁)sesi	*(é)-(h₁)ses	*(é)-(h₁)se	*(é)-(h₁)sēsi	*(é)-(h₁)soys
3rd singular	*(é)-(h₁)seti	*(é)-(h₁)set	*(é)-(h₁)setu	*(é)-(h₁)sēti	*(é)-(h₁)soyt
1st dual	*(é)-(h₁)sowos	*(é)-(h₁)sowe	—	*(é)-(h₁)sōwos	*(é)-(h₁)soywe
2nd dual	*(é)-(h₁)setes	*(é)-(h₁)setom	*(é)-(h₁)setom	*(é)-(h₁)sētes	*(é)-(h₁)soytom
3rd dual	*(é)-(h₁)setes	*(é)-(h₁)setām	*(é)-(h₁)setām	*(é)-(h₁)sētes	*(é)-(h₁)soytām
1st plural	*(é)-(h₁)somos	*(é)-(h₁)some	—	*(é)-(h₁)sōmos	*(é)-(h₁)soyme
2nd plural	*(é)-(h₁)sete	*(é)-(h₁)sete	*(é)-(h₁)sete	*(é)-(h₁)sēte	*(é)-(h₁)soyte
3rd plural	*(é)-(h₁)sonti	*(é)-(h₁)sont	*(é)-(h₁)sontu	*(é)-(h₁)sōnti	*(é)-(h₁)soyh₁n̥t
Participle	*(é)-(h₁)sonts
Middle voice	Present indicative	Past indicative	Imperative	Subjunctive	Optative
1st singular	*(é)-(h₁)soh₂er	*(é)-(h₁)soh₂e	—	*(é)-(h₁)sōh₂er	*(é)-(h₁)soyh₂e
2nd singular	*(é)-(h₁)seth₂er	*(é)-(h₁)seth₂e	*(é)-(h₁)seso	*(é)-(h₁)sēth₂er	*(é)-(h₁)soyth₂e
3rd singular	*(é)-(h₁)setor	*(é)-(h₁)seto	*?	*(é)-(h₁)sētor	*(é)-(h₁)soyto, *(é)-(h₁)soyh₁o
1st dual	*(é)-(h₁)sowosdʰh₂	*(é)-(h₁)sowedʰh₂	—	*(é)-(h₁)sōwosdʰh₂	*(é)-(h₁)soywedʰh₂
2nd dual	*?	*?	*?	*?	*?
3rd dual	*?	*?	*?	*?	*?
1st plural	*(é)-(h₁)somosdʰh₂	*(é)-(h₁)somedʰh₂	—	*(é)-(h₁)sōmosdʰh₂	*(é)-(h₁)soymedʰh₂
2nd plural	*(é)-(h₁)sedʰh₂we	*(é)-(h₁)sedʰh₂we	*(é)-(h₁)sedʰh₂we	*(é)-(h₁)sēdʰh₂we	*(é)-(h₁)soydʰh₂we
3rd plural	*(é)-(h₁)sontor	*(é)-(h₁)sonto	*?	*(é)-(h₁)sōntor	*(é)-(h₁)soyro
Participle	*(é)-(h₁)somnos

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

*(é)-(o)-h₂ n

1. Creates collective nouns, which refer to groups or sets.

Athematic, amphikinetic
	singular
nominative	*(é)-(o)-h₂
genitive	*(∅)-(∅)-és
	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*(é)-(o)-h₂	—	—
vocative	*(é)-(o)-h₂	—	—
accusative	*(é)-(o)-h₂	—	—
genitive	*(∅)-(∅)-és	—	—
ablative	*(∅)-(∅)-és	—	—
dative	*(∅)-(∅)-éy	—	—
locative	*(∅)-(é)-, *(∅)-(é)-i	—	—
instrumental	*(∅)-(∅)-éh₁	—	—

• ⇒ Proto-Indo-European: *-éh₂
• ⇒ Proto-Indo-European: *-ih₂

This suffix seen as an inflectional suffix on neuter nouns, forming the "collective number", as it is also represented in the inflection tables on Wiktionary.

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

*PIE-affixes^[1]

1. Forms factitive verbs from adjective stems.

Imperfective, athematic
3rd singular	*-h₂ti
3rd plural	*-h₂énti
Active voice	Present indicative	Past indicative	Imperative	Subjunctive	Optative
1st singular	*-h₂mi	*-h₂m̥	—	*-h₂oh₂	*-h₂yéh₁m̥
2nd singular	*-h₂si	*-h₂s	*-h₂, *-h₂dʰí	*-h₂esi	*-h₂yéh₁s
3rd singular	*-h₂ti	*-h₂t	*-h₂tu	*-h₂eti	*-h₂yéh₁t
1st dual	*-h₂wós	*-h₂wé	—	*-h₂owos	*-h₂ih₁wé
2nd dual	*-h₂tés	*-h₂tóm	*-h₂tóm	*-h₂etes	*-h₂ih₁tóm
3rd dual	*-h₂tés	*-h₂tā́m	*-h₂tā́m	*-h₂etes	*-h₂ih₁tā́m
1st plural	*-h₂mós	*-h₂mé	—	*-h₂omos	*-h₂ih₁mé
2nd plural	*-h₂té	*-h₂té	*-h₂té	*-h₂ete	*-h₂ih₁té
3rd plural	*-h₂énti	*-h₂ént	*-h₂éntu	*-h₂onti	*-h₂ih₁ént
Participle	*-h₂ónts
Middle voice	Present indicative	Past indicative	Imperative	Subjunctive	Optative
1st singular	*-h₂h₂ér	*-h₂h₂é	—	*-h₂oh₂er	*-h₂ih₁h₂é
2nd singular	*-h₂th₂ér	*-h₂th₂é	*-h₂só	*-h₂eth₂er	*-h₂ih₁th₂é
3rd singular	*-h₂tór, *-h₂ór	*-h₂tó, *-h₂ó	*?	*-h₂etor	*-h₂ih₁tó, *-h₂ih₁ó
1st dual	*-h₂wósdʰh₂	*-h₂wédʰh₂	—	*-h₂owosdʰh₂	*-h₂ih₁wédʰh₂
2nd dual	*?	*?	*?	*?	*?
3rd dual	*?	*?	*?	*?	*?
1st plural	*-h₂mósdʰh₂	*-h₂médʰh₂	—	*-h₂omosdʰh₂	*-h₂ih₁médʰh₂
2nd plural	*-h₂dʰh₂wé	*-h₂dʰh₂wé	*-h₂dʰh₂wé	*-h₂edʰh₂we	*-h₂ih₁dʰh₂wé
3rd plural	*-h₂n̥tór, *-h₂rór	*-h₂n̥tó, *-h₂ró	*?	*-h₂ontor	*-h₂ih₁ró
Participle	*-h₂m̥h₁nós

• Proto-Celtic: *-āti

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

• *-h₃enh₂-, *-h₃onh₂-^[1]
• *-h₃en-

In literature this morpheme might be referred to as "Hoffmann's suffix". It is often reconstructed with a *h₃ on the basis of the voice assimilation in the word *h₂ábh₃on- < *h₂ep-h₃on- (“river”), although some authorities might also reconstruct an unspecified laryngeal, *H. Sometimes identified with the root *h₃enh₂- (“onerate”).

*PIE-affixes^[2][3]

1. Derives adjectives, nouns indicating possession, denoting burden, authority.

Athematic, amphikinetic
	masculine	feminine
nominative	*-Hō	*-Hénih₂
genitive	*-Hnés	*-Hn̥yéh₂s
masculine	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*-Hō	*-Honh₁(e)	*-Hones
vocative	*-Hon	*-Honh₁(e)	*-Hones
accusative	*-Honm̥	*-Honh₁(e)	*-Honm̥s
genitive	*-Hnés	*?	*-HnóHom
ablative	*-Hnés	*?	*-Hn̥mós, *-Hn̥bʰós
dative	*-Hnéy	*?	*-Hn̥mós, *-Hn̥bʰós
locative	*-Hén, *-Héni	*?	*-Hn̥sú
instrumental	*-Hnéh₁	*?	*-Hn̥mís, *-Hn̥bʰís
feminine	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*-Hénih₂	*-Hénih₂h₁(e)	*-Hénih₂es
vocative	*-Hénih₂	*-Hénih₂h₁(e)	*-Hénih₂es
accusative	*-Hénih₂m̥	*-Hénih₂h₁(e)	*-Hénih₂m̥s
genitive	*-Hn̥yéh₂s	*?	*-Hn̥yéh₂oHom
ablative	*-Hn̥yéh₂s	*?	*-Hn̥yéh₂mos, *-Hn̥yéh₂bʰos
dative	*-Hn̥yéh₂ey	*?	*-Hn̥yéh₂mos, *-Hn̥yéh₂bʰos
locative	*-Hn̥yéh₂, *-Hn̥yéh₂i	*?	*-Hn̥yéh₂su
instrumental	*-Hn̥yéh₂h₁	*?	*-Hn̥yéh₂mis, *-Hn̥yéh₂bʰis
neuter	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*-Hon	*-Honih₁	*-Hō
vocative	*-Hon	*-Honih₁	*-Hō
accusative	*-Hon	*-Honih₁	*-Hō
genitive	*-Hnés	*?	*-HnóHom
ablative	*-Hnés	*?	*-Hn̥mós, *-Hn̥bʰós
dative	*-Hnéy	*?	*-Hn̥mós, *-Hn̥bʰós
locative	*-Hén, *-Héni	*?	*-Hn̥sú
instrumental	*-Hnéh₁	*?	*-Hn̥mís, *-Hn̥bʰís

• *-h₃onh₂-
  • >? Proto-Albanian: *-ānjā
    • Albanian: -onjë
• *-Hon-o-
  • Hellenic:
    • Ancient Greek: -ωνός (-ōnós)
  • Italic:
    • Latin: -ōnus (as in patrōnus)
• *-i-Hon-
  • Proto-Germanic: *-jǭ
    • Gothic: -𐌾𐍉 (-jō) (e.g. 𐌲𐌰𐍂𐌿𐌽𐌾𐍉 (garunjō, “flood”), 𐌲𐌰𐍄𐌹𐌼𐍂𐌾𐍉 (gatimrjō, “building”), 𐍃𐌰𐌺𐌾𐍉 (sakjō, “quarrel”))
  • Italic:
    • Latin: -iō
• *-et-Hon-
  • Hellenic:
    • Ancient Greek: -εδών (-edṓn), -ηδών (-ēdṓn) (e.g. τηκεδών (tēkedṓn, “melting away, consumption”), ἀλγηδών (algēdṓn, “pain, suffering”))
  • Italic:
    • Latin: -ēdō
• *-ti-Hon-
  • Proto-Celtic: *-tiyū
    • Old Irish: -tiu
  • Italic:
    • Latin: -tiō (see there for further descendants)
• *-tew-t-Hon-
  • Italic:
    • Latin: -tūdō
• *-Hon-ih₂, *-Hon-eh₂
  • Indo-Iranian:
    • Indo-Aryan:
      • Sanskrit: -आनी (-ānī)
  • Italic:
    • Latin: -ōna
  • Hellenic:
    • Ancient Greek: -ώνη (-ṓnē)
• *-i-Hn
  • Proto-Germanic: *-į̄

• Hellenic:
  • Ancient Greek: -ων (-ōn), -ών (-ṓn)
• Indo-Iranian:
  • Indo-Aryan
    • Sanskrit: -अन् (-an)
• Italic:
  • Latin: -ō (see there for further descendants)

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

• *-ih₁nos

From *-nós. (Can this⁽⁺⁾ etymology be sourced?)

*PIE-affixes

1. Creates adjectives of materials.

Thematic
	masculine	feminine
nominative	*-iHnos	*-iHneh₂
genitive	*-iHnosyo	*-iHneh₂s
masculine	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*-iHnos	*-iHnoh₁	*-iHnoes
vocative	*-iHne	*-iHnoh₁	*-iHnoes
accusative	*-iHnom	*-iHnoh₁	*-iHnoms
genitive	*-iHnosyo	*?	*-iHnoHom
ablative	*-iHnead	*?	*-iHnomos, *-iHnobʰos
dative	*-iHnoey	*?	*-iHnomos, *-iHnobʰos
locative	*-iHney, *-iHnoy	*?	*-iHnoysu
instrumental	*-iHnoh₁	*?	*-iHnōys
feminine	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*-iHneh₂	*-iHneh₂h₁(e)	*-iHneh₂es
vocative	*-iHneh₂	*-iHneh₂h₁(e)	*-iHneh₂es
accusative	*-iHnām	*-iHneh₂h₁(e)	*-iHneh₂m̥s
genitive	*-iHneh₂s	*?	*-iHneh₂oHom
ablative	*-iHneh₂s	*?	*-iHneh₂mos, *-iHneh₂bʰos
dative	*-iHneh₂ey	*?	*-iHneh₂mos, *-iHneh₂bʰos
locative	*-iHneh₂, *-iHneh₂i	*?	*-iHneh₂su
instrumental	*-iHneh₂h₁	*?	*-iHneh₂mis, *-iHneh₂bʰis
neuter	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*-iHnom	*-iHnoy(h₁)	*-iHneh₂
vocative	*-iHnom	*-iHnoy(h₁)	*-iHneh₂
accusative	*-iHnom	*-iHnoy(h₁)	*-iHneh₂
genitive	*-iHnosyo	*?	*-iHnoHom
ablative	*-iHnead	*?	*-iHnomos, *-iHnobʰos
dative	*-iHnoey	*?	*-iHnomos, *-iHnobʰos
locative	*-iHney, *-iHnoy	*?	*-iHnoysu
instrumental	*-iHnoh₁	*?	*-iHnōys

• Armenian:
  • Old Armenian: -այն (-ayn), -ին (-in)
• Proto-Balto-Slavic: *-īˀnas
  • Lithuanian: -inas
  • Latvian: -īns, -ains
  • Proto-Slavic: *-inъ (see there for further descendants)
• Proto-Celtic: *-īnos (see there for further descendants)
• Proto-Germanic: *-īnaz (adjective of material) (see there for further descendants)
• Proto-Hellenic:
  • Ancient Greek: -ινος (-inos) (forms adjectives with the sense of 'of or pertaining to', including adjectives of material)
• Proto-Indo-Iranian: *-iHnas
  • Proto-Indo-Aryan:
    • Sanskrit: -ईन (-īna)
  • Proto-Iranian: *-a-yHnah (see there for further descendants)
• Proto-Italic: *-īnos (see there for further descendants)

• For Greek, Moulton and Howard, page 359.

