User:Justinrleung/PSM

Additional Proto-Southern Min reconstructions based on the system of Kwok (2018).

*p-

豹 'leopard'

PSM *pa⁵
Douglas (1873): XM pà
QZ ; ZZ ; DT ; JY ; CY ?; LZ ; HK ; WC

便宜 'cheap'

PSM *pan² ɡi²
Douglas (1873): XM pan-gî
QZ ; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ; CY ?; LZ ; HK ; WC ?

The Quanzhou form and Jieyang form are of literary origin.

辦 'sample'

PSM *pan⁶
Douglas (1873): XM pān
QZ ; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ; CY ?; LZ ?; HK ?; WC ?

方 'square'

PSM *paŋ¹
Douglas (1873): XM pang
QZ ---; ZZ ---; DT ?; JY ; CY ; LZ ?; HK ; WC

放 'to release'

PSM *paŋ⁵
Douglas (1873): XM pàng
QZ ; ZZ ; DT ; JY ; CY ; LZ ; HK ; WC

壁 'wall'

PSM *piaʔ⁷
Douglas (1873): XM piah
QZ ; ZZ ; DT ; JY ; CY ; LZ ; HK ; WC

Datian unexpectedly retains the glottal stop coda.

缽 'clay bowl'

PSM *puaʔ⁷
Douglas (1873): XM poah
QZ ; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ; CY ?; LZ ; HK ; WC ?

腹 'belly'

PSM *pak⁷
Douglas (1873): XM pak
QZ ; ZZ ; DT ; JY ; CY ?; LZ ; HK ; WC

In Leizhou and Hainanese, this word is only preserved in 腹寒 'malaria' (usually written as 北寒).

幅 'classifier for drawings'

PSM *pak⁷
Douglas (1873): XM pak
QZ ; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ; CY ?; LZ ; HK ; WC

剝 'to strip off'

PSM *pak⁷
Douglas (1873): XM pak
QZ ; ZZ ; DT ; JY ; CY ; LZ ; HK ; WC

肏 'to copulate'

PSM *pueʔ⁷
Douglas (1873): TA puih
QZ ?; ZZ ?; DT ?; JY ; CY ?; LZ ; HK ; WC

In Jieyang (and Tong'an), it means "to scold". Compare Cantonese 屌 "to copulate > to scold".

痱 'heat rash; prickly heat'

PSM *pui⁵
Douglas (1873): XM pùi
QZ ; ZZ ; DT ; JY ; CY ?; LZ ; HK ; WC

The Jieyang form is voiced unexpectedly.

補 'to mend'

PSM *pou³
Douglas (1873): XM pɵ́
QZ ; ZZ ; DT ; JY ; CY ?; LZ ; HK ; WC

Kwok (2018) mentions the reconstruction of this word on page 86, but it is not found in the appendix nor does it have a full entry within the body of the text.

脯 'dried'

PSM *pou³
Douglas (1873): XM pɵ́
QZ ; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ; CY ?; LZ ; HK ; WC

哺 'to chew'

PSM *pou⁶
Douglas (1873): XM pɵ̄
QZ ; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ; CY ?; LZ ; HK ; WC

斑 'spot; speckle'

PSM *põi¹
Douglas (1873): XM pan ; QZ paiⁿ
QZ ; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ; CY ; LZ ; HK ?; WC ?

The modern Quanzhou form is from a literary stratum.

爿 'side'

PSM *põi²
Douglas (1873): XM pêng ; QZ pûiⁿ ; ZZ pân , pêng ; TA pâiⁿ , pîn
QZ ; ZZ ; DT ; JY ; CY ; LZ ; HK ; WC

方 '(a surname)'

PSM *puĩ¹
Douglas (1873): XM png ; ZZ puiⁿ
QZ ; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ; CY ?; LZ ; HK ?; WC ?

The Leizhou form is probably from a literary stratum (cf. 犯 , 法 ).

本 'volume; capital'

PSM *puĩ³ ~ *pun³
Douglas (1873): XM pún ; QZ pńg
QZ ; ZZ ; DT ; JY ; CY ; LZ ; HK ; WC

垺 'heap'

PSM *pu²
Douglas (1873): XM pû ; TA (sometimes) bû
QZ ---; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ; CY ?; LZ ; HK ; WC ?

烰 'to bake; to roast; to heat'

PSM *pu²
Douglas (1873): XM pû
QZ ; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ; CY ?; LZ ; HK ; WC ?

分 'to divide'

PSM *pun¹
Douglas (1873): XM pun
QZ ; ZZ ; DT ; JY ; CY ?; LZ ; HK ; WC

*pʰ-

否 'bad'

PSM *pʰai³
Douglas (1873): XM pháiⁿ
QZ ; ZZ ; DT ; JY ; CY ?; LZ ; HK ?; WC ?

This word has been unexpectedly nasalized in some varieties of Hokkien.

捀 'to carry in the hands'

PSM *pʰaŋ²
Douglas (1873): XM phâng
QZ ; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ; CY ?; LZ ; HK ; WC

It is unclear whether the Jieyang form is derived from this etymon.

帕 'cloth; kerchief'

PSM *pʰe⁵
Douglas (1873): XM phè , ZZ phɛ̀
QZ ; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ; CY ?; LZ ; HK ; WC ?

呸 'to spit'

PSM *pʰui⁵
Douglas (1873): XM phùi , ZZ phòe
QZ ; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ; CY ?; LZ ?; HK ; WC

The tone in Haikou is irregular; perhaps it is a reanalysis of tone 5, which is quite similar to tone 1.

甫 'to copulate; penis (?)'

PSM *pʰuʔ⁷
Douglas (1873): ---
QZ ; ZZ ?; DT ?; JY ; CY ?; LZ ; HK ; WC ?

In Jieyang, there seems to have been a deletion of the /ʔ/ coda.

In Haikou, it is used in the word fu⁸ᶫ tiau³ "to scold". Compare Cantonese 屌 "to copulate > to scold".

*b-

䆀 'ugly'

PSM *bai³
Douglas (1873): XM bái
QZ ; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ; CY ?; LZ ; HK ?; WC ?

Unclear how this word relates to 否 'bad'.

卯 'to hit hard'

PSM *bau³
Douglas (1873): ---
QZ ---; ZZ ---; DT ?; JY ; CY ?; LZ ?; HK ; WC

木 'wood' (modified)

PSM *bak⁸ (Kwok *mak⁸)
Douglas (1873): XM ba̍k
QZ ; ZZ ; DT ; JY ; CY ; LZ ; HK ; WC

Kwok (2018) reconstructs this word with *m- based on Haifeng , but it seems to be an irregular reflex in words like 木蝨 / 木虱 (mùshī) 'bedbug'; the regular reflex is attested in words like 木工 (mùgōng) *. Also, the Hainanese forms are more reliable for determining *m- vs. *b-.

Kwok also lists for Datian, but this seems to be literary. I have replaced it with , as in 木蝨 / 木虱 (mùshī) 'bedbug'.

The Leizhou form is clearly literary and would thus not contribute to the reconstruction.

未 'not yet'

PSM *buø⁶
Douglas (1873): XM bē ; QZ bȫ ; ZZ bōe
QZ ; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ; CY ?; LZ ?; HK ?; WC ?

欲 'to wish; will'

PSM *buøʔ⁷
Douglas (1873): XM beh ; QZ böh , boh ; ZZ boeh
QZ ; ZZ ; DT ; JY ---; CY ---; LZ ; HK ; WC

Zhangzhou may be influenced by Xiamen.

The Datian form seems to be irregular. A borrowing from neighbouring counties in Quanzhou?

It is unclear whether the Haikou word is related.

覕 'to hide'

PSM *biʔ⁷
Douglas (1873): XM bih
QZ ; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ; CY ?; LZ ?; HK ?; WC ?

莫 'don't'

PSM *boʔ⁸
Douglas (1873): XM bo̍h
QZ ---; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ?; CY ?; LZ ; HK ; WC

𢪱 'to strike with a stick; to whip'

PSM *but⁸
Douglas (1873): XM bu̍t
QZ ; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ; CY ?; LZ ; HK ?; WC

*mh-

*m-

幔 'to drape'

PSM *muã¹
Douglas (1873): XM moaⁿ
QZ ; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ; CY ?; LZ ; HK ; WC

瞞 'to conceal'

PSM *muã²
Douglas (1873): XM moâⁿ
QZ ; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ?; CY ?; LZ ; HK ?; WC

鰻 'eel'

PSM *muã²
Douglas (1873): XM moâⁿ
QZ ; ZZ ; DT ; JY ; CY ?; LZ ; HK ?; WC ?

