Appendix:Romance doublets

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Some doublets are common to several Romance languages.

A

Latin abrotonum
Borrowed Inherited Indirect borrowings
Catalan abròtan broida (possibly) —
French abrotone vrogne[1] aurone (via Old Occitan; or possibly inherited)
Portuguese abrótano (“southernwood”), abrótono abrótea (“a type of asphodel, a type of hake”) —
See also
Galician abrótano abrótea, abrótega —
Latin abscondere
Borrowed Inherited
French abscondre —[2]
Portuguese absconder esconder
Romanian —[3] ascunde
Spanish absconder esconder
Latin absolvere
Borrowed Inherited
Italian assolvere (“absolve”) asciolvere (“have breakfast”)
Portuguese absolver assolver
Latin abundāre
Borrowed Inherited
Italian — abbondare, abondare (obsolete)
Portuguese abundar avondar, abondar, bondar
Spanish abundar abondar (obsolete or regional)
See also
Galician abundar abondar
Latin ācer[4]
Borrowed Inherited
French âcre aigre
Portuguese acre agre, agro, ágrio (Alentejo)
Spanish acre agrio, agro, agre
See also
Galician acre agre
Latin acētum
Borrowed Inherited
Portuguese aceto azedo
Spanish aceto acedo
Latin advocāre
Borrowed Semi-learned Inherited
Portuguese advocar advogar, avocar avogar
Spanish advocar — abogar
Latin adūnāre
Borrowed Inherited Indirect borrowings
Portuguese adunar aunar —
Spanish adunar aunar —
Latin anima
Borrowed Inherited
Catalan ànima arma (obsolete)
Italian anima alma
Portuguese anima alma
Spanish ánima alma
See also
Asturian ánima alma
Galician ánima alma
Latin apertūra[5]
Borrowed Inherited
Catalan apertura obertura
French aperture ouverture
Italian —[6] apertura
Portuguese —[7] abertura
Spanish apertura abertura
See also
Asturian apertura abertura
Galician apertura abertura
Occitan apertura dobertura, obertura
Latin apozema
Borrowed Inherited
Italian apozema bozzima
Spanish apócema pócima
Latin applicāre
Borrowed Semi-learned Inherited
Catalan aplicar — aplegar
French appliquer — —[8]
Portuguese aplicar — achegar
Romanian aplica — apleca
Spanish aplicar aplegar allegar
See also
Galician aplicar — achegar
Latin apprehendere[9]
Borrowed Inherited
Catalan aprehendre aprendre
French appréhender apprendre
Portuguese apreender aprender
Romanian aprehenda (very rare) aprinde
Spanish aprehender aprender
See also
Galician aprehender aprender
Latin aquārius, aquārium
Borrowed Inherited Indirect borrowings
Catalan aquari, aquàrium aigüer —
French aquarium évier aiguière (from Old Occitan)
Italian acquario acquaio —
Portuguese aquário agueiro —
Romanian acvariu apar —
See also
Asturian acuáriu agüeru —
Galician acuario agüeiro —
Occitan aqüari aiguièr —
Latin arbitrium
Borrowed Inherited
Portuguese arbítrio alvitre
Spanish arbitrio albedrío
Latin ārea
Borrowed Inherited
Catalan àrea era
French are aire
Italian area aia
Portuguese área eira
Romanian —[10] arie
Spanish área era
See also
Galician área eira
Latin arēna
Borrowed Inherited
Portuguese arena areia
Romanian arenă arină
See also
Galician arena area
Latin articulus[11]
Borrowed Semi-learned Inherited Indirect borrowings
Catalan article — artell —
French article — orteil[12] —
Italian articolo — — artiglio (likely borrowed from Old Occitan)
Portuguese artículo artigo artelho —
Spanish artículo — artejo —
See also
Galician artículo artigo artello —
Occitan artícol article artelh —
Sicilian artìculu — artigghiu[13] —
Latin assimilāre
Borrowed Inherited Indirect borrowings
Italian assimilare assomigliare assembrare / assembiare (from French)
Portuguese assimilar assemelhar —
Romanian asimila asemăna —
Spanish asimilar asemejar asemblar (from Old French)
See also
Galician asimilar asemellar —
Latin augurium[14]
Borrowed Inherited
French augure heur
Portuguese augúrio agoiro, agouro
Spanish augurio agüero
See also
Galician augurio agoiro
Latin augustus[15]
Borrowed Inherited
Catalan august agost
French auguste août
Italian augusto agosto
Portuguese augusto agosto
Romanian august agust / gust
Spanish augusto agosto
See also
Galician augusto agosto
Latin auscultāre[16]
Borrowed Inherited
Catalan auscultar escoltar
French ausculter écouter
Italian auscultare ascoltare
Portuguese auscultar escutar
Romanian ausculta asculta
Spanish auscultar escuchar
See also
Galician auscultar escoitar