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

*PIE-affixes

1. Characteristic of, typical of, pertaining to

Thematic
	masculine	feminine
nominative	*-iskos	*-iskeh₂
genitive	*-iskosyo	*-iskeh₂s
masculine	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*-iskos	*-iskoh₁	*-iskoes
vocative	*-iske	*-iskoh₁	*-iskoes
accusative	*-iskom	*-iskoh₁	*-iskoms
genitive	*-iskosyo	*?	*-iskoHom
ablative	*-iskead	*?	*-iskomos, *-iskobʰos
dative	*-iskoey	*?	*-iskomos, *-iskobʰos
locative	*-iskey, *-iskoy	*?	*-iskoysu
instrumental	*-iskoh₁	*?	*-iskōys
feminine	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*-iskeh₂	*-iskeh₂h₁(e)	*-iskeh₂es
vocative	*-iskeh₂	*-iskeh₂h₁(e)	*-iskeh₂es
accusative	*-iskām	*-iskeh₂h₁(e)	*-iskeh₂m̥s
genitive	*-iskeh₂s	*?	*-iskeh₂oHom
ablative	*-iskeh₂s	*?	*-iskeh₂mos, *-iskeh₂bʰos
dative	*-iskeh₂ey	*?	*-iskeh₂mos, *-iskeh₂bʰos
locative	*-iskeh₂, *-iskeh₂i	*?	*-iskeh₂su
instrumental	*-iskeh₂h₁	*?	*-iskeh₂mis, *-iskeh₂bʰis
neuter	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*-iskom	*-iskoy(h₁)	*-iskeh₂
vocative	*-iskom	*-iskoy(h₁)	*-iskeh₂
accusative	*-iskom	*-iskoy(h₁)	*-iskeh₂
genitive	*-iskosyo	*?	*-iskoHom
ablative	*-iskead	*?	*-iskomos, *-iskobʰos
dative	*-iskoey	*?	*-iskomos, *-iskobʰos
locative	*-iskey, *-iskoy	*?	*-iskoysu
instrumental	*-iskoh₁	*?	*-iskōys

• Proto-Balto-Slavic: *-iškas (see there for further descendants)
• Proto-Germanic: *-iskaz (see there for further descendants)
• Proto-Hellenic: *-iskos
  • Ancient Greek: -ῐ́σκος (-ískos)

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

See *kʷis.

This etymology is incomplete. You can help Wiktionary by elaborating on the origins of this term. This says nothing about where this term came from

*PIE-affixes

1. and

   Antonym: *-wē (“or”)

2. Forms distributives from interrogatives.

• Proto-Albanian: *dže
  • Albanian: dhe
• Proto-Anatolian: *-ku^[4]
  • Hittite: 𒊌𒆪 (uk-ku /⁠(=k)ku⁠/)
  • Luwian: 𒆪 (ku)
  • Palaic: 𒆪 (ku)
• Proto-Armenian:
  • Old Armenian: -եք (-ekʻ)
• Proto-Celtic: *-kʷe (see there for further descendants)
• Proto-Germanic: *-hw (see there for further descendants)
• Proto-Hellenic: *-kʷe
  • Ancient Greek: τε (te)
  • Mycenaean Greek: 𐀤 (qe /⁠-kʷe⁠/)
• Proto-Indo-Iranian: *-ča (see there for further descendants)
• Proto-Italic: *-kʷe^[5] (see there for further descendants)
• Phrygian: κε (ke)
• (perhaps) Proto-Albanian: *tśe^[6]
  • Albanian: s- / -s (“not”)
• ⇒ Proto-Balto-Slavic: *es-ke
  • Proto-Slavic: *(j)eš-če (“yet, still”) (possibly a compound of *h₁es- (“to be”) +‎ *-kʷe) (see there for further descendants)

• Wikander, Ola (2008) Ett träd med vida grenar: de indoeuropeiska språkens historia (in Swedish), Stockholm: Prisma, →ISBN

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Related to the following masculine suffixes:

• *-mḗn (< **-mens) (e.g. Ancient Greek ποιμήν (poimḗn, “shepherd”)).
• *-mō (< **-mons) (e.g. Latin sermō, Ancient Greek δαίμων (daímōn), Sanskrit अश्मन् (áśman)).

See also *-h₃onh₂-.

*(é)-mn̥ n

1. Creates action nouns or result nouns from verbs.

Athematic, proterokinetic
	singular	collective
nominative	*(é)-mn̥	*(é)-mō
genitive	*(Ø)-méns	*(Ø)-m̥nés
	singular	dual	plural	collective
nominative	*(é)-mn̥	*(é)-m̥nih₁	—	*(é)-mō
vocative	*(é)-mn̥	*(é)-m̥nih₁	—	*(é)-mō
accusative	*(é)-mn̥	*(é)-m̥nih₁	—	*(é)-mō
genitive	*(Ø)-méns	*?	—	*(Ø)-m̥nés
ablative	*(Ø)-méns	*?	—	*(Ø)-m̥nés
dative	*(Ø)-méney	*?	—	*(Ø)-m̥néy
locative	*(Ø)-mén, *(Ø)-méni	*?	—	*(Ø)-mén, *(Ø)-méni
instrumental	*(Ø)-ménh₁	*?	—	*(Ø)-m̥néh₁

• *-mn-o-
  • Proto-Hellenic: *-mnos
    • Ancient Greek: -μνος (-mnos)
  • Proto-Italic: *-mnos
    • Latin: -mnus
• *-mn̥-to-
  • Proto-Hellenic: *-mə ~ *-mət-
    • Ancient Greek: -μα (-ma) ~ -ματ- (-mat-)
  • Proto-Italic: *-məntom
    • Latin: -mentum

• Proto-Albanian: *-mā
  • Albanian: -më
• Armenian:
  • Old Armenian: -ումն (-umn), -աւն (-awn)
• Proto-Balto-Slavic: *-men, *-min
  • Proto-Slavic: *-mę
    • Old Church Slavonic: -мѧ (-mę)
• Proto-Celtic: *-man, *-sman
• Proto-Germanic: *-mô (merged with *-mō)
• Proto-Hellenic: *-mə
  • Ancient Greek: -μᾰ (-ma)
• Proto-Hellenic: *-men
  • Ancient Greek: -μεν (-men) (Epic infinitive ending)
• Proto-Indo-Iranian: *-ma (see there for further descendants)
• Proto-Italic: *-mən
  • Latin: -men

• Parvaz Karanjia, Ramiyar. Teach yourself Avesta. A beginner's guide to the script, grammar & language of the Zoroastrian scriptural texts. 2011, p. 40 (pdf online).

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

*(ó)-mos m

1. Creates action/result nouns from verb stems.

   ‎*h₂eǵ- (“to drive”) → ‎*h₂óǵmos (“path, furrow”)

Thematic
	singular
nominative	*(ó)-mos
genitive	*(ó)-mosyo
	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*(ó)-mos	*(ó)-moh₁	*(ó)-moes
vocative	*(ó)-me	*(ó)-moh₁	*(ó)-moes
accusative	*(ó)-mom	*(ó)-moh₁	*(ó)-moms
genitive	*(ó)-mosyo	*?	*(ó)-moHom
ablative	*(ó)-mead	*?	*(ó)-momos, *(ó)-mobʰos
dative	*(ó)-moey	*?	*(ó)-momos, *(ó)-mobʰos
locative	*(ó)-mey, *(ó)-moy	*?	*(ó)-moysu
instrumental	*(ó)-moh₁	*?	*(ó)-mōys

• Proto-Balto-Slavic: *-mas
  • Proto-Slavic: *-mъ, *-smъ; *-mo n; *-ma f
• Proto-Celtic: *-mus (with a change to u-stem declension)
• Proto-Germanic: some of the a-stem nouns
• Hellenic:
  • Ancient Greek: -μος (-mos), -μός (-mós)
• Italic:
  • Latin: -mus

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

*(Ø)-mós m

1. Creates action/result nouns from verb stems.

Thematic
	singular
nominative	*(Ø)-mós
genitive	*(Ø)-mósyo
	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*(Ø)-mós	*(Ø)-móh₁	*(Ø)-móes
vocative	*(Ø)-mé	*(Ø)-móh₁	*(Ø)-móes
accusative	*(Ø)-móm	*(Ø)-móh₁	*(Ø)-móms
genitive	*(Ø)-mósyo	*?	*(Ø)-móHom
ablative	*(Ø)-méad	*?	*(Ø)-mómos, *(Ø)-móbʰos
dative	*(Ø)-móey	*?	*(Ø)-mómos, *(Ø)-móbʰos
locative	*(Ø)-méy, *(Ø)-móy	*?	*(Ø)-móysu
instrumental	*(Ø)-móh₁	*?	*(Ø)-mṓys

• Proto-Germanic: some of the a-stem nouns

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

*(Ø)-néwti

1. Forms transitive imperfective verbs from roots.

Imperfective, athematic
3rd singular	*(Ø)-néwti
3rd plural	*(Ø)-n‌wénti
Active voice	Present indicative	Past indicative	Imperative	Subjunctive	Optative
1st singular	*(Ø)-néwmi	*(Ø)-nḗm	—	*(Ø)-néwoh₂	*(Ø)-n‌uyéh₁m̥
2nd singular	*(Ø)-néwsi	*(Ø)-néws	*(Ø)-néw, *(Ø)-n‌udʰí	*(Ø)-néwesi	*(Ø)-n‌uyéh₁s
3rd singular	*(Ø)-néwti	*(Ø)-néwt	*(Ø)-néwtu	*(Ø)-néweti	*(Ø)-n‌uyéh₁t
1st dual	*(Ø)-n‌uwós	*(Ø)-n‌uwé	—	*(Ø)-néwowos	*(Ø)-n‌wih₁wé
2nd dual	*(Ø)-n‌utés	*(Ø)-n‌utóm	*(Ø)-n‌utóm	*(Ø)-néwetes	*(Ø)-n‌wih₁tóm
3rd dual	*(Ø)-n‌utés	*(Ø)-n‌utā́m	*(Ø)-n‌utā́m	*(Ø)-néwetes	*(Ø)-n‌wih₁tā́m
1st plural	*(Ø)-n‌umós	*(Ø)-n‌umé	—	*(Ø)-néwomos	*(Ø)-n‌wih₁mé
2nd plural	*(Ø)-n‌uté	*(Ø)-n‌uté	*(Ø)-n‌uté	*(Ø)-néwete	*(Ø)-n‌wih₁té
3rd plural	*(Ø)-n‌wénti	*(Ø)-n‌wént	*(Ø)-n‌wéntu	*(Ø)-néwonti	*(Ø)-n‌wih₁ént
Participle	*(Ø)-n‌wónts
Middle voice	Present indicative	Past indicative	Imperative	Subjunctive	Optative
1st singular	*(Ø)-n‌uh₂ér	*(Ø)-n‌uh₂é	—	*(Ø)-néwoh₂er	*(Ø)-n‌wih₁h₂é
2nd singular	*(Ø)-n‌uth₂ér	*(Ø)-n‌uth₂é	*(Ø)-n‌usó	*(Ø)-néweth₂er	*(Ø)-n‌wih₁th₂é
3rd singular	*(Ø)-n‌utór, *(Ø)-n‌wór	*(Ø)-n‌utó, *(Ø)-n‌wó	*?	*(Ø)-néwetor	*(Ø)-n‌wih₁tó, *(Ø)-n‌wih₁ó
1st dual	*(Ø)-n‌uwósdʰh₂	*(Ø)-n‌uwédʰh₂	—	*(Ø)-néwowosdʰh₂	*(Ø)-n‌wih₁wédʰh₂
2nd dual	*?	*?	*?	*?	*?
3rd dual	*?	*?	*?	*?	*?
1st plural	*(Ø)-n‌umósdʰh₂	*(Ø)-n‌umédʰh₂	—	*(Ø)-néwomosdʰh₂	*(Ø)-n‌wih₁médʰh₂
2nd plural	*(Ø)-n‌udʰh₂wé	*(Ø)-n‌udʰh₂wé	*(Ø)-n‌udʰh₂wé	*(Ø)-néwedʰh₂we	*(Ø)-n‌wih₁dʰh₂wé
3rd plural	*(Ø)-n‌wn̥tór, *(Ø)-n‌urór	*(Ø)-n‌wn̥tó, *(Ø)-n‌uró	*?	*(Ø)-néwontor	*(Ø)-n‌wih₁ró
Participle	*(Ø)-n‌wm̥h₁nós