滿 'full'

PSM *muã³
Douglas (1873): XM moáⁿ
QZ ; ZZ ; DT ; JY ; CY ?; LZ ; HK ; WC

蔓 'pubic hair'

PSM *muã⁶
Douglas (1873): ---
QZ ---; ZZ ---; DT ?; JY ?; CY ?; LZ ; HK ; WC ?

In Xiamen and Taiwanese as , mostly preserved in the phrase , used as insult to describe someone who is shameless or useless.

The tone in Haikou is irregular; the expected tone is tone 1, which is a rising tone, like tone 5.

沐 'to soil; to defile'

PSM *mak⁷
Douglas (1873): XM bak
QZ ; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ?; CY ?; LZ ; HK ?; WC ?

猛 'quick'

PSM *mẽ³
Douglas (1873): XM míⁿ , mɛ́ⁿ
QZ ---; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ; CY ?; LZ ; HK ; WC

晚 'late'

PSM *muĩ³
Douglas (1873): XM mńg , ZZ múiⁿ
QZ ; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ; CY ?; LZ ?; HK ?; WC ?

物 'thing'

PSM *miʔ⁸ ~ *muøʔ⁸
Douglas (1873): XM mi̍hⁿ ; QZ/TA mn̍gh
QZ ; ZZ ; DT ; JY ; CY ?; LZ ; HK ; WC

The Quanzhou form is possibly derived like this: *muøʔ⁸ > məʔ⁸ > mə̃ʔ⁸ > mŋʔ⁸.

The tone in the Datian form is unclear; different sources record different tones, and neither tone is expected.

蜜 'honey'

PSM *mit⁸
Douglas (1873): XM bi̍t
QZ ; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ; CY ?; LZ ; HK ; WC

Reconstruction to *m- is solely based on the Hainanese members.

罔 'reluctantly; for now'

PSM *moŋ³
Douglas (1873): XM bóng
QZ ; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ?; CY ?; LZ ?; HK ; WC ?

It is unclear whether the Quanzhou form is related.

Fielde (1883) records mńg , meaning "for the time, just, merely", which may be related to this word.

膜 'membrane; film'

PSM *moʔ⁸
Douglas (1873): XM mɵ̍hⁿ
QZ ; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ; CY ?; LZ ; HK ?; WC ?

*t-

丈夫 'male'

PSM *ta¹ pou¹
Douglas (1873): XM ta-pɵ ; ZZ tsa-pɵ
QZ ; ZZ ; DT ; JY ; CY ?; LZ ; HK ; WC

The Datian form may be influenced by Central Min (e.g., Shaxian ).

The Zhangzhou, Leizhou and Hainanese forms may be due to analogy with 查某 (cf. English male and female).

禾 'grain seedling'

PSM *ta²
Douglas (1873): ---
QZ ?; ZZ ?; DT ?; JY ; CY ?; LZ ; HK ?; WC ?

秮 'millet'

PSM *tai¹
Douglas (1873): XM tai
QZ ---; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ; CY ?; LZ ?; HK ?; WC ?

𧉟 'insect that breeds in grains'

PSM *tai²
Douglas (1873): XM tâi
QZ ; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ; CY ?; LZ ; HK ?; WC ?

滓 'sediment'

PSM *tai³
Douglas (1873): XM tái , ZZ tsái
QZ ; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ; CY ?; LZ ; HK ?; WC ?

膽 'gallbladder; courage'

PSM *tã³
Douglas (1873): XM táⁿ
QZ ; ZZ ; DT ; JY ; CY ?; LZ ; HK ; WC

庭 'courtyard'

PSM *tiã²
Douglas (1873): XM tiâⁿ
QZ ; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ; CY ?; LZ ; HK ; WC

單 'single; bill'

PSM *tuã¹
Douglas (1873): XM toaⁿ
QZ ; ZZ ; DT ; JY ; CY ?; LZ ; HK ?; WC

蛋 'unlaid egg'

PSM *tuã¹
Douglas (1873): XM toaⁿ
QZ ; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ; CY ?; LZ ?; HK ?; WC ?

彈 'to play (a stringed instrument) with fingers'

PSM *tuã²
Douglas (1873): XM toâⁿ
QZ ; ZZ ; DT ; JY ; CY ; LZ ; HK ; WC

恬 'quiet'

PSM *tiam⁶
Douglas (1873): XM tiām
QZ ; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ; CY ?; LZ ; HK ?; WC ?

The tone in Quanzhou may be a result of reanalysis. The tone in Leizhou is irregular.

釘 'nail'

PSM *tan¹ ~ *tiŋ¹
Douglas (1873): XM teng , QZ tan
QZ ; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ; CY ?; LZ ; HK ; WC

Quanzhou, Leizhou, and Hainanese forms trace back to *tan¹, whereas Xiamen, Zhangzhou and Chaoshan forms trace back to *tiŋ¹.

釘 'to nail'

PSM *tan⁵ ~ *tiŋ⁵
Douglas (1873): XM tèng , QZ tàn
QZ ; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ; CY ?; LZ ; HK ; WC ?

Quanzhou, Leizhou, and Hainanese forms trace back to *tan⁵, whereas Xiamen, Zhangzhou and Chaoshan forms trace back to *tiŋ⁵.

同 'same'

PSM *taŋ²
Douglas (1873): XM tâng
QZ ; ZZ ; DT ; JY ; CY ?; LZ ; HK ; WC ?

童 'shaman'

PSM *taŋ²
Douglas (1873): XM tâng
QZ ; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ; CY ?; LZ ; HK ?; WC ?

篤 'firm'

PSM *tauʔ⁷
Douglas (1873): XM tauh
QZ ; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ; CY ?; LZ ?; HK ?; WC ?

The Zhangzhou form is irregular.

笛 'flute'

PSM *tat⁸
Douglas (1873): XM ta̍t
QZ ; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ; CY ?; LZ ; HK ; WC

The Jieyang form is of literary origin.

值 'to be worth'

PSM *tat⁸
Douglas (1873): XM ta̍t
QZ ; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ; CY ?; LZ ?; HK ?; WC ?

捏 'to grasp tightly; to pinch'

PSM *tẽ⁴
Douglas (1873): XM tīⁿ , ZZ tɛ̄ⁿ
QZ ---; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ; CY ?; LZ ; HK ; WC ?

戴 '(a surname)'*

PSM *tø⁵
Douglas (1873): XM tè , QZ tö̀
QZ ; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ; CY ?; LZ ; HK ?; WC ?

The Leizhou form seems to come from a literary stratum.

袋 'bag'

PSM *tø⁶
Douglas (1873): XM tē
QZ ; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ; CY ?; LZ ; HK ; WC

代 'generation'

PSM *tø⁶
Douglas (1873): XM tē
QZ ; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ; CY ?; LZ ?; HK ?; WC

戴 'to wear on the head'*

PSM *ti⁵
Douglas (1873): XM tì
QZ ; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ; CY ?; LZ ; HK ; WC

底 'which'

PSM *ti⁶
Douglas (1873): XM tī
QZ ; ZZ ; DT ; JY ; CY ?; LZ ; HK ; WC

The Quanzhou tone may actually be tone 6 since this word is always sandhied (tone 6 sandhis to tone 4).

The Datian form is irregular (borrowed from Central Min?).

斷 'to break off'

PSM *tuĩ⁴
Douglas (1873): XM tn̄g , ZZ tūiⁿ
QZ ; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ; CY ?; LZ ; HK ; WC

頓 'meal'

PSM *tuĩ⁵
Douglas (1873): XM tǹg , ZZ tùiⁿ
QZ ; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ; CY ?; LZ ; HK ; WC

揕 'to throw'

PSM *tim⁵
Douglas (1873): XM tìm
QZ ; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ?; CY ?; LZ ?; HK ; WC

碟 'plate'

PSM *tiʔ⁸
Douglas (1873): XM ti̍h
QZ ; ZZ ; DT ; JY ; CY ; LZ ; HK ; WC

The Datian form is probably from a literary layer; compare Xiamen .