B

Latin blasphemāre[17]
Borrowed Inherited Indirect borrowings
Catalan blasfemar blasmar, blastomar —
French blasphémer blâmer —
Italian blasfemare bestemmiare biasimare (from Old French)
Portuguese blasfemar lastimar —
Romanian blasfema (very rare) blestema —
Spanish blasfemar lastimar —
Latin bulla
Borrowed Inherited Indirect borrowings
Catalan butlla[18] bolla —
French bulle boule[19] —
Portuguese bula[20] bolha bola
Spanish bula[21] bolla bola
See also
Galician bula bola bóla

C

Latin camera[22]
Inherited Indirect borrowings
Catalan cambra càmera (through English and New Latin)
French chambre caméra (through English and New Latin)
Portuguese câmara[23] câmera (through English and New Latin, or influenced by them)
See also
Occitan cambra, chambra camerà (probably through English and New Latin, or through French)
Latin campus
Borrowed Inherited Indirect borrowings
Catalan campus camp —
French campus champ, camp[24] —
Portuguese campus campo —
Romanian — câmp campus (through English and French)
Spanish campus campo —
See also
Galician campus campo —
Latin cannabis[25]
Borrowed Inherited Indirect borrowings
Catalan cànnabis cànem —
French cannabis chanvre —
Italian cannabis canapa —
Portuguese canábis —[26] cânhamo (through Spanish)
Romanian canabis cânepă —
Spanish cannabis cáñamo —
See also
Galician cánnabis cánabo —
Occitan canabís cambe, carbe —
Latin catēna
Borrowed Inherited Indirect borrowings
Catalan catena (jargony) cadena —
French catène (jargony or literary) chaîne cadène (borrowing from North Italian)
Portuguese catena (jargony) cadeia —
Romanian catenă cătină (uncertain) —
See also
Aromanian — cãtinã (uncertain) cadenã (probably through Venetan)[27]
Latin cathedra
Borrowed Inherited
Catalan càtedra cadira
French cathèdre chaire, chaise
Portuguese cátedra cadeira
Spanish cátedra cadera
See also
Galician cátedra cadeira
Friulian càtidre cjadree[28]
Occitan catedra cadièra
Venetan càtedra carega
Latin causa
Borrowed Inherited
Catalan causa cosa
French cause chose
Italian causa cosa
Portuguese causa coisa / cousa (dated)
Spanish causa cosa
See also
Friulian cause cjosse[29]
Galician causa cousa
Occitan —[30] causa / chausa / còsa
Latin cervix, cervicem
Borrowed Inherited
Catalan cèrvix —[31]
Portuguese cérvice, cérvix cerviz
Romanian cervix cerbice
Spanish cérvix cerviz
Latin circulus[32]
Borrowed Semi-learned Inherited
Catalan círcol (obsolete) cèrcol cercle
Italian circulo — cerchio
Portuguese círculo — cercho
See also
Friulian circul — cercli
Latin circus
Borrowed Inherited
Italian circo cerco (obsolete)
Romanian circ cerc
Spanish circo cerco
See also
Asturian circu cercu
Galician circo cerco
Latin clausūra
Borrowed Inherited
French clausure (rare) clôture
Italian clausura chiusura[33]
Portuguese clausura chousura
Latin clāviculā[34]
Borrowed Semi-learned Inherited Indirect borrowings
Catalan clavícula — clavilla[35] —
French clavicule — cheville —
Italian clavicola — cavicchia caviglia (through Old Occitan)
Portuguese clavícula cravelha chavelha[36] —
Spanish clavícula clavija llavija / lavija —
See also
Friulian clavìcule — cjavile cavicje (probably through Italian)
Galician clavícula — chavella —
Occitan clavicula — cavilha —
Latin clāvis
Borrowed Inherited
Portuguese clave chave
Spanish clave llave
See also
Galician clave chave
Latin coagulāre[37]
Borrowed Semi-learned Inherited
Catalan coagular — quallar
French coaguler — cailler
Italian coagulare — cagliare
Portuguese coagular — coalhar
Romanian coagula — închega[38]
Spanish coagular — cuajar
See also
Asturian coagular — cuayar
Galician coagular — callar
Occitan coagular caular calhar
Venetan coagułar — cagiar, inconajar[39]
Latin coagulāre[37]
Borrowed Semi-learned Inherited
Latin cohors, cohortem[40]
Borrowed Inherited Indirect borrowings
Catalan cohort cort —
French cohorte cour —
Italian coorte corte —
Portuguese coorte corte —
Romanian cohortă curte cort (through Greek)
Spanish cohorte corte —
See also
Friulian coorte cort —
Galician cohorte corte —
Occitan coòrta cort —
Latin cohors, cohortem[40]
Borrowed Inherited Indirect borrowings
Latin cogitāre
Borrowed Inherited
Catalan cogitar cuidar
French cogiter cuider (obsolete)
Italian cogitare coitare
Portuguese cogitar cuidar
Spanish cogitar cuidar
Latin cognātus
Borrowed Inherited
Catalan cognat cunyat
Portuguese cognato cunhado
Romanian cognat cumnat
Spanish cognado cuñado
See also
Galician cognado cuñado
Latin collēcta
Borrowed Inherited
French collecte cueillette
Portuguese colecta colheita
Spanish colecta cosecha
See also
Asturian colecta collecha
Galician colecta colleita
Latin computāre[41]
Borrowed Inherited
French computer (archaic) compter, conter
Italian computare compitare, contare
Portuguese computar contar
Romanian computa[42] cumpăta
Spanish computar contar
See also
Galician computar contar
Latin corpus
Borrowed Inherited
Catalan corpus cos
French corpus corps
Italian corpus corpo
Portuguese corpus corpo
Spanish corpus[43] cuerpo
See also
Galician corpus corpo
Latin crassus[44]
Borrowed Inherited
Catalan cras gras[45]
French crasse[46] (uncertain; possibly inherited) gras[47]
Italian crasso grasso
Portuguese craso graxo (uncertain)[48]
Romanian cras[49] gras
Spanish craso graso (uncertain)[50]
See also
Galician craso graxo
Latin cubitum, cubitus
Borrowed Inherited
Catalan cúbit colze
French cubitus coude
Italian cubito gomito
Portuguese cúbito côvado,—[51] coto
Romanian cubitus cot
Spanish cúbito codo
See also
Galician cúbito cóbado