• Proto-Anatolian: *-nū́di (see there for further descendants)
• Proto-Hellenic: *-neumi
  • Ancient Greek: -νῡμι (-nūmi), also thematicised -νεω (-neō)
• Proto-Indo-Iranian: *-náwti
  • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *-náwti
    • Sanskrit: -नोति (-nóti), -णोति (-ṇoti)
  • Proto-Iranian: *-náwti
    • Avestan: -𐬥𐬀𐬊𐬌𐬙𐬌 (-naoⁱti), -𐬥𐬎𐬎𐬀𐬌𐬧𐬙𐬌 (-nuuaⁱṇti) (in some cases)

• *-né-

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

*(Ø)-nós^[1]

1. Creates verbal adjectives from roots.

Thematic
	masculine	feminine
nominative	*(Ø)-nós	*(Ø)-néh₂
genitive	*(Ø)-nósyo	*(Ø)-néh₂s
masculine	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*(Ø)-nós	*(Ø)-nóh₁	*(Ø)-nóes
vocative	*(Ø)-né	*(Ø)-nóh₁	*(Ø)-nóes
accusative	*(Ø)-nóm	*(Ø)-nóh₁	*(Ø)-nóms
genitive	*(Ø)-nósyo	*?	*(Ø)-nóHom
ablative	*(Ø)-néad	*?	*(Ø)-nómos, *(Ø)-nóbʰos
dative	*(Ø)-nóey	*?	*(Ø)-nómos, *(Ø)-nóbʰos
locative	*(Ø)-néy, *(Ø)-nóy	*?	*(Ø)-nóysu
instrumental	*(Ø)-nóh₁	*?	*(Ø)-nṓys
feminine	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*(Ø)-néh₂	*(Ø)-néh₂h₁(e)	*(Ø)-néh₂es
vocative	*(Ø)-néh₂	*(Ø)-néh₂h₁(e)	*(Ø)-néh₂es
accusative	*(Ø)-nā́m	*(Ø)-néh₂h₁(e)	*(Ø)-néh₂m̥s
genitive	*(Ø)-néh₂s	*?	*(Ø)-néh₂oHom
ablative	*(Ø)-néh₂s	*?	*(Ø)-néh₂mos, *(Ø)-néh₂bʰos
dative	*(Ø)-néh₂ey	*?	*(Ø)-néh₂mos, *(Ø)-néh₂bʰos
locative	*(Ø)-néh₂, *(Ø)-néh₂i	*?	*(Ø)-néh₂su
instrumental	*(Ø)-néh₂h₁	*?	*(Ø)-néh₂mis, *(Ø)-néh₂bʰis
neuter	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*(Ø)-nóm	*(Ø)-nóy(h₁)	*(Ø)-néh₂
vocative	*(Ø)-nóm	*(Ø)-nóy(h₁)	*(Ø)-néh₂
accusative	*(Ø)-nóm	*(Ø)-nóy(h₁)	*(Ø)-néh₂
genitive	*(Ø)-nósyo	*?	*(Ø)-nóHom
ablative	*(Ø)-néad	*?	*(Ø)-nómos, *(Ø)-nóbʰos
dative	*(Ø)-nóey	*?	*(Ø)-nómos, *(Ø)-nóbʰos
locative	*(Ø)-néy, *(Ø)-nóy	*?	*(Ø)-nóysu
instrumental	*(Ø)-nóh₁	*?	*(Ø)-nṓys

• *-tós

• *-iHnos
• *-nom
  • *-o-nom, *-onom
    • Sanskrit: -अन (-ana)
      • Prakrit: -𑀅𑀡 (-aṇa)
        • Bengali: -না (-na), -অনা (-ona)
        • Hindi: -ना (-nā)
    • Proto-Germanic: *-aną (see there for further descendants)

• Proto-Balto-Slavic: *-nas, *-inas
  • Lithuanian: -inas
  • Old Prussian: -ins
  • Proto-Slavic: *-ьnъ (from *-inas)
  • Proto-Slavic: *-nъ (most past passive participles)
• Proto-Germanic: *-anaz (all strong past participles)
  • Old English: -en
    • Middle English: -en, -e
      • English: -en, -Ø
• Proto-Hellenic: *-nos
  • Ancient Greek: -νος (-nos)
• Proto-Italic: *-nos
  • Latin: -nus, -ānus (and -iānus after that), -ēnus, -īnus, -ūnus
• Proto-Indo-Iranian: *-nás (see there for further descendants)
• Proto-Albanian: *-njā
  • Albanian: -një

• *-lós
• *-rós
• *-wós
• *-sneh₂

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

*(é)-os n

2. Creates action nouns or result nouns from verbs.

Athematic, acrostatic
	singular
nominative	*(é)-os
genitive	*(é)-esos
	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*(é)-os	*(é)-esih₁	*(é)-ōs
vocative	*(é)-os	*(é)-esih₁	*(é)-ōs
accusative	*(é)-os	*(é)-esih₁	*(é)-ōs
genitive	*(é)-esos	*?	*(é)-esoHom
ablative	*(é)-esos	*?	*(é)-esmos, *(é)-esbʰos
dative	*(é)-esey	*?	*(é)-esmos, *(é)-esbʰos
locative	*(é)-es, *(é)-esi	*?	*(é)-esu
instrumental	*(é)-esh₁	*?	*(é)-esmis, *(é)-esbʰis

• *(é)-ēs (< **(é)-es-s)
• *(é)-ōs (< **(é)-os-s)

• Proto-Celtic: *-os (s-stem nouns)
• Proto-Germanic: *-az (z-stem nouns)
• Proto-Hellenic: *-os (s-stem nouns)
  • Ancient Greek: -ος (-os)
• Proto-Hellenic: *-ehen (< alternative locative form *-esen)
  • Ancient Greek: -ειν (-ein)
• Proto-Balto-Slavic: *-a
  • Latvian: -a, -s
  • Lithuanian: -a, -as
  • Proto-Slavic: *-o (s-stem nouns)
• Proto-Indo-Iranian: *-as
• Proto-Italic: *-os
  • Old Latin: -os
    • Latin: -us
• Proto-Italic: *-ezi (< locative ending *-esi)
  • Latin: -ere, -erī
• Proto-Albanian: *-ʉh
  • Albanian: -ë
  • Albanian: -ëri
• Illyrian: *-urio

*(ó)-os m

2. Creates nouns from verb stems denoting the performance or result of that verb.

Thematic
	singular
nominative	*(ó)-os
genitive	*(ó)-osyo
	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*(ó)-os	*(ó)-oh₁	*(ó)-oes
vocative	*(ó)-e	*(ó)-oh₁	*(ó)-oes
accusative	*(ó)-om	*(ó)-oh₁	*(ó)-oms
genitive	*(ó)-osyo	*?	*(ó)-oHom
ablative	*(ó)-ead	*?	*(ó)-omos, *(ó)-obʰos
dative	*(ó)-oey	*?	*(ó)-omos, *(ó)-obʰos
locative	*(ó)-ey, *(ó)-oy	*?	*(ó)-oysu
instrumental	*(ó)-oh₁	*?	*(ó)-ōys

This type of thematic action noun, with stress on the first o-grade vowel, is known as the τόμος (tómos)-type nouns in the literature.

• *(o)-ós
• *(o)-éh₂

• Anatolian:
  • Hittite: a-stem nouns
• Proto-Balto-Slavic: o-stem nouns
• Proto-Celtic: *-os (causative/iterative verbal noun suffix)
• Proto-Germanic: a-stem nouns
• Proto-Hellenic: o-stem nouns
  • Ancient Greek: τόμος-type nouns
• Proto-Indo-Iranian: a-stem nouns
• Proto-Italic: o-stem nouns

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

*(o)-ós m

1. Creates agent nouns from verb stems, denoting someone or something that performs that verb's action.

Thematic
	singular
nominative	*(o)-ós
genitive	*(o)-ósyo
	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*(o)-ós	*(o)-óh₁	*(o)-óes
vocative	*(o)-é	*(o)-óh₁	*(o)-óes
accusative	*(o)-óm	*(o)-óh₁	*(o)-óms
genitive	*(o)-ósyo	*?	*(o)-óHom
ablative	*(o)-éad	*?	*(o)-ómos, *(o)-óbʰos
dative	*(o)-óey	*?	*(o)-ómos, *(o)-óbʰos
locative	*(o)-éy, *(o)-óy	*?	*(o)-óysu
instrumental	*(o)-óh₁	*?	*(o)-ṓys

• *(ó)-os (thematic)
• *(o)-éh₂

• Proto-Celtic: *-yos (agent noun suffix)
• Proto-Germanic: some of the a-stem nouns

*(e)-ós

1. Forms adjectives or nominals of appurtenance to bases.

   ‎*dyew- (“sky”) → ‎*deywós (“(god) of the sky”)

These nominals are known as vṛddhi in Indo-Europeanist literature. The *e that the base incorporates in such formations is not necessarily the e-grade of the root; the *e is instead located after the first consonant of the root, no matter the root shape.

Thematic
	singular
nominative	*(e)-ós
genitive	*(e)-ósyo
	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*(e)-ós	*(e)-óh₁	*(e)-óes
vocative	*(e)-é	*(e)-óh₁	*(e)-óes
accusative	*(e)-óm	*(e)-óh₁	*(e)-óms
genitive	*(e)-ósyo	*?	*(e)-óHom
ablative	*(e)-éad	*?	*(e)-ómos, *(e)-óbʰos
dative	*(e)-óey	*?	*(e)-ómos, *(e)-óbʰos
locative	*(e)-éy, *(e)-óy	*?	*(e)-óysu
instrumental	*(e)-óh₁	*?	*(e)-ṓys

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

• *(é)-ōs ~ *(é)-es-os (acrostatic)^[1]

From *(é)-os-s from *(é)-os (neuter s-stem) +‎ *-s (non-neuter nominative), with simplification of the geminate consonant /s/ and compensatory lengthening. Compare *-yōs.

*(é)-ōs m or f

1. Creates masculine and feminine action nouns or result nouns from verbs.

The use of *-ōs as a derivational suffix to form nouns is supported by very limited evidence in Proto-Indo-European or any descendants other than Latin (where -or, -ōris became a somewhat common means of deriving masculine abstract nouns from the stems of verbs or occasionally adjectives) and descendants of Latin.

Athematic, amphikinetic
	singular
nominative	*(é)-ōs
genitive	*(Ø)-sés
	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*(é)-ōs	*(é)-osh₁(e)	*(é)-oses
vocative	*(é)-os	*(é)-osh₁(e)	*(é)-oses
accusative	*(é)-osm̥	*(é)-osh₁(e)	*(é)-osm̥s
genitive	*(Ø)-sés	*?	*(Ø)-sóHom
ablative	*(Ø)-sés	*?	*(Ø)-smós, *(Ø)-sbʰós
dative	*(Ø)-séy	*?	*(Ø)-smós, *(Ø)-sbʰós
locative	*(Ø)-és, *(Ø)-ési	*?	*(Ø)-sú
instrumental	*(Ø)-séh₁	*?	*(Ø)-smís, *(Ø)-sbʰís

• *(é)-ēs

• Hellenic:
  • Ancient Greek: some -ως (-ōs)/ -ώς (-ṓs) (ἠώς f (ēṓs), αἰδώς f (aidṓs), γέλως m (gélōs))
• Proto-Italic: *-ōs
  • Latin: -or

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

From *-yéti (factitive verbal suffix).

*PIE-affixes

1. Creates factitive verbs from adjectives.

Imperfective, thematic
3rd singular	*-oyéti
3rd plural	*-oyónti
Active voice	Present indicative	Past indicative	Imperative	Subjunctive	Optative
1st singular	*-oyóh₂	*-oyóm	—	*-oyṓh₂	*-oyóyh₁m̥
2nd singular	*-oyési	*-oyés	*-oyé	*-oyḗsi	*-oyóys
3rd singular	*-oyéti	*-oyét	*-oyétu	*-oyḗti	*-oyóyt
1st dual	*-oyówos	*-oyówe	—	*-oyṓwos	*-oyóywe
2nd dual	*-oyétes	*-oyétom	*-oyétom	*-oyḗtes	*-oyóytom
3rd dual	*-oyétes	*-oyétām	*-oyétām	*-oyḗtes	*-oyóytām
1st plural	*-oyómos	*-oyóme	—	*-oyṓmos	*-oyóyme
2nd plural	*-oyéte	*-oyéte	*-oyéte	*-oyḗte	*-oyóyte
3rd plural	*-oyónti	*-oyónt	*-oyóntu	*-oyṓnti	*-oyóyh₁n̥t
Participle	*-oyónts
Middle voice	Present indicative	Past indicative	Imperative	Subjunctive	Optative
1st singular	*-oyóh₂er	*-oyóh₂e	—	*-oyṓh₂er	*-oyóyh₂e
2nd singular	*-oyéth₂er	*-oyéth₂e	*-oyéso	*-oyḗth₂er	*-oyóyth₂e
3rd singular	*-oyétor	*-oyéto	*?	*-oyḗtor	*-oyóyto, *-oyóyh₁o
1st dual	*-oyówosdʰh₂	*-oyówedʰh₂	—	*-oyṓwosdʰh₂	*-oyóywedʰh₂
2nd dual	*?	*?	*?	*?	*?
3rd dual	*?	*?	*?	*?	*?
1st plural	*-oyómosdʰh₂	*-oyómedʰh₂	—	*-oyṓmosdʰh₂	*-oyóymedʰh₂
2nd plural	*-oyédʰh₂we	*-oyédʰh₂we	*-oyédʰh₂we	*-oyḗdʰh₂we	*-oyóydʰh₂we
3rd plural	*-oyóntor	*-oyónto	*?	*-oyṓntor	*-oyóyro
Participle	*-oyómnos