The Leizhou form is probably borrowed from Hakka.

挃 'to want'

PSM *tiʔ⁸
Douglas (1873): XM ti̍h , ZZ ti̍hⁿ
QZ ; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ?; CY ?; LZ ; HK ?; WC ?

The Zhangzhou form is unexpectedly nasalized.

逃 'to escape'

PSM *to²
Douglas (1873): XM tô
QZ ; ZZ ; DT ; JY ; CY ?; LZ ; HK ; WC

In Datian and Hainanese (and Leizhou?), this word has developed the meaning of 'to hide'.

貯 'to fill'

PSM *tioi³
Douglas (1873): XM tóe , ZZ té
QZ ; ZZ ; DT ; JY ; CY ?; LZ ?; HK ; WC

堂 'hall'

PSM *tõ²
Douglas (1873): XM tn̂g
QZ ; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ; CY ?; LZ ; HK ; WC

當 'to pawn'

PSM *tõ⁵
Douglas (1873): XM tǹg
QZ ; ZZ ; DT ; JY ; CY ?; LZ ; HK ; WC

帳 'curtain'

PSM *tiõ⁵
Douglas (1873): XM tiùⁿ
QZ ; ZZ ; DT ; JY ; CY ?; LZ ; HK ; WC ?

擇 'to pick'

PSM *toʔ⁸
Douglas (1873): ZZ to̍h
QZ ---; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ; CY ?; LZ ; HK ; WC

著 'to blaze up'

PSM *toʔ⁸
Douglas (1873): XM to̍h
QZ ; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ; CY ?; LZ ; HK ; WC

佇 'at'

PSM *tɯ⁴
Douglas (1873): XM tī
QZ ; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ---; CY ---; LZ ; HK ; WC

重 'layer'

PSM *tɯŋ²
Douglas (1873): XM têng , ZP tiông
QZ ; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ; CY ?; LZ ; HK ; WC

中 'to hit the mark'

PSM *tɯŋ⁵
Douglas (1873): XM tèng
QZ ; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ; CY ?; LZ ; HK ; WC ?

*tʰ-

颱, as in 風颱 'typhoon'

PSM *tʰai¹
Douglas (1873): XM thai
QZ ; ZZ ; DT ---; JY ; CY ?; LZ ; HK ; WC

Datian uses 颱風 instead.

汰 'to rinse'

PSM *tʰua⁶
Douglas (1873): XM thoā
QZ ; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ; CY ?; LZ ?; HK ?; WC ?

𤶃 'pimple'

PSM *tʰiau² ~ *tʰiau⁴
Douglas (1873): XM thiâu
QZ ; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ; CY ?; LZ ; HK ?; WC

The Quanzhou, Jieyang and Leizhou forms point to tone 2, but the Zhangzhou and Wenchang forms point to tone 4.

痛 'to be hurt; to love'

PSM *tʰiã⁵
Douglas (1873): XM thiàⁿ
QZ ; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ; CY ?; LZ ; HK ; WC

澶 'to spread'

PSM *tʰuã⁵
Douglas (1873): XM thoàⁿ
QZ ; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ?; CY ?; LZ ; HK ?; WC ?

炭 'coal'

PSM *tʰuã⁵
Douglas (1873): XM thoàⁿ
QZ ; ZZ ; DT ; JY ; CY ?; LZ ?; HK ; WC

𰔣 'to ladle'

PSM *tʰam⁶
Douglas (1873): ---
QZ ?; ZZ ?; DT ?; JY ; CY ?; LZ ; HK ; WC ?

汏 'to rub'

PSM *tʰuaʔ⁷
Douglas (1873): XM thoah
QZ ?; ZZ ?; DT ?; JY ; CY ?; LZ ; HK ?; WC ?

澈 'clean; thorough'

PSM *tʰeʔ⁷
Douglas (1873): XM theh , ZZ thɛh
QZ ; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ; CY ?; LZ ; HK ; WC

痥 'boil'

PSM *tʰuø²
Douglas (1873): XM thê , QZ thö̂ , ZZ thôe
QZ ?; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ; CY ?; LZ ?; HK ?; WC ?

討 'to ask for'

PSM *tʰo³
Douglas (1873): XM thó
QZ ; ZZ ; DT ; JY ; CY ?; LZ ; HK ; WC

湯 'soup'

PSM *tʰõ¹
Douglas (1873): XM thng
QZ ; ZZ ; DT ; JY ; CY ?; LZ ; HK ; WC

塚 'grave; tomb'

PSM *tʰioŋ³
Douglas (1873): XM thióng
QZ ; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ; CY ?; LZ ?; HK ?; WC ?

*d-

鰇 'squid'

PSM *diu²
Douglas (1873): XM jiû
QZ ; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ; CY ?; LZ ?; HK ; WC

挼 'to rub'

PSM *duø²
Douglas (1873): XM jê , ZZ jôe
QZ ; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ; CY ?; LZ ; HK ?; WC ?

褥 'mattress'

PSM *diok⁸
Douglas (1873): XM jio̍k , QZ ge̍k
QZ ; ZZ ; DT ; JY ; CY ?; LZ ?; HK ; WC ?

The tone in Datian is irregular.

茹 'tangled; messy'

PSM *dɯ²
Douglas (1873): XM jû , ZZ jî
QZ ; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ; CY ?; LZ ; HK ; WC

*nh-

*n-

若 'if'

PSM *nã⁴
Douglas (1873): XM nāⁿ
QZ ; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ; CY ?; LZ ; HK ?; WC ?

壏 'to stay'

PSM *nã⁶
Douglas (1873): XM nāⁿ
QZ ; ZZ ---; DT ?; JY ; CY ?; LZ ?; HK ?; WC ?

但 'only'

PSM *nã⁶
Douglas (1873): XM nāⁿ
QZ ; ZZ ?; DT ?; JY ?; CY ?; LZ ; HK ; WC

攤 'to knead'

PSM *nuã³
Douglas (1873): XM noáⁿ
QZ ; ZZ ; DT ; JY ; CY ?; LZ ; HK ; WC

躽 'to writhe'

PSM *nuã⁵
Douglas (1873): XM noàⁿ
QZ ; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ; CY ?; LZ ?; HK ?; WC ?

爛 'rotten'

PSM *nuã⁶
Douglas (1873): XM noāⁿ
QZ ; ZZ ; DT ; JY ?; CY ?; LZ ; HK ; WC

膿 'pus'

PSM *naŋ²
Douglas (1873): XM lâng
QZ ; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ; CY ?; LZ ; HK ; WC ?

Kwok (2018) mentions the reconstruction of this word on page 46, but it is not found in the appendix nor does it have a full entry within the body of the text.

軁 'to creep'

PSM *nuĩ⁵
Douglas (1873): XM nǹg , ZZ nùiⁿ
QZ ; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ; CY ?; LZ ; HK ; WC ?

The tone in Leizhou is irregular.

圇 'lukewarm'

PSM *nun²
Douglas (1873): XM lûn
QZ ; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ; CY ?; LZ ; HK ; WC

The reconstruction to *n- is mostly based on Hainanese.

The recorded tone for Quanzhou is compatible with the reconstructed tones after sandhi: QZ tone 2 and tone 5 both sandhi to tone 4.

*l-

膋 'lard'

PSM *la²
Douglas (1873): XM lâ
QZ ; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ; CY ?; LZ ; HK ?; WC

佬 'to swindle'

PSM *lau³
Douglas (1873): XM láu
QZ ; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ; CY ?; LZ ?; HK ?; WC ?

荖 'sirih'

PSM *lau³
Douglas (1873): XM láu
QZ ?; ZZ ?; DT ?; JY (?); CY ?; LZ ?; HK ?; WC ?

Fielde (1883) records láu .

零 'remainder; excess'

PSM *lan²
Douglas (1873): XM lân
QZ ; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ; CY ?; LZ ; HK ; WC ?

鯪鯉 'pangolin'

PSM *lan² li³ (?)
Douglas (1873): XM lâ-lí
QZ ; ZZ ; DT ; JY ; CY ?; LZ ; HK ; WC ?