D

Latin dēlicātus
Borrowed Inherited
Portuguese delicado delgado
Spanish delicado delgado
See also
Galician delicado delgado
Latin dēnārius
Borrowed Inherited
Catalan denari diner
French dénaire (rare, jargony) denier
Italian denario denaro / danaio / danaro
Portuguese denário dinheiro
Spanish denario dinero
See also
Asturian denariu dineru
Galician denario diñeiro
Latin dēpilāre
Borrowed Inherited
Italian depilare dipelare
Romanian depila dăpăra, depăra
Latin digitālis
Borrowed Inherited
Catalan digital didal
French digital dé[52]
Italian digitale ditale
Portuguese digital dedal
Romanian digital degetar[53]
Spanish digital dedal
See also
Friulian digitâl dedâl
Galician dixital dedal
Sardinian deidale didale
Latin digitālis
Borrowed Inherited
Latin dīrectus[54]
Borrowed Inherited
Catalan directe dret
French direct droit
Italian diretto dritto / diritto
Portuguese direto direito[55]
Romanian direct drept
Spanish directo derecho
See also
Friulian diret dret
Galician directo dereito
Occitan directe drech / drèit / dret
Latin dīrectus[54]
Borrowed Inherited
Latin duplicāre
Borrowed Inherited Indirect borrowings
Catalan duplicar doblegar —
Romanian duplica dupleca (archaic)[56] —
Spanish duplicar — doblegar (through Catalan)
See also
Galician duplicar — dobregar (through Spanish)

