User:Musetta6729/sandbox/Jinhua

Wuzhou Wu, also variably classified as part of Jinqu Wu, is a branch of Wu Chinese spoken primarily in and around the modern-day city of Jinhua, as well as some parts of Quzhou and Hangzhou.

Currently Wiktionary supports a pronunciation module for Old-Period Urban Jinhuanese. This references the Jinhuanese spoken by speakers from Jinhua's city centre, born roughly from the 1920s to the 1930s. This system, however, ought to also be compatible with younger or certain older speaker's lects to an extent.

There is no official government-endorsed romanisation system, but Wiktionary's modules will be using Wugniu's romanisation scheme, with some spelling and formatting extensions devised by Wiktionary. The Wu-Chinese Minidict has also developed a romanisation system hereby listed for reference, but is not officially integrated into Wiktionary architecture.

Syllables are composed of initials and finals, as well as a tone value. Below are all the initials in Jinhuanese. When applicable, colloquial and literary readings will respectively be marked with the subscripts _白 and _文 following the example characters.

The finals are hereby divided into two kinds: there are 51 "regular" finals that can occur in most single-character readings, as well as 14 finals that occur exclusively in.

There are 14 finals that are exclusive to diminutive character forms, listed in the table below (consult the more detailed "diminutive" section below for more info on them). Another 5 finals from the "regular final" table above can also occur in diminutive form readings. These are highlighted in dark grey in the table below. This makes a total of 19 finals that can appear in Jinhuanese diminutives.

See the erhua-diminutive section for more.

The tone system in Urban Jinhuanese consists of 7 single-character tones (otherwise known as "citation tones") numbered from 1 to 8, as well as a complex tone sandhi system which generate distinct tone contours for different combinations of underlying character tones.

Jinhuanese citation tones

Wugniu Citation tone number	Citation tone name (tone category)	Citation tone value
1	dark level / 陰平／阴平	˧˧˦ 334
2	light level / 陽平／阳平	˧˩˧ 313
3	rising / 上聲／上声	˥˧˥ 535
5	dark departing / 陰去／阴去	˥˥ 55
6	dark departing / 陽去／阳去	˩˦ 14
7	dark checked / 陰入／阴入	˦ʔ 4
8	light checked / 陽入／阳入	˨˩˨ʔ 212

The tone system in Jinhuanese assigns all its tones to one of two distinct registers: the dark (陰／阴) register and the light (陽／阳) register. Dark tones (tones 1, 3, 5, 7) only occur with voiceless initials while light tones (tones 2, 6, 8) only occur with voiced initials. The null initial, on the other hand, can occur in both tone registers. This system of numbering and category-naming is concordant with the Middle Chinese tone system, and the general convention for Wugniu tone-numbering (see here).

This range of tone numbers is what is displayed on the front-end dictionary pages. However, some additional tone numbers are used in the input to generate the correct combination of single-character tones and actual post-tone sandhi realizations. The situations where this applies are explained below.

When characters combine to form words and sentences in Jinhuanese, they undergo tone sandhi. This can happen either in "blocks" of several syllables where their tones change functioning somewhat as one tonal unit, or in between boundaries of different tone "block" units.

Note that there are also other kinds of semantic-morphological tone change in Jinhuanese that are different from tone sandhi. See, namely, the section on diminutive tone change.

The way in which tone sandhi surfaces derives from many traits of the specific vocabulary item(s). Factors include the tones of the individual characters themselves, but also their historical tone categories, their morphology, and sometimes other less systematically predictable exceptions down to the specific vocabulary item.

To account for these factors, the pronunciation module contains certain markers to encode additional underlying tonal and prosodic-morphological information about tone sandhi. Aside from the citation tone numbers 1-3 and 5-8, the number 4, and the letters A or C. Historically distinct tones that have merged in single-character and d (For the source code of the module, see Module:wuu-pron/Jinhua; for documentation and test examples, see Module:wuu-pron/Jinhua/documentation.)

There are 7 citation tones in Urban Jinhuanese. However, historical mergers, splits, dissimilations and categorical shifts Some tones that are merged in single-character realizations but historically distinct are also sometimes kept distinct.

The tone number 4 is absent in monosyllables due to all historical tone 4 syllables having been merged into tone 3. In fact, such historical tone mergers and categorical shifts — along with other factors — contribute the irregularities in individual characters' tones and their respective behaviour in tone sandhi units.

All the available underlying tone categories. The underlying tones 4, 5, and 6 have edge-cases where they generate alternative tone sandhi contour, which can be input with A or C after the tone number.