The reconstruction of the first syllable is uncertain; it is mostly based on the evidence from Haikou. Assuming *lan² as the reconstruction, the *-n would have been deleted in Fujian varieties and reduced to in Chaoshan varieties, probably because of the following *l-. The rime in Leizhou is quite irregular; it may be due to reduction in a less prominent position.

The tone in the second syllable of the Zhangzhou form is irregular.

𡳞 'male genitalia'

PSM *lan⁴
Douglas (1873): XM lān
QZ ; ZZ ; DT ; JY ; CY ; LZ ; HK ; WC

The tone reflex in Datian is irregular.

The form in Haikou is only found in 'scrotum', where there is regressive place assimilation. Compare Wenchang .

輦 'wheel'

PSM *lian³ ~ *lin³
Douglas (1873): XM lién
QZ ; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ; CY ?; LZ ?; HK ?; WC ?

The Quanzhou and Zhangzhou forms can only be derived from *lian³, and the Jieyang form can only be derived from *lin³.

籠 'cage'

PSM *laŋ²
Douglas (1873): XM lâng
QZ ; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ; CY ?; LZ ; HK ; WC ?

籠 'basket; chest'

PSM *laŋ³
Douglas (1873): XM láng
QZ ; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ; CY ?; LZ ; HK ; WC ?

力 'strength'

PSM *lat⁸
Douglas (1873): XM la̍t
QZ ; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ; CY ; LZ ; HK ; WC

Kwok (2018) does briefly mention the reconstruction of this word on page 152, but it is not found in the appendix nor does it have a full entry within the body of the text.

落 'to fall'

PSM *lak⁷
Douglas (1873): XM lak
QZ ; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ; CY ?; LZ ; HK ; WC ?

冷 'cold'

PSM *lẽ³
Douglas (1873): ---
QZ ---; ZZ ---; DT ?; JY ; CY ?; LZ ; HK ; WC ?

㔏 'to slit; to cut'

PSM *leʔ⁸
Douglas (1873): XM le̍h , ZZ lɛ̍h
QZ ; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ; CY ?; LZ ; HK ?; WC ?

撩 'to skim; to slice'

PSM *lio²
Douglas (1873): XM liô
QZ ; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ; CY ?; LZ ?; HK ?; WC ?

躼 'tall, long, thick'

PSM *lio⁵ (?)
Douglas (1873): XM lò , QZ liò
QZ ; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ; CY ?; LZ ?; HK ?; WC ?

郎 'young gentleman'

PSM *lõ²
Douglas (1873): XM nn̂g
QZ ; ZZ ; DT ; JY ; CY ?; LZ ; HK ; WC

梁 '(a surname)'

PSM *liõ²
Douglas (1873): XM niûⁿ
QZ ; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ; CY ; LZ ?; HK ; WC

瞭 'to glance'

PSM *lioʔ⁷
Douglas (1873): XM lioh , lió
QZ ; ZZ ---; DT ?; JY ; CY ?; LZ ; HK ?; WC ?

略 'slightly'

PSM *lioʔ⁸
Douglas (1873): XM lio̍h
QZ ; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ; CY ?; LZ ; HK ; WC

餾 'to heat up; to steam'

PSM *liu⁶
Douglas (1873): XM liū
QZ ; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ; CY ?; LZ ?; HK ?; WC ?

*ts-

查某 'female'

PSM *tsa¹ bou³
Douglas (1873): XM tsa-bɵ́
QZ ; ZZ ; DT ; JY ; CY ?; LZ ; HK ; WC

The Datian form has an irregular reflex on the first syllable. Note that and are almost identical ( and , respectively) after tone sandhi. Assuming that the glottal stop is epenthetic, the only irregularity is the vowel , which may be due to regressive rounding assimilation with the , similar to Haikou .

臍 'navel'

PSM *tsai²
Douglas (1873): XM tsâi
QZ ; ZZ ; DT ; JY ; CY ; LZ ?; HK ; WC

The Chaoyang form is unexpectedly nasalized.

The Datian and Hainanese forms seem to be from a literary layer.

謝 '(a surname)'*

PSM *tsia⁶
Douglas (1873): XM siā , ZZ chiā
QZ ; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ; CY ; LZ ; HK ?; WC ?

The Xiamen and Quanzhou forms are from *sia⁶, the same reading as for “to thank”.

逝 'line; journey; time'

PSM *tsua⁶
Douglas (1873): XM tsoā
QZ ; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ; CY ?; LZ ?; HK ; WC ?

齊 'complete, regular'

PSM *tsiau² ~ *tsau²
Douglas (1873): XM chiâu , QZ tsâu
QZ ; ZZ ; DT ; JY ; CY ?; LZ ; HK ; WC

正 'first month'

PSM *tsiã¹
Douglas (1873): XM chiaⁿ
QZ ; ZZ ; DT ; JY ; CY ?; LZ ; HK ; WC

煎 'to boil'

PSM *tsuã¹
Douglas (1873): XM tsoaⁿ
QZ ; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ; CY ?; LZ ; HK ?; WC

泉 'spring; fountain'

PSM *tsuã²
Douglas (1873): XM tsoâⁿ
QZ ; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ; CY ?; LZ ?; HK ; WC

殘 'slops'

PSM *tsuã²
Douglas (1873): XM tsoâⁿ
QZ ; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ?; CY ?; LZ ?; HK ; WC ?

占 'a kind of rice'

PSM *tsiam¹
Douglas (1873): XM chiam
QZ ; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ; CY ?; LZ ; HK ; WC ?

曾 '(a surname)'

PSM *tsan¹
Douglas (1873): XM tsan
QZ ; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ; CY ?; LZ ; HK ?; WC ?

罾 'fishing net'

PSM *tsan¹
Douglas (1873): XM tsan
QZ ---; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ; CY ?; LZ ; HK ?; WC ?

棕 'palm'

PSM *tsaŋ¹
Douglas (1873): XM tsang
QZ ; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ; CY ?; LZ ; HK ; WC

The Leizhou and Wenchang forms seem to be from a literary stratum.

鬃 'braid; queue; hair bun'

PSM *tsaŋ¹
Douglas (1873): XM tsang
QZ ; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ; CY ?; LZ ; HK ; WC

粽 'glutinous rice dumpling'

PSM *tsaŋ⁵
Douglas (1873): XM tsàng
QZ ; ZZ ; DT ; JY ; CY ?; LZ ; HK ; WC

跡 'trace; place'

PSM *tsiaʔ⁷
Douglas (1873): XM chiah , jiah
QZ ; ZZ ; DT ; JY ; CY ?; LZ ; HK ; WC

縒 'to differ, to miss'

PSM *tsuaʔ⁸
Douglas (1873): XM tsoa̍h
QZ ; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ; CY ?; LZ ; HK ?; WC ?

齋 'vegetarian diet'

PSM *tse¹
Douglas (1873): XM che ; ZZ chɛ
QZ ; ZZ ; DT ; JY ; CY ?; LZ ; HK ; WC

The modern Zhangzhou form is irregular.

蠐 'cicada'

PSM *tse²
Douglas (1873): XM am-pɵ̂-chê ; QZ ka-chê ; ZZ am-pó-chɛ̂
QZ ---; ZZ ---; DT ---; JY ---; CY ---; LZ ---; HK ---; WC ---

No reflexes in the modern varieties above, but it appears in many varieties of Hokkien.

睡 'sleep'

PSM *tsuø⁶
Douglas (1873): XM tsē , ZZ tsōe , TA tsȫ
QZ ---; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ?; CY ?; LZ ; HK ; WC ?

膣 'female genitalia'

PSM *tsi¹
Douglas (1873): XM chi
QZ ; ZZ ; DT ; JY ; CY ?; LZ ; HK ; WC

The tone in Haikou is irregular.

磚 'brick'

PSM *tsuĩ¹
Douglas (1873): XM tsng , ZZ tsuiⁿ
QZ ; ZZ ; DT ; JY ; CY ?; LZ ; HK ; WC

吮 'to suck'

PSM *tsuĩ⁴
Douglas (1873): XM tsn̄g , ZZ tsūiⁿ
QZ ; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ; CY ?; LZ ; HK ?; WC

旋 'whorl on the head'

PSM *tsuĩ⁶
Douglas (1873): XM tsn̄g , ZZ tsūiⁿ
QZ ; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ; CY ?; LZ ; HK ?; WC ?