E

Latin ego[57]
Borrowed Inherited
Catalan ego jo
French égo je
Italian ego io
Portuguese ego eu
Romanian ego eu
Spanish ego yo
See also
Galician ego eu
Latin episcopus
Borrowed Inherited
Italian episcopo vescovo
Portuguese epíscopo bispo
Latin exāmen
Borrowed Inherited
Catalan examen eixam
French examen essaim
Italian esame sciame
Portuguese exame enxame
Spanish examen enjambre
See also
Galician examen enxame
Occitan examen eissam[58]
Venetan exame same / samo
Latin expellere
Borrowed Inherited
Catalan expel·lir espellir
Galician expeler espelir
Latin exprimere
Borrowed Semi-learned Inherited
Catalan exprimir — esprémer
French exprimer — épreindre
Italian esprimere — spremere
Portuguese exprimir — espremer
Romanian exprima — screme
Spanish — exprimir, expremir —[59]

F

Latin fabrica
Borrowed Inherited
Catalan fàbrica farga
French fabrique forge
Portuguese fábrica frágua
Spanish fábrica fragua
See also
Galician fábrica fragua
Latin fābula
Borrowed Inherited
Italian favola fiaba
Portuguese fábula fala
Spanish fábula habla
See also
Galician fábula fala
Latin flamma
Borrowed Inherited
Portuguese flama chama
Spanish flama llama
Latin focus
Borrowed Inherited Indirect borrowings
Catalan focus foc —
French — feu focus (through English)
Italian foco fuoco —
Portuguese foco fogo —
Romanian — foc focus (rare or jargony, through French and German)
Spanish foco fuego / huego (rare or obsolete) —
See also
Galician foco fogo —
Latin folium[60]
Borrowed Inherited
Catalan foli full, fulla (from plural)
French folio feuille (from plural)
Portuguese fólio folho, folha (from plural)
Romanian foliu foaie (from plural)
Spanish folio hoja (from plural)
See also
Galician folio folla, follo
Latin frīgidus[61]
Borrowed Inherited
Catalan frígid fred
French frigide froid
Italian frigido freddo
Portuguese frígido frio
Spanish frígido frío
See also
Galician fríxido frío

G

Latin gravis[62]
Borrowed Inherited
French grave grief
Italian grave greve
Romanian grav greu
Latin glāns,—[63] glandula
Borrowed Inherited
French glande, glandule gland
Portuguese glande, glândula lande
Spanish glande, glándula landre
See also
Galician glande, glándula landra
Latin grātus
Borrowed Inherited
Italian grato grado
Portuguese grato grado
Spanish grato grado

H

Latin hērēditārius
Borrowed Inherited
French héréditaire héritier
Portuguese hereditário herdeiro
Spanish hereditario heredero
See also
Galician hereditario herdeiro

I

Latin implicāre
Borrowed Inherited
French impliquer employer
Italian implicare impiegare
Portuguese implicar empregar
Spanish implicar —[64]
See also
Asturian implicar emplegar
Friulian implicâ impleâ
Galician implicar empregar
Occitan implicar emplegar
Latin inclūdere
Borrowed Inherited
Catalan incloure encloure
French inclure enclore[65]
Italian includere inchiudere (archaic or literary)
Romanian include închide
See also
Galician incluír enchoer
Latin īnsula
Borrowed Inherited Indirect borrowings
Portuguese ínsula ínsua ilha (through Old Catalan)
Spanish ínsula isla —
See also
Galician — insua illa
Latin integer, integrum
Borrowed Inherited
Catalan íntegre enter
French intègre entier
Italian integro intero
Portuguese íntegro inteiro[66]
Romanian integru întreg
Spanish íntegro entero
See also
Asturian integru enteru
Galician íntegro enteiro
Occitan entegre entiér
Latin integer, integrum
Borrowed Inherited


Latin interrogāre
Borrowed Inherited
French interroger entraver
Romanian interoga întreba

L

Latin labōrāre
Borrowed Inherited
Catalan laborar llaurar
Portuguese laborar lavrar
Spanish laborar labrar
See also
Galician laborar labrar

Parallel to the nouns laboratorio and labrador.

