User:Sobreira/PIE verbs k-y
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ḱeḱlówe (#ḱeḱlówe) ḱéleti (#ḱéleti) ḱéytor (#ḱéytor) kh₂pyéti (#kh₂pyéti) ḱléwt (#ḱléwt) ḱl̥néwti (#ḱl̥néwti) légʰyeti (#légʰyeti) lelóykʷe (#lelóykʷe) léykʷt (#léykʷt) linékʷti (#linékʷti) memóne (#memóne) mléwHti (#mléwHti) néweh₂ti (#néweh₂ti) píbeti (#píbeti) píph₃eti (#píph₃eti) pr̥sḱéti (#pr̥sḱéti) sédt (#sédt) séh₂gyeti (#séh₂gyeti) sísdeti (#sísdeti) skéydt (#skéydt) skinédti (#skinédti) sodéyeti (#sodéyeti) spéḱyeti (#spéḱyeti) stéh₂t (#stéh₂t) stestóh₂e (#stestóh₂e) stéygʰeti (#stéygʰeti) stísteh₂ti (#stísteh₂ti) stnéh₂ti (#stnéh₂ti) télh₂t (#télh₂t) tetólh₂e (#tetólh₂e) tetórpe (#tetórpe) tl̥néh₂ti (#tl̥néh₂ti) tn̥néwti (#tn̥néwti) tonéyeti (#tonéyeti) wéǵʰeti (#wéǵʰeti) wḗǵʰst (#wḗǵʰst) wértti (#wértti) wéryeti (#wéryeti) wéstor (#wéstor) wéwket (#wéwket) wewórte (#wewórte) wéydseti (#wéydseti) wortéyeti (#wortéyeti) woséyeti (#woséyeti) wóyde (#wóyde) wr̥ǵyéti (#wr̥ǵyéti) yunégti (#yunégti)
VERBS K-Y
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This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. |
Proto-Indo-European
Etymology
Reduplicated stative of the root *ḱlew- (“to hear”).
Verb
*PIE verbs k-y (stative)[1][2][3]
Inflection
| Stative | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 3rd singular | *ḱeḱlówe | |||
| 3rd plural | *ḱeḱl̥wḗr | |||
| Active voice | Indicative | Imperative | Subjunctive | Optative |
| 1st singular | *ḱeḱlówh₂e | — | *ḱeḱléwoh₂ | *ḱeḱluyéh₁m̥ |
| 2nd singular | *ḱeḱlówth₂e | *ḱeḱlów, *ḱeḱludʰí | *ḱeḱléwesi | *ḱeḱluyéh₁s |
| 3rd singular | *ḱeḱlówe | *ḱeḱlówtu | *ḱeḱléweti | *ḱeḱluyéh₁t |
| 1st dual | *ḱeḱluwé | — | *ḱeḱléwowos | *ḱeḱl̥wih₁wé |
| 2nd dual | *? | *ḱeḱlutóm | *ḱeḱléwetes | *ḱeḱl̥wih₁tóm |
| 3rd dual | *? | *ḱeḱlutā́m | *ḱeḱléwetes | *ḱeḱl̥wih₁tā́m |
| 1st plural | *ḱeḱlumé | — | *ḱeḱléwomos | *ḱeḱl̥wih₁mé |
| 2nd plural | *ḱeḱl̥wé | *ḱeḱluté | *ḱeḱléwete | *ḱeḱl̥wih₁té |
| 3rd plural | *ḱeḱl̥wḗr | *ḱeḱl̥wéntu | *ḱeḱléwonti | *ḱeḱl̥wih₁ént |
| Participle | *ḱeḱluwṓs | |||
Descendants
- Celtic:
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ćućrā́wa
References
- ^ Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “*k̑leu̯-”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, pages 334-335
- ^ Cheung, Johnny (2007) “*srau”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Iranian Verb (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 2), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 356-357
- ^ Matasović, Ranko (2009) “*kli-nu-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 208
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This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. |
Proto-Indo-European
Etymology
Thematic root verb of *ḱel- (“to cover”).
Verb
*PIE verbs k-y (imperfective)[1]
Inflection
| Imperfective, thematic | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 3rd singular | *ḱéleti | ||||
| 3rd plural | *ḱélonti | ||||
| Active voice | Present indicative | Past indicative | Imperative | Subjunctive | Optative |
| 1st singular | *ḱéloh₂ | *ḱélom | — | *ḱélōh₂ | *ḱéloyh₁m̥ |
| 2nd singular | *ḱélesi | *ḱéles | *ḱéle | *ḱélēsi | *ḱéloys |
| 3rd singular | *ḱéleti | *ḱélet | *ḱéletu | *ḱélēti | *ḱéloyt |
| 1st dual | *ḱélowos | *ḱélowe | — | *ḱélōwos | *ḱéloywe |
| 2nd dual | *ḱéletes | *ḱéletom | *ḱéletom | *ḱélētes | *ḱéloytom |
| 3rd dual | *ḱéletes | *ḱéletām | *ḱéletām | *ḱélētes | *ḱéloytām |
| 1st plural | *ḱélomos | *ḱélome | — | *ḱélōmos | *ḱéloyme |
| 2nd plural | *ḱélete | *ḱélete | *ḱélete | *ḱélēte | *ḱéloyte |
| 3rd plural | *ḱélonti | *ḱélont | *ḱélontu | *ḱélōnti | *ḱéloyh₁n̥t |
| Participle | *ḱélonts | ||||
| Middle voice | Present indicative | Past indicative | Imperative | Subjunctive | Optative |
| 1st singular | *ḱéloh₂er | *ḱéloh₂e | — | *ḱélōh₂er | *ḱéloyh₂e |
| 2nd singular | *ḱéleth₂er | *ḱéleth₂e | *ḱéleso | *ḱélēth₂er | *ḱéloyth₂e |
| 3rd singular | *ḱéletor | *ḱéleto | *? | *ḱélētor | *ḱéloyto, *ḱéloyh₁o |
| 1st dual | *ḱélowosdʰh₂ | *ḱélowedʰh₂ | — | *ḱélōwosdʰh₂ | *ḱéloywedʰh₂ |
| 2nd dual | *? | *? | *? | *? | *? |
| 3rd dual | *? | *? | *? | *? | *? |
| 1st plural | *ḱélomosdʰh₂ | *ḱélomedʰh₂ | — | *ḱélōmosdʰh₂ | *ḱéloymedʰh₂ |
| 2nd plural | *ḱéledʰh₂we | *ḱéledʰh₂we | *ḱéledʰh₂we | *ḱélēdʰh₂we | *ḱéloydʰh₂we |
| 3rd plural | *ḱélontor | *ḱélonto | *? | *ḱélōntor | *ḱéloyro |
| Participle | *ḱélomnos | ||||
Descendants
- Proto-Celtic: *keleti (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Germanic: *helaną (“to cover, to conceal”) (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Italic: *kelō
- Latin: *celō (attested in occulō)
References
- ^ Ringe, Donald (2006) From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic (A Linguistic History of English; 1), Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN
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This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. |
Proto-Indo-European
Etymology
Athematic Narten root verb of *ḱey- (“to be lying down”).
Verb
*PIE verbs k-y (imperfective)[1][2]
Inflection
| Imperfective, athematic, middle only | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 3rd singular | *ḱéytor, *ḱéyor | ||||
| 3rd plural | *ḱéyn̥tor, *ḱéyror | ||||
| Middle voice | Present indicative | Past indicative | Imperative | Subjunctive | Optative |
| 1st singular | *ḱéyh₂er | *ḱéyh₂e | — | *ḱéyoh₂er | *ḱéyih₁h₂e |
| 2nd singular | *ḱéyth₂er | *ḱéyth₂e | *ḱéyso | *ḱéyeth₂er | *ḱéyih₁th₂e |
| 3rd singular | *ḱéytor, *ḱéyor | *ḱéyto, *ḱéyo | *? | *ḱéyetor | *ḱéyih₁to, *ḱéyih₁o |
| 1st dual | *ḱéywosdʰh₂ | *ḱéywedʰh₂ | — | *ḱéyowosdʰh₂ | *ḱéyih₁wedʰh₂ |
| 2nd dual | *? | *? | *? | *? | *? |
| 3rd dual | *? | *? | *? | *? | *? |
| 1st plural | *ḱéymosdʰh₂ | *ḱéymedʰh₂ | — | *ḱéyomosdʰh₂ | *ḱéyih₁medʰh₂ |
| 2nd plural | *ḱéydʰh₂we | *ḱéydʰh₂we | *ḱéydʰh₂we | *ḱéyedʰh₂we | *ḱéyih₁dʰh₂we |
| 3rd plural | *ḱéyn̥tor, *ḱéyror | *ḱéyn̥to, *ḱéyro | *? | *ḱéyontor | *ḱéyih₁ro |
| Participle | *ḱéym̥h₁nos | ||||
Descendants
- Proto-Anatolian: *ḱiytor[3]
- Proto-Hellenic: *kéimai
- Ancient Greek: κεῖμαι (keîmai)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ćáyay
References
- ^ Ringe, Donald (2006) From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic (A Linguistic History of English; 1), Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 25
- ^ (for the Narten ablaut) Sihler, Andrew L. (1995) New Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin, Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, pages 133-134
- ^ Kloekhorst, Alwin (2008) “ki-tta(ri)”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Hittite Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 5), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 473-475
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This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. |
Proto-Indo-European
Etymology
From *kap- (“to seize, hold”) + *-yéti.
Verb
*PIE verbs k-y (imperfective)[1][2][3]
- to be grasping
Inflection
| Imperfective, thematic | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 3rd singular | *kapyéti | ||||
| 3rd plural | *kapyónti | ||||
| Active voice | Present indicative | Past indicative | Imperative | Subjunctive | Optative |
| 1st singular | *kapyóh₂ | *kapyóm | — | *kapyṓh₂ | *kapyóyh₁m̥ |
| 2nd singular | *kapyési | *kapyés | *kapyé | *kapyḗsi | *kapyóys |
| 3rd singular | *kapyéti | *kapyét | *kapyétu | *kapyḗti | *kapyóyt |
| 1st dual | *kapyówos | *kapyówe | — | *kapyṓwos | *kapyóywe |
| 2nd dual | *kapyétes | *kapyétom | *kapyétom | *kapyḗtes | *kapyóytom |
| 3rd dual | *kapyétes | *kapyétām | *kapyétām | *kapyḗtes | *kapyóytām |
| 1st plural | *kapyómos | *kapyóme | — | *kapyṓmos | *kapyóyme |
| 2nd plural | *kapyéte | *kapyéte | *kapyéte | *kapyḗte | *kapyóyte |
| 3rd plural | *kapyónti | *kapyónt | *kapyóntu | *kapyṓnti | *kapyóyh₁n̥t |
| Participle | *kapyónts | ||||
| Middle voice | Present indicative | Past indicative | Imperative | Subjunctive | Optative |
| 1st singular | *kapyóh₂er | *kapyóh₂e | — | *kapyṓh₂er | *kapyóyh₂e |
| 2nd singular | *kapyéth₂er | *kapyéth₂e | *kapyéso | *kapyḗth₂er | *kapyóyth₂e |
| 3rd singular | *kapyétor | *kapyéto | *? | *kapyḗtor | *kapyóyto, *kapyóyh₁o |
| 1st dual | *kapyówosdʰh₂ | *kapyówedʰh₂ | — | *kapyṓwosdʰh₂ | *kapyóywedʰh₂ |
| 2nd dual | *? | *? | *? | *? | *? |
| 3rd dual | *? | *? | *? | *? | *? |
| 1st plural | *kapyómosdʰh₂ | *kapyómedʰh₂ | — | *kapyṓmosdʰh₂ | *kapyóymedʰh₂ |
| 2nd plural | *kapyédʰh₂we | *kapyédʰh₂we | *kapyédʰh₂we | *kapyḗdʰh₂we | *kapyóydʰh₂we |
| 3rd plural | *kapyóntor | *kapyónto | *? | *kapyṓntor | *kapyóyro |
| Participle | *kapyómnos | ||||
Alternative reconstructions
Descendants
- Proto-Albanian: *kapa
- Proto-Balto-Slavic:
- Proto-Germanic: *habjaną (“to lift”) (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Hellenic: *kapťō
- Proto-Italic: *kapjō
References
- ^ Pokorny, Julius (1959) “kap-”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 2, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, pages 527-529
- ^ Mallory, J. P., Adams, D. Q. (2006) “*kap-”, in The Oxford introduction to Proto-Indo-European and the Proto-Indo-European world, Oxford University Press, page 270
- ^ Sihler, Andrew L. (1995) New Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin, Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 45
- ^ Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “*keh₂p-¹”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, pages 344–345
- ^ Dunkel, George E. (2014) Lexikon der indogermanischen Partikeln und Pronominalstämme [Lexicon of Indo-European Particles and Pronominal Stems] (Indogermanische Bibliothek. 2. Reihe: Wörterbücher) (in German), Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag Winter GmbH Heidelberg, →ISBN, page 79
- ^ Orel, Vladimir E. (1998) “kap”, in Albanian Etymological Dictionary, Leiden, Boston, Köln: Brill, →ISBN, page 169
- ^ Demiraj, B. (1997) “kap”, in Albanische Etymologien: Untersuchungen zum albanischen Erbwortschatz [Albanian Etymologies: ] (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 7) (in German), Amsterdam, Atlanta: Rodopi
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This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. |
Proto-Indo-European
Etymology
Athematic root aorist of *ḱlew- (“to hear”).
Verb
*PIE verbs k-y (perfective)[1][2][3][4]
- to hear
Inflection
| Perfective, athematic | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 3rd singular | *ḱléwt | |||
| 3rd plural | *ḱl̥wént | |||
| Active voice | Indicative | Imperative | Subjunctive | Optative |
| 1st singular | *ḱlḗm | — | *ḱléwoh₂ | *ḱluyéh₁m̥ |
| 2nd singular | *ḱléws | *ḱléw, *ḱludʰí | *ḱléwesi | *ḱluyéh₁s |
| 3rd singular | *ḱléwt | *ḱléwtu | *ḱléweti | *ḱluyéh₁t |
| 1st dual | *ḱluwé | — | *ḱléwowos | *ḱl̥wih₁wé |
| 2nd dual | *ḱlutóm | *ḱlutóm | *ḱléwetes | *ḱl̥wih₁tóm |
| 3rd dual | *ḱlutā́m | *ḱlutā́m | *ḱléwetes | *ḱl̥wih₁tā́m |
| 1st plural | *ḱlumé | — | *ḱléwomos | *ḱl̥wih₁mé |
| 2nd plural | *ḱluté | *ḱluté | *ḱléwete | *ḱl̥wih₁té |
| 3rd plural | *ḱl̥wént | *ḱl̥wéntu | *ḱléwonti | *ḱl̥wih₁ént |
| Participle | *ḱl̥wónts | |||
| Middle voice | Indicative | Imperative | Subjunctive | Optative |
| 1st singular | *ḱluh₂é | — | *ḱléwoh₂er | *ḱl̥wih₁h₂é |
| 2nd singular | *ḱluth₂é | *ḱlusó | *ḱléweth₂er | *ḱl̥wih₁th₂é |
| 3rd singular | *ḱlutó, *ḱl̥wó | *? | *ḱléwetor | *ḱl̥wih₁tó, *ḱl̥wih₁ó |
| 1st dual | *ḱluwédʰh₂ | — | *ḱléwowosdʰh₂ | *ḱl̥wih₁wédʰh₂ |
| 2nd dual | *? | *? | *? | *? |
| 3rd dual | *? | *? | *? | *? |
| 1st plural | *ḱlumédʰh₂ | — | *ḱléwomosdʰh₂ | *ḱl̥wih₁médʰh₂ |
| 2nd plural | *ḱludʰh₂wé | *ḱludʰh₂wé | *ḱléwedʰh₂we | *ḱl̥wih₁dʰh₂wé |
| 3rd plural | *ḱl̥wn̥tó, *ḱluró | *? | *ḱléwontor | *ḱl̥wih₁ró |
| Participle | *ḱl̥wm̥h₁nós | |||
Descendants
- Armenian:
- Old Armenian: լուաւ (luaw)
- (perhaps) Balto-Slavic:
- Proto-Slavic: *slùti (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Hellenic:
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Háćrawt
References
- ^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008) Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN
- ^ Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “*k̑leu̯-”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, pages 334-335
- ^ Derksen, Rick (2008) “*sluti”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 455
- ^ Cheung, Johnny (2007) “*srau”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Iranian Verb (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 2), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 356-357
- ^ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 719
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This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. |
Proto-Indo-European
Etymology
From *ḱlew- (“to hear”) + *-né- (nasal infix).