撏 'to feel for something in a hole, pocket, etc.'

PSM *tsim²
Douglas (1873): XM jîm , ZZ, TA chîm
QZ ---; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ; CY ?; LZ ; HK ; WC

The Zhangzhou form has an unexpectedly voiced initial.

嬸 'aunt (wife of father's younger brother)'

PSM *tsim³ ~ *sim³
Douglas (1873): XM chím , ZZ sím
QZ ; ZZ ; DT ; JY ; CY ?; LZ ; HK ; WC ?

Kwok (2018) mentions this word on page 163, only reconstructing its final.

Most modern reflexes point to *tsim³, except Chaoshan and Haikou forms.

摺 'to fold'

PSM *tsiʔ⁷
Douglas (1873): XM chih
QZ ; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ; CY ?; LZ ?; HK ; WC

齊 'regular'

PSM *tsoi²
Douglas (1873): XM tsôe , QZ tsö̂e , ZZ chê
QZ ; ZZ ; DT ; JY ; CY ; LZ ; HK ; WC

Kwok (2018) briefly mentions this word on page 171 but does not provide a reconstruction.

蕉 'plantain; banana'

PSM *tsio¹
Douglas (1873): XM chio
QZ ; ZZ ; DT ; JY ; CY ; LZ ?; HK ; WC

作 'to do; to work (the fields)'

PSM *tsoʔ⁷
Douglas (1873): XM tsoh
QZ ; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ; CY ?; LZ ; HK ; WC

截 'to slice'

PSM *tsoiʔ⁸
Douglas (1873): XM tso̍eh , QZ tsö̍eh , ZZ che̍h
QZ ; ZZ ---; DT ?; JY ; CY ?; LZ ; HK ; WC

借 'to borrow; to lend'

PSM *tsioʔ⁷
Douglas (1873): XM chioh
QZ ; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ; CY ?; LZ ; HK ; WC ?

書 'book'

PSM *tsɯ¹
Douglas (1873): XM tsu ; QZ tsü
QZ ; ZZ ; DT ; JY ; CY ; LZ ; HK ; WC

The Zhangzhou form is literary.

薯 'yam'

PSM *tsɯ²
Douglas (1873): XM tsû ; QZ tsü̂ , ZZ chî
QZ ; ZZ ; DT ; JY ; CY ; LZ ; HK ; WC

鍾 (盅) 'goblet; cup'

PSM *tsɯŋ¹
Douglas (1873): XM cheng
QZ ; ZZ ; DT ; JY ; CY ?; LZ ?; HK ; WC

鐘 'bell'

PSM *tsɯŋ¹
Douglas (1873): XM cheng
QZ ; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ; CY ; LZ ; HK ; WC

Kwok (2018) mentions the reconstruction of this word on pages 129 and 148, but it is not found in the appendix nor does it have a full entry within the body of the text.

舂 'to pound'

PSM *tsɯŋ¹
Douglas (1873): XM cheng , ZP chiong
QZ ; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ; CY ?; LZ ; HK ; WC

腫 'to swell'

PSM *tsɯŋ³
Douglas (1873): XM chéng , ZP chióng
QZ ; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ; CY ?; LZ ; HK ; WC

種 'to plant'

PSM *tsɯŋ⁵
Douglas (1873): XM chèng , ZZ chiòng
QZ ; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ; CY ?; LZ ; HK ; WC

眾 'all (people)'

PSM *tsɯŋ⁵
Douglas (1873): XM chèng , ZZ chiòng
QZ ; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ; CY ?; LZ ; HK ?; WC

喌 'sound made in calling poultry'

PSM *tsu^?
Douglas (1873): XM tsû
QZ ; ZZ ; DT ; JY ; CY ?; LZ ; HK ; WC ?

前 'the (year) before last'

PSM *tsun²
Douglas (1873): XM tsûn
QZ ; ZZ ; DT ; JY ?; CY ?; LZ ; HK ; WC

The Datian form comes from *tsõi².

嘬 'to suck'

PSM *tsuʔ⁷
Douglas (1873): ---
QZ ---; ZZ ---; DT ?; JY ; CY ?; LZ ?; HK ; WC ?

捽 'to wipe'

PSM *tsut⁸
Douglas (1873): XM tsu̍t
QZ ; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ; CY ?; LZ ; HK ; WC

*tsʰ-

𤷕 'convulsion'

PSM *tsʰai³
Douglas (1873): ---
QZ ---; ZZ ---; DT ?; JY ; CY ?; LZ ; HK ; WC

The nasalization in Jieyang in unexpected. Fielde (1883) records chái .

撨 'to adjust'

PSM *tsʰiau² ~ *tsʰau²
Douglas (1873): XM chhiâu
QZ ; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ; CY ?; LZ ; HK ?; WC ?

閂 'bolt; latch'

PSM *tsʰuã⁵
Douglas (1873): XM chhoàⁿ
QZ ; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ; CY ?; LZ ; HK ; WC ?

The Haikou tone seems to be irregular, but it could be an error in the Haikou dictionary since tone 1 and tone 5 are both rising.

沖 'to flush'

PSM *tsʰiaŋ²
Douglas (1873): XM chhiâng
QZ ; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ?; CY ?; LZ ?; HK ; WC ?

漆 'lacquer'

PSM *tsʰat⁷
Douglas (1873): XM chhat
QZ ; ZZ ; DT ; JY ; CY ?; LZ ; HK ; WC

鑿 'to chisel; to pierce'

PSM *tsʰak⁸
Douglas (1873): XM chha̍k
QZ ; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ; CY ?; LZ ; HK ; WC

斜 'slant'

PSM *tsʰuaʔ⁸ ~ *tsʰua³
Douglas (1873): XM chhoa̍h
QZ ; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ; CY ?; LZ ; HK ; WC

The Chaoshan, Leizhou and Wenchang forms suggest *tsʰua³, but other varieties point to *tsʰuaʔ⁸.

青 'green'

PSM *tsʰẽ¹
Douglas (1873): XM chhiⁿ , ZZ chhɛⁿ
QZ ; ZZ ; DT ; JY ; CY ?; LZ ; HK ; WC

啜 'to sip'

PSM *tsʰuøʔ⁷
Douglas (1873): XM chheh ; QZ chhöh ; ZZ chhoeh
QZ ; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ?; CY ?; LZ ; HK ; WC

This meaning of this word has extended to 'to drink' in Leizhou and Hainan.

溡 'damp'

PSM *tsʰi²
Douglas (1873): XM chhî
QZ ; ZZ ; DT ; JY ?; CY ?; LZ ?; HK ?; WC ?

試 'to try'

PSM *tsʰi⁵
Douglas (1873): XM chhì
QZ ; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ; CY ?; LZ ; HK ; WC

凊 'cold'

PSM *tsʰin⁵
Douglas (1873): XM chhìn
QZ ; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ; CY ?; LZ ; HK ; WC

凊彩 'anyhow; as you please'

PSM *tsʰin⁵ tsʰai³
Douglas (1873): XM chhìn-chhái
QZ ; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ; CY ?; LZ ?; HK ; WC ?

蠘 'swimming crab'

PSM *tsʰiʔ⁸
Douglas (1873): XM chhi̍h
QZ ; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ; CY ?; LZ ; HK ; WC

粞 'rice flour; rice dough'

PSM *tsʰoi⁵
Douglas (1873): XM chhòe
QZ ; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ; CY ?; LZ ; HK ; WC

𤞚 'virile'

PSM *tsʰio¹
Douglas (1873): XM chhio
QZ ; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ; CY ?; LZ ?; HK ?; WC ?

刷 'to scrub'

PSM *tsʰioi⁵
Douglas (1873): XM chhòe ; ZZ chhè
QZ ; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ; CY ?; LZ ?; HK ?; WC ?

Credits to KaraageTimer for mentioning this correspondence set.

筅 'brush'

PSM *tsʰõi³
Douglas (1873): XM chhéng , TA chháiⁿ , QZ chhǘiⁿ , ZZ chhán
QZ ; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ; CY ; LZ ?; HK ; WC

牆 'wall'

PSM *tsʰiõ²
Douglas (1873): XM chhiûⁿ
QZ ; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ; CY ?; LZ ; HK ; WC

慼 'to sob'

PSM *tsʰoiʔ⁷
Douglas (1873): XM chhoeh ; ZZ chheh
QZ ; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ; CY ?; LZ ?; HK ?; WC ?