• Proto-Anatolian: *-oyéti
  • Hittite: -𒀀𒀀𒄑𒍣 (-a-a-iz-zi /⁠-āitsi⁠/)
• >? Proto-Germanic: *-āną (< *-ajaną) (see there for further descendants)
• Proto-Hellenic: *-óyō?
  • Ancient Greek: -όω (-óō)

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

*(Ø)-rós^[1]

1. Forms adjectives from Caland system roots.

Thematic
	masculine	feminine
nominative	*(Ø)-rós	*(Ø)-réh₂
genitive	*(Ø)-rósyo	*(Ø)-réh₂s
masculine	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*(Ø)-rós	*(Ø)-róh₁	*(Ø)-róes
vocative	*(Ø)-ré	*(Ø)-róh₁	*(Ø)-róes
accusative	*(Ø)-róm	*(Ø)-róh₁	*(Ø)-róms
genitive	*(Ø)-rósyo	*?	*(Ø)-róHom
ablative	*(Ø)-réad	*?	*(Ø)-rómos, *(Ø)-róbʰos
dative	*(Ø)-róey	*?	*(Ø)-rómos, *(Ø)-róbʰos
locative	*(Ø)-réy, *(Ø)-róy	*?	*(Ø)-róysu
instrumental	*(Ø)-róh₁	*?	*(Ø)-rṓys
feminine	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*(Ø)-réh₂	*(Ø)-réh₂h₁(e)	*(Ø)-réh₂es
vocative	*(Ø)-réh₂	*(Ø)-réh₂h₁(e)	*(Ø)-réh₂es
accusative	*(Ø)-rā́m	*(Ø)-réh₂h₁(e)	*(Ø)-réh₂m̥s
genitive	*(Ø)-réh₂s	*?	*(Ø)-réh₂oHom
ablative	*(Ø)-réh₂s	*?	*(Ø)-réh₂mos, *(Ø)-réh₂bʰos
dative	*(Ø)-réh₂ey	*?	*(Ø)-réh₂mos, *(Ø)-réh₂bʰos
locative	*(Ø)-réh₂, *(Ø)-réh₂i	*?	*(Ø)-réh₂su
instrumental	*(Ø)-réh₂h₁	*?	*(Ø)-réh₂mis, *(Ø)-réh₂bʰis
neuter	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*(Ø)-róm	*(Ø)-róy(h₁)	*(Ø)-réh₂
vocative	*(Ø)-róm	*(Ø)-róy(h₁)	*(Ø)-réh₂
accusative	*(Ø)-róm	*(Ø)-róy(h₁)	*(Ø)-réh₂
genitive	*(Ø)-rósyo	*?	*(Ø)-róHom
ablative	*(Ø)-réad	*?	*(Ø)-rómos, *(Ø)-róbʰos
dative	*(Ø)-róey	*?	*(Ø)-rómos, *(Ø)-róbʰos
locative	*(Ø)-réy, *(Ø)-róy	*?	*(Ø)-róysu
instrumental	*(Ø)-róh₁	*?	*(Ø)-rṓys

• Proto-Albanian: *-ra
  • Albanian: -ar, -r
• Proto-Armenian:
  • Old Armenian: -ար (-ar)
• Proto-Balto-Slavic: *-ras
  • Eastern Baltic:
    • Latvian: -rs
    • Lithuanian: -ras, -rus
  • Proto-Slavic: *-rъ (see there for further descendants)
• Proto-Celtic: *-ros
• Proto-Germanic: *-raz (see there for further descendants)
• Proto-Hellenic: *-rós
  • Ancient Greek: -ρός (-rós)
• Proto-Indo-Iranian: *-rás
  • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *-rás
    • Sanskrit: -र (-rá) (for example: उद्र (udrá)
  • Proto-Iranian: *-ráh
    • Avestan: -𐬭𐬀 (-ra) (for example: 𐬎𐬛𐬭𐬀 (udra))
• Proto-Italic: *-ros
  • Latin: -er (after a consonant), -rus
• Proto-Tocharian: *-re
  • Tocharian A: -är
  • Tocharian B: -re

• *-is
• *-onts
• *-us
• *-lós
• *-nós
• *-yós

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

*(é)-seti^[1]

1. Forms primary verbs.

Imperfective, thematic
3rd singular	*(é)-seti
3rd plural	*(é)-sonti
Active voice	Present indicative	Past indicative	Imperative	Subjunctive	Optative
1st singular	*(é)-soh₂	*(é)-som	—	*(é)-sōh₂	*(é)-soyh₁m̥
2nd singular	*(é)-sesi	*(é)-ses	*(é)-se	*(é)-sēsi	*(é)-soys
3rd singular	*(é)-seti	*(é)-set	*(é)-setu	*(é)-sēti	*(é)-soyt
1st dual	*(é)-sowos	*(é)-sowe	—	*(é)-sōwos	*(é)-soywe
2nd dual	*(é)-setes	*(é)-setom	*(é)-setom	*(é)-sētes	*(é)-soytom
3rd dual	*(é)-setes	*(é)-setām	*(é)-setām	*(é)-sētes	*(é)-soytām
1st plural	*(é)-somos	*(é)-some	—	*(é)-sōmos	*(é)-soyme
2nd plural	*(é)-sete	*(é)-sete	*(é)-sete	*(é)-sēte	*(é)-soyte
3rd plural	*(é)-sonti	*(é)-sont	*(é)-sontu	*(é)-sōnti	*(é)-soyh₁n̥t
Participle	*(é)-sonts
Middle voice	Present indicative	Past indicative	Imperative	Subjunctive	Optative
1st singular	*(é)-soh₂er	*(é)-soh₂e	—	*(é)-sōh₂er	*(é)-soyh₂e
2nd singular	*(é)-seth₂er	*(é)-seth₂e	*(é)-seso	*(é)-sēth₂er	*(é)-soyth₂e
3rd singular	*(é)-setor	*(é)-seto	*?	*(é)-sētor	*(é)-soyto, *(é)-soyh₁o
1st dual	*(é)-sowosdʰh₂	*(é)-sowedʰh₂	—	*(é)-sōwosdʰh₂	*(é)-soywedʰh₂
2nd dual	*?	*?	*?	*?	*?
3rd dual	*?	*?	*?	*?	*?
1st plural	*(é)-somosdʰh₂	*(é)-somedʰh₂	—	*(é)-sōmosdʰh₂	*(é)-soymedʰh₂
2nd plural	*(é)-sedʰh₂we	*(é)-sedʰh₂we	*(é)-sedʰh₂we	*(é)-sēdʰh₂we	*(é)-soydʰh₂we
3rd plural	*(é)-sontor	*(é)-sonto	*?	*(é)-sōntor	*(é)-soyro
Participle	*(é)-somnos

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

*(Ø)-sḱéti

1. Forms durative or iterative imperfective verbs from roots.

Imperfective, thematic
3rd singular	*(Ø)-sḱéti
3rd plural	*(Ø)-sḱónti
Active voice	Present indicative	Past indicative	Imperative	Subjunctive	Optative
1st singular	*(Ø)-sḱóh₂	*(Ø)-sḱóm	—	*(Ø)-sḱṓh₂	*(Ø)-sḱóyh₁m̥
2nd singular	*(Ø)-sḱési	*(Ø)-sḱés	*(Ø)-sḱé	*(Ø)-sḱḗsi	*(Ø)-sḱóys
3rd singular	*(Ø)-sḱéti	*(Ø)-sḱét	*(Ø)-sḱétu	*(Ø)-sḱḗti	*(Ø)-sḱóyt
1st dual	*(Ø)-sḱówos	*(Ø)-sḱówe	—	*(Ø)-sḱṓwos	*(Ø)-sḱóywe
2nd dual	*(Ø)-sḱétes	*(Ø)-sḱétom	*(Ø)-sḱétom	*(Ø)-sḱḗtes	*(Ø)-sḱóytom
3rd dual	*(Ø)-sḱétes	*(Ø)-sḱétām	*(Ø)-sḱétām	*(Ø)-sḱḗtes	*(Ø)-sḱóytām
1st plural	*(Ø)-sḱómos	*(Ø)-sḱóme	—	*(Ø)-sḱṓmos	*(Ø)-sḱóyme
2nd plural	*(Ø)-sḱéte	*(Ø)-sḱéte	*(Ø)-sḱéte	*(Ø)-sḱḗte	*(Ø)-sḱóyte
3rd plural	*(Ø)-sḱónti	*(Ø)-sḱónt	*(Ø)-sḱóntu	*(Ø)-sḱṓnti	*(Ø)-sḱóyh₁n̥t
Participle	*(Ø)-sḱónts
Middle voice	Present indicative	Past indicative	Imperative	Subjunctive	Optative
1st singular	*(Ø)-sḱóh₂er	*(Ø)-sḱóh₂e	—	*(Ø)-sḱṓh₂er	*(Ø)-sḱóyh₂e
2nd singular	*(Ø)-sḱéth₂er	*(Ø)-sḱéth₂e	*(Ø)-sḱéso	*(Ø)-sḱḗth₂er	*(Ø)-sḱóyth₂e
3rd singular	*(Ø)-sḱétor	*(Ø)-sḱéto	*?	*(Ø)-sḱḗtor	*(Ø)-sḱóyto, *(Ø)-sḱóyh₁o
1st dual	*(Ø)-sḱówosdʰh₂	*(Ø)-sḱówedʰh₂	—	*(Ø)-sḱṓwosdʰh₂	*(Ø)-sḱóywedʰh₂
2nd dual	*?	*?	*?	*?	*?
3rd dual	*?	*?	*?	*?	*?
1st plural	*(Ø)-sḱómosdʰh₂	*(Ø)-sḱómedʰh₂	—	*(Ø)-sḱṓmosdʰh₂	*(Ø)-sḱóymedʰh₂
2nd plural	*(Ø)-sḱédʰh₂we	*(Ø)-sḱédʰh₂we	*(Ø)-sḱédʰh₂we	*(Ø)-sḱḗdʰh₂we	*(Ø)-sḱóydʰh₂we
3rd plural	*(Ø)-sḱóntor	*(Ø)-sḱónto	*?	*(Ø)-sḱṓntor	*(Ø)-sḱóyro
Participle	*(Ø)-sḱómnos

• Proto-Albanian: *-ska
  • Albanian: -h
• Armenian:
  • Old Armenian: -ց- (-cʻ-)
• Proto-Hellenic: *-skō
  • Ancient Greek: -σκω (-skō)
• Proto-Indo-Iranian: *-sćáti
  • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *-śćáti
    • Sanskrit: -च्छति (-ccháti), -श्चति (-ścáti) (rare)
  • Iranian:
    • Old Avestan: -𐬯𐬀- (-sa-) (for example: 𐬘𐬀𐬯𐬀 (jasa, “to go, to come”) from 𐬔𐬀𐬨 (gam, “to come”))
    • Old Persian: -𐎿𐎠- (-s-a- /⁠sā⁠/)
• Proto-Italic: *-skō
  • Latin: -scō, -āscō, -ēscō, -īscō

• Fortson, Benjamin W. (2010) Indo-European Language and Culture: An Introduction, second edition, Oxford: Blackwell, page 90

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

*(ḗ)-st

1. Forms perfective verbs from roots.

Perfective, athematic
3rd singular	*(ḗ)-st
3rd plural	*(é)-sn̥t
Active voice	Indicative	Imperative	Subjunctive	Optative
1st singular	*(ḗ)-sm̥	—	*(ḗ)-soh₂	*(é)-syeh₁m̥
2nd singular	*(ḗ)-s	*(ḗ)-s, *(é)-sdʰi	*(ḗ)-sesi	*(é)-syeh₁s
3rd singular	*(ḗ)-st	*(ḗ)-stu	*(ḗ)-seti	*(é)-syeh₁t
1st dual	*(é)-swe	—	*(ḗ)-sowos	*(é)-sih₁we
2nd dual	*(é)-stom	*(é)-stom	*(ḗ)-setes	*(é)-sih₁tom
3rd dual	*(é)-stām	*(é)-stām	*(ḗ)-setes	*(é)-sih₁tām
1st plural	*(é)-sme	—	*(ḗ)-somos	*(é)-sih₁me
2nd plural	*(é)-ste	*(é)-ste	*(ḗ)-sete	*(é)-sih₁te
3rd plural	*(é)-sn̥t	*(é)-sn̥tu	*(ḗ)-sonti	*(é)-sih₁n̥t
Participle	*(é)-sn̥ts
Middle voice	Indicative	Imperative	Subjunctive	Optative
1st singular	*(é)-sh₂e	—	*(ḗ)-soh₂er	*(é)-sih₁h₂e
2nd singular	*(é)-sth₂e	*(é)-so	*(ḗ)-seth₂er	*(é)-sih₁th₂e
3rd singular	*(é)-sto, *(é)-so	*?	*(ḗ)-setor	*(é)-sih₁to, *(é)-sih₁o
1st dual	*(é)-swedʰh₂	—	*(ḗ)-sowosdʰh₂	*(é)-sih₁wedʰh₂
2nd dual	*?	*?	*?	*?
3rd dual	*?	*?	*?	*?
1st plural	*(é)-smedʰh₂	—	*(ḗ)-somosdʰh₂	*(é)-sih₁medʰh₂
2nd plural	*(é)-sdʰh₂we	*(é)-sdʰh₂we	*(ḗ)-sedʰh₂we	*(é)-sih₁dʰh₂we
3rd plural	*(é)-sn̥to, *(é)-sro	*?	*(ḗ)-sontor	*(é)-sih₁ro
Participle	*(é)-sm̥h₁nos

• Hellenic:
  • Ancient Greek: -σα (-sa)
• Proto-Italic: *-sai
  • Latin: -sī

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

(Can we add an example for this sense?)