Verb
*PIE verbs k-y (imperfective)[1][2][3]
- to be listening
Inflection
| Imperfective, athematic | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 3rd singular | *ḱl̥néwti | ||||
| 3rd plural | *ḱl̥nwénti | ||||
| Active voice | Present indicative | Past indicative | Imperative | Subjunctive | Optative |
| 1st singular | *ḱl̥néwmi | *ḱl̥nḗm | — | *ḱl̥néwoh₂ | *ḱl̥nuyéh₁m̥ |
| 2nd singular | *ḱl̥néwsi | *ḱl̥néws | *ḱl̥néw, *ḱl̥nudʰí | *ḱl̥néwesi | *ḱl̥nuyéh₁s |
| 3rd singular | *ḱl̥néwti | *ḱl̥néwt | *ḱl̥néwtu | *ḱl̥néweti | *ḱl̥nuyéh₁t |
| 1st dual | *ḱl̥nuwós | *ḱl̥nuwé | — | *ḱl̥néwowos | *ḱl̥nwih₁wé |
| 2nd dual | *ḱl̥nutés | *ḱl̥nutóm | *ḱl̥nutóm | *ḱl̥néwetes | *ḱl̥nwih₁tóm |
| 3rd dual | *ḱl̥nutés | *ḱl̥nutā́m | *ḱl̥nutā́m | *ḱl̥néwetes | *ḱl̥nwih₁tā́m |
| 1st plural | *ḱl̥numós | *ḱl̥numé | — | *ḱl̥néwomos | *ḱl̥nwih₁mé |
| 2nd plural | *ḱl̥nuté | *ḱl̥nuté | *ḱl̥nuté | *ḱl̥néwete | *ḱl̥nwih₁té |
| 3rd plural | *ḱl̥nwénti | *ḱl̥nwént | *ḱl̥nwéntu | *ḱl̥néwonti | *ḱl̥nwih₁ént |
| Participle | *ḱl̥nwónts | ||||
| Middle voice | Present indicative | Past indicative | Imperative | Subjunctive | Optative |
| 1st singular | *ḱl̥nuh₂ér | *ḱl̥nuh₂é | — | *ḱl̥néwoh₂er | *ḱl̥nwih₁h₂é |
| 2nd singular | *ḱl̥nuth₂ér | *ḱl̥nuth₂é | *ḱl̥nusó | *ḱl̥néweth₂er | *ḱl̥nwih₁th₂é |
| 3rd singular | *ḱl̥nutór, *ḱl̥nwór | *ḱl̥nutó, *ḱl̥nwó | *? | *ḱl̥néwetor | *ḱl̥nwih₁tó, *ḱl̥nwih₁ó |
| 1st dual | *ḱl̥nuwósdʰh₂ | *ḱl̥nuwédʰh₂ | — | *ḱl̥néwowosdʰh₂ | *ḱl̥nwih₁wédʰh₂ |
| 2nd dual | *? | *? | *? | *? | *? |
| 3rd dual | *? | *? | *? | *? | *? |
| 1st plural | *ḱl̥numósdʰh₂ | *ḱl̥numédʰh₂ | — | *ḱl̥néwomosdʰh₂ | *ḱl̥nwih₁médʰh₂ |
| 2nd plural | *ḱl̥nudʰh₂wé | *ḱl̥nudʰh₂wé | *ḱl̥nudʰh₂wé | *ḱl̥néwedʰh₂we | *ḱl̥nwih₁dʰh₂wé |
| 3rd plural | *ḱl̥nwn̥tór, *ḱl̥nurór | *ḱl̥nwn̥tó, *ḱl̥nuró | *? | *ḱl̥néwontor | *ḱl̥nwih₁ró |
| Participle | *ḱl̥nwm̥h₁nós | ||||
Derived terms
- *ḱl̥nów-is ~ *ḱln̥w-éy-s
- >? Proto-Germanic: *hlunniz
- Proto-West Germanic: *hlunni (see there for further descendants)
- >? Proto-Germanic: *hlunniz
Descendants
- Proto-Celtic: *klinutor (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ćr̥náwti (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Tocharian: *klän-
References
- ^ Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “*k̑leu̯-”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, pages 334-335
- ^ Cheung, Johnny (2007) “*srau”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Iranian Verb (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 2), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 356-357
- ^ Matasović, Ranko (2009) “*kli-nu-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 208
|
This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. |
Proto-Indo-European
Etymology
From *legʰ- (“to lie in resting position”) + *-yeti.
Verb
*PIE verbs k-y (imperfective)[1]
Inflection
| Imperfective, thematic, active only | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 3rd singular | *légʰyeti | ||||
| 3rd plural | *légʰyonti | ||||
| Active voice | Present indicative | Past indicative | Imperative | Subjunctive | Optative |
| 1st singular | *légʰyoh₂ | *légʰyom | — | *légʰyōh₂ | *légʰyoyh₁m̥ |
| 2nd singular | *légʰyesi | *légʰyes | *légʰye | *légʰyēsi | *légʰyoys |
| 3rd singular | *légʰyeti | *légʰyet | *légʰyetu | *légʰyēti | *légʰyoyt |
| 1st dual | *légʰyowos | *légʰyowe | — | *légʰyōwos | *légʰyoywe |
| 2nd dual | *légʰyetes | *légʰyetom | *légʰyetom | *légʰyētes | *légʰyoytom |
| 3rd dual | *légʰyetes | *légʰyetām | *légʰyetām | *légʰyētes | *légʰyoytām |
| 1st plural | *légʰyomos | *légʰyome | — | *légʰyōmos | *légʰyoyme |
| 2nd plural | *légʰyete | *légʰyete | *légʰyete | *légʰyēte | *légʰyoyte |
| 3rd plural | *légʰyonti | *légʰyont | *légʰyontu | *légʰyōnti | *légʰyoyh₁n̥t |
| Participle | *légʰyonts | ||||
Descendants
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *legḗˀtei
- Proto-Slavic: *ležati (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Germanic: *ligjaną (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Hellenic:
- Ancient Greek: λέκτο (lékto)
References
- ^ Ringe, Donald (2006) From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic (A Linguistic History of English; 1), Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN
|
This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. |
Proto-Indo-European
Etymology
Reduplicated stative of the root *leykʷ- (“to leave”).
Verb
*PIE verbs k-y (stative)[1][2]
Inflection
| Stative | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 3rd singular | *lelóykʷe | |||
| 3rd plural | *lelikʷḗr | |||
| Active voice | Indicative | Imperative | Subjunctive | Optative |
| 1st singular | *lelóykʷh₂e | — | *leléykʷoh₂ | *lelikʷyéh₁m̥ |
| 2nd singular | *lelóykʷth₂e | *lelóykʷ, *lelikʷdʰí | *leléykʷesi | *lelikʷyéh₁s |
| 3rd singular | *lelóykʷe | *lelóykʷtu | *leléykʷeti | *lelikʷyéh₁t |
| 1st dual | *lelikwé | — | *leléykʷowos | *lelikʷih₁wé |
| 2nd dual | *? | *lelikʷtóm | *leléykʷetes | *lelikʷih₁tóm |
| 3rd dual | *? | *lelikʷtā́m | *leléykʷetes | *lelikʷih₁tā́m |
| 1st plural | *lelikʷmé | — | *leléykʷomos | *lelikʷih₁mé |
| 2nd plural | *lelikʷé | *lelikʷté | *leléykʷete | *lelikʷih₁té |
| 3rd plural | *lelikʷḗr | *lelikʷéntu | *leléykʷonti | *lelikʷih₁ént |
| Participle | *lelikwṓs | |||
Descendants
- Proto-Germanic: *laihw (see there for further descendants)
- Hellenic:
- Ancient Greek: λέλοιπᾰ (léloipă)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *riráyča
References
- ^ Ringe, Donald (2006) From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic (A Linguistic History of English; 1), Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN
- ^ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), volume II, with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 845
|
This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. |
Proto-Indo-European
Etymology
Athematic root aorist of *leykʷ- (“to leave”).
Verb
*PIE verbs k-y (perfective)[1]
- to leave
Inflection
| Perfective, athematic | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 3rd singular | *léykʷt | |||
| 3rd plural | *likʷént | |||
| Active voice | Indicative | Imperative | Subjunctive | Optative |
| 1st singular | *léykʷm̥ | — | *léykʷoh₂ | *likʷyéh₁m̥ |
| 2nd singular | *léykʷs | *léykʷ, *likʷdʰí | *léykʷesi | *likʷyéh₁s |
| 3rd singular | *léykʷt | *léykʷtu | *léykʷeti | *likʷyéh₁t |
| 1st dual | *likwé | — | *léykʷowos | *likʷih₁wé |
| 2nd dual | *likʷtóm | *likʷtóm | *léykʷetes | *likʷih₁tóm |
| 3rd dual | *likʷtā́m | *likʷtā́m | *léykʷetes | *likʷih₁tā́m |
| 1st plural | *likʷmé | — | *léykʷomos | *likʷih₁mé |
| 2nd plural | *likʷté | *likʷté | *léykʷete | *likʷih₁té |
| 3rd plural | *likʷént | *likʷéntu | *léykʷonti | *likʷih₁ént |
| Participle | *likʷónts | |||
| Middle voice | Indicative | Imperative | Subjunctive | Optative |
| 1st singular | *likʷh₂é | — | *léykʷoh₂er | *likʷih₁h₂é |
| 2nd singular | *likʷth₂é | *likʷsó | *léykʷeth₂er | *likʷih₁th₂é |
| 3rd singular | *likʷtó, *likʷó | *? | *léykʷetor | *likʷih₁tó, *likʷih₁ó |
| 1st dual | *likwédʰh₂ | — | *léykʷowosdʰh₂ | *likʷih₁wédʰh₂ |
| 2nd dual | *? | *? | *? | *? |
| 3rd dual | *? | *? | *? | *? |
| 1st plural | *likʷmédʰh₂ | — | *léykʷomosdʰh₂ | *likʷih₁médʰh₂ |
| 2nd plural | *likʷdʰh₂wé | *likʷdʰh₂wé | *léykʷedʰh₂we | *likʷih₁dʰh₂wé |
| 3rd plural | *likʷn̥tó, *likʷró | *? | *léykʷontor | *likʷih₁ró |
| Participle | *likʷm̥h₁nós | |||
Descendants
- Balto-Slavic:
- Proto-Germanic: *līhwaną (“to lend”)
- >? Proto-Germanic: *lībaną (“to remain, be left”) (voiced Verner alternate with pre-proto-Germanic kʷ -> p)
- Hellenic:
- Ancient Greek: λείπω (leípō, “I leave”)
- Proto-Italic: *leikʷai
- Latin: līquī
References
- ^ Ringe, Donald (2006) From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic (A Linguistic History of English; 1), Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN
|
This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. |
Proto-Indo-European
Etymology
From *leykʷ- (“to leave”) + *-né- (nasal infix).
Verb
*PIE verbs k-y (imperfective)[1]
- to be leaving
Inflection
| Imperfective, athematic | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 3rd singular | *linékʷti | ||||
| 3rd plural | *linkʷénti | ||||
| Active voice | Present indicative | Past indicative | Imperative | Subjunctive | Optative |
| 1st singular | *linékʷmi | *linékʷm̥ | — | *linékʷoh₂ | *linkʷyéh₁m̥ |
| 2nd singular | *linékʷsi | *linékʷs | *linékʷ, *linkʷdʰí | *linékʷesi | *linkʷyéh₁s |
| 3rd singular | *linékʷti | *linékʷt | *linékʷtu | *linékʷeti | *linkʷyéh₁t |
| 1st dual | *linkwós | *linkwé | — | *linékʷowos | *linkʷih₁wé |
| 2nd dual | *linkʷtés | *linkʷtóm | *linkʷtóm | *linékʷetes | *linkʷih₁tóm |
| 3rd dual | *linkʷtés | *linkʷtā́m | *linkʷtā́m | *linékʷetes | *linkʷih₁tā́m |
| 1st plural | *linkʷmós | *linkʷmé | — | *linékʷomos | *linkʷih₁mé |
| 2nd plural | *linkʷté | *linkʷté | *linkʷté | *linékʷete | *linkʷih₁té |
| 3rd plural | *linkʷénti | *linkʷént | *linkʷéntu | *linékʷonti | *linkʷih₁ént |
| Participle | *linkʷónts | ||||
| Middle voice | Present indicative | Past indicative | Imperative | Subjunctive | Optative |
| 1st singular | *linkʷh₂ér | *linkʷh₂é | — | *linékʷoh₂er | *linkʷih₁h₂é |
| 2nd singular | *linkʷth₂ér | *linkʷth₂é | *linkʷsó | *linékʷeth₂er | *linkʷih₁th₂é |
| 3rd singular | *linkʷtór, *linkʷór | *linkʷtó, *linkʷó | *? | *linékʷetor | *linkʷih₁tó, *linkʷih₁ó |
| 1st dual | *linkwósdʰh₂ | *linkwédʰh₂ | — | *linékʷowosdʰh₂ | *linkʷih₁wédʰh₂ |
| 2nd dual | *? | *? | *? | *? | *? |
| 3rd dual | *? | *? | *? | *? | *? |
| 1st plural | *linkʷmósdʰh₂ | *linkʷmédʰh₂ | — | *linékʷomosdʰh₂ | *linkʷih₁médʰh₂ |
| 2nd plural | *linkʷdʰh₂wé | *linkʷdʰh₂wé | *linkʷdʰh₂wé | *linékʷedʰh₂we | *linkʷih₁dʰh₂wé |
| 3rd plural | *linkʷn̥tór, *linkʷrór | *linkʷn̥tó, *linkʷró | *? | *linékʷontor | *linkʷih₁ró |
| Participle | *linkʷm̥h₁nós | ||||
Descendants
- Armenian:
- Old Armenian: լքանեմ (lkʻanem, “to leave”)
- Proto-Celtic: *linkʷīti (with unexpected extension of the stem with -ī-) (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *rinákti
- Proto-Italic: *linkʷō
- Ancient Greek: λιμπάνω (limpánō, “I leave; I am absent”)
- >? Proto-Germanic: *lifnaną (to remain, be left)
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Ringe, Donald (2006) From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic (A Linguistic History of English; 1), Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN
|
This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. |
Proto-Indo-European
Etymology
Reduplicated perfect of the root *men- (“to think, mind”).
Verb
*PIE verbs k-y (stative)
Inflection
| Stative | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 3rd singular | *memóne | |||
| 3rd plural | *memnḗr | |||
| Active voice | Indicative | Imperative | Subjunctive | Optative |
| 1st singular | *memónh₂e | — | *meménoh₂ | *memn̥yéh₁m̥ |
| 2nd singular | *memónth₂e | *memón, *memn̥dʰí | *meménesi | *memn̥yéh₁s |
| 3rd singular | *memóne | *memóntu | *meméneti | *memn̥yéh₁t |
| 1st dual | *memn̥wé | — | *meménowos | *memnih₁wé |
| 2nd dual | *? | *memn̥tóm | *meménetes | *memnih₁tóm |
| 3rd dual | *? | *memn̥tā́m | *meménetes | *memnih₁tā́m |
| 1st plural | *memn̥mé | — | *meménomos | *memnih₁mé |
| 2nd plural | *memné | *memn̥té | *meménete | *memnih₁té |
| 3rd plural | *memnḗr | *memnéntu | *meménonti | *memnih₁ént |
| Participle | *memn̥wṓs | |||
Descendants
- Proto-Germanic: *munaną
- Hellenic:
- Ancient Greek: μέμονα (mémona)
- Proto-Italic: *memonai
- Latin: meminī
|
This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. |
Proto-Indo-European
Alternative forms
- *mléwh₂ti[1]
Etymology
Athematic root present of *mlewH- (“to say”).