In some varieties of Hokkien, the meaning has become more metaphorical: 'to hate' and 'to repent'.

Perhaps 'to cherish; to kiss' in Leizhou , Haikou and Wenchang is the same word?

擤 'to blow (one's nose)'

PSM *tsʰɯŋ⁵
Douglas (1873): XM chhèng , ZZ chhiòng
QZ ---; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ?; CY ?; LZ ; HK ; WC

*s-

師 'teacher'

PSM *sai¹
Douglas (1873): XM sai
QZ ; ZZ ; DT ; JY ; CY ; LZ ?; HK ?; WC ?

Kwok (2018) mentions this word on page 170, but he does not provide a reconstruction.

西 'west'

PSM *sai¹
Douglas (1873): XM sai
QZ ; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ; CY ?; LZ ; HK ; WC

獅 'lion'

PSM *sai¹
Douglas (1873): XM sai
QZ ; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ; CY ?; LZ ?; HK ; WC

The Hainanese forms seem to be from a literary stratum.

私 'private'

PSM *sai¹
Douglas (1873): XM sai
QZ ; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ; CY ?; LZ ?; HK ?; WC ?

似, as in 熟似 'familiar'

PSM *sai⁶
Douglas (1873): XM sāi
QZ ; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ?; CY ?; LZ ; HK ?; WC ?

事 'to serve'

PSM *sai⁶
Douglas (1873): XM sāi
QZ ; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ; CY ?; LZ ; HK ?; WC ?

姒 'wives of brothers'

PSM *sai⁶
Douglas (1873): XM sāi
QZ ; ZZ ; DT ; JY ; CY ?; LZ ?; HK ?; WC ?

潲 'semen'

PSM *siau²
Douglas (1873): XM siâu
QZ ; ZZ ; DT ; JY ; CY ?; LZ ?; HK ---; WC ---

鉎 'rust'

PSM *san¹ ~ *sian¹
Douglas (1873): XM sien , ZZ/TA san
QZ ; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ; CY ?; LZ ; HK ; WC

鬆 'loose'

PSM *saŋ¹
Douglas (1873): XM sang
QZ ; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ; CY ?; LZ ; HK ; WC ?

錫 'tin'

PSM *siaʔ⁷
Douglas (1873): XM siah
QZ ; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ; CY ?; LZ ; HK ; WC

屑 'fragment'

PSM *sap⁴ (?)
Douglas (1873): XM sap
QZ ; ZZ ?; DT ?; JY ; CY ?; LZ ?; HK ?; WC ?

腎 'kidney'

PSM *sian⁴
Douglas (1873): XM siēn
QZ ; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ; CY ; LZ ; HK ; WC

This word has an unexpected tone 5 reflex in Leizhou and Hainan.

牲 'sacrificial animal; domestic animal'

PSM *sẽ¹
Douglas (1873): XM siⁿ , ZZ sɛⁿ
QZ ; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ; CY ?; LZ ?; HK ?; WC

蓑 'raincoat'

PSM *sui¹
Douglas (1873): XM sui
QZ ; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ; CY ?; LZ ; HK ; WC

閃 'to flash; to twinkle'

PSM *siʔ⁷
Douglas (1873): XM sih
QZ ?; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ; CY ?; LZ ; HK ; WC

This word has been unexpectedly nasalized in some varieties of Hokkien.

黍 'millet'

PSM *sioi³
Douglas (1873): XM sóe ; QZ sö́e ; ZZ sé
QZ ; ZZ ; DT ; JY ?; CY ?; LZ ; HK ?; WC ?

In Chaozhou, this is pronounced as .

相 'mutually'

PSM *sio¹
Douglas (1873): XM saⁿ ~ sio ; QZ saⁿ ; ZZ sio
QZ ; ZZ ; DT ; JY ; CY ?; LZ ; HK ; WC

The Quanzhou form seems to be irregular. The Leizhou form is from a literary layer.

𣻸 'slime'

PSM *siõ²
Douglas (1873): XM siûⁿ
QZ ; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ?; CY ?; LZ ?; HK ; WC ?

倯 'ignorant; stupid'

PSM *som² (?)
Douglas (1873): XM sông
QZ ; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ?; CY ?; LZ ; HK ?; WC ?

欶 'to suck'

PSM *suʔ⁷ (~ *soʔ⁷?)
Douglas (1873): XM suh , ZP soh
QZ ; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ; CY ?; LZ ; HK ; WC

屑 'fragment; crumb'

PSM *sut⁷
Douglas (1873): XM sut
QZ ; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ; CY ?; LZ ; HK ?; WC ?

*k-

其 '(classifier)'

PSM *kai²
Douglas (1873): XM ê , QZ gê
QZ ; ZZ ; DT ; JY ; CY ?; LZ ; HK ; WC

There is significant reduction in Quanzhou, Zhangzhou and Datian, where reduces by coalescence to , and is lenited to or deleted.

垢圿 'dirt; filth (on the skin)'

PSM *kau³ koiʔ⁷
Douglas (1873): XM káu-koeh-sien , ZZ káu-koeh-san
QZ ; ZZ ---; DT ?; JY ; CY ?; LZ ; HK ; WC ?

The tone of the first syllable in Leizhou and Haikou are irregular.

柯 '(a surname)'*

PSM *kua¹
Douglas (1873): XM koa
QZ ; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ; CY ?; LZ ; HK ?; WC ?

The Leizhou form is from a literary stratum.

旰 'interval of time; half a day'

PSM *kua⁵
Douglas (1873): ---
QZ ?; ZZ ?; DT ?; JY ; CY ?; LZ ; HK ; WC ?

胿 'tadpole' (modified)

PSM *kuai¹ ~ *kui¹ (Kwok *kuai¹)
Douglas (1873): XM kui
QZ ; ZZ ; DT ---; JY ; CY ---; LZ ; HK ---; WC ---

The Quanzhou and Leizhou forms derive from *kui¹, while the Zhangzhou and Jieyang forms derive from *kuai¹.

官 'official'

PSM *kuã¹
Douglas (1873): XM koaⁿ
QZ ; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ; CY ?; LZ ; HK ; WC

寒 'cold'

PSM *kuã²
Douglas (1873): XM koâⁿ
QZ ; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ; CY ?; LZ ; HK ; WC

趕 'to chase away; to hurry'

PSM *kuã³
Douglas (1873): XM koáⁿ
QZ ; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ; CY ?; LZ ; HK ; WC

囝 '(female) slave'

PSM *kan³
Douglas (1873): XM kán
QZ ; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ; CY ?; LZ ?; HK ?; WC ?

共 'alike; for; with; and'

PSM *kaŋ⁶
Douglas (1873): XM kāng , kā
QZ ; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ; CY ?; LZ ; HK ; WC

𩛩 'to roll up'

PSM *kauʔ⁷
Douglas (1873): XM kauh
QZ ; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ; CY ?; LZ ?; HK ?; WC ?

腐 'to rot from dampness'

PSM *kauʔ⁷
Douglas (1873): XM kauh
QZ ; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ; CY ?; LZ ; HK ; WC ?

捔 'to throw'

PSM *kak⁸
Douglas (1873): XM ka̍k
QZ (as in ); ZZ ; DT ?; JY ; CY ?; LZ (as in ); HK ; WC

架 'frame'

PSM *ke⁵
Douglas (1873): XM kè , ZZ kɛ̀
QZ ; ZZ ; DT ; JY ; CY ?; LZ ; HK ; WC

橛 'section (of a long object)'

PSM *kueʔ⁸
Douglas (Barclay's supplement, 1923): XM koe̍h
QZ ---; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ; CY ?; LZ ?; HK ; WC

規 'entire; whole'

PSM *kui¹
Douglas (1873): XM kui
QZ ; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ; CY ?; LZ ?; HK ?; WC ?

機 'loom'

PSM *kui¹
Douglas (1873): XM kui
QZ ; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ; CY ?; LZ ?; HK ?; WC ?

胿 'crop of a bird'

PSM *kui¹
Douglas (1873): XM kui
QZ ; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ; CY ?; LZ ; HK ; WC ?