Correlations between Citation Tone Categories and Underlying Tone Categories (Sometimes) Disambiguated in Tone Sandhi

Wugniu Citation tone number	Citation tone name (tone category)	Underlying (Input) tone number	Underlying tone category	Citation tone value	Example characters
1	dark level 陰平／阴平	1	MC dark level	˧˧˦ 334	高安開天三飛 / 高安开天三飞
2	light level 陽平／阳平	2	MC light level	˧˩˧ 313	窮平神鵝麻文 / 穷平神鹅麻文
3	dark rising 陰上／阴上	3	MC dark rising	˥˧˥ 535	古紙口草手死 / 古纸口草手死
		4	MC light rising (vernacular readings)		老買有坐白稻白後白 / 老买有坐白稻白后白
		4A	Tone 4 characters in specific tone sandhi patterns - see tone sandhi sections.
5	dark departing 陰去／阴去	5	MC dark departing	˥˥ 55	醉對唱菜送放 / 醉对唱菜送放
		5A	MC dark departing in specific tone sandhi patterns - see tone sandhi sections.
		5C	MC dark checked characters from the 山 and 咸 rhyme groups (vernacular reading)		割白鐵白發白 / 割白铁白发白
6	light departing 陽去／阳去	6	MC light departing + MC light rising (literary readings)	˩˦ 14	大病樹坐文稻文後文 / 大病树坐文稻文后文
		6A	Tone 6 characters in specific tone sandhi patterns - see tone sandhi sections.
		6C	MC light checked characters from the 山 and 咸 rhyme groups (vernacular reading)		月白葉白罰白 / 月白叶白罚白
7	dark checked 陰入／阴入	7	MC dark checked + literary reading of tone 5C characters	˦ʔ 4	一七福割文鐵文發文 / 一七福割文铁文发文
8	light checked 陽入／阳入	8	MC light checked + literary reading of tone 6C characters	˨˩˨ʔ 212	讀白服月文葉文罰文 / 读白服月文叶文罚文

The historical

Other than the citation tones, tones also often go through tone sandhi in various occasions.

Tone sandhi in Jinhuanese is quite complex. Aside from influences from historical tone mergers and historical strata, there are also different types of tone sandhi used under different lexical and morphosyntactical contexts. Cao (2002) has classified them into the following four categories, based on their functions and purposes. In the {{zh-pron}} input, all except regular sandhi chains require an extra sandhi-type marker to clarify the sandhi-type applicable to the sandhi unit at hand.

Below are the four sandhi-types recognised by the module and their respective input markers:

• Regular ("Phonetic") Sandhi / 語音變調
  • (default, no alphabetical marking required - e.g. 1cin ua2)
• Predicate-Object (PO) Sandhi / 述賓式
  • (marked with a P at the end of each chain in the input - e.g. 5chiaon kuo1P, 5Cfoea dzae2P)
• Neutralised Tail (NT) Sandhi / 實虛式
  • (marked with a T at the end of each chain in the input - e.g. 1pau tsy3T, 2gnin tsy3AT)
• Numeral-Classifier (NC) Sandhi / 數量式
  • (marked with a # between the number and the classifier in the input - e.g. 1sa#3ua, 7iq peq7#1ciaon)

Cao (2002) had classified Predicate-Object (PO), Neutralised Tail (NT) and Numeral-Classifier (NC) all under the category of "grammatical sandhi" (語法變調), in opposition to the first sandhi-type which he calls a phonetic sandhi (語音變調).

The sections below will cover more details about each sandhi-type and the sandhi patterns that occur under them.

These sandhi patterns are the most generally applicable to most lexicalised compounds.

Below are the regular disyllabic tone sandhi patterns in Urban Jinhuanese.

For regular trisyllabic sandhi,

The erhua-diminuitive (often referred to as 小稱 in much of the Chinese-language literature) refers to processes historically involving the diminutive suffix 兒／儿, causing vowel umlauts and tone shifts along the way, comparable to the phenomenon of erhua in many Mandarin varieties.

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Cao, Zhiyun 曹志耘. 2001. “‘Nánbù Wúyǔ de Xiǎochēng’ 南部吴语的小称 .” Yǔyán Yánjiū 语言研究, no. 3: 33–44.

———. 2002. “Nánbù Wúyǔ Yǔyīn Yánjiū” 南部吴语语音研究 . Beijing: The Commercial Press.

———. 2016. “Wúyǔ Wùzhōu Fāngyán Yánjiū” 吴语婺州方言研究 . Beijing: The Commercial Press.

Carroll, Lucien. 2012. “Jinhua Dialect Tone Sandhi.” http://dx.doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.1.4017.8322.