• *-téh₂

*PIE-affixes f

1. Used to form nouns representing state of being

Thematic in *-eh₂
	singular
nominative	*-teh₂
genitive	*-teh₂s
	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*-teh₂	—	—
vocative	*-teh₂	—	—
accusative	*-tām	—	—
genitive	*-teh₂s	—	—
ablative	*-teh₂s	—	—
dative	*-teh₂ey	—	—
locative	*-teh₂, *-teh₂i	—	—
instrumental	*-teh₂h₁	—	—

• *-teh₂ts

• Proto-Germanic: *-iþō (see there for further descendants)
• Proto-Indo-Iranian: *-taH
  • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *-taH
    • Sanskrit: -ता (-tā)
      • → Bengali: -তা (-ta)
      • → Hindi: -ता (-tā)
      • → Malayalam: -ത (-ta)
  • Proto-Iranian: *-taH
    • Avestan: -𐬚𐬁 (-θā) (for example: 𐬔𐬀𐬉𐬚𐬁 (gaēθā, “world, living substance”) from 𐬔𐬀𐬉 (gaē, “to live”) and -𐬚𐬁 (-θā, a feminine noun suffix))

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Lua error in Module:links at line 223: The specified language Proto-Indo-European is unattested, while the given term does not begin with '*' to indicate that it is reconstructed.

*PIE-affixes f

1. Used to form nouns representing state of being

Athematic
	singular
nominative	*-teh₂ts
genitive	*-teh₂tés
	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*-teh₂ts	*-teh₂th₁(e)	*-teh₂tes
vocative	*-teh₂t	*-teh₂th₁(e)	*-teh₂tes
accusative	*-teh₂tm̥	*-teh₂th₁(e)	*-teh₂tm̥s
genitive	*-teh₂tés	*?	*-teh₂tóHom
ablative	*-teh₂tés	*?	*-teh₂tmós, *-teh₂tbʰós
dative	*-teh₂téy	*?	*-teh₂tmós, *-teh₂tbʰós
locative	*-teh₂t, *-teh₂ti	*?	*-teh₂tsú
instrumental	*-teh₂téh₁	*?	*-teh₂tmís, *-teh₂tbʰís

• *-túHts

• Proto-Hellenic: *-tāts
  • Ancient Greek: -της (-tēs)
• Proto-Indo-Iranian: *-taHtiš
  • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *-taHtiṣ
    • Sanskrit: -ताति (-tāti)
  • Proto-Iranian: *-taHtiš
    • Avestan: -𐬙𐬁𐬝 (-tāt̰)
• Proto-Italic: *-tāts (see there for further descendants)

• Ringe, Donald (2006) From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic (A Linguistic History of English; 1)‎, Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 62

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

*(Ø)-tḗr m

1. Derives agent nouns from verbs, denoting someone or something whose role or purpose it is to perform the verb's action.

Athematic, hysterokinetic
	singular
nominative	*(Ø)-tḗr
genitive	*(Ø)-trés
	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*(Ø)-tḗr	*(Ø)-térh₁(e)	*(Ø)-téres
vocative	*(Ø)-tér	*(Ø)-térh₁(e)	*(Ø)-téres
accusative	*(Ø)-térm̥	*(Ø)-térh₁(e)	*(Ø)-térm̥s
genitive	*(Ø)-trés	*?	*(Ø)-tróHom
ablative	*(Ø)-trés	*?	*(Ø)-tr̥mós, *(Ø)-tr̥bʰós
dative	*(Ø)-tréy	*?	*(Ø)-tr̥mós, *(Ø)-tr̥bʰós
locative	*(Ø)-tér, *(Ø)-téri	*?	*(Ø)-tr̥sú
instrumental	*(Ø)-tréh₁	*?	*(Ø)-tr̥mís, *(Ø)-tr̥bʰís

• *-ter-is
  • Proto-Slavic: *-teľь
• *-ter-ih₂
  • Proto-Hellenic: *-teřřa
    • Ancient Greek: -τειρα (-teira)
• *-tr-ih₂
• *-tr-om

• *-tōr
• *-tr̥ (possibly)

• Ancient Greek: -τήρ (-tḗr)
• Proto-Indo-Iranian: *-tā́
  • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *-tā́
    • Sanskrit: -तृ (-tṛ) (-ता (-tā́, nom.sg))
• Proto-Germanic: the r-stem nouns

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

• *-eros

*PIE-affixes

1. Contrastive or oppositional adjectival suffix.

In Proto-Indo-European, X-teros meant "one which is especially X", "one which is more X than other things", "one which is X as opposed to something else". Compare:

• Sanskrit: उद् (ud) → उत्तर (uttara, “upper”)
• Greek: δεξιός (dexiós, “right”) → δεξιτερός (dexiterós, “right”) (as opposed to "left")
• Latin: māter (“mother”) → mātertera (“maternal aunt”) (literally "the mother one").

In some daughters the suffix was grammaticalized as the marker of a comparative degree in adjectives:

• Greek: γλυκύς (glukús, “sweet”) → γλυκύτερος (glukúteros, “sweeter”)

In some daughters it attracted various pronominal adjectives (determiners), i.e. words meaning "other":

• Sanskrit: अन्यतर (anyatara)
• Central Kurdish: یەکتر (yektir)
• Latin: al-ter
• Gothic: 𐌰𐌽-𐌸𐌰𐍂 (an-þar)

or possessives:

• Greek: ἡμέ-τερος (hēmé-teros)
• Latin: nos-ter (“our”)
• Old Irish: náthar (“of us two”)

Thematic
	masculine	feminine
nominative	*-teros	*-tereh₂
genitive	*-terosyo	*-tereh₂s
masculine	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*-teros	*-teroh₁	*-teroes
vocative	*-tere	*-teroh₁	*-teroes
accusative	*-terom	*-teroh₁	*-teroms
genitive	*-terosyo	*?	*-teroHom
ablative	*-teread	*?	*-teromos, *-terobʰos
dative	*-teroey	*?	*-teromos, *-terobʰos
locative	*-terey, *-teroy	*?	*-teroysu
instrumental	*-teroh₁	*?	*-terōys
feminine	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*-tereh₂	*-tereh₂h₁(e)	*-tereh₂es
vocative	*-tereh₂	*-tereh₂h₁(e)	*-tereh₂es
accusative	*-terām	*-tereh₂h₁(e)	*-tereh₂m̥s
genitive	*-tereh₂s	*?	*-tereh₂oHom
ablative	*-tereh₂s	*?	*-tereh₂mos, *-tereh₂bʰos
dative	*-tereh₂ey	*?	*-tereh₂mos, *-tereh₂bʰos
locative	*-tereh₂, *-tereh₂i	*?	*-tereh₂su
instrumental	*-tereh₂h₁	*?	*-tereh₂mis, *-tereh₂bʰis
neuter	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*-terom	*-teroy(h₁)	*-tereh₂
vocative	*-terom	*-teroy(h₁)	*-tereh₂
accusative	*-terom	*-teroy(h₁)	*-tereh₂
genitive	*-terosyo	*?	*-teroHom
ablative	*-teread	*?	*-teromos, *-terobʰos
dative	*-teroey	*?	*-teromos, *-terobʰos
locative	*-terey, *-teroy	*?	*-teroysu
instrumental	*-teroh₁	*?	*-terōys

• Proto-Germanic: *-þeraz, *-drê
• Proto-Hellenic: *-teros
  • Ancient Greek: -τερος (-teros), -τερός (-terós)
    • Greek: -τερος (-teros)
• Proto-Italic: *-teros
  • Latin: -ter (perhaps), -iter (perhaps)
• Proto-Indo-Iranian: *-taras
  • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *-taras
    • Sanskrit: -तर (-tara)
  • Proto-Iranian: *-tarah
    • Avestan: -𐬙𐬀𐬭𐬀 (-tara)
    • Gurani: تەر (-tar)
    • Kurdish:
      • Central Kurdish: تر (tir)
      • Northern Kurdish: -tir
    • Middle Persian: (-tar)
      • Persian: ـتر (-tar)
    • Zazaki: -yer, -êr

• *-yōs

• Marek Majer (2012), What happened to PIE kʷotero- in Slavic?

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

*(é)-tis f

1. Derives abstract/action nouns from verb roots.

Whether this suffix had a proterokinetic inflection has been contested.^[1] Descendants predominantly have a zero-grade root; those with full-grade root (often with final laryngeal) show a distribution similar to verbal adjectives in *-tós.^[2] The varying accentuation of Vedic abstract nouns on -ति (-ti) can be explained as a chronological evolution within Sanskrit, with the original accent mostly on the suffix.^[3] To account for the ablaut in the suffix (*-ti- vs. *-tey-), an explanation based on syllable structure has been proposed:^[4] when the following ending (originally) started with a consonant, the suffix has zero grade in Indo-Iranian, otherwise full grade.^[5] The genitive singular is then explained by the ending *-s coming from earlier *-es/*-os.

Proterokinetic pattern:^[6]

Athematic, proterokinetic
	singular
nominative	*(é)-tis
genitive	*(Ø)-téys
	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*(é)-tis	*(é)-tih₁(e)	*(é)-teyes
vocative	*(é)-ti	*(é)-tih₁(e)	*(é)-teyes
accusative	*(é)-tim	*(é)-tih₁(e)	*(é)-tims
genitive	*(Ø)-téys	*?	*(Ø)-téyoHom
ablative	*(Ø)-téys	*?	*(Ø)-tímos, *(Ø)-tíbʰos
dative	*(Ø)-téyey	*?	*(Ø)-tímos, *(Ø)-tíbʰos
locative	*(Ø)-téy, *(Ø)-tḗy	*?	*(Ø)-tísu
instrumental	*(Ø)-tíh₁	*?	*(Ø)-tímis, *(Ø)-tíbʰis

Hysterokinetic pattern, possibly preceded by the proterokinetic pattern:^[1]

Athematic, hysterokinetic
	singular
nominative	*(Ø)-tís
genitive	*(Ø)-téys
	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*(Ø)-tís	*(Ø)-tíh₁(e)	*(Ø)-téyes
vocative	*(Ø)-tí	*(Ø)-tíh₁(e)	*(Ø)-téyes
accusative	*(Ø)-tím	*(Ø)-tíh₁(e)	*(Ø)-tíms
genitive	*(Ø)-téys	*?	*(Ø)-téyoHom
ablative	*(Ø)-téys	*?	*(Ø)-téymos, *(Ø)-téybʰos
dative	*(Ø)-téyey	*?	*(Ø)-téymos, *(Ø)-téybʰos
locative	*(Ø)-téy, *(Ø)-tḗy	*?	*(Ø)-téysu
instrumental	*(Ø)-téyh₁	*?	*(Ø)-téymis, *(Ø)-téybʰis

• *-ti-Hō
  • Proto-Celtic: *-tiyū
    • Old Irish: -tiu
  • Italic:
    • Latin: -tiō (see there for further descendants)

• Proto-Balto-Slavic: *-tis
  • Latvian: -tis
  • Lithuanian: -tis
  • Proto-Slavic: *-tь (see there for further descendants)
• Proto-Balto-Slavic: *-tei (< locative -téy)
  • Latvian: -t
  • Lithuanian: -ti
  • Proto-Slavic: *-ti
• Proto-Celtic: *-tis
• Proto-Germanic: *-þiz (also the variant forms *-diz, *-tiz, *-siz) (see there for further descendants)
• Proto-Hellenic: *-tis
  • Ancient Greek: -τις (-tis)
    • Attic Greek: -σις (-sis)
• Proto-Indo-Iranian: *-tiš
  • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *-tiṣ
    • Sanskrit: -ति (-ti)
  • Proto-Iranian: *-tiš
    • Avestan: -𐬙𐬌 (-ti)
• Proto-Italic: *-tis
  • Latin: -tim

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

• *-dʰlom, *-dʰrom, *-trom

*PIE-affixes n

1. Alternative form of *-trom

Thematic
	singular
nominative	*-tlom
genitive	*-tlosyo
	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*-tlom	*-tloy(h₁)	*-tleh₂
vocative	*-tlom	*-tloy(h₁)	*-tleh₂
accusative	*-tlom	*-tloy(h₁)	*-tleh₂
genitive	*-tlosyo	*?	*-tloHom
ablative	*-tlead	*?	*-tlomos, *-tlobʰos
dative	*-tloey	*?	*-tlomos, *-tlobʰos
locative	*-tley, *-tloy	*?	*-tloysu
instrumental	*-tloh₁	*?	*-tlōys

• Proto-Balto-Slavic: *-tla(s)
  • Proto-Baltic: *-tla
    • Lithuanian: *-kla
  • Proto-Slavic: *-slo
• Proto-Celtic: *-tlom
• Proto-Germanic: *-ilaz (merged with *-dʰlom via Verner's law) (see there for further descendants)^[1]
• Proto-Hellenic: *-tlon
  • Ancient Greek: -τλον (-tlon)
• Proto-Italic: *-klom
  • Latin: -clum
  • Latin: -culum (by anaptyxis)
  • Latin: -crum
  • Latin: -ulum