Verb
*PIE verbs k-y (imperfective)[2][3]
- to say
Inflection
| Imperfective, athematic | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 3rd singular | *mléwHti | ||||
| 3rd plural | *mluHénti | ||||
| Active voice | Present indicative | Past indicative | Imperative | Subjunctive | Optative |
| 1st singular | *mléwHmi | *mléwHm̥ | — | *mléwHoh₂ | *mluHyéh₁m̥ |
| 2nd singular | *mléwHsi | *mléwHs | *mléwH, *mluHdʰí | *mléwHesi | *mluHyéh₁s |
| 3rd singular | *mléwHti | *mléwHt | *mléwHtu | *mléwHeti | *mluHyéh₁t |
| 1st dual | *mluHwós | *mluHwé | — | *mléwHowos | *mluHih₁wé |
| 2nd dual | *mluHtés | *mluHtóm | *mluHtóm | *mléwHetes | *mluHih₁tóm |
| 3rd dual | *mluHtés | *mluHtā́m | *mluHtā́m | *mléwHetes | *mluHih₁tā́m |
| 1st plural | *mluHmós | *mluHmé | — | *mléwHomos | *mluHih₁mé |
| 2nd plural | *mluHté | *mluHté | *mluHté | *mléwHete | *mluHih₁té |
| 3rd plural | *mluHénti | *mluHént | *mluHéntu | *mléwHonti | *mluHih₁ént |
| Participle | *mluHónts | ||||
| Middle voice | Present indicative | Past indicative | Imperative | Subjunctive | Optative |
| 1st singular | *mluHh₂ér | *mluHh₂é | — | *mléwHoh₂er | *mluHih₁h₂é |
| 2nd singular | *mluHth₂ér | *mluHth₂é | *mluHsó | *mléwHeth₂er | *mluHih₁th₂é |
| 3rd singular | *mluHtór, *mluHór | *mluHtó, *mluHó | *? | *mléwHetor | *mluHih₁tó, *mluHih₁ó |
| 1st dual | *mluHwósdʰh₂ | *mluHwédʰh₂ | — | *mléwHowosdʰh₂ | *mluHih₁wédʰh₂ |
| 2nd dual | *? | *? | *? | *? | *? |
| 3rd dual | *? | *? | *? | *? | *? |
| 1st plural | *mluHmósdʰh₂ | *mluHmédʰh₂ | — | *mléwHomosdʰh₂ | *mluHih₁médʰh₂ |
| 2nd plural | *mluHdʰh₂wé | *mluHdʰh₂wé | *mluHdʰh₂wé | *mléwHedʰh₂we | *mluHih₁dʰh₂wé |
| 3rd plural | *mluHn̥tór, *mluHrór | *mluHn̥tó, *mluHró | *? | *mléwHontor | *mluHih₁ró |
| Participle | *mluHm̥h₁nós | ||||
Descendants
References
- ^ Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “*mleu̯h2-¹”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, pages 446-447
- ^ Ringe, Donald (2006) From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic (A Linguistic History of English; 1), Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN
- ^ Cantera, Alberto (2017–2018) “Chapter VI: Iranian”, in Klein, Jared S., Joseph, Brian D., Fritz, Matthias, editors, Handbook of Comparative and Historical Indo-European Linguistics: An International Handbook (Handbücher zur Sprach- und Kommunikationswissenschaft ; 41.2), Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter Mouton, →ISBN, § The phonology of Iranian, page 487
|
This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. |
Proto-Indo-European
Etymology
From the adjective *néwos (“new”) + *-h₂ti.
Verb
*PIE verbs k-y (imperfective)[1]
- to renew
Inflection
| Imperfective, athematic | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 3rd singular | *néweh₂ti | ||||
| 3rd plural | *néweh₂n̥ti | ||||
| Active voice | Present indicative | Past indicative | Imperative | Subjunctive | Optative |
| 1st singular | *néweh₂mi | *néwām | — | *néweh₂oh₂ | *néweh₂yeh₁m̥ |
| 2nd singular | *néweh₂si | *néweh₂s | *néweh₂, *néweh₂dʰi | *néweh₂esi | *néweh₂yeh₁s |
| 3rd singular | *néweh₂ti | *néweh₂t | *néweh₂tu | *néweh₂eti | *néweh₂yeh₁t |
| 1st dual | *néweh₂wos | *néweh₂we | — | *néweh₂owos | *néweh₂ih₁we |
| 2nd dual | *néweh₂tes | *néweh₂tom | *néweh₂tom | *néweh₂etes | *néweh₂ih₁tom |
| 3rd dual | *néweh₂tes | *néweh₂tām | *néweh₂tām | *néweh₂etes | *néweh₂ih₁tām |
| 1st plural | *néweh₂mos | *néweh₂me | — | *néweh₂omos | *néweh₂ih₁me |
| 2nd plural | *néweh₂te | *néweh₂te | *néweh₂te | *néweh₂ete | *néweh₂ih₁te |
| 3rd plural | *néweh₂n̥ti | *néweh₂n̥t | *néweh₂n̥tu | *néweh₂onti | *néweh₂ih₁n̥t |
| Participle | *néweh₂n̥ts | ||||
| Middle voice | Present indicative | Past indicative | Imperative | Subjunctive | Optative |
| 1st singular | *néweh₂h₂er | *néweh₂h₂e | — | *néweh₂oh₂er | *néweh₂ih₁h₂e |
| 2nd singular | *néweh₂th₂er | *néweh₂th₂e | *néweh₂so | *néweh₂eth₂er | *néweh₂ih₁th₂e |
| 3rd singular | *néweh₂tor, *néweh₂or | *néweh₂to, *néweh₂o | *? | *néweh₂etor | *néweh₂ih₁to, *néweh₂ih₁o |
| 1st dual | *néweh₂wosdʰh₂ | *néweh₂wedʰh₂ | — | *néweh₂owosdʰh₂ | *néweh₂ih₁wedʰh₂ |
| 2nd dual | *? | *? | *? | *? | *? |
| 3rd dual | *? | *? | *? | *? | *? |
| 1st plural | *néweh₂mosdʰh₂ | *néweh₂medʰh₂ | — | *néweh₂omosdʰh₂ | *néweh₂ih₁medʰh₂ |
| 2nd plural | *néweh₂dʰh₂we | *néweh₂dʰh₂we | *néweh₂dʰh₂we | *néweh₂edʰh₂we | *néweh₂ih₁dʰh₂we |
| 3rd plural | *néweh₂n̥tor, *néweh₂ror | *néweh₂n̥to, *néweh₂ro | *? | *néweh₂ontor | *néweh₂ih₁ro |
| Participle | *néweh₂m̥h₁nos | ||||
Descendants
- Proto-Anatolian:
- Hittite: 𒉈𒂊𒌋𒉿𒄴𒄩𒀭𒍣 (ne-e-u-wa-aḫ-ḫa-an-zi /nēwaḫḫ-/, “renew”)
- Proto-Hellenic: *newaō
- Ancient Greek: νεάω (neáō)
- Proto-Italic: *nowāō
- Latin: novō
References
- ^ Ringe, Donald (2006) From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic (A Linguistic History of English; 1), Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN
|
This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. |
Proto-Indo-European
Verb
*PIE verbs k-y (imperfective)[1]
- alternative reconstruction of *píph₃eti
Inflection
| Imperfective, thematic | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 3rd singular | *píbeti | ||||
| 3rd plural | *píbonti | ||||
| Active voice | Present indicative | Past indicative | Imperative | Subjunctive | Optative |
| 1st singular | *píboh₂ | *píbom | — | *píbōh₂ | *píboyh₁m̥ |
| 2nd singular | *píbesi | *píbes | *píbe | *píbēsi | *píboys |
| 3rd singular | *píbeti | *píbet | *píbetu | *píbēti | *píboyt |
| 1st dual | *píbowos | *píbowe | — | *píbōwos | *píboywe |
| 2nd dual | *píbetes | *píbetom | *píbetom | *píbētes | *píboytom |
| 3rd dual | *píbetes | *píbetām | *píbetām | *píbētes | *píboytām |
| 1st plural | *píbomos | *píbome | — | *píbōmos | *píboyme |
| 2nd plural | *píbete | *píbete | *píbete | *píbēte | *píboyte |
| 3rd plural | *píbonti | *píbont | *píbontu | *píbōnti | *píboyh₁n̥t |
| Participle | *píbonts | ||||
| Middle voice | Present indicative | Past indicative | Imperative | Subjunctive | Optative |
| 1st singular | *píboh₂er | *píboh₂e | — | *píbōh₂er | *píboyh₂e |
| 2nd singular | *píbeth₂er | *píbeth₂e | *píbeso | *píbēth₂er | *píboyth₂e |
| 3rd singular | *píbetor | *píbeto | *? | *píbētor | *píboyto, *píboyh₁o |
| 1st dual | *píbowosdʰh₂ | *píbowedʰh₂ | — | *píbōwosdʰh₂ | *píboywedʰh₂ |
| 2nd dual | *? | *? | *? | *? | *? |
| 3rd dual | *? | *? | *? | *? | *? |
| 1st plural | *píbomosdʰh₂ | *píbomedʰh₂ | — | *píbōmosdʰh₂ | *píboymedʰh₂ |
| 2nd plural | *píbedʰh₂we | *píbedʰh₂we | *píbedʰh₂we | *píbēdʰh₂we | *píboydʰh₂we |
| 3rd plural | *píbontor | *píbonto | *? | *píbōntor | *píboyro |
| Participle | *píbomnos | ||||
References
- ^ Ringe, Donald (2006) From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic (A Linguistic History of English; 1), Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN
|
This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. |
Proto-Indo-European
Alternative reconstructions
Etymology
Thematic i-reduplicated present of *peh₃- (“to drink”).
Verb
*PIE verbs k-y (imperfective)[1][2][3]
Inflection
| Imperfective, thematic | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 3rd singular | *píph₃eti | ||||
| 3rd plural | *píph₃onti | ||||
| Active voice | Present indicative | Past indicative | Imperative | Subjunctive | Optative |
| 1st singular | *píph₃oh₂ | *píph₃om | — | *píph₃ōh₂ | *píph₃oyh₁m̥ |
| 2nd singular | *píph₃esi | *píph₃es | *píph₃e | *píph₃ēsi | *píph₃oys |
| 3rd singular | *píph₃eti | *píph₃et | *píph₃etu | *píph₃ēti | *píph₃oyt |
| 1st dual | *píph₃owos | *píph₃owe | — | *píph₃ōwos | *píph₃oywe |
| 2nd dual | *píph₃etes | *píph₃etom | *píph₃etom | *píph₃ētes | *píph₃oytom |
| 3rd dual | *píph₃etes | *píph₃etām | *píph₃etām | *píph₃ētes | *píph₃oytām |
| 1st plural | *píph₃omos | *píph₃ome | — | *píph₃ōmos | *píph₃oyme |
| 2nd plural | *píph₃ete | *píph₃ete | *píph₃ete | *píph₃ēte | *píph₃oyte |
| 3rd plural | *píph₃onti | *píph₃ont | *píph₃ontu | *píph₃ōnti | *píph₃oyh₁n̥t |
| Participle | *píph₃onts | ||||
| Middle voice | Present indicative | Past indicative | Imperative | Subjunctive | Optative |
| 1st singular | *píph₃oh₂er | *píph₃oh₂e | — | *píph₃ōh₂er | *píph₃oyh₂e |
| 2nd singular | *píph₃eth₂er | *píph₃eth₂e | *píph₃eso | *píph₃ēth₂er | *píph₃oyth₂e |
| 3rd singular | *píph₃etor | *píph₃eto | *? | *píph₃ētor | *píph₃oyto, *píph₃oyh₁o |
| 1st dual | *píph₃owosdʰh₂ | *píph₃owedʰh₂ | — | *píph₃ōwosdʰh₂ | *píph₃oywedʰh₂ |
| 2nd dual | *? | *? | *? | *? | *? |
| 3rd dual | *? | *? | *? | *? | *? |
| 1st plural | *píph₃omosdʰh₂ | *píph₃omedʰh₂ | — | *píph₃ōmosdʰh₂ | *píph₃oymedʰh₂ |
| 2nd plural | *píph₃edʰh₂we | *píph₃edʰh₂we | *píph₃edʰh₂we | *píph₃ēdʰh₂we | *píph₃oydʰh₂we |
| 3rd plural | *píph₃ontor | *píph₃onto | *? | *píph₃ōntor | *píph₃oyro |
| Participle | *píph₃omnos | ||||
Descendants
Most descendants show voicing of the second *p to *b. This is generally taken to be assimilation to the following laryngeal, yielding *píbeti.[4]
- >? Proto-Albanian: *pīja
- Proto-Armenian:
- Old Armenian: ըմպեմ (əmpem)
- Proto-Celtic: *ɸibeti (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *píbati (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Italic: *pibō (see there for further descendants)
References
- ^ Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “*peh₃(i̯)-⁰”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, pages 462-463: “*pi-ph₃-é-”
- ^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “bibō, -ere”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 71-72
- ^ Mayrhofer, Manfred (1996) Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen [Etymological Dictionary of Old Indo-Aryan] (in German), volume 2, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, page 113: “*pí-ph₃-e-ti”
- ^ Ringe, Donald (2006) From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic (A Linguistic History of English; 1), Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN
|
This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. |
Proto-Indo-European
Etymology
From *preḱ- (“to ask”) + *-sḱéti (iterative verbal suffix), with simplification of the consonant cluster.
Verb
*PIE verbs k-y (imperfective)[1]
Inflection
| Imperfective, thematic | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 3rd singular | *pr̥sḱéti | ||||
| 3rd plural | *pr̥sḱónti | ||||
| Active voice | Present indicative | Past indicative | Imperative | Subjunctive | Optative |
| 1st singular | *pr̥sḱóh₂ | *pr̥sḱóm | — | *pr̥sḱṓh₂ | *pr̥sḱóyh₁m̥ |
| 2nd singular | *pr̥sḱési | *pr̥sḱés | *pr̥sḱé | *pr̥sḱḗsi | *pr̥sḱóys |
| 3rd singular | *pr̥sḱéti | *pr̥sḱét | *pr̥sḱétu | *pr̥sḱḗti | *pr̥sḱóyt |
| 1st dual | *pr̥sḱówos | *pr̥sḱówe | — | *pr̥sḱṓwos | *pr̥sḱóywe |
| 2nd dual | *pr̥sḱétes | *pr̥sḱétom | *pr̥sḱétom | *pr̥sḱḗtes | *pr̥sḱóytom |
| 3rd dual | *pr̥sḱétes | *pr̥sḱétām | *pr̥sḱétām | *pr̥sḱḗtes | *pr̥sḱóytām |
| 1st plural | *pr̥sḱómos | *pr̥sḱóme | — | *pr̥sḱṓmos | *pr̥sḱóyme |
| 2nd plural | *pr̥sḱéte | *pr̥sḱéte | *pr̥sḱéte | *pr̥sḱḗte | *pr̥sḱóyte |
| 3rd plural | *pr̥sḱónti | *pr̥sḱónt | *pr̥sḱóntu | *pr̥sḱṓnti | *pr̥sḱóyh₁n̥t |
| Participle | *pr̥sḱónts | ||||
| Middle voice | Present indicative | Past indicative | Imperative | Subjunctive | Optative |
| 1st singular | *pr̥sḱóh₂er | *pr̥sḱóh₂e | — | *pr̥sḱṓh₂er | *pr̥sḱóyh₂e |
| 2nd singular | *pr̥sḱéth₂er | *pr̥sḱéth₂e | *pr̥sḱéso | *pr̥sḱḗth₂er | *pr̥sḱóyth₂e |
| 3rd singular | *pr̥sḱétor | *pr̥sḱéto | *? | *pr̥sḱḗtor | *pr̥sḱóyto, *pr̥sḱóyh₁o |
| 1st dual | *pr̥sḱówosdʰh₂ | *pr̥sḱówedʰh₂ | — | *pr̥sḱṓwosdʰh₂ | *pr̥sḱóywedʰh₂ |
| 2nd dual | *? | *? | *? | *? | *? |
| 3rd dual | *? | *? | *? | *? | *? |
| 1st plural | *pr̥sḱómosdʰh₂ | *pr̥sḱómedʰh₂ | — | *pr̥sḱṓmosdʰh₂ | *pr̥sḱóymedʰh₂ |
| 2nd plural | *pr̥sḱédʰh₂we | *pr̥sḱédʰh₂we | *pr̥sḱédʰh₂we | *pr̥sḱḗdʰh₂we | *pr̥sḱóydʰh₂we |
| 3rd plural | *pr̥sḱóntor | *pr̥sḱónto | *? | *pr̥sḱṓntor | *pr̥sḱóyro |
| Participle | *pr̥sḱómnos | ||||
Derived terms
- *pr̥sḱ-eh₂
Descendants
- Armenian:
- Proto-Celtic: *ɸarsketi (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pr̥šćáti (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Italic: *porskō (see there for further descendants)
References
- ^ Ringe, Donald (2006) From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic (A Linguistic History of English; 1), Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN
|
This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. |
Proto-Indo-European
Etymology
Athematic root aorist of *sed- (“to sit”).