膎 'pickled seafood'

PSM *koi²
Douglas (1873): XM kôe , QZ kö̂e , ZZ kê
QZ ; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ; CY ?; LZ ; HK ; WC ?

解 'to untie'

PSM *koi³
Douglas (1873): XM kóe , QZ kö́e , ZZ ké
QZ ; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ; CY ?; LZ ; HK ; WC

疥 'itch'

PSM *koi⁵
Douglas (1873): XM kòe , QZ kö̀e , ZZ kè
QZ ; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ; CY ?; LZ ?; HK ; WC

界 'boundary'

PSM *koi⁵
Douglas (1873): XM kòe , QZ kö̀e , ZZ kè
QZ ; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ; CY ?; LZ ; HK ?; WC ?

䀇 'pot; kettle; jug'

PSM *kou³
Douglas (1873): XM kɵ́
QZ ; ZZ ; DT ; JY ?; CY ?; LZ ?; HK ?; WC ?

Fielde (1883) records kó .

橋 'bridge'*

PSM *kio²
Douglas (1873): XM kiô
QZ ; ZZ ; DT ; JY ; CY ; LZ ; HK ; WC

轎 'sedan chair'

PSM *kio⁶
Douglas (1873): XM kiō
QZ ; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ; CY ?; LZ ; HK ?; WC ?

襇 'fold; wrinkle'

PSM *kõi³
Douglas (1873): XM kéng , QZ kǘiⁿ
QZ ; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ; CY ?; LZ ; HK ?; WC ?

腳 'porter; porterage; person; role'

PSM *kioʔ⁷
Douglas (1873): XM kioh
QZ ; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ; CY ?; LZ ; HK ; WC ?

凝 'to congeal'*

PSM *kɯn² ~ *kian² (?)
Douglas (1873): XM kiên
QZ ; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ; CY ?; LZ ; HK ?; WC ?

Reconstruction to *kɯn² is supported by Chaozhou /kɯŋ²/. The Jieyang form can only be derived from *kɯn², and the Quanzhou form can only be derived from *kian². The Leizhou form can be reflexes of either.

腎 'gizzard'

PSM *kɯn⁴ ~ *kian⁴ (?)
Douglas (1873): XM kiēn , ZZ kīn
QZ ; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ; CY ; LZ ; HK ; WC

Reconstruction to *kɯn⁴ is supported by Chaozhou /kɯŋ⁴/*. The Zhangzhou and Chaoshan forms can only be derived from *kɯn⁴, and the Quanzhou form can only be derived from *kian⁴. The Leizhou and Hainan forms can be reflexes of either.

菊 'chrysanthemum'

PSM *kɯk⁷ ~ kak⁷ (?)
Douglas (1873): XM kek , QZ kak , ZZ kiok
QZ ; ZZ ; DT ; JY ; CY ; LZ ; HK ; WC

All the reflexes except Quanzhou can be derived from *kɯk⁷. For Zhangzhou, it may alternatively be literary. The Leizhou form is probably borrowed from a neighbouring Yue variety, such as Zhanjiang .

呴 'to suck (smoke)'

PSM *kuʔ⁷ (?)
Douglas (1873): ---
QZ ?; ZZ (?); DT ?; JY ; CY ?; LZ ?; HK ; WC

*kʰ-

寬 'slow'

PSM *kʰuã¹
Douglas (1873): XM khoaⁿ
QZ ; ZZ ; DT ; JY ; CY ?; LZ ; HK ; WC

咁 'to cough'

PSM *kʰam⁴
Douglas (1873): XM khâm
QZ ; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ; CY ?; LZ ?; HK ?; WC ?

The tone recorded in Douglas (1873) is unexpected based on the modern reflexes. Fielde (1883) records khăm-sàu (under the entry sàu) as expected.

控 'to scratch with one's nails'

PSM *kʰaŋ⁵
Douglas (1873): XM khàng
QZ ; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ; CY ?; LZ ; HK ; WC ?

The tone in the Leizhou form is irregular.

勥 'competent'

PSM *kʰiaŋ⁵
Douglas (1873): XM khiàng
QZ ; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ; CY ?; LZ ; HK ; WC ?

㾀 'spoiled; bad'

PSM *kʰiap⁷
Douglas (1873): XM khiap
QZ ; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ; CY ?; LZ ; HK ; WC

氣 'vapour'

PSM *kʰui⁵
Douglas (1873): XM khùi
QZ ; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ; CY ?; LZ ; HK ; WC ?

Kwok (2018) mentions this word on page 168, but he does not provide a reconstruction.

齧 'to gnaw'

PSM *kʰoi⁵
Douglas (1873): XM khòe ; QZ khö̀e ; ZZ khè
QZ ; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ; CY ?; LZ ; HK ; WC ?

許 '(a surname)'*

PSM *kʰou³
Douglas (1873): XM khɵ́
QZ ; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ; CY ?; LZ ; HK ?; WC

瞌 'to close (the eyes)'

PSM *kʰoiʔ⁷
Douglas (1873): XM khoeh ; QZ khöeh ; ZZ kheh
QZ ; ZZ ; DT ; JY ; CY ?; LZ ; HK ; WC

The meaning of this word has extended to 'to sleep' in Leizhou and Hainan.

柝 'wooden percussion instrument (e.g. wooden fish)'

PSM *kʰok⁸ ~ *kʰok⁷
Douglas (1873): XM kho̍k , QZ khok ~ kho̍k
QZ ; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ; CY ?; LZ ; HK ?; WC ?

曲 'song'

PSM *kʰɯk⁷
Douglas (1873): XM khek
QZ ; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ; CY ?; LZ ; HK ; WC

Kwok (2018) mentions the reconstruction of this word on page 143, but it is not found in the appendix nor does it have a full entry within the body of the text.

窟 'hole; pit'

PSM *kʰut⁷
Douglas (1873): XM khut
QZ ; ZZ ; DT ; JY ; CY ?; LZ ; HK ; WC ?

屈 'to bend'

PSM *kʰut⁷
Douglas (1873): XM khut
QZ ; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ; CY ?; LZ ?; HK ; WC ?

屈 'blunt; dull; stunted'

PSM *kʰut⁸
Douglas (1873): XM khu̍t
QZ ; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ; CY ?; LZ ; HK ; WC ?

*ɡ-

夗 'to sleep'

PSM *ɡut⁸
Douglas (1873): ---
QZ ?; ZZ ?; DT ?; JY ; CY ?; LZ ?; HK ?; WC

The deletion of the initial in Jieyang and other Chaoshan dialects seems to be relatively recent. Fielde (1883) records both ût and gût , which suggests two competing forms in the late 19th century.

*ŋh-

眼, as in 龍眼 'dragon's eye'

PSM *ŋhõi³
Douglas (1873): XM géng , TA gáiⁿ , QZ gǘi , ZZ kán ~ kéng
QZ ; ZZ ; DT ; JY ; CY ?; LZ ?; HK ; WC

The Datian form seems to be from a literary layer.

The /k-/ form in Zhangzhou is possibly a fortition due to dissimilation with the preceding /ŋ/ (thanks Shiro for the idea!).

The Jieyang form may also be derived from a form with the fortition to /k-/, and it may have further undergone rebracketing to be the coda of the first syllable.

*ŋ-

蜈蚣 'centipede'

PSM *ŋia² kaŋ¹
Douglas (1873): XM giâ-kang
QZ ; ZZ ; DT ; JY ; CY ?; LZ ; HK ; WC

In Datian, the initial in the first syllable has been deleted irregularly.

In Guangdong and Hainan, the vowel in the first syllable has become or by coalescence.

The Wenchang form is literary.

凝 'cold'

PSM *ŋan²
Douglas (1873): XM gân
QZ ; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ; CY ?; LZ ?; HK ?; WC ?

𫝏 'to cool'

PSM *ŋan⁵
Douglas (1873): XM gàn
QZ ; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ; CY ?; LZ ; HK ?; WC ?

癮 'craving'

PSM *ŋian⁵
Douglas (1873): XM gièn
QZ ; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ; CY ; LZ ; HK (?); WC

卬 'stupified; frozen; numb'

PSM *ŋaŋ⁶
Douglas (1873): XM gāng
QZ ---; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ?; CY ?; LZ ; HK ; WC

嚙 'to bite'

PSM *ŋiat⁷ (?)
Douglas (1873): XM giet
QZ ; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ?; CY ?; LZ ; HK ?; WC ?