Latin lēgālis
Borrowed Inherited
Catalan legal lleial
French légal loyal
Italian legale leale
Portuguese legal leal
Spanish legal leal
See also
Asturian llegal lleal
Friulian legâl leâl
Galician legal leal
Latin līberāre
Borrowed Inherited
Catalan alliberar lliurar
French libérer livrer
Portuguese liberar livrar
Spanish liberar librar
See also
Galician liberar librar

Consider also libertar at least in Spanish

Latin lūcidus
Borrowed Inherited
Portuguese lúcido lúzio (archaic)
Romanian lucid luced
Spanish lúcido lucio
Latin lūmen
Borrowed Inherited
Catalan lumen llum
Italian lumen lume
Portuguese lúmen lume
Romanian lumen lume
Spanish lumen lumbre
Latin lupus
Borrowed Inherited
Catalan lupus llop
French lupus leu, loup[67]
Italian lupus lupo
Portuguese lúpus lobo
Romanian lupus lup
Spanish lupus lobo
Latin lūx (lūcem)
Borrowed Inherited
Italian lux luce
Portuguese lux luz
Spanish lux luz

M

Latin māchinārī
Borrowed Inherited
Italian macchinare macinare
Spanish maquinar maznar
Latin macula
Borrowed Inherited
Catalan màcula malla
French macule maille
Italian macula macchia
Portuguese mácula, mágoa mancha, malha, mangra
Spanish mácula mancha, mangla
See also
Galician mácula, mágoa mancha
Latin magister, magistrum
Borrowed Inherited Indirect borrowings
Catalan — mestre màster (from English)
French magister maître maestro (from Italian), master (from English)
Italian magister maestro / mastro —
Romanian magistru măiestru maestru (from Italian), maistru (from German), meșter (from Hungarian)
Spanish magíster maeso / maestro maestre (from Old Occitan), máster (from English)
See also
Occitan magestre mèstre —
Latin māteria
Borrowed Inherited
Portuguese matéria madeira
Spanish materia madera
See also
Asturian materia madera
Galician materia madeira
Latin masticāre
Borrowed Inherited
Catalan masticar mastegar
French mastiquer mâcher
Portuguese mastigar mascar
Romanian mastica mesteca
Spanish masticar mascar
See also
Galician mastigar mascar
Latin mediānus
Borrowed Inherited
Catalan mediana[68] mitjà, mitjan, mitjana
French médian moyen
Italian mediano mezzano
Portuguese mediano meão
Romanian median mezin[69]
Spanish mediano mejana[70]
See also
Galician mediano meán
Latin medietātem
Borrowed Inherited
French médiété moitié
Italian medietà metà
Latin minūtia
Borrowed Inherited
French minutie menuise (archaic)
Italian minuzia minugia
Portuguese minúcia miúça
Spanish minucia[71] menuza
See also
Galician minucia miúza
Latin minūtus
Borrowed Inherited
Catalan minut menut
French minute (from feminine) menu
Portuguese minuto miúdo
Romanian minut mărunt / mănunt
Spanish minuto menudo
See also
Galician minuto miúdo
Occitan minuta (from feminine) menut
Latin mīrāculum
Borrowed Inherited
Catalan miracle mirall
French miracle —[72]
Portuguese miráculo milagre
Spanish miráculo milagro
Latin mōbilis
Borrowed Inherited
Catalan mòbil moble
French mobile meuble
Portuguese móbil móvel
Spanish móvil mueble
See also
Galician móbil moble
Latin mūtāre
Borrowed Inherited
Catalan mutar mudar
French muter muer
Portuguese mutar mudar
Spanish mutar mudar
See also
Galician mutar mudar

N

Latin nitidus
Borrowed Inherited Indirect borrowings
Catalan nítid net —
French nitide (rare) net —
Italian nitido netto —
Portuguese nítido nédio —
Romanian — neted net (through French)
Spanish nítido nidio —
See also
Galician nítido nidio neto
Latin nōmināre
Borrowed Inherited
Catalan nominar nomenar
French nominer nommer
Portuguese nomina nomear
Romanian nomina număra (obsolete)
Spanish nominar nombrar
See also
Galician nominar nomear

O

Latin oculus[73]
Borrowed Inherited Indirect borrowings
Catalan òcul ull —
French oculus œil —
Italian oculo occhio —
Portuguese óculo olho —
Romanian — ochi oculus (through French)
Spanish óculo ojo —
Latin operārī / operāre
Borrowed Inherited
Catalan operar obrar
French opérer ouvrer[74]
Portuguese operar obrar
Spanish operar obrar
See also
Asturian operar obrar
Galician operar obrar
Occitan operar obrar
Latin operārius
Borrowed Inherited
Catalan operari obrer
French opéraire (very rare, jargony) ouvrier
Portuguese operário obreiro
Spanish operario obrero
See also
Asturian operariu obreru
Galician operario obreiro