Verb
*PIE verbs k-y (perfective)[1][2]
- to sit down
Inflection
| Perfective, athematic | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 3rd singular | *sédt | |||
| 3rd plural | *sdént | |||
| Active voice | Indicative | Imperative | Subjunctive | Optative |
| 1st singular | *sédm̥ | — | *sédoh₂ | *sdyéh₁m̥ |
| 2nd singular | *séds | *séd, *sddʰí | *sédesi | *sdyéh₁s |
| 3rd singular | *sédt | *sédtu | *sédeti | *sdyéh₁t |
| 1st dual | *sdwé | — | *sédowos | *sdih₁wé |
| 2nd dual | *sdtóm | *sdtóm | *sédetes | *sdih₁tóm |
| 3rd dual | *sdtā́m | *sdtā́m | *sédetes | *sdih₁tā́m |
| 1st plural | *sdmé | — | *sédomos | *sdih₁mé |
| 2nd plural | *sdté | *sdté | *sédete | *sdih₁té |
| 3rd plural | *sdént | *sdéntu | *sédonti | *sdih₁ént |
| Participle | *sdónts | |||
| Middle voice | Indicative | Imperative | Subjunctive | Optative |
| 1st singular | *sdh₂é | — | *sédoh₂er | *sdih₁h₂é |
| 2nd singular | *sdth₂é | *sdsó | *sédeth₂er | *sdih₁th₂é |
| 3rd singular | *sdtó, *sdó | *? | *sédetor | *sdih₁tó, *sdih₁ó |
| 1st dual | *sdwédʰh₂ | — | *sédowosdʰh₂ | *sdih₁wédʰh₂ |
| 2nd dual | *? | *? | *? | *? |
| 3rd dual | *? | *? | *? | *? |
| 1st plural | *sdmédʰh₂ | — | *sédomosdʰh₂ | *sdih₁médʰh₂ |
| 2nd plural | *sddʰh₂wé | *sddʰh₂wé | *sédedʰh₂we | *sdih₁dʰh₂wé |
| 3rd plural | *sdn̥tó, *sdró | *? | *sédontor | *sdih₁ró |
| Participle | *sdm̥h₁nós | |||
Descendants
- Proto-Hellenic:
- Ancient Greek: εἷσα (heîsa)
References
- ^ Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 513
- ^ Ringe, Donald (2006) From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic (A Linguistic History of English; 1), Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 34
|
This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. |
Proto-Indo-European
Etymology
From *seh₂g- (“to seek out”) + *-yeti.
Verb
*PIE verbs k-y (imperfective)[1][2]
Inflection
| Imperfective, thematic, active only | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 3rd singular | *séh₂gyeti | ||||
| 3rd plural | *séh₂gyonti | ||||
| Active voice | Present indicative | Past indicative | Imperative | Subjunctive | Optative |
| 1st singular | *séh₂gyoh₂ | *séh₂gyom | — | *séh₂gyōh₂ | *séh₂gyoyh₁m̥ |
| 2nd singular | *séh₂gyesi | *séh₂gyes | *séh₂gye | *séh₂gyēsi | *séh₂gyoys |
| 3rd singular | *séh₂gyeti | *séh₂gyet | *séh₂gyetu | *séh₂gyēti | *séh₂gyoyt |
| 1st dual | *séh₂gyowos | *séh₂gyowe | — | *séh₂gyōwos | *séh₂gyoywe |
| 2nd dual | *séh₂gyetes | *séh₂gyetom | *séh₂gyetom | *séh₂gyētes | *séh₂gyoytom |
| 3rd dual | *séh₂gyetes | *séh₂gyetām | *séh₂gyetām | *séh₂gyētes | *séh₂gyoytām |
| 1st plural | *séh₂gyomos | *séh₂gyome | — | *séh₂gyōmos | *séh₂gyoyme |
| 2nd plural | *séh₂gyete | *séh₂gyete | *séh₂gyete | *séh₂gyēte | *séh₂gyoyte |
| 3rd plural | *séh₂gyonti | *séh₂gyont | *séh₂gyontu | *séh₂gyōnti | *séh₂gyoyh₁n̥t |
| Participle | *séh₂gyonts | ||||
Descendants
- Anatolian:
- Hittite: 𒊭𒀀𒆠𒄑𒍣 (ša-a-ki-ez-zi /šākizzi/, 3.sg.pres.act.)
- Proto-Germanic: *sōkijaną (“to seek, to look for”) (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Italic: *sāgiō
- Latin: sāgiō
References
- ^ Ringe, Donald (2006) From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic (A Linguistic History of English; 1), Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN
- ^ Guus Kroonen (2013) Alexander Lubotsky, editor, Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN
|
This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. |
Proto-Indo-European
Etymology
Thematic i-reduplicated root of *sed- (“to sit”).
Verb
*PIE verbs k-y (imperfective)[1]
Inflection
| Imperfective, thematic, active only | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 3rd singular | *sísdeti | ||||
| 3rd plural | *sísdonti | ||||
| Active voice | Present indicative | Past indicative | Imperative | Subjunctive | Optative |
| 1st singular | *sísdoh₂ | *sísdom | — | *sísdōh₂ | *sísdoyh₁m̥ |
| 2nd singular | *sísdesi | *sísdes | *sísde | *sísdēsi | *sísdoys |
| 3rd singular | *sísdeti | *sísdet | *sísdetu | *sísdēti | *sísdoyt |
| 1st dual | *sísdowos | *sísdowe | — | *sísdōwos | *sísdoywe |
| 2nd dual | *sísdetes | *sísdetom | *sísdetom | *sísdētes | *sísdoytom |
| 3rd dual | *sísdetes | *sísdetām | *sísdetām | *sísdētes | *sísdoytām |
| 1st plural | *sísdomos | *sísdome | — | *sísdōmos | *sísdoyme |
| 2nd plural | *sísdete | *sísdete | *sísdete | *sísdēte | *sísdoyte |
| 3rd plural | *sísdonti | *sísdont | *sísdontu | *sísdōnti | *sísdoyh₁n̥t |
| Participle | *sísdonts | ||||
Derived terms
Descendants
- Armenian:
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *sēˀstei
- Proto-Hellenic: *hízdō
- Ancient Greek: ἵζω (hízō)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *síždati (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Italic: *sizdō (see there for further descendants)
References
- ^ Ringe, Donald (2006) From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic (A Linguistic History of English; 1), Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN
|
This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. |
Proto-Indo-European
Etymology
Athematic root aorist of *skeyd- (“to split, to divide”).
Verb
*PIE verbs k-y (perfective)[1]
Inflection
| Perfective, athematic | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 3rd singular | *skéydt | |||
| 3rd plural | *skidént | |||
| Active voice | Indicative | Imperative | Subjunctive | Optative |
| 1st singular | *skéydm̥ | — | *skéydoh₂ | *skidyéh₁m̥ |
| 2nd singular | *skéyds | *skéyd, *skiddʰí | *skéydesi | *skidyéh₁s |
| 3rd singular | *skéydt | *skéydtu | *skéydeti | *skidyéh₁t |
| 1st dual | *skidwé | — | *skéydowos | *skidih₁wé |
| 2nd dual | *skidtóm | *skidtóm | *skéydetes | *skidih₁tóm |
| 3rd dual | *skidtā́m | *skidtā́m | *skéydetes | *skidih₁tā́m |
| 1st plural | *skidmé | — | *skéydomos | *skidih₁mé |
| 2nd plural | *skidté | *skidté | *skéydete | *skidih₁té |
| 3rd plural | *skidént | *skidéntu | *skéydonti | *skidih₁ént |
| Participle | *skidónts | |||
| Middle voice | Indicative | Imperative | Subjunctive | Optative |
| 1st singular | *skidh₂é | — | *skéydoh₂er | *skidih₁h₂é |
| 2nd singular | *skidth₂é | *skidsó | *skéydeth₂er | *skidih₁th₂é |
| 3rd singular | *skidtó, *skidó | *? | *skéydetor | *skidih₁tó, *skidih₁ó |
| 1st dual | *skidwédʰh₂ | — | *skéydowosdʰh₂ | *skidih₁wédʰh₂ |
| 2nd dual | *? | *? | *? | *? |
| 3rd dual | *? | *? | *? | *? |
| 1st plural | *skidmédʰh₂ | — | *skéydomosdʰh₂ | *skidih₁médʰh₂ |
| 2nd plural | *skiddʰh₂wé | *skiddʰh₂wé | *skéydedʰh₂we | *skidih₁dʰh₂wé |
| 3rd plural | *skidn̥tó, *skidró | *? | *skéydontor | *skidih₁ró |
| Participle | *skidm̥h₁nós | |||
Descendants
References
- ^ Ringe, Donald (2006) From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic (A Linguistic History of English; 1), Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN
|
This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. |
Proto-Indo-European
Etymology
From *skeyd- (“to split, divide”) + *-né- (nasal infix).
Verb
*PIE verbs k-y (imperfective)[1]
Inflection
| Imperfective, athematic | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 3rd singular | *skinédti | ||||
| 3rd plural | *skindénti | ||||
| Active voice | Present indicative | Past indicative | Imperative | Subjunctive | Optative |
| 1st singular | *skinédmi | *skinédm̥ | — | *skinédoh₂ | *skindyéh₁m̥ |
| 2nd singular | *skinédsi | *skinéds | *skinéd, *skinddʰí | *skinédesi | *skindyéh₁s |
| 3rd singular | *skinédti | *skinédt | *skinédtu | *skinédeti | *skindyéh₁t |
| 1st dual | *skindwós | *skindwé | — | *skinédowos | *skindih₁wé |
| 2nd dual | *skindtés | *skindtóm | *skindtóm | *skinédetes | *skindih₁tóm |
| 3rd dual | *skindtés | *skindtā́m | *skindtā́m | *skinédetes | *skindih₁tā́m |
| 1st plural | *skindmós | *skindmé | — | *skinédomos | *skindih₁mé |
| 2nd plural | *skindté | *skindté | *skindté | *skinédete | *skindih₁té |
| 3rd plural | *skindénti | *skindént | *skindéntu | *skinédonti | *skindih₁ént |
| Participle | *skindónts | ||||
| Middle voice | Present indicative | Past indicative | Imperative | Subjunctive | Optative |
| 1st singular | *skindh₂ér | *skindh₂é | — | *skinédoh₂er | *skindih₁h₂é |
| 2nd singular | *skindth₂ér | *skindth₂é | *skindsó | *skinédeth₂er | *skindih₁th₂é |
| 3rd singular | *skindtór, *skindór | *skindtó, *skindó | *? | *skinédetor | *skindih₁tó, *skindih₁ó |
| 1st dual | *skindwósdʰh₂ | *skindwédʰh₂ | — | *skinédowosdʰh₂ | *skindih₁wédʰh₂ |
| 2nd dual | *? | *? | *? | *? | *? |
| 3rd dual | *? | *? | *? | *? | *? |
| 1st plural | *skindmósdʰh₂ | *skindmédʰh₂ | — | *skinédomosdʰh₂ | *skindih₁médʰh₂ |
| 2nd plural | *skinddʰh₂wé | *skinddʰh₂wé | *skinddʰh₂wé | *skinédedʰh₂we | *skindih₁dʰh₂wé |
| 3rd plural | *skindn̥tór, *skindrór | *skindn̥tó, *skindró | *? | *skinédontor | *skindih₁ró |
| Participle | *skindm̥h₁nós | ||||
Descendants
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *śćinátˢti (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Italic: *skindō
- Latin: scindō (see there for further descendants)
References
- ^ Ringe, Donald (2006) From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic (A Linguistic History of English; 1), Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN
|
This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. |
Proto-Indo-European
Etymology
From *sed- (“to sit”) + *-éyeti (causative verbal suffix).
Verb
*PIE verbs k-y (imperfective)
Inflection
| Imperfective, thematic | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 3rd singular | *sodéyeti | ||||
| 3rd plural | *sodéyonti | ||||
| Active voice | Present indicative | Past indicative | Imperative | Subjunctive | Optative |
| 1st singular | *sodéyoh₂ | *sodéyom | — | *sodéyōh₂ | *sodéyoyh₁m̥ |
| 2nd singular | *sodéyesi | *sodéyes | *sodéye | *sodéyēsi | *sodéyoys |
| 3rd singular | *sodéyeti | *sodéyet | *sodéyetu | *sodéyēti | *sodéyoyt |
| 1st dual | *sodéyowos | *sodéyowe | — | *sodéyōwos | *sodéyoywe |
| 2nd dual | *sodéyetes | *sodéyetom | *sodéyetom | *sodéyētes | *sodéyoytom |
| 3rd dual | *sodéyetes | *sodéyetām | *sodéyetām | *sodéyētes | *sodéyoytām |
| 1st plural | *sodéyomos | *sodéyome | — | *sodéyōmos | *sodéyoyme |
| 2nd plural | *sodéyete | *sodéyete | *sodéyete | *sodéyēte | *sodéyoyte |
| 3rd plural | *sodéyonti | *sodéyont | *sodéyontu | *sodéyōnti | *sodéyoyh₁n̥t |
| Participle | *sodéyonts | ||||
| Middle voice | Present indicative | Past indicative | Imperative | Subjunctive | Optative |
| 1st singular | *sodéyoh₂er | *sodéyoh₂e | — | *sodéyōh₂er | *sodéyoyh₂e |
| 2nd singular | *sodéyeth₂er | *sodéyeth₂e | *sodéyeso | *sodéyēth₂er | *sodéyoyth₂e |
| 3rd singular | *sodéyetor | *sodéyeto | *? | *sodéyētor | *sodéyoyto, *sodéyoyh₁o |
| 1st dual | *sodéyowosdʰh₂ | *sodéyowedʰh₂ | — | *sodéyōwosdʰh₂ | *sodéyoywedʰh₂ |
| 2nd dual | *? | *? | *? | *? | *? |
| 3rd dual | *? | *? | *? | *? | *? |
| 1st plural | *sodéyomosdʰh₂ | *sodéyomedʰh₂ | — | *sodéyōmosdʰh₂ | *sodéyoymedʰh₂ |
| 2nd plural | *sodéyedʰh₂we | *sodéyedʰh₂we | *sodéyedʰh₂we | *sodéyēdʰh₂we | *sodéyoydʰh₂we |
| 3rd plural | *sodéyontor | *sodéyonto | *? | *sodéyōntor | *sodéyoyro |
| Participle | *sodéyomnos | ||||
Descendants
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *sōdī́ˀtei (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Celtic: *sodīti
- Old Irish: ad·suidi
- Proto-Germanic: *satjaną (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *sādáyati
References
|
This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. |
Proto-Indo-European
Etymology
From *speḱ- (“to see, to look, to observe”) + *-yeti.
Verb
*PIE verbs k-y (imperfective)[1][2][3][4]
- to be looking at, to keep looking at
Inflection
| Imperfective, thematic | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 3rd singular | *spéḱyeti | ||||
| 3rd plural | *spéḱyonti | ||||
| Active voice | Present indicative | Past indicative | Imperative | Subjunctive | Optative |
| 1st singular | *spéḱyoh₂ | *spéḱyom | — | *spéḱyōh₂ | *spéḱyoyh₁m̥ |
| 2nd singular | *spéḱyesi | *spéḱyes | *spéḱye | *spéḱyēsi | *spéḱyoys |
| 3rd singular | *spéḱyeti | *spéḱyet | *spéḱyetu | *spéḱyēti | *spéḱyoyt |
| 1st dual | *spéḱyowos | *spéḱyowe | — | *spéḱyōwos | *spéḱyoywe |
| 2nd dual | *spéḱyetes | *spéḱyetom | *spéḱyetom | *spéḱyētes | *spéḱyoytom |
| 3rd dual | *spéḱyetes | *spéḱyetām | *spéḱyetām | *spéḱyētes | *spéḱyoytām |
| 1st plural | *spéḱyomos | *spéḱyome | — | *spéḱyōmos | *spéḱyoyme |
| 2nd plural | *spéḱyete | *spéḱyete | *spéḱyete | *spéḱyēte | *spéḱyoyte |
| 3rd plural | *spéḱyonti | *spéḱyont | *spéḱyontu | *spéḱyōnti | *spéḱyoyh₁n̥t |
| Participle | *spéḱyonts | ||||
| Middle voice | Present indicative | Past indicative | Imperative | Subjunctive | Optative |
| 1st singular | *spéḱyoh₂er | *spéḱyoh₂e | — | *spéḱyōh₂er | *spéḱyoyh₂e |
| 2nd singular | *spéḱyeth₂er | *spéḱyeth₂e | *spéḱyeso | *spéḱyēth₂er | *spéḱyoyth₂e |
| 3rd singular | *spéḱyetor | *spéḱyeto | *? | *spéḱyētor | *spéḱyoyto, *spéḱyoyh₁o |
| 1st dual | *spéḱyowosdʰh₂ | *spéḱyowedʰh₂ | — | *spéḱyōwosdʰh₂ | *spéḱyoywedʰh₂ |
| 2nd dual | *? | *? | *? | *? | *? |
| 3rd dual | *? | *? | *? | *? | *? |
| 1st plural | *spéḱyomosdʰh₂ | *spéḱyomedʰh₂ | — | *spéḱyōmosdʰh₂ | *spéḱyoymedʰh₂ |
| 2nd plural | *spéḱyedʰh₂we | *spéḱyedʰh₂we | *spéḱyedʰh₂we | *spéḱyēdʰh₂we | *spéḱyoydʰh₂we |
| 3rd plural | *spéḱyontor | *spéḱyonto | *? | *spéḱyōntor | *spéḱyoyro |
| Participle | *spéḱyomnos | ||||
Descendants
- Proto-Hellenic: *sképťomai (with metathesis)
- Ancient Greek: σκέπτομαι (sképtomai)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *spáćyati
- Proto-Indo-Aryan: *(s)páśyati
- Sanskrit: पश्यति (páśyati) (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Iranian: *spácyati
- Old Avestan: 𐬯𐬞𐬀𐬯𐬌𐬌𐬁 (spasiiā, 1sg.pres.act.)