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

*(é)-tōr m

1. Derives agent nouns from verbs, denoting someone or something who has performed the verb's action.

Athematic, amphikinetic
	singular
nominative	*(é)-tōr
genitive	*(Ø)-trés
	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*(é)-tōr	*(é)-torh₁(e)	*(é)-tores
vocative	*(é)-tor	*(é)-torh₁(e)	*(é)-tores
accusative	*(é)-torm̥	*(é)-torh₁(e)	*(é)-torm̥s
genitive	*(Ø)-trés	*?	*(Ø)-tróHom
ablative	*(Ø)-trés	*?	*(Ø)-tr̥mós, *(Ø)-tr̥bʰós
dative	*(Ø)-tréy	*?	*(Ø)-tr̥mós, *(Ø)-tr̥bʰós
locative	*(Ø)-tér, *(Ø)-téri	*?	*(Ø)-tr̥sú
instrumental	*(Ø)-tréh₁	*?	*(Ø)-tr̥mís, *(Ø)-tr̥bʰís

• *-tḗr

• Proto-Hellenic: *-tōr
  • Ancient Greek: -τωρ (-tōr)
• Proto-Indo-Iranian: *-tā
  • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *-tā
    • Sanskrit: -तृ (-tṛ) (-ता (-tā, nom.sg))
• Proto-Italic: *-tōr
  • Latin: -tor (see there for further descendants)

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

*(Ø)-tós^[1]

1. Creates verbal adjectives from verb stems.

Thematic
	masculine	feminine
nominative	*(Ø)-tós	*(Ø)-téh₂
genitive	*(Ø)-tósyo	*(Ø)-téh₂s
masculine	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*(Ø)-tós	*(Ø)-tóh₁	*(Ø)-tóes
vocative	*(Ø)-té	*(Ø)-tóh₁	*(Ø)-tóes
accusative	*(Ø)-tóm	*(Ø)-tóh₁	*(Ø)-tóms
genitive	*(Ø)-tósyo	*?	*(Ø)-tóHom
ablative	*(Ø)-téad	*?	*(Ø)-tómos, *(Ø)-tóbʰos
dative	*(Ø)-tóey	*?	*(Ø)-tómos, *(Ø)-tóbʰos
locative	*(Ø)-téy, *(Ø)-tóy	*?	*(Ø)-tóysu
instrumental	*(Ø)-tóh₁	*?	*(Ø)-tṓys
feminine	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*(Ø)-téh₂	*(Ø)-téh₂h₁(e)	*(Ø)-téh₂es
vocative	*(Ø)-téh₂	*(Ø)-téh₂h₁(e)	*(Ø)-téh₂es
accusative	*(Ø)-tā́m	*(Ø)-téh₂h₁(e)	*(Ø)-téh₂m̥s
genitive	*(Ø)-téh₂s	*?	*(Ø)-téh₂oHom
ablative	*(Ø)-téh₂s	*?	*(Ø)-téh₂mos, *(Ø)-téh₂bʰos
dative	*(Ø)-téh₂ey	*?	*(Ø)-téh₂mos, *(Ø)-téh₂bʰos
locative	*(Ø)-téh₂, *(Ø)-téh₂i	*?	*(Ø)-téh₂su
instrumental	*(Ø)-téh₂h₁	*?	*(Ø)-téh₂mis, *(Ø)-téh₂bʰis
neuter	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*(Ø)-tóm	*(Ø)-tóy(h₁)	*(Ø)-téh₂
vocative	*(Ø)-tóm	*(Ø)-tóy(h₁)	*(Ø)-téh₂
accusative	*(Ø)-tóm	*(Ø)-tóy(h₁)	*(Ø)-téh₂
genitive	*(Ø)-tósyo	*?	*(Ø)-tóHom
ablative	*(Ø)-téad	*?	*(Ø)-tómos, *(Ø)-tóbʰos
dative	*(Ø)-tóey	*?	*(Ø)-tómos, *(Ø)-tóbʰos
locative	*(Ø)-téy, *(Ø)-tóy	*?	*(Ø)-tóysu
instrumental	*(Ø)-tóh₁	*?	*(Ø)-tṓys

• *-nós

*-eh₂tos

• Proto-Balto-Slavic: *-tas
  • Proto-Slavic: *-tъ (some past passive participles)
• Proto-Hellenic: *-tós
  • Ancient Greek: -τός (-tós)
• Proto-Germanic: *-daz (all weak past participles, a few adjectives), *-taz, *-þaz, *-saz (post-consonantal allomorphs)
• Proto-Indo-Iranian: *-tás, *-dás (see there for further descendants)
• Proto-Italic: *-tos, *-sos (after a dental)
  • Faliscan: -𐌕𐌏𐌔 (-tos)
  • Latin: -tus, -sus (almost all perfect past participles (except e.g. mortuus and derivates (dēmortuus, ēmortuus etc.)))

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

From *-tḗr + *-ih₂.

*(é)-trih₂ f

1. Derives agent nouns from verbs, denoting someone or something who has performed the verb's action.

Athematic, proterokinetic
	singular
nominative	*(é)-trih₂
genitive	*(Ø)-tr̥yéh₂s
	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*(é)-trih₂	*(é)-trih₂h₁(e)	*(é)-trih₂es
vocative	*(é)-trih₂	*(é)-trih₂h₁(e)	*(é)-trih₂es
accusative	*(é)-trih₂m̥	*(é)-trih₂h₁(e)	*(é)-trih₂m̥s
genitive	*(Ø)-tr̥yéh₂s	*?	*(Ø)-tr̥yéh₂oHom
ablative	*(Ø)-tr̥yéh₂s	*?	*(Ø)-tr̥yéh₂mos, *(Ø)-tr̥yéh₂bʰos
dative	*(Ø)-tr̥yéh₂ey	*?	*(Ø)-tr̥yéh₂mos, *(Ø)-tr̥yéh₂bʰos
locative	*(Ø)-tr̥yéh₂, *(Ø)-tr̥yéh₂i	*?	*(Ø)-tr̥yéh₂su
instrumental	*(Ø)-tr̥yéh₂h₁	*?	*(Ø)-tr̥yéh₂mis, *(Ø)-tr̥yéh₂bʰis

• *-trih₂-k-s
  • Proto-Italic: *-trīks
    • Latin: -trīx

• *-tōr

• Proto-Hellenic: *-tria
  • Ancient Greek: -τρια (-tria)
• Proto-Indo-Iranian: *-triH
  • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *-triH
    • Sanskrit: -त्री (-trī)
  • Proto-Iranian: *-θriH
    • Avestan: -𐬚𐬭𐬍 (-θrī) (e.g. 𐬨𐬀𐬥𐬀𐬊𐬚𐬭𐬍 (manaoθrī, “which remind”) from 𐬨𐬀𐬥 (man, “to think”))

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

• *-dʰlom, *-dʰrom (typically occurring with roots ending in *-h₁ or *-h₂. See e.g. Latin fābula from root *bʰeh₂- (“to speak”))
• *-tlom

Thematicized from the zero-grade of *-tḗr.

Originally the neuter gender of some adjective *-tros meaning "of the doer, of doing". Of note is the similar development later exercised by daughter languages (e.g. Latin -tor > -tōrius (“of the doer, of doing”) > -tōrium (“thing/ place of the doer”)).

*(é)-trom n

1. Forms nouns denoting a tool or instrument.

Thematic
	singular
nominative	*(é)-trom
genitive	*(é)-trosyo
	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*(é)-trom	*(é)-troy(h₁)	*(é)-treh₂
vocative	*(é)-trom	*(é)-troy(h₁)	*(é)-treh₂
accusative	*(é)-trom	*(é)-troy(h₁)	*(é)-treh₂
genitive	*(é)-trosyo	*?	*(é)-troHom
ablative	*(é)-tread	*?	*(é)-tromos, *(é)-trobʰos
dative	*(é)-troey	*?	*(é)-tromos, *(é)-trobʰos
locative	*(é)-trey, *(é)-troy	*?	*(é)-troysu
instrumental	*(é)-troh₁	*?	*(é)-trōys

• Proto-Celtic: *-trom
  • Proto-Brythonic: *-dr
  • Old Irish: -thar
  • Gaulish: -tron
• Proto-Germanic: *-þrą (see there for further descendants)
• Proto-Hellenic: *-tron
  • Ancient Greek: -τρον (-tron) (see there for further descendants)
  • Mycenaean Greek: -𐀵𐀫 (-to-ro /⁠-tron⁠/)
• Proto-Indo-Iranian: *-tram
  • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *-tram
    • Sanskrit: -त्र (-tra)
  • Proto-Iranian: *-θra
    • Avestan: -𐬙𐬭𐬀 (-tra), -𐬛𐬭𐬀 (-dra), -𐬚𐬭𐬀 (-θra)
• Proto-Italic: *-trom
  • Latin: -trum

• Sihler, Andrew L. (1995) New Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin, Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN
• Ringe, Donald (2006) From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic (A Linguistic History of English; 1)‎, Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 61
• OLSEN (1989)

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

*(é)-tus m

1. Derives action nouns from verb roots.

Athematic, proterokinetic
	singular
nominative	*(é)-tus
genitive	*(Ø)-téws
	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*(é)-tus	*(é)-tuh₁(e)	*(é)-tewes
vocative	*(é)-tu	*(é)-tuh₁(e)	*(é)-tewes
accusative	*(é)-tum	*(é)-tuh₁(e)	*(é)-tums
genitive	*(Ø)-téws	*?	*(Ø)-téwoHom
ablative	*(Ø)-téws	*?	*(Ø)-túmos, *(Ø)-túbʰos
dative	*(Ø)-téwey	*?	*(Ø)-túmos, *(Ø)-túbʰos
locative	*(Ø)-téw, *(Ø)-téwi	*?	*(Ø)-túsu
instrumental	*(Ø)-túh₁	*?	*(Ø)-túmis, *(Ø)-túbʰis

• *-tu-no- (with *-no-)
  • Proto-Hellenic: *-tunos m, ⇒ *-tunā f
    • Ancient Greek: -συνος (-sunos), -σύνη (-súnē)
• *-tew-d-h₃onh₂- (with *-h₃onh₂-)
  • Proto-Italic: *-tūdō
    • Latin: -tūdō
• *-tweh₂ (*-tu-eh₂ f)
• *-twom (*-tu-om n)
  • Proto-Balto-Slavic: *-istwa
    • Proto-Slavic: *-ьstvo n (“-ness”)
  • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *-twam
    • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *-twam
      • Sanskrit: -त्व n (-tva, “-ness”)
        • → Bengali: -ত্ব (-tto) (learned)
        • Hindi: -पन (-pan)
        • → Hindi: -त्व (-tva) (learned)
        • → Marathi: -त्व (-tva)
        • Punjabi: -تّ (-att) / -ਅੱਤ

• Proto-Balto-Slavic: *-tus
  • Latvian: -tus
  • Lithuanian: -tus
  • Proto-Slavic: *-tъ (partially; regularly extended with Proto-Slavic *-ъkъ)
• Proto-Celtic: *-tus (see there for further descendants)
• Proto-Germanic: *-þuz (see there for further descendants)
• Proto-Hellenic: *-tús
  • Ancient Greek: -τύς (-tús)
• Proto-Italic: *-tus
  • Latin: -tum (the supine; exists only in accusative and ablative)
  • Latin: -tus
• Proto-Indo-Iranian:
  • Proto-Indo-Aryan:
    • Sanskrit: -तुम् (-tum)

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

*(é)-us^[1]

1. Forms adjectives from Caland system roots.

Older proterokinetic pattern:

Athematic, proterokinetic
	masculine	feminine
nominative	*(é)-us	*(Ø)-éwih₂
genitive	*(Ø)-éws	*(Ø)-uyéh₂s
masculine	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*(é)-us	*(é)-uh₁(e)	*(é)-ewes
vocative	*(é)-u	*(é)-uh₁(e)	*(é)-ewes
accusative	*(é)-um	*(é)-uh₁(e)	*(é)-ums
genitive	*(Ø)-éws	*?	*(Ø)-éwoHom
ablative	*(Ø)-éws	*?	*(Ø)-úmos, *(Ø)-úbʰos
dative	*(Ø)-éwey	*?	*(Ø)-úmos, *(Ø)-úbʰos
locative	*(Ø)-éw, *(Ø)-éwi	*?	*(Ø)-úsu
instrumental	*(Ø)-úh₁	*?	*(Ø)-úmis, *(Ø)-úbʰis
feminine	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*(Ø)-éwih₂	*(Ø)-éwih₂h₁(e)	*(Ø)-éwih₂es
vocative	*(Ø)-éwih₂	*(Ø)-éwih₂h₁(e)	*(Ø)-éwih₂es
accusative	*(Ø)-éwih₂m̥	*(Ø)-éwih₂h₁(e)	*(Ø)-éwih₂m̥s
genitive	*(Ø)-uyéh₂s	*?	*(Ø)-uyéh₂oHom
ablative	*(Ø)-uyéh₂s	*?	*(Ø)-uyéh₂mos, *(Ø)-uyéh₂bʰos
dative	*(Ø)-uyéh₂ey	*?	*(Ø)-uyéh₂mos, *(Ø)-uyéh₂bʰos
locative	*(Ø)-uyéh₂, *(Ø)-uyéh₂i	*?	*(Ø)-uyéh₂su
instrumental	*(Ø)-uyéh₂h₁	*?	*(Ø)-uyéh₂mis, *(Ø)-uyéh₂bʰis
neuter	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*(é)-u	*(é)-wih₁	*(é)-uh₂
vocative	*(é)-u	*(é)-wih₁	*(é)-uh₂
accusative	*(é)-u	*(é)-wih₁	*(é)-uh₂
genitive	*(Ø)-éws	*?	*(Ø)-éwoHom
ablative	*(Ø)-éws	*?	*(Ø)-úmos, *(Ø)-úbʰos
dative	*(Ø)-éwey	*?	*(Ø)-úmos, *(Ø)-úbʰos
locative	*(Ø)-éw, *(Ø)-éwi	*?	*(Ø)-úsu
instrumental	*(Ø)-úh₁	*?	*(Ø)-úmis, *(Ø)-úbʰis