P

Latin palūdem[75]
Borrowed Inherited
Portuguese palude paul
Romanian paludă pădure
Spanish palude paúl
Latin pectorālis
Borrowed Inherited
Catalan pectoral pitral
French pectoral poitrail[76]
Spanish pectoral petral, pretal
Latin pensāre
Borrowed Inherited Indirect borrowings
Catalan pensar pesar —
French penser, panser peser[77] —
Italian pensare pesare —
Portuguese pensar pesar —
Romanian — păsa pansa (from French)
Spanish pensar pesar —
See also
Asturian pensar pesar —
Friulian pensâ pesâ —
Galician pensar pesar —
Occitan pensar pesar —
Venetan pensar pexar —
Latin pensāre
Borrowed Inherited Indirect borrowings
Latin plānus
Borrowed Semi-learned Inherited
French plan — plain (obsolete)
Portuguese plano porão chão
Spanish plano — llano
See also
Asturian planu — llanu
Galician planu — chan
Latin planta
Borrowed Inherited
Portuguese planta chanta[78] (archaic)
Romanian plantă plântă (archaic)
Spanish planta llanta (obsolete)
See also
Galician planta chanta[79]
Latin plicāre
Borrowed Semi-learned Inherited
French — — ployer, plier (analogical)
Portuguese plicar pregar chegar
Spanish — plegar, pregar llegar
See also
Asturian plegar — llegar
Galician pregar — chegar


Latin podium
Borrowed Inherited
Catalan podi puig
French podium puy (regional, rare)
Italian podio poggio
Portuguese pódio poio
Spanish podio poyo
See also
Aragonese podio pueyo
Asturian podiu poyu
Galician podio poio
Occitan podiòm puèg
Latin podium
Borrowed Inherited

Q

Latin quiētō
Borrowed Inherited
Catalan quitar (uncertain)[80] quedar (uncertain)[81]
French —[82] —
Italian quietare chetare
Portuguese quietar, quitar (uncertain)[83] quedar
Spanish quietar, quitar (uncertain)[84] quedar
Latin quiētus
Borrowed Inherited Indirect borrowings
Catalan quiet —[85] —
French quiet, quitte[86] coi —
Italian quieto cheto —
Portuguese quieto quedo —
Romanian — încet / cet chit (from French)
Spanish quieto quedo —

R

Latin radius
Borrowed Inherited
Catalan radi raig
French radius rai
Italian radio raggio
Portuguese rádio raio
Spanish radio rayo
See also
Galician radio raio, raxo
Latin rapidus
Borrowed Inherited
Romanian rapid repede
Spanish rápido raudo
Latin ratiō, ratiōnem
Borrowed Inherited Indirect borrowings
Catalan ració raó ràtio (through English)
French ration raison ratio (through English)
Italian razione ragione ratio (through English)
Portuguese ração razão rácio (through English)
Spanish ración razón ratio (through English)
See also
Galician ración razón —

S

Latin scāla
Inherited Indirect borrowing
Catalan escala escala (“stopover”, via Italian)
French échelle escale (“stopover”, via Italian)
Italian scala scala (“stopover”, via Byzantine Greek)
Romanian scară escală (via French), scală (via Italian), schelă (via Turkish)
Spanish escala escala (“stopover”, via Italian)
Latin sigillum
Borrowed Inherited
Catalan sigil segell
Italian sigillo suggello
Portuguese sigilo selo
Romanian sigiliu sugel
Spanish sigilo sello
See also
Asturian sixilu sellu
Galician sixilo selo
Latin singulāris
Borrowed Inherited
Catalan singular senglar
French singulier sanglier
Italian singolare cinghiale
Portuguese singular senheiro
Spanish singular señero
See also
Galician singular senlleiro
Latin solidus, soldus
Borrowed Inherited
Catalan sòlid sou
French solide sou, sol
Italian solido sodo, soldo
Portuguese sólido soldo
Romanian solid solz (possibly)
Spanish sólido sueldo
Latin spatula
Borrowed Semi-learned Inherited
Catalan espàtula — espatlla
French spatule — épaule
Italian spatola — spalla
Portuguese espátula espádua espalda
Spanish espátula — espalda
See also
Galician espátula espádoa espalda
Occitan espatula — espatla
Latin speculum
Borrowed Inherited
Catalan espècul espill
Italian specolo specchio
Portuguese espéculo espelho
Spanish espéculo espejo
See also
Galician espéculo espello
Latin spīculum
Borrowed Inherited
Italian spigolo spicchio
Portuguese espículo espicho
Latin status
Borrowed Inherited
Catalan estatus, status estat
French état été
Italian status stato
Portuguese status estado
Romanian status stat
Spanish estatus estado
See also
Galician status estado