硬 'hard; obstinately'

PSM *ŋẽ⁴
Douglas (1873): XM ngīⁿ , ZZ ngɛ̄ⁿ
QZ ; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ; CY ?; LZ ; HK ; WC

戇 'foolish'

PSM *ŋoŋ⁶
Douglas (1873): XM gōng
QZ ; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ?; CY ?; LZ ; HK ?; WC ?

*h-

縖 'to wrap around'

PSM *ha²
Douglas (1873): XM hâ
QZ ; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ; CY ?; LZ ; HK ?; WC ?

鱟 'horseshoe crab'

PSM *hau⁶
Douglas (1873): XM hāu
QZ ; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ?; CY ?; LZ ; HK ?; WC

後, as in 後生 'young'

PSM *hau⁶
Douglas (1873): XM hāu
QZ ; ZZ ; DT ; JY ; CY ?; LZ ; HK ; WC

The Quanzhou and Jieyang tones may actually be tone 6 since this word is always sandhied (both tone 4 and tone 6 sandhi to the same tone).

The form in Wenchang is from PSM *au⁴.

鼾 'to snore'

PSM *huã²
Douglas (1873): XM hoâⁿ
QZ ; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ; CY ?; LZ ; HK ; WC

岸 'embankment; dyke'

PSM *huã⁶
Douglas (1873): XM hoāⁿ
QZ ; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ; CY ?; LZ ; HK ; WC ?

薟 'pungent; acrid'

PSM *hiam¹
Douglas (1873): XM hiam
QZ ; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ; CY ?; LZ ; HK ; WC ?

掀 'to open (a book, etc.)'

PSM *hian¹
Douglas (1873): XM hien
QZ ; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ; CY ?; LZ ?; HK ?; WC

獻 'odour'

PSM *hian⁵
Douglas (1873): XM hièn
QZ ; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ; CY ?; LZ ; HK ; WC

The tone in Leizhou is irregular.

現 'now'

PSM *hian⁶ ~ *hin⁶
Douglas (1873): XM hiēn
QZ ; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ; CY ; LZ ; HK ; WC

The Quanzhou, Zhangzhou and Chaoyang forms can only be derived from *hian⁶, and the Jieyang form can only be derived from *hin⁶. The Leizhou and Hainan forms can be reflexes of either.

喝 'to shout'

PSM *huaʔ⁷
Douglas (1873): XM hoah
QZ ; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ; CY ?; LZ ; HK ; WC

礐 'lavatory'

PSM *hak⁸
Douglas (1873): XM ha̍k
QZ ; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ?; CY ?; LZ ; HK ; WC ?

瘕 'asthma'

PSM *he¹
Douglas (1873): XM he , ZZ hɛ
QZ ; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ; CY ?; LZ ; HK ; WC ?

弦 'string'

PSM *hĩ²
Douglas (1873): XM hîⁿ
QZ ; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ; CY ?; LZ ?; HK ; WC

The Quanzhou and Zhangzhou forms are of literary origin. The Haikou and Wenchang forms have an irregular initial.

挕 'to toss' (modified)

PSM *hĩ⁵ (Kwok *hiu⁵ (?) ~ *hĩ⁵ 'to sprinkle')
Douglas (1873): XM hìⁿ
QZ ; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ; CY ; LZ ; HK ?; WC ?

Kwok reconstructs *hiu⁵ (?) ~ *hĩ⁵ seemingly without knowing of Quanzhou and Zhangzhou . With this new information, it is unclear how the Datian form cited in Kwok is related.

昏 'evening'

PSM *huĩ¹
Douglas (1873): XM hng , ZZ huiⁿ
QZ ; ZZ ; DT ; JY ; CY ?; LZ ; HK ; WC

The rhyme in the Datian form is irregular.

園 'garden'

PSM *huĩ²
Douglas (1873): XM hn̂g , ZZ hûiⁿ
QZ ; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ; CY ?; LZ ; HK ; WC

方 'prescription; place'

PSM *hõ¹
Douglas (1873): XM hng
QZ ; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ; CY ?; LZ ?; HK ?; WC ?

蜆 'clam'

PSM *hõi³
Douglas (1873): ---
QZ ; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ; CY ?; LZ ?; HK ; WC

The Quanzhou and Zhangzhou forms are literary.

雄 'male'

PSM *hɯŋ²
Douglas (1873): XM hêng
QZ ; ZZ ; DT ; JY ; CY ?; LZ ; HK ; WC

*∅-

甌 'small cup; bowl'

PSM *au¹
Douglas (1873): XM au
QZ ; ZZ ; DT ; JY ; CY ?; LZ ?; HK ?; WC ?

The Datian form seems to be irregular.

換 'to change'

PSM *uã⁶
Douglas (1873): XM oāⁿ
QZ ; ZZ ; DT ; JY ; CY ?; LZ ; HK ; WC

𧌄蜅 'cicada (modifier?)'

PSM *iõ² pou¹ (?)
Douglas (1873): XM am-pɵ̂-chê (some say pɵ ); ZZ am-pó-chɛ̂ , am-kóng-chûn
QZ ; ZZ ; DT ---; JY ; CY ?; LZ ---; HK ---; WC ---

Modern Xiamen , Lukang , Kinmen , Magong , Zhao'an .

煙 'smoke'

PSM *ian¹ ~ *in¹
Douglas (1873): XM ien
QZ ; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ; CY ?; LZ ; HK ; WC

沿 'layer, pile'

PSM *ian² ~ *in²
Douglas (1873): XM iên
QZ ?; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ; CY ?; LZ ?; HK ; WC ?

嬰 'infant'

PSM *ẽ¹
Douglas (1873): XM ɛⁿ , TA iⁿ
QZ ; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ?; CY ?; LZ ?; HK ?; WC ?

Duffus (1883) records gû-eⁿ "heifer".

楹 'beam; rafter'

PSM *ẽ²
Douglas (1873): XM îⁿ , ZZ ɛ̂ⁿ
QZ ; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ; CY ?; LZ ; HK ; WC

院 'public building; hall'

PSM *ĩ⁶
Douglas (1873): XM īⁿ
QZ ; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ; CY ?; LZ ; HK ; WC

The Leizhou and Hainanese forms are literary.

憶 'to recollect'

PSM *it⁷
Douglas (1873): XM it
QZ ; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ; CY ?; LZ ?; HK ; WC

呵咾 'to praise'

PSM *o¹ lo³
Douglas (1873): XM o-ló
QZ ; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ; CY ?; LZ ; HK ?; WC ?

The Leizhou form has an irregular reflex . This ua ~ o alternation is reminiscent of the colloquial-literary alternation in 歌 (gē), 何.

挨 'to push'

PSM *oi¹
Douglas (1873): XM oe ; QZ öe ; ZZ e
QZ ; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ; CY ?; LZ ; HK ; WC ?

央 'middle'

PSM *õ¹
Douglas (1873): XM ng
QZ ; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ?; CY ?; LZ ?; HK ; WC

影 'shade'

PSM *õ³
Douglas (1873): XM ńg
QZ ; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ?; CY ?; LZ ; HK ; WC

䁐 'to look towards; to watch; to hope'

PSM *õ⁵
Douglas (1873): XM ǹg
QZ ; ZZ ; DT ; JY ; CY ?; LZ ; HK ; WC

搵 'to dip'

PSM *un⁵
Douglas (1873): XM ùn
QZ ; ZZ ; DT ?; JY ; CY ?; LZ ; HK ; WC ?

塕 'dust flying'

PSM *ɯŋ¹
Douglas (1873): XM eng
QZ ; ZZ ; DT ; JY ; CY ?; LZ ; HK ?; WC ?

蕹 'water spinach'

PSM *ɯŋ⁵
Douglas (1873): XM èng , ZZ iòng
QZ ; ZZ ; DT ; JY ; CY ?; LZ ; HK ; WC

The Leizhou form seems to be irregular.

姆 'wife of father's elder brother'

PSM *m³
Douglas (1873): XM ḿ
QZ ; ZZ ; DT ; JY ; CY ?; LZ ; HK ---; WC ---

The Datian form is irregular.