Later hysterokinetic pattern:^[2]

Athematic, hysterokinetic
	masculine	feminine
nominative	*(Ø)-ús	*(Ø)-éwih₂
genitive	*(Ø)-éws	*(Ø)-uyéh₂s
masculine	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*(Ø)-ús	*(Ø)-úh₁(e)	*(Ø)-úes
vocative	*(Ø)-ú	*(Ø)-úh₁(e)	*(Ø)-úes
accusative	*(Ø)-úm	*(Ø)-úh₁(e)	*(Ø)-úms
genitive	*(Ø)-éws	*?	*(Ø)-éwoHom
ablative	*(Ø)-éws	*?	*(Ø)-éwmos, *(Ø)-éwbʰos
dative	*(Ø)-éwey	*?	*(Ø)-éwmos, *(Ø)-éwbʰos
locative	*(Ø)-éw, *(Ø)-éwi	*?	*(Ø)-éwsu
instrumental	*(Ø)-éwh₁	*?	*(Ø)-éwmis, *(Ø)-éwbʰis
feminine	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*(Ø)-éwih₂	*(Ø)-éwih₂h₁(e)	*(Ø)-éwih₂es
vocative	*(Ø)-éwih₂	*(Ø)-éwih₂h₁(e)	*(Ø)-éwih₂es
accusative	*(Ø)-éwih₂m̥	*(Ø)-éwih₂h₁(e)	*(Ø)-éwih₂m̥s
genitive	*(Ø)-uyéh₂s	*?	*(Ø)-uyéh₂oHom
ablative	*(Ø)-uyéh₂s	*?	*(Ø)-uyéh₂mos, *(Ø)-uyéh₂bʰos
dative	*(Ø)-uyéh₂ey	*?	*(Ø)-uyéh₂mos, *(Ø)-uyéh₂bʰos
locative	*(Ø)-uyéh₂, *(Ø)-uyéh₂i	*?	*(Ø)-uyéh₂su
instrumental	*(Ø)-uyéh₂h₁	*?	*(Ø)-uyéh₂mis, *(Ø)-uyéh₂bʰis
neuter	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*(Ø)-ú	*(Ø)-úyh₁	*(Ø)-úh₂
vocative	*(Ø)-ú	*(Ø)-úyh₁	*(Ø)-úh₂
accusative	*(Ø)-ú	*(Ø)-úyh₁	*(Ø)-úh₂
genitive	*(Ø)-éws	*?	*(Ø)-éwoHom
ablative	*(Ø)-éws	*?	*(Ø)-éwmos, *(Ø)-éwbʰos
dative	*(Ø)-éwey	*?	*(Ø)-éwmos, *(Ø)-éwbʰos
locative	*(Ø)-éw, *(Ø)-éwi	*?	*(Ø)-éwsu
instrumental	*(Ø)-éwh₁	*?	*(Ø)-éwmis, *(Ø)-éwbʰis

• *-is
• *-onts
• *-rós

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

*-we ~ *-wē

1. or

• *-kʷe

• *(h₁)i-we (“as”)^[1]
  • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *(H)iwa
    • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *(H)iwa
      • Sanskrit: इव (iva)
  • Proto-Italic: *keiwe (< *ḱe (“here”) + *(h₁)i-we)
    • Latin: ceu
• *ne-we ~ *ne-wē^[2]
  • Proto-Celtic: *nowe
    • Old Irish: nó, nú
      • Irish: nó
    • Brythonic:
      • Old Breton: nou
      • Old Welsh: neu, nou
        • Middle Welsh: neu
          • Welsh: neu, nou
  • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *náwā
    • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *náwā
      • Sanskrit: नवा (návā)
    • Proto-Iranian: *náwā
      • Avestan: 𐬥𐬀𐬎𐬎𐬁 (nauuā)
  • Proto-Italic: *nēwe
    • Latin: nēve, neu

• (possibly) Proto-Germanic: *-u
• Proto-Hellenic: *ḗ-we (< *h₁ḗ-we), *ē-wé (< *h₁ē-wé)^[3]
  • Ancient Greek: ἤ (ḗ), ἠέ (ēé)
• Proto-Indo-Iranian: *-wā (see there for further descendants)
• Proto-Italic: *-we^[4]
  • Latin: -ve
• Proto-Tocharian: *wā^[5]
  • Tocharian A: pat
  • Tocharian B: wat

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

*(Ø)-wós

1. Creates adjectives from verb stems.

Thematic
	masculine	feminine
nominative	*-wós	*-wéh₂
genitive	*-wósyo	*-wéh₂s
masculine	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*-wós	*-wóh₁	*-wóes
vocative	*-wé	*-wóh₁	*-wóes
accusative	*-wóm	*-wóh₁	*-wóms
genitive	*-wósyo	*?	*-wóHom
ablative	*-wéad	*?	*-wómos, *-wóbʰos
dative	*-wóey	*?	*-wómos, *-wóbʰos
locative	*-wéy, *-wóy	*?	*-wóysu
instrumental	*-wóh₁	*?	*-wṓys
feminine	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*-wéh₂	*-wéh₂h₁(e)	*-wéh₂es
vocative	*-wéh₂	*-wéh₂h₁(e)	*-wéh₂es
accusative	*-wā́m	*-wéh₂h₁(e)	*-wéh₂m̥s
genitive	*-wéh₂s	*?	*-wéh₂oHom
ablative	*-wéh₂s	*?	*-wéh₂mos, *-wéh₂bʰos
dative	*-wéh₂ey	*?	*-wéh₂mos, *-wéh₂bʰos
locative	*-wéh₂, *-wéh₂i	*?	*-wéh₂su
instrumental	*-wéh₂h₁	*?	*-wéh₂mis, *-wéh₂bʰis
neuter	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*-wóm	*-wóy(h₁)	*-wéh₂
vocative	*-wóm	*-wóy(h₁)	*-wéh₂
accusative	*-wóm	*-wóy(h₁)	*-wéh₂
genitive	*-wósyo	*?	*-wóHom
ablative	*-wéad	*?	*-wómos, *-wóbʰos
dative	*-wóey	*?	*-wómos, *-wóbʰos
locative	*-wéy, *-wóy	*?	*-wóysu
instrumental	*-wóh₁	*?	*-wṓys

• *-iHwós
  • Ancient Greek: -εῖος (-eîos), -ήϊος (-ḗïos) — Ionic (in part)
    • → Latin: -ēus
  • Latin: -īvus (see there for further descendants)

• Proto-Balto-Slavic: *-was
  • East Baltic:
    • Latvian: -vs
    • Lithuanian: -vas
  • West Baltic:
    • Old Prussian: -was
  • Proto-Slavic: *-vъ
• Proto-Germanic: *-waz
• Proto-Celtic: *-wos
• Proto-Hellenic: *-wós
  • Ancient Greek: -ός (-ós)
• Proto-Indo-Iranian: *-wás
  • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *-wás
    • Sanskrit: -व (-vá)
  • Proto-Iranian: *-wáh
    • Avestan: -𐬎𐬎𐬀 (-uua)
• Proto-Italic: *-wos
  • Latin: forms the perfect and pluperfect active verb stems
    • (adjectives formed from rare perfect active participles) -vus, -uus

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

*(Ø)-yéh₁- (oblique stem *(Ø)-ih₁-)

1. Forms the optative mood of verbs.

This suffix was a derivational suffix in early PIE, like for example *-sḱéti. It was affixed directly to roots in the zero grade rather than to verb stems, and was not formed to statives.

• Sihler, Andrew L. (1995) New Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin, Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN
• Ringe, Donald (2006) From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic (A Linguistic History of English; 1)‎, Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 30

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

*(é)-yeti

1. Creates transitive imperfective verbs from roots.

In many daughter languages, this suffix came to be affixed to stems as well. It was used frequently to convert originally athematic inflections into thematic inflections.

Imperfective, thematic
3rd singular	*(é)-yeti
3rd plural	*(é)-yonti
Active voice	Present indicative	Past indicative	Imperative	Subjunctive	Optative
1st singular	*(é)-yoh₂	*(é)-yom	—	*(é)-yōh₂	*(é)-yoyh₁m̥
2nd singular	*(é)-yesi	*(é)-yes	*(é)-ye	*(é)-yēsi	*(é)-yoys
3rd singular	*(é)-yeti	*(é)-yet	*(é)-yetu	*(é)-yēti	*(é)-yoyt
1st dual	*(é)-yowos	*(é)-yowe	—	*(é)-yōwos	*(é)-yoywe
2nd dual	*(é)-yetes	*(é)-yetom	*(é)-yetom	*(é)-yētes	*(é)-yoytom
3rd dual	*(é)-yetes	*(é)-yetām	*(é)-yetām	*(é)-yētes	*(é)-yoytām
1st plural	*(é)-yomos	*(é)-yome	—	*(é)-yōmos	*(é)-yoyme
2nd plural	*(é)-yete	*(é)-yete	*(é)-yete	*(é)-yēte	*(é)-yoyte
3rd plural	*(é)-yonti	*(é)-yont	*(é)-yontu	*(é)-yōnti	*(é)-yoyh₁n̥t
Participle	*(é)-yonts
Middle voice	Present indicative	Past indicative	Imperative	Subjunctive	Optative
1st singular	*(é)-yoh₂er	*(é)-yoh₂e	—	*(é)-yōh₂er	*(é)-yoyh₂e
2nd singular	*(é)-yeth₂er	*(é)-yeth₂e	*(é)-yeso	*(é)-yēth₂er	*(é)-yoyth₂e
3rd singular	*(é)-yetor	*(é)-yeto	*?	*(é)-yētor	*(é)-yoyto, *(é)-yoyh₁o
1st dual	*(é)-yowosdʰh₂	*(é)-yowedʰh₂	—	*(é)-yōwosdʰh₂	*(é)-yoywedʰh₂
2nd dual	*?	*?	*?	*?	*?
3rd dual	*?	*?	*?	*?	*?
1st plural	*(é)-yomosdʰh₂	*(é)-yomedʰh₂	—	*(é)-yōmosdʰh₂	*(é)-yoymedʰh₂
2nd plural	*(é)-yedʰh₂we	*(é)-yedʰh₂we	*(é)-yedʰh₂we	*(é)-yēdʰh₂we	*(é)-yoydʰh₂we
3rd plural	*(é)-yontor	*(é)-yonto	*?	*(é)-yōntor	*(é)-yoyro
Participle	*(é)-yomnos

• *-éyeti
• *-éh₁yeti

• Armenian:
  • Old Armenian: -եմ (-em) (partially)
• Proto-Germanic: *-(i)ja- (j-presents, class 1 weak verbs)
• Proto-Hellenic: *-yō
  • Ancient Greek: -έω (-éō) (partially, when added to roots, when compounded with *-e- (noun thematic vowel), ie. *-eyé-, when added to s-stem nouns, ie. *-esyé-)
  • Ancient Greek: -όω (-óō) (aboriginal ἀρόω (aróō) and new denominative verbs to o-stem nouns)
  • Ancient Greek: -πτω (-ptō) (< *-pye-, *-pʰye-)
  • Ancient Greek: -σσω (-ssō), -ττω (-ttō) (< *-kye-, *-kʰye-, *-kʷye-, *-kʷʰye-, *-tye-, *-tʰye-, *-gye-)
  • Ancient Greek: -ζω (-zō) (< *-gye-, *-gʷye-, *-dye-)
  • Ancient Greek: -λλω (-llō) (< *-lye-)
  • Ancient Greek: -ιCω (-iCō) (< *-Cye-)
• Italic:
  • Latin: -iō (Third conjugation verbs iō-variation)
  • Latin: -iō (Fourth conjugation verbs, partially, when compounded with *-i- (noun thematic vowel), ie. *-iyé-, or by later non-inherited fabrications)
• Proto-Indo-Iranian: *-yati
  • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *-yati
    • Sanskrit: -यति (-yati) (some class 4 verbs, e.g. पश्यति (páśyati))
  • Proto-Iranian: *-yati
    • Younger Avestan: -𐬌𐬌𐬈𐬌𐬙𐬌 (-iieⁱti)

• *-yéti

• Sihler, Andrew L. (1995) New Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin, Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN
• Ringe, Donald (2006) From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic (A Linguistic History of English; 1)‎, Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN
• "Elements of the Avestan Verb Morphology": https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/didact/idg/iran/avest/avvmorph.htm