T

Latin temperāre
Borrowed Inherited
French tempérer tremper[87]
Italian temperare temprare
Spanish temperar templar
Latin tepidus
Borrowed Inherited
French tépide (archaic, literary) tiède
Italian tepido tiepido
Portuguese tépido tíbio
See also
Galician tépedo tibio, tibo (archaic)
Latin tractus
Borrowed Inherited Indirect borrowings
Portuguese trato treito, traço (via verb) trecho
Spanish tracto trecho, trazo (via verb) —
See also
Galician tracto treito, trazo (via verb) —
Latin trāditiō, trāditiōnem
Borrowed Semi-learned Inherited
Catalan tradició traïció[88] —
French tradition — trahison
Portuguese tradição — traição
Spanish tradición traición[89] —
See also
Galician tradición — traizón
Latin tremulus, tremula
Borrowed Inherited
Galician trémulo, trémula tremo, trémbora
Spanish trémulo, trémula tiemblo

U

Latin umbīlicus
Borrowed Inherited
French ombilic nombril[90]
Italian umbilico ombelico
Portuguese umbílico umbigo
Romanian ombilic buric[91]


Latin umerus
Borrowed Inherited
Portuguese úmero ombro
Romanian humerus umăr
Spanish húmero hombro

V

Latin vigilāre
Borrowed Semi-learned Inherited Indirect borrowings
Catalan vigilar — vetllar —
French vigiler — veiller —
Italian vigilare — vegghiare (archaic) vegliare (through Old Occitan)
Portuguese vigilar vigiar velar —
Romanian vigil — veghea —
Spanish vigilar — velar —