- Younger Avestan: 𐬯𐬞𐬀𐬯𐬌𐬌𐬈𐬌𐬙𐬌 (spasiieiti)
- Old Avestan: 𐬯𐬞𐬀𐬯𐬌𐬌𐬁 (spasiiā, 1sg.pres.act.)
- Proto-Indo-Aryan: *(s)páśyati
- Proto-Italic: *spekjō
- Latin: speciō
References
- ^ Ringe, Donald (2006) From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic (A Linguistic History of English; 1), Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN
- ^ Cheung, Johnny (2007) “*spas”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Iranian Verb (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 2), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 353-354
- ^ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “σκέπτομαι”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), volume II, with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 1347-1348
- ^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “speciō, -ere”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 578-579
|
This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. |
Proto-Indo-European
Etymology
Athematic root aorist of *steh₂- (“to stand up”).
Verb
*PIE verbs k-y (perfective)[1]
- to stand up
Inflection
| Perfective, athematic, active only | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 3rd singular | *stéh₂t | |||
| 3rd plural | *sth₂ént | |||
| Active voice | Indicative | Imperative | Subjunctive | Optative |
| 1st singular | *stā́m | — | *stéh₂oh₂ | *sth₂yéh₁m̥ |
| 2nd singular | *stéh₂s | *stéh₂, *sth₂dʰí | *stéh₂esi | *sth₂yéh₁s |
| 3rd singular | *stéh₂t | *stéh₂tu | *stéh₂eti | *sth₂yéh₁t |
| 1st dual | *sth₂wé | — | *stéh₂owos | *sth₂ih₁wé |
| 2nd dual | *sth₂tóm | *sth₂tóm | *stéh₂etes | *sth₂ih₁tóm |
| 3rd dual | *sth₂tā́m | *sth₂tā́m | *stéh₂etes | *sth₂ih₁tā́m |
| 1st plural | *sth₂mé | — | *stéh₂omos | *sth₂ih₁mé |
| 2nd plural | *sth₂té | *sth₂té | *stéh₂ete | *sth₂ih₁té |
| 3rd plural | *sth₂ént | *sth₂éntu | *stéh₂onti | *sth₂ih₁ént |
| Participle | *sth₂ónts | |||
Descendants
References
- ^ Ringe, Donald (2006) From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic (A Linguistic History of English; 1), Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN
|
This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. |
Proto-Indo-European
Etymology
Reduplicated stative of the root *steh₂- (“to stand”).
Verb
*PIE verbs k-y (stative)[1]
- to be standing
Inflection
| Stative | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 3rd singular | *stestóh₂e | |||
| 3rd plural | *stesth₂ḗr | |||
| Active voice | Indicative | Imperative | Subjunctive | Optative |
| 1st singular | *stestóh₂h₂e | — | *stestéh₂oh₂ | *stesth₂yéh₁m̥ |
| 2nd singular | *stestóh₂th₂e | *stestóh₂, *stesth₂dʰí | *stestéh₂esi | *stesth₂yéh₁s |
| 3rd singular | *stestóh₂e | *stestóh₂tu | *stestéh₂eti | *stesth₂yéh₁t |
| 1st dual | *stesth₂wé | — | *stestéh₂owos | *stesth₂ih₁wé |
| 2nd dual | *? | *stesth₂tóm | *stestéh₂etes | *stesth₂ih₁tóm |
| 3rd dual | *? | *stesth₂tā́m | *stestéh₂etes | *stesth₂ih₁tā́m |
| 1st plural | *stesth₂mé | — | *stestéh₂omos | *stesth₂ih₁mé |
| 2nd plural | *stesth₂é | *stesth₂té | *stestéh₂ete | *stesth₂ih₁té |
| 3rd plural | *stesth₂ḗr | *stesth₂éntu | *stestéh₂onti | *stesth₂ih₁ént |
| Participle | *stesth₂wṓs | |||
Descendants
- Proto-Hellenic:
- Ancient Greek: ἕστηκᾰ (héstēkă)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *stastā́Ha
- Proto-Indo-Aryan: *stastā́Ha
- Sanskrit: तस्थौ (tastháu)
- Proto-Indo-Aryan: *stastā́Ha
- Proto-Italic: *stetai
- Latin: stetī
References
- ^ Ringe, Donald (2006) From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic (A Linguistic History of English; 1), Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN
|
This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. |
Proto-Indo-European
Etymology
Thematic root present of *steygʰ- (“to go; to climb”).
Verb
*PIE verbs k-y (imperfective)[1]
Inflection
| Imperfective, thematic, active only | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 3rd singular | *stéygʰeti | ||||
| 3rd plural | *stéygʰonti | ||||
| Active voice | Present indicative | Past indicative | Imperative | Subjunctive | Optative |
| 1st singular | *stéygʰoh₂ | *stéygʰom | — | *stéygʰōh₂ | *stéygʰoyh₁m̥ |
| 2nd singular | *stéygʰesi | *stéygʰes | *stéygʰe | *stéygʰēsi | *stéygʰoys |
| 3rd singular | *stéygʰeti | *stéygʰet | *stéygʰetu | *stéygʰēti | *stéygʰoyt |
| 1st dual | *stéygʰowos | *stéygʰowe | — | *stéygʰōwos | *stéygʰoywe |
| 2nd dual | *stéygʰetes | *stéygʰetom | *stéygʰetom | *stéygʰētes | *stéygʰoytom |
| 3rd dual | *stéygʰetes | *stéygʰetām | *stéygʰetām | *stéygʰētes | *stéygʰoytām |
| 1st plural | *stéygʰomos | *stéygʰome | — | *stéygʰōmos | *stéygʰoyme |
| 2nd plural | *stéygʰete | *stéygʰete | *stéygʰete | *stéygʰēte | *stéygʰoyte |
| 3rd plural | *stéygʰonti | *stéygʰont | *stéygʰontu | *stéygʰōnti | *stéygʰoyh₁n̥t |
| Participle | *stéygʰonts | ||||
Descendants
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *stéigtei (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Celtic: *teigeti (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Germanic: *stīganą (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Hellenic: *stéikʰō (see there for further descendants)
References
- ^ Ringe, Donald (2006) From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic (A Linguistic History of English; 1), Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN
|
This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. |
Proto-Indo-European
Etymology
Athematic i-reduplicated root of *steh₂- (“to stand up”).
Verb
*PIE verbs k-y (imperfective)[1]
- to be standing up, to be getting up
Inflection
| Imperfective, athematic, active only | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 3rd singular | *stísteh₂ti | ||||
| 3rd plural | *stísth₂n̥ti | ||||
| Active voice | Present indicative | Past indicative | Imperative | Subjunctive | Optative |
| 1st singular | *stísteh₂mi | *stístām | — | *stísteh₂oh₂ | *stísth₂yeh₁m̥ |
| 2nd singular | *stísteh₂si | *stísteh₂s | *stísteh₂, *stísth₂dʰi | *stísteh₂esi | *stísth₂yeh₁s |
| 3rd singular | *stísteh₂ti | *stísteh₂t | *stísteh₂tu | *stísteh₂eti | *stísth₂yeh₁t |
| 1st dual | *stísth₂wos | *stísth₂we | — | *stísteh₂owos | *stísth₂ih₁we |
| 2nd dual | *stísth₂tes | *stísth₂tom | *stísth₂tom | *stísteh₂etes | *stísth₂ih₁tom |
| 3rd dual | *stísth₂tes | *stísth₂tām | *stísth₂tām | *stísteh₂etes | *stísth₂ih₁tām |
| 1st plural | *stísth₂mos | *stísth₂me | — | *stísteh₂omos | *stísth₂ih₁me |
| 2nd plural | *stísth₂te | *stísth₂te | *stísth₂te | *stísteh₂ete | *stísth₂ih₁te |
| 3rd plural | *stísth₂n̥ti | *stísth₂n̥t | *stísth₂n̥tu | *stísteh₂onti | *stísth₂ih₁n̥t |
| Participle | *stísth₂n̥ts | ||||
Descendants
- Proto-Celtic: *sistati (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Hellenic: *hístāmi
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *stíštaHti
- Proto-Italic: *sistō (see there for further descendants)
- Latin: sistō (see there for further descendants)
References
- ^ Ringe, Donald (2006) From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic (A Linguistic History of English; 1), Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN
- ^ Cheung, Johnny (2007) “*staH”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Iranian Verb (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 2), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 358
|
This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. |
Proto-Indo-European
Etymology
From *steh₂- (“to stand”) + *-né- (nasal infix).
Verb
*PIE verbs k-y (imperfective)[1]
Inflection
| Imperfective, athematic | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 3rd singular | *stnéh₂ti | ||||
| 3rd plural | *stn̥h₂énti | ||||
| Active voice | Present indicative | Past indicative | Imperative | Subjunctive | Optative |
| 1st singular | *stnéh₂mi | *stnā́m | — | *stnéh₂oh₂ | *stn̥h₂yéh₁m̥ |
| 2nd singular | *stnéh₂si | *stnéh₂s | *stnéh₂, *stn̥h₂dʰí | *stnéh₂esi | *stn̥h₂yéh₁s |
| 3rd singular | *stnéh₂ti | *stnéh₂t | *stnéh₂tu | *stnéh₂eti | *stn̥h₂yéh₁t |
| 1st dual | *stn̥h₂wós | *stn̥h₂wé | — | *stnéh₂owos | *stn̥h₂ih₁wé |
| 2nd dual | *stn̥h₂tés | *stn̥h₂tóm | *stn̥h₂tóm | *stnéh₂etes | *stn̥h₂ih₁tóm |
| 3rd dual | *stn̥h₂tés | *stn̥h₂tā́m | *stn̥h₂tā́m | *stnéh₂etes | *stn̥h₂ih₁tā́m |
| 1st plural | *stn̥h₂mós | *stn̥h₂mé | — | *stnéh₂omos | *stn̥h₂ih₁mé |
| 2nd plural | *stn̥h₂té | *stn̥h₂té | *stn̥h₂té | *stnéh₂ete | *stn̥h₂ih₁té |
| 3rd plural | *stn̥h₂énti | *stn̥h₂ént | *stn̥h₂éntu | *stnéh₂onti | *stn̥h₂ih₁ént |
| Participle | *stn̥h₂ónts | ||||
| Middle voice | Present indicative | Past indicative | Imperative | Subjunctive | Optative |
| 1st singular | *stn̥h₂h₂ér | *stn̥h₂h₂é | — | *stnéh₂oh₂er | *stn̥h₂ih₁h₂é |
| 2nd singular | *stn̥h₂th₂ér | *stn̥h₂th₂é | *stn̥h₂só | *stnéh₂eth₂er | *stn̥h₂ih₁th₂é |
| 3rd singular | *stn̥h₂tór, *stn̥h₂ór | *stn̥h₂tó, *stn̥h₂ó | *? | *stnéh₂etor | *stn̥h₂ih₁tó, *stn̥h₂ih₁ó |
| 1st dual | *stn̥h₂wósdʰh₂ | *stn̥h₂wédʰh₂ | — | *stnéh₂owosdʰh₂ | *stn̥h₂ih₁wédʰh₂ |
| 2nd dual | *? | *? | *? | *? | *? |
| 3rd dual | *? | *? | *? | *? | *? |
| 1st plural | *stn̥h₂mósdʰh₂ | *stn̥h₂médʰh₂ | — | *stnéh₂omosdʰh₂ | *stn̥h₂ih₁médʰh₂ |
| 2nd plural | *stn̥h₂dʰh₂wé | *stn̥h₂dʰh₂wé | *stn̥h₂dʰh₂wé | *stnéh₂edʰh₂we | *stn̥h₂ih₁dʰh₂wé |
| 3rd plural | *stn̥h₂n̥tór, *stn̥h₂rór | *stn̥h₂n̥tó, *stn̥h₂ró | *? | *stnéh₂ontor | *stn̥h₂ih₁ró |
| Participle | *stn̥h₂m̥h₁nós | ||||
Descendants
- Proto-Albanian: *stan-
- Albanian: shtãj
- Anatolian:
- Hittite: (istanh-mi)
- Armenian:
- Balto-Slavic:
- Proto-Slavic: *stati (present *stan-)
- Hellenic:
- Cretan Greek: στανύω (stanúō)
- Proto-Italic: *stanō
References
- ^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008) Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN
|
This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. |
Proto-Indo-European
Etymology
Athematic root aorist of *telh₂- (“to bear”).
Verb
*PIE verbs k-y (perfective)[1]
- to lift
Inflection
| Perfective, athematic | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 3rd singular | *télh₂t | |||
| 3rd plural | *tl̥h₂ént | |||
| Active voice | Indicative | Imperative | Subjunctive | Optative |
| 1st singular | *télh₂m̥ | — | *télh₂oh₂ | *tl̥h₂yéh₁m̥ |
| 2nd singular | *télh₂s | *tḗl, *tl̥h₂dʰí | *télh₂esi | *tl̥h₂yéh₁s |
| 3rd singular | *télh₂t | *télh₂tu | *télh₂eti | *tl̥h₂yéh₁t |
| 1st dual | *tl̥h₂wé | — | *télh₂owos | *tl̥h₂ih₁wé |
| 2nd dual | *tl̥h₂tóm | *tl̥h₂tóm | *télh₂etes | *tl̥h₂ih₁tóm |
| 3rd dual | *tl̥h₂tā́m | *tl̥h₂tā́m | *télh₂etes | *tl̥h₂ih₁tā́m |
| 1st plural | *tl̥h₂mé | — | *télh₂omos | *tl̥h₂ih₁mé |
| 2nd plural | *tl̥h₂té | *tl̥h₂té | *télh₂ete | *tl̥h₂ih₁té |
| 3rd plural | *tl̥h₂ént | *tl̥h₂éntu | *télh₂onti | *tl̥h₂ih₁ént |
| Participle | *tl̥h₂ónts | |||
| Middle voice | Indicative | Imperative | Subjunctive | Optative |
| 1st singular | *tl̥h₂h₂é | — | *télh₂oh₂er | *tl̥h₂ih₁h₂é |
| 2nd singular | *tl̥h₂th₂é | *tl̥h₂só | *télh₂eth₂er | *tl̥h₂ih₁th₂é |
| 3rd singular | *tl̥h₂tó, *tl̥h₂ó | *? | *télh₂etor | *tl̥h₂ih₁tó, *tl̥h₂ih₁ó |
| 1st dual | *tl̥h₂wédʰh₂ | — | *télh₂owosdʰh₂ | *tl̥h₂ih₁wédʰh₂ |
| 2nd dual | *? | *? | *? | *? |
| 3rd dual | *? | *? | *? | *? |
| 1st plural | *tl̥h₂médʰh₂ | — | *télh₂omosdʰh₂ | *tl̥h₂ih₁médʰh₂ |
| 2nd plural | *tl̥h₂dʰh₂wé | *tl̥h₂dʰh₂wé | *télh₂edʰh₂we | *tl̥h₂ih₁dʰh₂wé |
| 3rd plural | *tl̥h₂n̥tó, *tl̥h₂ró | *? | *télh₂ontor | *tl̥h₂ih₁ró |
| Participle | *tl̥h₂m̥h₁nós | |||
Descendants
- Proto-Hellenic:
- Ancient Greek: ἔτλην (étlēn)
References
- ^ Ringe, Donald (2006) From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic (A Linguistic History of English; 1), Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN
|
This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. |
Proto-Indo-European
Etymology
Reduplicated stative of the root *telh₂- (“to bear”).