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

*(Ø)-yéti

1. Creates intransitive, often deponent, imperfective verbs from roots.

Imperfective, thematic
3rd singular	*(Ø)-yéti
3rd plural	*(Ø)-yónti
Active voice	Present indicative	Past indicative	Imperative	Subjunctive	Optative
1st singular	*(Ø)-yóh₂	*(Ø)-yóm	—	*(Ø)-yṓh₂	*(Ø)-yóyh₁m̥
2nd singular	*(Ø)-yési	*(Ø)-yés	*(Ø)-yé	*(Ø)-yḗsi	*(Ø)-yóys
3rd singular	*(Ø)-yéti	*(Ø)-yét	*(Ø)-yétu	*(Ø)-yḗti	*(Ø)-yóyt
1st dual	*(Ø)-yówos	*(Ø)-yówe	—	*(Ø)-yṓwos	*(Ø)-yóywe
2nd dual	*(Ø)-yétes	*(Ø)-yétom	*(Ø)-yétom	*(Ø)-yḗtes	*(Ø)-yóytom
3rd dual	*(Ø)-yétes	*(Ø)-yétām	*(Ø)-yétām	*(Ø)-yḗtes	*(Ø)-yóytām
1st plural	*(Ø)-yómos	*(Ø)-yóme	—	*(Ø)-yṓmos	*(Ø)-yóyme
2nd plural	*(Ø)-yéte	*(Ø)-yéte	*(Ø)-yéte	*(Ø)-yḗte	*(Ø)-yóyte
3rd plural	*(Ø)-yónti	*(Ø)-yónt	*(Ø)-yóntu	*(Ø)-yṓnti	*(Ø)-yóyh₁n̥t
Participle	*(Ø)-yónts
Middle voice	Present indicative	Past indicative	Imperative	Subjunctive	Optative
1st singular	*(Ø)-yóh₂er	*(Ø)-yóh₂e	—	*(Ø)-yṓh₂er	*(Ø)-yóyh₂e
2nd singular	*(Ø)-yéth₂er	*(Ø)-yéth₂e	*(Ø)-yéso	*(Ø)-yḗth₂er	*(Ø)-yóyth₂e
3rd singular	*(Ø)-yétor	*(Ø)-yéto	*?	*(Ø)-yḗtor	*(Ø)-yóyto, *(Ø)-yóyh₁o
1st dual	*(Ø)-yówosdʰh₂	*(Ø)-yówedʰh₂	—	*(Ø)-yṓwosdʰh₂	*(Ø)-yóywedʰh₂
2nd dual	*?	*?	*?	*?	*?
3rd dual	*?	*?	*?	*?	*?
1st plural	*(Ø)-yómosdʰh₂	*(Ø)-yómedʰh₂	—	*(Ø)-yṓmosdʰh₂	*(Ø)-yóymedʰh₂
2nd plural	*(Ø)-yédʰh₂we	*(Ø)-yédʰh₂we	*(Ø)-yédʰh₂we	*(Ø)-yḗdʰh₂we	*(Ø)-yóydʰh₂we
3rd plural	*(Ø)-yóntor	*(Ø)-yónto	*?	*(Ø)-yṓntor	*(Ø)-yóyro
Participle	*(Ø)-yómnos

• *-eh₂yéti
• *-(i)dyéti
• *-oyéti
• *-syéti

• Proto-Anatolian: *-yéti
• Proto-Germanic: *-(i)janą (j-presents, some class 1 weak verbs)
• Proto-Hellenic: *-yō
  • Ancient Greek: -έω (-éō) (partially)
  • Ancient Greek: -όω (-óō) (aboriginal ἀρόω (aróō) and new denominative verbs to o-stem nouns)
  • Ancient Greek: -πτω (-ptō) (< *-pyé-, *-pʰyé-)
  • Ancient Greek: -σσω (-ssō), -ττω (-ttō) (< *-kyé-, *-kʰyé-, *-kʷyé-, *-kʷʰyé-, *-tyé-, *-tʰyé-, *-gyé-)
  • Ancient Greek: -ζω (-zō) (< *-gyé-, *-gʷyé-, *-dyé-)
  • Ancient Greek: -λλω (-llō) (< *-lyé-)
  • Ancient Greek: -ιCω (-iCō) (< *-Cyé-)
• Proto-Italic: *-jō
  • Latin: -iō (Third conjugation verbs iō-variation)
  • Latin: -iō (Fourth conjugation verbs, partially)
• Proto-Indo-Iranian: *-yáti
  • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *-yáti
    • Sanskrit: -यति (-yati) (some class 4 verbs, with shift of accent to root, for example: गृध्यति (gṛ́dhyati))
    • Sanskrit: -यते (-yate) (some deponent class 4 verbs, with shift of accent to root, for example: जायते (jā́yate), बुध्यते (búdhyate))
    • Sanskrit: -यते (-yáte) (passive verbs, for example: क्रियते (kriyáte, “to be done”); and rarely a deponent verb: म्रियते (mriyáte, “to die”))
  • Proto-Iranian: *-yáti
    • Avestan: -𐬌𐬌𐬈𐬌𐬙𐬌 (-iieⁱti) (for example: 𐬬𐬆𐬭𐬆𐬰𐬌𐬌𐬈𐬌𐬙𐬌 (vər^əziieⁱti))

• *-yeti

• Sihler, Andrew L. (1995) New Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin, Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN
• Ringe, Donald (2006) From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic (A Linguistic History of English; 1)‎, Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

*(Ø)-yós^[1]

1. Creates adjectives from noun stems.

When affixed to athematic nouns, the thematic vowel of the suffix was stressed and the noun appeared in the oblique stem. When affixed to thematic nouns, the thematic vowel of the noun was dropped; accent remained on the noun stem if the thematic vowel was not originally accented.

Thematic
	masculine	feminine
nominative	*(Ø)-yós	*(Ø)-yéh₂
genitive	*(Ø)-yósyo	*(Ø)-yéh₂s
masculine	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*(Ø)-yós	*(Ø)-yóh₁	*(Ø)-yóes
vocative	*(Ø)-yé	*(Ø)-yóh₁	*(Ø)-yóes
accusative	*(Ø)-yóm	*(Ø)-yóh₁	*(Ø)-yóms
genitive	*(Ø)-yósyo	*?	*(Ø)-yóHom
ablative	*(Ø)-yéad	*?	*(Ø)-yómos, *(Ø)-yóbʰos
dative	*(Ø)-yóey	*?	*(Ø)-yómos, *(Ø)-yóbʰos
locative	*(Ø)-yéy, *(Ø)-yóy	*?	*(Ø)-yóysu
instrumental	*(Ø)-yóh₁	*?	*(Ø)-yṓys
feminine	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*(Ø)-yéh₂	*(Ø)-yéh₂h₁(e)	*(Ø)-yéh₂es
vocative	*(Ø)-yéh₂	*(Ø)-yéh₂h₁(e)	*(Ø)-yéh₂es
accusative	*(Ø)-yā́m	*(Ø)-yéh₂h₁(e)	*(Ø)-yéh₂m̥s
genitive	*(Ø)-yéh₂s	*?	*(Ø)-yéh₂oHom
ablative	*(Ø)-yéh₂s	*?	*(Ø)-yéh₂mos, *(Ø)-yéh₂bʰos
dative	*(Ø)-yéh₂ey	*?	*(Ø)-yéh₂mos, *(Ø)-yéh₂bʰos
locative	*(Ø)-yéh₂, *(Ø)-yéh₂i	*?	*(Ø)-yéh₂su
instrumental	*(Ø)-yéh₂h₁	*?	*(Ø)-yéh₂mis, *(Ø)-yéh₂bʰis
neuter	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*(Ø)-yóm	*(Ø)-yóy(h₁)	*(Ø)-yéh₂
vocative	*(Ø)-yóm	*(Ø)-yóy(h₁)	*(Ø)-yéh₂
accusative	*(Ø)-yóm	*(Ø)-yóy(h₁)	*(Ø)-yéh₂
genitive	*(Ø)-yósyo	*?	*(Ø)-yóHom
ablative	*(Ø)-yéad	*?	*(Ø)-yómos, *(Ø)-yóbʰos
dative	*(Ø)-yóey	*?	*(Ø)-yómos, *(Ø)-yóbʰos
locative	*(Ø)-yéy, *(Ø)-yóy	*?	*(Ø)-yóysu
instrumental	*(Ø)-yóh₁	*?	*(Ø)-yṓys

• *e-yós
  • Hellenic:
    • Ancient Greek: -εῖος (-eîos), -ήϊος (-ḗïos) — Ionic (partially)
      • → Latin: -ēus
  • Proto-Italic: *-eos
    • Latin: -eus

• Proto-Balto-Slavic: *-jas
  • Lithuanian: -ỹs, -ias/-jas
  • Proto-Slavic: *-jь (see there for further descendants)
• Hellenic:
  • Ancient Greek: -ιος (-ios)
• Italic:
  • Latin: -ius
• Proto-Indo-Iranian: *-yás
  • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *-yás
    • Sanskrit: -य (-yá)
  • Proto-Iranian: *-yáh
    • Avestan: -𐬌𐬌𐬀 (-iia) (e.g. 𐬵𐬀𐬊𐬨𐬌𐬌𐬀 (haomiia, “made from Haoma”) from 𐬵𐬀𐬊𐬨𐬀 (haoma, “Haoma”))
• Proto-Germanic: *-jaz
  • Proto-Norse: -ᛃᚨᛉ (-jaʀ), -ᛁᛉ (-iʀ)

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

For **-yoss (stem + nominative *-s). It was directly added to the e-grade root (if there was one) rather than to the stem of the adjective. This suffix was possibly innovated after Anatolian and Tocharian split off.^[1]

*-(é)-yōs^[2]

1. Forms adjectives from roots, meaning "very" or "rather".

Athematic, acrostatic
	masculine	feminine
nominative	*-(é)-yōs	*-(é)-yesih₂
genitive	*-(é)-isos	*-(é)-isyeh₂s
masculine	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*-(é)-yōs	*-(é)-yosh₁(e)	*-(é)-yoses
vocative	*-(é)-yos	*-(é)-yosh₁(e)	*-(é)-yoses
accusative	*-(é)-yosm̥	*-(é)-yosh₁(e)	*-(é)-yosm̥s
genitive	*-(é)-isos	*?	*-(é)-isoHom
ablative	*-(é)-isos	*?	*-(é)-ismos, *-(é)-isbʰos
dative	*-(é)-isey	*?	*-(é)-ismos, *-(é)-isbʰos
locative	*-(é)-yes, *-(é)-yesi	*?	*-(é)-isu
instrumental	*-(é)-ish₁	*?	*-(é)-ismis, *-(é)-isbʰis
feminine	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*-(é)-yesih₂	*-(é)-yesih₂h₁(e)	*-(é)-yesih₂es
vocative	*-(é)-yesih₂	*-(é)-yesih₂h₁(e)	*-(é)-yesih₂es
accusative	*-(é)-yesih₂m̥	*-(é)-yesih₂h₁(e)	*-(é)-yesih₂m̥s
genitive	*-(é)-isyeh₂s	*?	*-(é)-isyeh₂oHom
ablative	*-(é)-isyeh₂s	*?	*-(é)-isyeh₂mos, *-(é)-isyeh₂bʰos
dative	*-(é)-isyeh₂ey	*?	*-(é)-isyeh₂mos, *-(é)-isyeh₂bʰos
locative	*-(é)-isyeh₂, *-(é)-isyeh₂i	*?	*-(é)-isyeh₂su
instrumental	*-(é)-isyeh₂h₁	*?	*-(é)-isyeh₂mis, *-(é)-isyeh₂bʰis
neuter	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*-(é)-yos	*-(é)-yosih₁	*-(é)-yōs
vocative	*-(é)-yos	*-(é)-yosih₁	*-(é)-yōs
accusative	*-(é)-yos	*-(é)-yosih₁	*-(é)-yōs
genitive	*-(é)-isos	*?	*-(é)-isoHom
ablative	*-(é)-isos	*?	*-(é)-ismos, *-(é)-isbʰos
dative	*-(é)-isey	*?	*-(é)-ismos, *-(é)-isbʰos
locative	*-(é)-yes, *-(é)-yesi	*?	*-(é)-isu
instrumental	*-(é)-ish₁	*?	*-(é)-ismis, *-(é)-isbʰis

Adverbs were formed by using the stem, *-yos-, without any ending.

• *-is-ō ~ *-is-n-es
  • Proto-Germanic: *-izô, also *-ōzô
  • Proto-Hellenic: *-ihō
    • Ancient Greek: -ίων (-íōn)
• *-is-tos
  • Proto-Germanic: *-istaz, also *-ōstaz
  • Proto-Hellenic: *-istos
    • Ancient Greek: -ιστος (-istos)
  • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *-ištʰas (see there for further descendants)
• *-is-(t)m̥mos
  • Proto-Albanian: *-sama, *-isama^[3]
    • Albanian:

      Gheg: -çëm, -çme

      Tosk: -shëm, -shme

  • Proto-Celtic: *-samos, *-isamos^[4]
    • Proto-Brythonic: *-haβ̃ (see there for further descendants)
    • Old Irish: -em
  • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *-ištamas
    • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *-iṣṭamas
      • Sanskrit: -इष्टम (-iṣṭama)
  • Proto-Italic: *-isemos
    • Latin: -issimus

• Proto-Balto-Slavic: *-jas
  • Proto-Slavic: *-jьjь (accusative *-jьšь)
• Proto-Celtic: *-yūs, accusative *-(y)osam
  • Proto-Brythonic: *-ox (see there for further descendants)
  • Old Irish: -iu
• Proto-Hellenic: *-yōs (*-y- is lost in palatalization)
  • Ancient Greek: -ων (-ōn) (with -ν- (-n-) conflated from the *-isō variant)
• Proto-Indo-Iranian: *-yās
  • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *-yas
    • Sanskrit: -यस् (-yas)
  • Proto-Iranian: *-yah
    • Avestan: -𐬌𐬌𐬀𐬵 (-iiah)
• Proto-Italic: *-jōs
  • Latin: -ior

• *-(t)ero-