Footnotes

  1. ^ See also the semi-learned Old French abrogne.
  2. ^ escondre in Old French
  3. ^ The word abscons was borrowed from the Latin past participle, and doublet to the inherited ascuns.
  4. ^ Vulgar Latin *acrus
  5. ^ Vulgar Latin *opertūra.
  6. ^ The sense of "aperture" in apertura was a later learned development or borrowing, despite the word remaining morphologically unchanged.
  7. ^ The sense of "aperture" in abertura was a later learned development or borrowing, despite the word remaining morphologically unchanged.
  8. ^ Old French applier and aploier were inherited.
  9. ^ Also contracted form apprendere.
  10. ^ The senses of "area", "surface" in arie (as opposed to the inherited one of "threshing floor") were learned borrowings from French or Latin, although the word itself was unaltered.
  11. ^ Vulgar Latin *articlus.
  12. ^ Compare Old French arteil.
  13. ^ Uncertain if inherited or a parallel form to Italian artiglio, with Gallo-Romance influence.
  14. ^ Vulgar Latin *agurium.
  15. ^ Vulgar Latin *agustus.
  16. ^ Vulgar Latin *ascultare.
  17. ^ Vulgar Latin *blastemāre.
  18. ^ Uncertain, possibly semi-learned. See also bola, likely borrowed through Occitan.
  19. ^ Most likely; an alternatively theory derives it from Germanic.
  20. ^ See also bola, borrowed through Occitan or Old Occitan.
  21. ^ See also bola, borrowed through Occitan or Old Occitan.
  22. ^ Cf. also the variant form camara.
  23. ^ Cf. also the form cambra.
  24. ^ Northern form, or influenced by other Romance languages.
  25. ^ Vulgar Latin *canapa or *canapis, Late Latin cannabum.
  26. ^ Cf. the inherited Old Portuguese cánamo, cánabo.
  27. ^ Cf. also the form catinã.
  28. ^ Also spelled čhadree in the variant orthography.
  29. ^ Also spelled čhosse in the variant orthography.
  30. ^ The derived word encausa can be used in (some varieties) of Occitan to mean "cause", to differentiate from causa (“thing”), the inherited result in these varities/dialects.
  31. ^ Old Catalan inherited serviu, a rarely used word.
  32. ^ Vulgar Latin *circlus.
  33. ^ Through a Late Latin form clūsura.
  34. ^ Vulgar Latin *cavicla.
  35. ^ Cf. also clavella.
  36. ^ Cf. also cavilha.
  37. ^ Vulgar Latin *coaglāre.
  38. ^ Either through a Vulgar Latin *incoāgulāre, following metathesis, or later prefixed with în- in Romanian.
  39. ^ Uncertain.
  40. ^ Contracted form cōrs, cōrtem.
  41. ^ Vulgar Latin *compitāre.
  42. ^ Cf. also conta, borrowed through Italian contare, French compter.
  43. ^ Possibly through the intermediate of English.
  44. ^ Vulgar Latin *grassus.
  45. ^ Cf. also greix from a Vulgar Latin *grassies/crassise or from Old Catalan graixa, itself from a Vulgar Latin *grassia or *crassia.
  46. ^ From the feminine Old French cras.
  47. ^ Cf. also graisse from a Vulgar Latin *grassia or *crassia.
  48. ^ Possibly a derivative of graxa, itself from a Vulgar Latin *grassia or *crassia.
  49. ^ Partly through French crasse.
  50. ^ Possibly taken from another language as it appears late in Spanish texts; cf. also the more common grasa.
  51. ^ Possibly semi-learned; see also cotovelo
  52. ^ With analogy; compare Old French deel. See also the derived term délot.
  53. ^ Unsure, possibly coined in Romanian.
  54. ^ Vulgar Latin *dērēctus and *drēctus.
  55. ^ Modified orthographically from Old Galician-Portuguese dereito.
  56. ^ See also the prefixed verb îndupleca.
  57. ^ Vulgar Latin *eo.
  58. ^ Cf. also the form asèim (“exam”).
  59. ^ Cf. the inherited Old Spanish form espremir.
  60. ^ Cf. also Late Latin folia, from the plural.
  61. ^ Also Vulgar Latin fricdus, attested in the Appendix Probi, and frigdus, fridus.
  62. ^ Vulgar Latin *grevis.
  63. ^ Vulgar Latin *glandō.
  64. ^ Cf. Old Spanish emplegar, which was likely inherited.
  65. ^ Through a Vulgar Latin variant *inclaudere.
  66. ^ Probably modified from Old Galician-Portuguese enteiro.
  67. ^ Possibly from a dialectal variant, formed analogically, or influenced by Old Occitan.
  68. ^ From the Latin feminine.
  69. ^ Likely; an alternative theory derives it from Slavic.
  70. ^ From the feminine.
  71. ^ Cf. also the semi-learned variant menucia.
  72. ^ Old French mirail
  73. ^ Vulgar Latin oclus, attested in the Appendix Probi.
  74. ^ Cf. also the form œuvrer, formed analogically.
  75. ^ Vulgar Latin *padūle.
  76. ^ Compare Old French poitral.
  77. ^ See also Middle French poiser.
  78. ^ Alternatively, it may be a derivative of the verb chantar, from the related Latin plantāre.
  79. ^ Or probably from chantar, from the related Latin plantāre.
  80. ^ Probably an early or semi-learned borrowing from the Medieval Latin form quitāre, or underwent an abnormal phonological evolution.
  81. ^ Alternatively, a derivative of Old Catalan quet, queda, as it was attested relatively late (1575).
  82. ^ Cf. quitter, which is likely a derivative of quitte, or occasionally seen as derived from a Medieval Latin form quitāre.
  83. ^ Possibly an early or semi-learned borrowing from the Medieval Latin form quitāre, or possibly through an (Old) French intermediate.
  84. ^ Either an early or semi-learned borrowing from the Medieval Latin form quitāre, or a derivative of Old Spanish quito, with an abnormal phonological evolution.
  85. ^ Old Catalan quet was probably inherited.
  86. ^ Early borrowing from the Medieval Latin form quitus.
  87. ^ From Old French temprer by metathesis.
  88. ^ Either semi-learned or a derivative of the verb trair (from Latin tradere) with the suffix -ció.
  89. ^ Either semi-learned, modified from the inherited Old Spanish trayçón, or a derivative of the Old Spanish verb traer (from Latin tradere) with the suffix -ción.
  90. ^ Through a Vulgar Latin diminutive *umbilīculus, with the -n- from the preceding indefinite article un being appended (rebracketing).
  91. ^ Possibly through a Vulgar Latin root *umbulicus, and re-analyzed with a preceding indefinite article un, which was subsequently removed.
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