Verb
*PIE verbs k-y (stative)[1]
- to be holding up
Inflection
| Stative | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 3rd singular | *tetólh₂e | |||
| 3rd plural | *tetl̥h₂ḗr | |||
| Active voice | Indicative | Imperative | Subjunctive | Optative |
| 1st singular | *tetólh₂e | — | *tetélh₂oh₂ | *tetl̥h₂yéh₁m̥ |
| 2nd singular | *tetólth₂e | *tetṓl, *tetl̥h₂dʰí | *tetélh₂esi | *tetl̥h₂yéh₁s |
| 3rd singular | *tetólh₂e | *tetóltu | *tetélh₂eti | *tetl̥h₂yéh₁t |
| 1st dual | *tetl̥h₂wé | — | *tetélh₂owos | *tetl̥h₂ih₁wé |
| 2nd dual | *? | *tetl̥h₂tóm | *tetélh₂etes | *tetl̥h₂ih₁tóm |
| 3rd dual | *? | *tetl̥h₂tā́m | *tetélh₂etes | *tetl̥h₂ih₁tā́m |
| 1st plural | *tetl̥h₂mé | — | *tetélh₂omos | *tetl̥h₂ih₁mé |
| 2nd plural | *tetl̥h₂é | *tetl̥h₂té | *tetélh₂ete | *tetl̥h₂ih₁té |
| 3rd plural | *tetl̥h₂ḗr | *tetl̥h₂éntu | *tetélh₂onti | *tetl̥h₂ih₁ént |
| Participle | *tetl̥h₂wṓs | |||
Descendants
- Proto-Italic: *tetolai
References
- ^ Ringe, Donald (2006) From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic (A Linguistic History of English; 1), Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN
|
This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. |
Proto-Indo-European
Etymology
Reduplicated stative of the root *terp- (“to satisfy”).
Verb
*PIE verbs k-y (stative)[1]
- to be satisfied
Inflection
| Stative | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 3rd singular | *tetórpe | |||
| 3rd plural | *tetr̥pḗr | |||
| Active voice | Indicative | Imperative | Subjunctive | Optative |
| 1st singular | *tetórph₂e | — | *tetérpoh₂ | *tetr̥pyéh₁m̥ |
| 2nd singular | *tetórpth₂e | *tetórp, *tetr̥pdʰí | *tetérpesi | *tetr̥pyéh₁s |
| 3rd singular | *tetórpe | *tetórptu | *tetérpeti | *tetr̥pyéh₁t |
| 1st dual | *tetr̥pwé | — | *tetérpowos | *tetr̥pih₁wé |
| 2nd dual | *? | *tetr̥ptóm | *tetérpetes | *tetr̥pih₁tóm |
| 3rd dual | *? | *tetr̥ptā́m | *tetérpetes | *tetr̥pih₁tā́m |
| 1st plural | *tetr̥pmé | — | *tetérpomos | *tetr̥pih₁mé |
| 2nd plural | *tetr̥pé | *tetr̥pté | *tetérpete | *tetr̥pih₁té |
| 3rd plural | *tetr̥pḗr | *tetr̥péntu | *tetérponti | *tetr̥pih₁ént |
| Participle | *tetr̥pwṓs | |||
Descendants
References
- ^ Ringe, Donald (2006) From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic (A Linguistic History of English; 1), Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN
|
This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. |
Proto-Indo-European
Etymology
From *telh₂- (“to bear”) + *-né- (nasal infix).
Verb
*PIE verbs k-y (imperfective)[1]
- to be lifting
Inflection
| Imperfective, athematic | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 3rd singular | *tl̥néh₂ti | ||||
| 3rd plural | *tl̥nh₂énti | ||||
| Active voice | Present indicative | Past indicative | Imperative | Subjunctive | Optative |
| 1st singular | *tl̥néh₂mi | *tl̥nā́m | — | *tl̥néh₂oh₂ | *tl̥nh₂yéh₁m̥ |
| 2nd singular | *tl̥néh₂si | *tl̥néh₂s | *tl̥néh₂, *tl̥nh₂dʰí | *tl̥néh₂esi | *tl̥nh₂yéh₁s |
| 3rd singular | *tl̥néh₂ti | *tl̥néh₂t | *tl̥néh₂tu | *tl̥néh₂eti | *tl̥nh₂yéh₁t |
| 1st dual | *tl̥nh₂wós | *tl̥nh₂wé | — | *tl̥néh₂owos | *tl̥nh₂ih₁wé |
| 2nd dual | *tl̥nh₂tés | *tl̥nh₂tóm | *tl̥nh₂tóm | *tl̥néh₂etes | *tl̥nh₂ih₁tóm |
| 3rd dual | *tl̥nh₂tés | *tl̥nh₂tā́m | *tl̥nh₂tā́m | *tl̥néh₂etes | *tl̥nh₂ih₁tā́m |
| 1st plural | *tl̥nh₂mós | *tl̥nh₂mé | — | *tl̥néh₂omos | *tl̥nh₂ih₁mé |
| 2nd plural | *tl̥nh₂té | *tl̥nh₂té | *tl̥nh₂té | *tl̥néh₂ete | *tl̥nh₂ih₁té |
| 3rd plural | *tl̥nh₂énti | *tl̥nh₂ént | *tl̥nh₂éntu | *tl̥néh₂onti | *tl̥nh₂ih₁ént |
| Participle | *tl̥nh₂ónts | ||||
| Middle voice | Present indicative | Past indicative | Imperative | Subjunctive | Optative |
| 1st singular | *tl̥nh₂h₂ér | *tl̥nh₂h₂é | — | *tl̥néh₂oh₂er | *tl̥nh₂ih₁h₂é |
| 2nd singular | *tl̥nh₂th₂ér | *tl̥nh₂th₂é | *tl̥nh₂só | *tl̥néh₂eth₂er | *tl̥nh₂ih₁th₂é |
| 3rd singular | *tl̥nh₂tór, *tl̥nh₂ór | *tl̥nh₂tó, *tl̥nh₂ó | *? | *tl̥néh₂etor | *tl̥nh₂ih₁tó, *tl̥nh₂ih₁ó |
| 1st dual | *tl̥nh₂wósdʰh₂ | *tl̥nh₂wédʰh₂ | — | *tl̥néh₂owosdʰh₂ | *tl̥nh₂ih₁wédʰh₂ |
| 2nd dual | *? | *? | *? | *? | *? |
| 3rd dual | *? | *? | *? | *? | *? |
| 1st plural | *tl̥nh₂mósdʰh₂ | *tl̥nh₂médʰh₂ | — | *tl̥néh₂omosdʰh₂ | *tl̥nh₂ih₁médʰh₂ |
| 2nd plural | *tl̥nh₂dʰh₂wé | *tl̥nh₂dʰh₂wé | *tl̥nh₂dʰh₂wé | *tl̥néh₂edʰh₂we | *tl̥nh₂ih₁dʰh₂wé |
| 3rd plural | *tl̥nh₂n̥tór, *tl̥nh₂rór | *tl̥nh₂n̥tó, *tl̥nh₂ró | *? | *tl̥néh₂ontor | *tl̥nh₂ih₁ró |
| Participle | *tl̥nh₂m̥h₁nós | ||||
Descendants
- Proto-Celtic: *tlinati
- Old Irish: tlenaid
- Proto-Italic: *tolnō
- Latin: tollō (see there for further descendants)
References
- ^ Ringe, Donald (2006) From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic (A Linguistic History of English; 1), Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN
|
This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. |
Proto-Indo-European
Etymology
From *ten- (“to stretch, extend”) + *-néwti.
Verb
*PIE verbs k-y (imperfective)[1]
- to be stretching
Inflection
| Imperfective, athematic | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 3rd singular | *tn̥néwti | ||||
| 3rd plural | *tn̥nwénti | ||||
| Active voice | Present indicative | Past indicative | Imperative | Subjunctive | Optative |
| 1st singular | *tn̥néwmi | *tn̥nḗm | — | *tn̥néwoh₂ | *tn̥nuyéh₁m̥ |
| 2nd singular | *tn̥néwsi | *tn̥néws | *tn̥néw, *tn̥nudʰí | *tn̥néwesi | *tn̥nuyéh₁s |
| 3rd singular | *tn̥néwti | *tn̥néwt | *tn̥néwtu | *tn̥néweti | *tn̥nuyéh₁t |
| 1st dual | *tn̥nuwós | *tn̥nuwé | — | *tn̥néwowos | *tn̥nwih₁wé |
| 2nd dual | *tn̥nutés | *tn̥nutóm | *tn̥nutóm | *tn̥néwetes | *tn̥nwih₁tóm |
| 3rd dual | *tn̥nutés | *tn̥nutā́m | *tn̥nutā́m | *tn̥néwetes | *tn̥nwih₁tā́m |
| 1st plural | *tn̥numós | *tn̥numé | — | *tn̥néwomos | *tn̥nwih₁mé |
| 2nd plural | *tn̥nuté | *tn̥nuté | *tn̥nuté | *tn̥néwete | *tn̥nwih₁té |
| 3rd plural | *tn̥nwénti | *tn̥nwént | *tn̥nwéntu | *tn̥néwonti | *tn̥nwih₁ént |
| Participle | *tn̥nwónts | ||||
| Middle voice | Present indicative | Past indicative | Imperative | Subjunctive | Optative |
| 1st singular | *tn̥nuh₂ér | *tn̥nuh₂é | — | *tn̥néwoh₂er | *tn̥nwih₁h₂é |
| 2nd singular | *tn̥nuth₂ér | *tn̥nuth₂é | *tn̥nusó | *tn̥néweth₂er | *tn̥nwih₁th₂é |
| 3rd singular | *tn̥nutór, *tn̥nwór | *tn̥nutó, *tn̥nwó | *? | *tn̥néwetor | *tn̥nwih₁tó, *tn̥nwih₁ó |
| 1st dual | *tn̥nuwósdʰh₂ | *tn̥nuwédʰh₂ | — | *tn̥néwowosdʰh₂ | *tn̥nwih₁wédʰh₂ |
| 2nd dual | *? | *? | *? | *? | *? |
| 3rd dual | *? | *? | *? | *? | *? |
| 1st plural | *tn̥numósdʰh₂ | *tn̥numédʰh₂ | — | *tn̥néwomosdʰh₂ | *tn̥nwih₁médʰh₂ |
| 2nd plural | *tn̥nudʰh₂wé | *tn̥nudʰh₂wé | *tn̥nudʰh₂wé | *tn̥néwedʰh₂we | *tn̥nwih₁dʰh₂wé |
| 3rd plural | *tn̥nwn̥tór, *tn̥nurór | *tn̥nwn̥tó, *tn̥nuró | *? | *tn̥néwontor | *tn̥nwih₁ró |
| Participle | *tn̥nwm̥h₁nós | ||||
Descendants
References
- ^ Ringe, Donald (2006) From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic (A Linguistic History of English; 1), Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN
|
This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. |
Proto-Indo-European
Etymology
From *ten- (“to stretch, extend”) + *-éyeti (causative verbal suffix).
Verb
*PIE verbs k-y (imperfective)[1]
- to extend
Inflection
| Imperfective, thematic | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 3rd singular | *tonéyeti | ||||
| 3rd plural | *tonéyonti | ||||
| Active voice | Present indicative | Past indicative | Imperative | Subjunctive | Optative |
| 1st singular | *tonéyoh₂ | *tonéyom | — | *tonéyōh₂ | *tonéyoyh₁m̥ |
| 2nd singular | *tonéyesi | *tonéyes | *tonéye | *tonéyēsi | *tonéyoys |
| 3rd singular | *tonéyeti | *tonéyet | *tonéyetu | *tonéyēti | *tonéyoyt |
| 1st dual | *tonéyowos | *tonéyowe | — | *tonéyōwos | *tonéyoywe |
| 2nd dual | *tonéyetes | *tonéyetom | *tonéyetom | *tonéyētes | *tonéyoytom |
| 3rd dual | *tonéyetes | *tonéyetām | *tonéyetām | *tonéyētes | *tonéyoytām |
| 1st plural | *tonéyomos | *tonéyome | — | *tonéyōmos | *tonéyoyme |
| 2nd plural | *tonéyete | *tonéyete | *tonéyete | *tonéyēte | *tonéyoyte |
| 3rd plural | *tonéyonti | *tonéyont | *tonéyontu | *tonéyōnti | *tonéyoyh₁n̥t |
| Participle | *tonéyonts | ||||
| Middle voice | Present indicative | Past indicative | Imperative | Subjunctive | Optative |
| 1st singular | *tonéyoh₂er | *tonéyoh₂e | — | *tonéyōh₂er | *tonéyoyh₂e |
| 2nd singular | *tonéyeth₂er | *tonéyeth₂e | *tonéyeso | *tonéyēth₂er | *tonéyoyth₂e |
| 3rd singular | *tonéyetor | *tonéyeto | *? | *tonéyētor | *tonéyoyto, *tonéyoyh₁o |
| 1st dual | *tonéyowosdʰh₂ | *tonéyowedʰh₂ | — | *tonéyōwosdʰh₂ | *tonéyoywedʰh₂ |
| 2nd dual | *? | *? | *? | *? | *? |
| 3rd dual | *? | *? | *? | *? | *? |
| 1st plural | *tonéyomosdʰh₂ | *tonéyomedʰh₂ | — | *tonéyōmosdʰh₂ | *tonéyoymedʰh₂ |
| 2nd plural | *tonéyedʰh₂we | *tonéyedʰh₂we | *tonéyedʰh₂we | *tonéyēdʰh₂we | *tonéyoydʰh₂we |
| 3rd plural | *tonéyontor | *tonéyonto | *? | *tonéyōntor | *tonéyoyro |
| Participle | *tonéyomnos | ||||
Descendants
References
- ^ Ringe, Donald (2006) From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic (A Linguistic History of English; 1), Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN
- ^ Abajev, V. I. (1979) Историко-этимологический словарь осетинского языка [Historical-Etymological Dictionary of the Ossetian Language] (in Russian), volume III, Moscow and Leningrad: Academy Press, pages 262, 301–303
- ^ Steblin-Kamenskij, I.M. (1999) Etimologičeskij slovarʹ vaxanskovo jazyka [Etymological Dictionary of the Wakhi Language] (in Russian), Saint Petersburg: Peterburgskoje Vostokovedenije, →ISBN, pages 367—368
|
This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. |
Proto-Indo-European
Etymology
Thematic root present of *weǵʰ- (“to transport”).
Verb
*PIE verbs k-y (imperfective)[1]
- to be transporting
Inflection
| Imperfective, thematic | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 3rd singular | *wéǵʰeti | ||||
| 3rd plural | *wéǵʰonti | ||||
| Active voice | Present indicative | Past indicative | Imperative | Subjunctive | Optative |
| 1st singular | *wéǵʰoh₂ | *wéǵʰom | — | *wéǵʰōh₂ | *wéǵʰoyh₁m̥ |
| 2nd singular | *wéǵʰesi | *wéǵʰes | *wéǵʰe | *wéǵʰēsi | *wéǵʰoys |
| 3rd singular | *wéǵʰeti | *wéǵʰet | *wéǵʰetu | *wéǵʰēti | *wéǵʰoyt |
| 1st dual | *wéǵʰowos | *wéǵʰowe | — | *wéǵʰōwos | *wéǵʰoywe |
| 2nd dual | *wéǵʰetes | *wéǵʰetom | *wéǵʰetom | *wéǵʰētes | *wéǵʰoytom |
| 3rd dual | *wéǵʰetes | *wéǵʰetām | *wéǵʰetām | *wéǵʰētes | *wéǵʰoytām |
| 1st plural | *wéǵʰomos | *wéǵʰome | — | *wéǵʰōmos | *wéǵʰoyme |
| 2nd plural | *wéǵʰete | *wéǵʰete | *wéǵʰete | *wéǵʰēte | *wéǵʰoyte |
| 3rd plural | *wéǵʰonti | *wéǵʰont | *wéǵʰontu | *wéǵʰōnti | *wéǵʰoyh₁n̥t |
| Participle | *wéǵʰonts | ||||
| Middle voice | Present indicative | Past indicative | Imperative | Subjunctive | Optative |
| 1st singular | *wéǵʰoh₂er | *wéǵʰoh₂e | — | *wéǵʰōh₂er | *wéǵʰoyh₂e |
| 2nd singular | *wéǵʰeth₂er | *wéǵʰeth₂e | *wéǵʰeso | *wéǵʰēth₂er | *wéǵʰoyth₂e |
| 3rd singular | *wéǵʰetor | *wéǵʰeto | *? | *wéǵʰētor | *wéǵʰoyto, *wéǵʰoyh₁o |
| 1st dual | *wéǵʰowosdʰh₂ | *wéǵʰowedʰh₂ | — | *wéǵʰōwosdʰh₂ | *wéǵʰoywedʰh₂ |
| 2nd dual | *? | *? | *? | *? | *? |
| 3rd dual | *? | *? | *? | *? | *? |
| 1st plural | *wéǵʰomosdʰh₂ | *wéǵʰomedʰh₂ | — | *wéǵʰōmosdʰh₂ | *wéǵʰoymedʰh₂ |
| 2nd plural | *wéǵʰedʰh₂we | *wéǵʰedʰh₂we | *wéǵʰedʰh₂we | *wéǵʰēdʰh₂we | *wéǵʰoydʰh₂we |
| 3rd plural | *wéǵʰontor | *wéǵʰonto | *? | *wéǵʰōntor | *wéǵʰoyro |
| Participle | *wéǵʰomnos | ||||
Descendants
- Proto-Albanian: *wedza
- Albanian: vjedh
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *weźtei (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Germanic: *weganą (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Hellenic: *wékʰō (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wáȷ́ʰati (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Italic: *weɣō (see there for further descendants)
References
- ^ Ringe, Donald (2006) From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic (A Linguistic History of English; 1), Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN
|
This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. |
Proto-Indo-European
Etymology
From *weǵʰ- (“to transport”) + *-st (perfective verbal suffix).
Verb
*PIE verbs k-y (perfective)[1]
- to transport
Inflection
| Perfective, athematic | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 3rd singular | *wḗǵʰst | |||
| 3rd plural | *wéǵʰsn̥t | |||
| Active voice | Indicative | Imperative | Subjunctive | Optative |
| 1st singular | *wḗǵʰsm̥ | — | *wḗǵʰsoh₂ | *wéǵʰsyeh₁m̥ |
| 2nd singular | *wḗǵʰs | *wḗǵʰs, *wéǵʰsdʰi | *wḗǵʰsesi | *wéǵʰsyeh₁s |
| 3rd singular | *wḗǵʰst | *wḗǵʰstu | *wḗǵʰseti | *wéǵʰsyeh₁t |
| 1st dual | *wéǵʰswe | — | *wḗǵʰsowos | *wéǵʰsih₁we |
| 2nd dual | *wéǵʰstom | *wéǵʰstom | *wḗǵʰsetes | *wéǵʰsih₁tom |
| 3rd dual | *wéǵʰstām | *wéǵʰstām | *wḗǵʰsetes | *wéǵʰsih₁tām |
| 1st plural | *wéǵʰsme | — | *wḗǵʰsomos | *wéǵʰsih₁me |
| 2nd plural | *wéǵʰste | *wéǵʰste | *wḗǵʰsete | *wéǵʰsih₁te |
| 3rd plural | *wéǵʰsn̥t | *wéǵʰsn̥tu | *wḗǵʰsonti | *wéǵʰsih₁n̥t |
| Participle | *wéǵʰsn̥ts | |||
| Middle voice | Indicative | Imperative | Subjunctive | Optative |
| 1st singular | *wéǵʰsh₂e | — | *wḗǵʰsoh₂er | *wéǵʰsih₁h₂e |
| 2nd singular | *wéǵʰsth₂e | *wéǵʰso | *wḗǵʰseth₂er | *wéǵʰsih₁th₂e |
| 3rd singular | *wéǵʰsto, *wéǵʰso | *? | *wḗǵʰsetor | *wéǵʰsih₁to, *wéǵʰsih₁o |
| 1st dual | *wéǵʰswedʰh₂ | — | *wḗǵʰsowosdʰh₂ | *wéǵʰsih₁wedʰh₂ |
| 2nd dual | *? | *? | *? | *? |
| 3rd dual | *? | *? | *? | *? |
| 1st plural | *wéǵʰsmedʰh₂ | — | *wḗǵʰsomosdʰh₂ | *wéǵʰsih₁medʰh₂ |
| 2nd plural | *wéǵʰsdʰh₂we | *wéǵʰsdʰh₂we | *wḗǵʰsedʰh₂we | *wéǵʰsih₁dʰh₂we |
| 3rd plural | *wéǵʰsn̥to, *wéǵʰsro | *? | *wḗǵʰsontor | *wéǵʰsih₁ro |
| Participle | *wéǵʰsm̥h₁nos | |||
Descendants
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *weźtei (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Hellenic: *éwekse
- Ancient Greek: ἔϝεξε (éwexe) (Arcadocypriot)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian:
- Proto-Italic: *wēksai[2]
- Latin: vē̆xī
References
- ^ Ringe, Donald (2006) From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic (A Linguistic History of English; 1), Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN
- ^ Weiss, Michael L. (2009) Outline of the Historical and Comparative Grammar of Latin, Ann Arbor: Beech Stave Press, →ISBN, § I E, page 412
|
This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. |
Proto-Indo-European
Etymology
Athematic root present of *wert- (“to turn, rotate”).
Verb
*PIE verbs k-y (imperfective)[1]
Inflection
| Imperfective, athematic, active only | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 3rd singular | *wértti | ||||
| 3rd plural | *wr̥ténti | ||||
| Active voice | Present indicative | Past indicative | Imperative | Subjunctive | Optative |
| 1st singular | *wértmi | *wértm̥ | — | *wértoh₂ | *wr̥tyéh₁m̥ |
| 2nd singular | *wértsi | *wérts | *wért, *wr̥tdʰí | *wértesi | *wr̥tyéh₁s |
| 3rd singular | *wértti | *wértt | *wérttu | *wérteti | *wr̥tyéh₁t |
| 1st dual | *wr̥twós | *wr̥twé | — | *wértowos | *wr̥tih₁wé |
| 2nd dual | *wr̥ttés | *wr̥ttóm | *wr̥ttóm | *wértetes | *wr̥tih₁tóm |
| 3rd dual | *wr̥ttés | *wr̥ttā́m | *wr̥ttā́m | *wértetes | *wr̥tih₁tā́m |
| 1st plural | *wr̥tmós | *wr̥tmé | — | *wértomos | *wr̥tih₁mé |
| 2nd plural | *wr̥tté | *wr̥tté | *wr̥tté | *wértete | *wr̥tih₁té |
| 3rd plural | *wr̥ténti | *wr̥tént | *wr̥téntu | *wértonti | *wr̥tih₁ént |
| Participle | *wr̥tónts | ||||
Descendants
- Proto-Germanic: *werþaną (“to happen, to become”) (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Italic: *wertō
- Latin: vertō (see there for further descendants)
References
- ^ Ringe, Donald (2006) From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic (A Linguistic History of English; 1), Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, pages 34, 157
|
This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. |
Proto-Indo-European
Etymology
From *werh₁- (“to speak, say”) + *-yeti, with regular deletion of the laryngeal between a consonant and *y.
Verb
*PIE verbs k-y (imperfective)[1][2]
- to be saying
Inflection
| Imperfective, thematic, active only | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 3rd singular | *wéryeti | ||||
| 3rd plural | *wéryonti | ||||
| Active voice | Present indicative | Past indicative | Imperative | Subjunctive | Optative |
| 1st singular | *wéryoh₂ | *wéryom | — | *wéryōh₂ | *wéryoyh₁m̥ |
| 2nd singular | *wéryesi | *wéryes | *wérye | *wéryēsi | *wéryoys |
| 3rd singular | *wéryeti | *wéryet | *wéryetu | *wéryēti | *wéryoyt |
| 1st dual | *wéryowos | *wéryowe | — | *wéryōwos | *wéryoywe |
| 2nd dual | *wéryetes | *wéryetom | *wéryetom | *wéryētes | *wéryoytom |
| 3rd dual | *wéryetes | *wéryetām | *wéryetām | *wéryētes | *wéryoytām |
| 1st plural | *wéryomos | *wéryome | — | *wéryōmos | *wéryoyme |
| 2nd plural | *wéryete | *wéryete | *wéryete | *wéryēte | *wéryoyte |
| 3rd plural | *wéryonti | *wéryont | *wéryontu | *wéryōnti | *wéryoyh₁n̥t |
| Participle | *wéryonts | ||||
Descendants
- Anatolian:
- Hittite: 𒌑𒂊𒊑𒄿𒊍𒍣 (ú-e-ri-ya-az-zi, 3sg.pres.act.)
- Proto-Hellenic: *wéřřō
- Ancient Greek: εἴρω (eírō)
References
- ^ Kloekhorst, Alwin (2008) “u̯er(ii̯e/a)-zi”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Hittite Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 5), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 1002-1003
- ^ Ringe, Donald (2006) From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic (A Linguistic History of English; 1), Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN
|
This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. |
Proto-Indo-European
Etymology
Athematic Narten root verb of *wes- (“to dress, clothe”).
Verb
*PIE verbs k-y (imperfective)[1][2]
- to be wearing
Inflection
| Imperfective, athematic, middle only | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 3rd singular | *wéstor, *wésor | ||||
| 3rd plural | *wésn̥tor, *wésror | ||||
| Middle voice | Present indicative | Past indicative | Imperative | Subjunctive | Optative |
| 1st singular | *wésh₂er | *wésh₂e | — | *wésoh₂er | *wésih₁h₂e |
| 2nd singular | *wésth₂er | *wésth₂e | *wéso | *wéseth₂er | *wésih₁th₂e |
| 3rd singular | *wéstor, *wésor | *wésto, *wéso | *? | *wésetor | *wésih₁to, *wésih₁o |
| 1st dual | *wéswosdʰh₂ | *wéswedʰh₂ | — | *wésowosdʰh₂ | *wésih₁wedʰh₂ |
| 2nd dual | *? | *? | *? | *? | *? |
| 3rd dual | *? | *? | *? | *? | *? |
| 1st plural | *wésmosdʰh₂ | *wésmedʰh₂ | — | *wésomosdʰh₂ | *wésih₁medʰh₂ |
| 2nd plural | *wésdʰh₂we | *wésdʰh₂we | *wésdʰh₂we | *wésedʰh₂we | *wésih₁dʰh₂we |
| 3rd plural | *wésn̥tor, *wésror | *wésn̥to, *wésro | *? | *wésontor | *wésih₁ro |
| Participle | *wésm̥h₁nos | ||||
Descendants
Derived terms
- *wés-m̥h₁nos (present middle participle)
References
- ^ Ringe, Donald (2006) From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic (A Linguistic History of English; 1), Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN
- ^ (for the Narten ablaut) Sihler, Andrew L. (1995) New Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin, Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, pages 133-134
- ^ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “ἕννυμι”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 428-9: “*ϝέσ-μαι”
|
This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. |
Proto-Indo-European
Etymology
Thematic reduplicated root aorist of *wekʷ- (“to speak, sound out”).
Verb
*PIE verbs k-y (perfective)[1]
- to say
Inflection
| Perfective, thematic | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 3rd singular | *wéwket | |||
| 3rd plural | *wéwkont | |||
| Active voice | Indicative | Imperative | Subjunctive | Optative |
| 1st singular | *wéwkom | — | *wéwkōh₂ | *wéwkoyh₁m̥ |
| 2nd singular | *wéwkes | *wéwke | *wéwkēsi | *wéwkoys |
| 3rd singular | *wéwket | *wéwketu | *wéwkēti | *wéwkoyt |
| 1st dual | *wéwkowe | — | *wéwkōwos | *wéwkoywe |
| 2nd dual | *wéwketom | *wéwketom | *wéwkētes | *wéwkoytom |
| 3rd dual | *wéwketām | *wéwketām | *wéwkētes | *wéwkoytām |
| 1st plural | *wéwkome | — | *wéwkōmos | *wéwkoyme |
| 2nd plural | *wéwkete | *wéwkete | *wéwkēte | *wéwkoyte |
| 3rd plural | *wéwkont | *wéwkontu | *wéwkōnti | *wéwkoyh₁n̥t |
| Participle | *wéwkonts | |||
| Middle voice | Indicative | Imperative | Subjunctive | Optative |
| 1st singular | *wéwkoh₂e | — | *wéwkōh₂er | *wéwkoyh₂e |
| 2nd singular | *wéwketh₂e | *wéwkeso | *wéwkēth₂er | *wéwkoyth₂e |
| 3rd singular | *wéwketo | *? | *wéwkētor | *wéwkoyto, *wéwkoyh₁o |
| 1st dual | *wéwkowedʰh₂ | — | *wéwkōwosdʰh₂ | *wéwkoywedʰh₂ |
| 2nd dual | *? | *? | *? | *? |
| 3rd dual | *? | *? | *? | *? |
| 1st plural | *wéwkomedʰh₂ | — | *wéwkōmosdʰh₂ | *wéwkoymedʰh₂ |
| 2nd plural | *wéwkedʰh₂we | *wéwkedʰh₂we | *wéwkēdʰh₂we | *wéwkoydʰh₂we |
| 3rd plural | *wéwkonto | *? | *wéwkōntor | *wéwkoyro |
| Participle | *wéwkomnos | |||
Descendants
- Proto-Hellenic: *weikʷon (< earlier *weukʷom)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Háwawčat (see there for further descendants)
References
- ^ Ringe, Donald (2006) From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic (A Linguistic History of English; 1), Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN
|
This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. |
Proto-Indo-European
Etymology
Reduplicated stative of the root *wert- (“to turn, rotate”).
Verb
*PIE verbs k-y (stative)[1][2]
- to be turned towards
Inflection
| Stative | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 3rd singular | *wewórte | |||
| 3rd plural | *wewr̥tḗr | |||
| Active voice | Indicative | Imperative | Subjunctive | Optative |
| 1st singular | *wewórth₂e | — | *wewértoh₂ | *wewr̥tyéh₁m̥ |
| 2nd singular | *wewórtth₂e | *wewórt, *wewr̥tdʰí | *wewértesi | *wewr̥tyéh₁s |
| 3rd singular | *wewórte | *wewórttu | *wewérteti | *wewr̥tyéh₁t |
| 1st dual | *wewr̥twé | — | *wewértowos | *wewr̥tih₁wé |
| 2nd dual | *? | *wewr̥ttóm | *wewértetes | *wewr̥tih₁tóm |
| 3rd dual | *? | *wewr̥ttā́m | *wewértetes | *wewr̥tih₁tā́m |
| 1st plural | *wewr̥tmé | — | *wewértomos | *wewr̥tih₁mé |
| 2nd plural | *wewr̥té | *wewr̥tté | *wewértete | *wewr̥tih₁té |
| 3rd plural | *wewr̥tḗr | *wewr̥téntu | *wewértonti | *wewr̥tih₁ént |
| Participle | *wewr̥twṓs | |||
Descendants
- Proto-Germanic: *warþ (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wawárta
- Proto-Italic:
References
- ^ Ringe, Donald (2006) From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic (A Linguistic History of English; 1), Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN
- ^ Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, pages 691-692
|
This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. |
Proto-Indo-European
Etymology
From *weyd- (“to see”) + *-(h₁)seti (desiderative verbal suffix).
Verb
*PIE verbs k-y (imperfective)[1]
- to want to see
Inflection
| Imperfective, thematic | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 3rd singular | *wéydseti | ||||
| 3rd plural | *wéydsonti | ||||
| Active voice | Present indicative | Past indicative | Imperative | Subjunctive | Optative |
| 1st singular | *wéydsoh₂ | *wéydsom | — | *wéydsōh₂ | *wéydsoyh₁m̥ |
| 2nd singular | *wéydsesi | *wéydses | *wéydse | *wéydsēsi | *wéydsoys |
| 3rd singular | *wéydseti | *wéydset | *wéydsetu | *wéydsēti | *wéydsoyt |
| 1st dual | *wéydsowos | *wéydsowe | — | *wéydsōwos | *wéydsoywe |
| 2nd dual | *wéydsetes | *wéydsetom | *wéydsetom | *wéydsētes | *wéydsoytom |
| 3rd dual | *wéydsetes | *wéydsetām | *wéydsetām | *wéydsētes | *wéydsoytām |
| 1st plural | *wéydsomos | *wéydsome | — | *wéydsōmos | *wéydsoyme |
| 2nd plural | *wéydsete | *wéydsete | *wéydsete | *wéydsēte | *wéydsoyte |
| 3rd plural | *wéydsonti | *wéydsont | *wéydsontu | *wéydsōnti | *wéydsoyh₁n̥t |
| Participle | *wéydsonts | ||||
| Middle voice | Present indicative | Past indicative | Imperative | Subjunctive | Optative |
| 1st singular | *wéydsoh₂er | *wéydsoh₂e | — | *wéydsōh₂er | *wéydsoyh₂e |
| 2nd singular | *wéydseth₂er | *wéydseth₂e | *wéydseso | *wéydsēth₂er | *wéydsoyth₂e |
| 3rd singular | *wéydsetor | *wéydseto | *? | *wéydsētor | *wéydsoyto, *wéydsoyh₁o |
| 1st dual | *wéydsowosdʰh₂ | *wéydsowedʰh₂ | — | *wéydsōwosdʰh₂ | *wéydsoywedʰh₂ |
| 2nd dual | *? | *? | *? | *? | *? |
| 3rd dual | *? | *? | *? | *? | *? |
| 1st plural | *wéydsomosdʰh₂ | *wéydsomedʰh₂ | — | *wéydsōmosdʰh₂ | *wéydsoymedʰh₂ |
| 2nd plural | *wéydsedʰh₂we | *wéydsedʰh₂we | *wéydsedʰh₂we | *wéydsēdʰh₂we | *wéydsoydʰh₂we |
| 3rd plural | *wéydsontor | *wéydsonto | *? | *wéydsōntor | *wéydsoyro |
| Participle | *wéydsomnos | ||||
Descendants
- Proto-Italic: *weissō
- Latin: vīsō
- Proto-Balto-Slavic:
- East Baltic:
- Latgalian: vaicuot (“to want to see, to look for”)
- East Baltic:
References
- ^ Ringe, Donald (2006) From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic (A Linguistic History of English; 1), Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN
|
This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. |
Proto-Indo-European
Etymology
From *wert- (“to turn, rotate”) + *-éyeti (causative verbal suffix).
Verb
*PIE verbs k-y (imperfective)[1]
- to turn (transitive)
Inflection
| Imperfective, thematic | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 3rd singular | *wortéyeti | ||||
| 3rd plural | *wortéyonti | ||||
| Active voice | Present indicative | Past indicative | Imperative | Subjunctive | Optative |
| 1st singular | *wortéyoh₂ | *wortéyom | — | *wortéyōh₂ | *wortéyoyh₁m̥ |
| 2nd singular | *wortéyesi | *wortéyes | *wortéye | *wortéyēsi | *wortéyoys |
| 3rd singular | *wortéyeti | *wortéyet | *wortéyetu | *wortéyēti | *wortéyoyt |
| 1st dual | *wortéyowos | *wortéyowe | — | *wortéyōwos | *wortéyoywe |
| 2nd dual | *wortéyetes | *wortéyetom | *wortéyetom | *wortéyētes | *wortéyoytom |
| 3rd dual | *wortéyetes | *wortéyetām | *wortéyetām | *wortéyētes | *wortéyoytām |
| 1st plural | *wortéyomos | *wortéyome | — | *wortéyōmos | *wortéyoyme |
| 2nd plural | *wortéyete | *wortéyete | *wortéyete | *wortéyēte | *wortéyoyte |
| 3rd plural | *wortéyonti | *wortéyont | *wortéyontu | *wortéyōnti | *wortéyoyh₁n̥t |
| Participle | *wortéyonts | ||||
| Middle voice | Present indicative | Past indicative | Imperative | Subjunctive | Optative |
| 1st singular | *wortéyoh₂er | *wortéyoh₂e | — | *wortéyōh₂er | *wortéyoyh₂e |
| 2nd singular | *wortéyeth₂er | *wortéyeth₂e | *wortéyeso | *wortéyēth₂er | *wortéyoyth₂e |
| 3rd singular | *wortéyetor | *wortéyeto | *? | *wortéyētor | *wortéyoyto, *wortéyoyh₁o |
| 1st dual | *wortéyowosdʰh₂ | *wortéyowedʰh₂ | — | *wortéyōwosdʰh₂ | *wortéyoywedʰh₂ |
| 2nd dual | *? | *? | *? | *? | *? |
| 3rd dual | *? | *? | *? | *? | *? |
| 1st plural | *wortéyomosdʰh₂ | *wortéyomedʰh₂ | — | *wortéyōmosdʰh₂ | *wortéyoymedʰh₂ |
| 2nd plural | *wortéyedʰh₂we | *wortéyedʰh₂we | *wortéyedʰh₂we | *wortéyēdʰh₂we | *wortéyoydʰh₂we |
| 3rd plural | *wortéyontor | *wortéyonto | *? | *wortéyōntor | *wortéyoyro |
| Participle | *wortéyomnos | ||||
Descendants
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *wártīˀtei (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Celtic: *wortīti[2]
- ⇒ Old Irish: do·fortai (see there for further descendants)
- ⇒ Proto-Germanic: *frawardijaną (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wartáyati
- Latin: *opvortet
- Latin: oporteō
References
- ^ Ringe, Donald (2006) From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic (A Linguistic History of English; 1), Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN
- ^ Le Mair, Esther (2011 September 30) Secondary Verbs in Old Irish: A comparative-historical study of patterns of verbal derivation in the Old Irish Glosses, Galway: National University of Ireland, page 200
|
This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. |
Proto-Indo-European
Etymology
From *wes- (“to dress, clothe”) + *-éyeti (causative verbal suffix).
Verb
*PIE verbs k-y (imperfective)[1]
- to clothe, to put clothes onto
Inflection
| Imperfective, thematic | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 3rd singular | *woséyeti | ||||
| 3rd plural | *woséyonti | ||||
| Active voice | Present indicative | Past indicative | Imperative | Subjunctive | Optative |
| 1st singular | *woséyoh₂ | *woséyom | — | *woséyōh₂ | *woséyoyh₁m̥ |
| 2nd singular | *woséyesi | *woséyes | *woséye | *woséyēsi | *woséyoys |
| 3rd singular | *woséyeti | *woséyet | *woséyetu | *woséyēti | *woséyoyt |
| 1st dual | *woséyowos | *woséyowe | — | *woséyōwos | *woséyoywe |
| 2nd dual | *woséyetes | *woséyetom | *woséyetom | *woséyētes | *woséyoytom |
| 3rd dual | *woséyetes | *woséyetām | *woséyetām | *woséyētes | *woséyoytām |
| 1st plural | *woséyomos | *woséyome | — | *woséyōmos | *woséyoyme |
| 2nd plural | *woséyete | *woséyete | *woséyete | *woséyēte | *woséyoyte |
| 3rd plural | *woséyonti | *woséyont | *woséyontu | *woséyōnti | *woséyoyh₁n̥t |
| Participle | *woséyonts | ||||
| Middle voice | Present indicative | Past indicative | Imperative | Subjunctive | Optative |
| 1st singular | *woséyoh₂er | *woséyoh₂e | — | *woséyōh₂er | *woséyoyh₂e |
| 2nd singular | *woséyeth₂er | *woséyeth₂e | *woséyeso | *woséyēth₂er | *woséyoyth₂e |
| 3rd singular | *woséyetor | *woséyeto | *? | *woséyētor | *woséyoyto, *woséyoyh₁o |
| 1st dual | *woséyowosdʰh₂ | *woséyowedʰh₂ | — | *woséyōwosdʰh₂ | *woséyoywedʰh₂ |
| 2nd dual | *? | *? | *? | *? | *? |
| 3rd dual | *? | *? | *? | *? | *? |
| 1st plural | *woséyomosdʰh₂ | *woséyomedʰh₂ | — | *woséyōmosdʰh₂ | *woséyoymedʰh₂ |
| 2nd plural | *woséyedʰh₂we | *woséyedʰh₂we | *woséyedʰh₂we | *woséyēdʰh₂we | *woséyoydʰh₂we |
| 3rd plural | *woséyontor | *woséyonto | *? | *woséyōntor | *woséyoyro |
| Participle | *woséyomnos | ||||
Descendants
- >? Proto-Albanian: *wesja
- Albanian: vesh
- Anatolian:
- Hittite: 𒉿𒀸𒊺𒄑𒍣 (wa-aš-š-še-ez-zi /waššezzi/)
- Proto-Germanic: *wazjaną (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wāsáyati
References
- ^ Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “1. *u̯es-”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 692
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This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. |
Proto-Indo-European
Etymology
Root stative/perfect of *weyd- (“to see”).
Verb
*PIE verbs k-y (stative)
Inflection
| Stative | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 3rd singular | *wóyde | |||
| 3rd plural | *widḗr | |||
| Active voice | Indicative | Imperative | Subjunctive | Optative |
| 1st singular | *wóydh₂e | — | *wéydoh₂ | *widyéh₁m̥ |
| 2nd singular | *wóydth₂e | *wóyd, *widdʰí | *wéydesi | *widyéh₁s |
| 3rd singular | *wóyde | *wóydtu | *wéydeti | *widyéh₁t |
| 1st dual | *widwé | — | *wéydowos | *widih₁wé |
| 2nd dual | *? | *widtóm | *wéydetes | *widih₁tóm |
| 3rd dual | *? | *widtā́m | *wéydetes | *widih₁tā́m |
| 1st plural | *widmé | — | *wéydomos | *widih₁mé |
| 2nd plural | *widé | *widté | *wéydete | *widih₁té |
| 3rd plural | *widḗr | *widéntu | *wéydonti | *widih₁ént |
| Participle | *widwṓs | |||
Descendants
- Proto-Armenian: *gēt-
- Old Armenian: գիտեմ (gitem, “to know”)
- Balto-Slavic:
- Latgalian: iraida (“is/are (visible, noticeable)”) (from *irvaida where "ir, ira, irā" ("is/are"))
- Latgalian: navaida (“is/are not (visible, noticeable)”)
- Latgalian: sovvaids (“peculiar”) (where the first part - sovs (“one's own”))
- Proto-Slavic: *věděti (“to know”) (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Germanic: *witaną (“to know”) (see there for further descendants)
- Hellenic:
- Ancient Greek: οἶδα (oîda, “to know”)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wáyda
- *woidai (see *widēō)
- Latin: vīdī
References
- ^ Mayrhofer, Manfred (1996) “VED”, in Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen [Etymological Dictionary of Old Indo-Aryan] (in German), volume 2, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, page 579: “dazu sekundäre Präsensformen wie AV + vettu”
- ^ Cheung, Johnny (2007) “*u̯aid1”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Iranian Verb (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 2), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 408
|
This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. |
Proto-Indo-European
Etymology
From *werǵ- (“to make”) + *-yéti.
Verb
*PIE verbs k-y (imperfective)[1][2][3][4]
Inflection
| Imperfective, thematic | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 3rd singular | *wr̥ǵyéti | ||||
| 3rd plural | *wr̥ǵyónti | ||||
| Active voice | Present indicative | Past indicative | Imperative | Subjunctive | Optative |
| 1st singular | *wr̥ǵyóh₂ | *wr̥ǵyóm | — | *wr̥ǵyṓh₂ | *wr̥ǵyóyh₁m̥ |
| 2nd singular | *wr̥ǵyési | *wr̥ǵyés | *wr̥ǵyé | *wr̥ǵyḗsi | *wr̥ǵyóys |
| 3rd singular | *wr̥ǵyéti | *wr̥ǵyét | *wr̥ǵyétu | *wr̥ǵyḗti | *wr̥ǵyóyt |
| 1st dual | *wr̥ǵyówos | *wr̥ǵyówe | — | *wr̥ǵyṓwos | *wr̥ǵyóywe |
| 2nd dual | *wr̥ǵyétes | *wr̥ǵyétom | *wr̥ǵyétom | *wr̥ǵyḗtes | *wr̥ǵyóytom |
| 3rd dual | *wr̥ǵyétes | *wr̥ǵyétām | *wr̥ǵyétām | *wr̥ǵyḗtes | *wr̥ǵyóytām |
| 1st plural | *wr̥ǵyómos | *wr̥ǵyóme | — | *wr̥ǵyṓmos | *wr̥ǵyóyme |
| 2nd plural | *wr̥ǵyéte | *wr̥ǵyéte | *wr̥ǵyéte | *wr̥ǵyḗte | *wr̥ǵyóyte |
| 3rd plural | *wr̥ǵyónti | *wr̥ǵyónt | *wr̥ǵyóntu | *wr̥ǵyṓnti | *wr̥ǵyóyh₁n̥t |
| Participle | *wr̥ǵyónts | ||||
| Middle voice | Present indicative | Past indicative | Imperative | Subjunctive | Optative |
| 1st singular | *wr̥ǵyóh₂er | *wr̥ǵyóh₂e | — | *wr̥ǵyṓh₂er | *wr̥ǵyóyh₂e |
| 2nd singular | *wr̥ǵyéth₂er | *wr̥ǵyéth₂e | *wr̥ǵyéso | *wr̥ǵyḗth₂er | *wr̥ǵyóyth₂e |
| 3rd singular | *wr̥ǵyétor | *wr̥ǵyéto | *? | *wr̥ǵyḗtor | *wr̥ǵyóyto, *wr̥ǵyóyh₁o |
| 1st dual | *wr̥ǵyówosdʰh₂ | *wr̥ǵyówedʰh₂ | — | *wr̥ǵyṓwosdʰh₂ | *wr̥ǵyóywedʰh₂ |
| 2nd dual | *? | *? | *? | *? | *? |
| 3rd dual | *? | *? | *? | *? | *? |
| 1st plural | *wr̥ǵyómosdʰh₂ | *wr̥ǵyómedʰh₂ | — | *wr̥ǵyṓmosdʰh₂ | *wr̥ǵyóymedʰh₂ |
| 2nd plural | *wr̥ǵyédʰh₂we | *wr̥ǵyédʰh₂we | *wr̥ǵyédʰh₂we | *wr̥ǵyḗdʰh₂we | *wr̥ǵyóydʰh₂we |
| 3rd plural | *wr̥ǵyóntor | *wr̥ǵyónto | *? | *wr̥ǵyṓntor | *wr̥ǵyóyro |
| Participle | *wr̥ǵyómnos | ||||
Descendants
- Proto-Germanic: *wurkijaną (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Hellenic: *wərďďō
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wr̥ȷ́yáti
- Proto-Iranian: *wr̥jyáti
- Avestan: 𐬬𐬆𐬭𐬆𐬰𐬌𐬌𐬈𐬌𐬙𐬌 (vərəziieiti)
- Proto-Iranian: *wr̥jyáti
References
- ^ Ringe, Donald (2006) From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic (A Linguistic History of English; 1), Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN
- ^ Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “2. *u̯erg̑-”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, pages 686-687
- ^ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “ἔρδω”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), volume I, with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 450-451
- ^ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “ῥέζω 1”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), volume II, with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 1278-1279
|
This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. |
Proto-Indo-European
Etymology
From *yewg- (“to join, tie together”) + *-né- (nasal infix).
Verb
*PIE verbs k-y (imperfective)[1]
- to be joining
Inflection
| Imperfective, athematic | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 3rd singular | *yunégti | ||||
| 3rd plural | *yungénti | ||||
| Active voice | Present indicative | Past indicative | Imperative | Subjunctive | Optative |
| 1st singular | *yunégmi | *yunégm̥ | — | *yunégoh₂ | *yungyéh₁m̥ |
| 2nd singular | *yunégsi | *yunégs | *yunég, *yungdʰí | *yunégesi | *yungyéh₁s |
| 3rd singular | *yunégti | *yunégt | *yunégtu | *yunégeti | *yungyéh₁t |
| 1st dual | *yungwós | *yungwé | — | *yunégowos | *yungih₁wé |
| 2nd dual | *yungtés | *yungtóm | *yungtóm | *yunégetes | *yungih₁tóm |
| 3rd dual | *yungtés | *yungtā́m | *yungtā́m | *yunégetes | *yungih₁tā́m |
| 1st plural | *yungmós | *yungmé | — | *yunégomos | *yungih₁mé |
| 2nd plural | *yungté | *yungté | *yungté | *yunégete | *yungih₁té |
| 3rd plural | *yungénti | *yungént | *yungéntu | *yunégonti | *yungih₁ént |
| Participle | *yungónts | ||||
| Middle voice | Present indicative | Past indicative | Imperative | Subjunctive | Optative |
| 1st singular | *yungh₂ér | *yungh₂é | — | *yunégoh₂er | *yungih₁h₂é |
| 2nd singular | *yungth₂ér | *yungth₂é | *yungsó | *yunégeth₂er | *yungih₁th₂é |
| 3rd singular | *yungtór, *yungór | *yungtó, *yungó | *? | *yunégetor | *yungih₁tó, *yungih₁ó |
| 1st dual | *yungwósdʰh₂ | *yungwédʰh₂ | — | *yunégowosdʰh₂ | *yungih₁wédʰh₂ |
| 2nd dual | *? | *? | *? | *? | *? |
| 3rd dual | *? | *? | *? | *? | *? |
| 1st plural | *yungmósdʰh₂ | *yungmédʰh₂ | — | *yunégomosdʰh₂ | *yungih₁médʰh₂ |
| 2nd plural | *yungdʰh₂wé | *yungdʰh₂wé | *yungdʰh₂wé | *yunégedʰh₂we | *yungih₁dʰh₂wé |
| 3rd plural | *yungn̥tór, *yungrór | *yungn̥tó, *yungró | *? | *yunégontor | *yungih₁ró |
| Participle | *yungm̥h₁nós | ||||
Descendants
- Balto-Slavic:
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *yunákti (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Italic: *jungō (see there for further descendants)
References
- ^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008) Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN