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These entries have exceptionally many definitions, translations, pronunciations, plurals, alternative forms, etc. (The lists are currently maintained manually; some entries may have been missed. Suggest new categories on the talk page. Each category should list only the top 30 entries max.)
Longest etymological chains
- Terms which passed (by borrowing) through the greatest number of languages on their way to their destination. (Descent through different temporal stages of a language doesn't count, e.g. a word that passed from PIE into Proto-Italic into Latin into Old French into Middle French, and was borrowed into Middle English and survived into modern English, was only borrowed once: otherwise, this becomes just a list of "languages for which we reconstruct, and which we divide up into, the most ancestors".)
- jaabu (“soap”) (Dhuwal, 8 links): from Makasar, from Malay, from Arabic, from Syriac, from Aramaic, from Ancient Greek, from Latin, from Germanic.
- tsukkõr (“sugar”) (Livonian, 8 links): from Latvian, from Livonian, from German, from Latin, from Italian, from Arabic, from Persian, from Sanskrit.
- muze, muz, muze, and muuze (“banana”) (Baiso, Ganjule, Kachama, and Sidamo, 7+ links): from Amharic, from Arabic, from Middle Persian, from Sanskrit, from an unknown Dravidian source, from an unknown Malayo-Polynesian source, from an unknown Trans-New Guinean language.
- lais, reis (“rice”) (Awara and Takia, 7 links): from Tok Pisin, from French, from Italian, from Greek, from Persian/Iranian, from some Eastern source .
- ара́нжавы (aránžavy, “orange (color)”) (Belarusian, 7 links): from Russian, from Old French, from Italian, from Arabic, from Classical Persian, from Sanskrit, from an unknown Dravidian language.
- oka (English, 7 links): from Italian, from French, from Turkish, possibly from Arabic, from Classical Syriac, from Greek, from Latin.
- शामन (śāman, “shaman”) (Hindi, 7 links): from English, from German, from Russian, from Evenki, from either Tocharian B or Chinese, ultimately (either way) from Pali, from Sanskrit.
- oranye, oraño (“orange (color)”) (Indonesian and Papiamentu, 7 links): from Dutch, from Old French, from Italian, from Arabic, from Classical Persian, from Sanskrit, from an unknown Dravidian language.
- オレンジ (orenji), 오렌지 (orenji), oren (“orange (color and fruit)”) (Japanese, Korean, Malay, 7 links): from English, from Old French, from Italian, from Arabic, from Classical Persian, from Sanskrit, from an unknown Dravidian language.
- カノン (kanon, “cannon”) (Japanese, 7 links): from Dutch, from Middle French, from Italian, from Latin, from Ancient Greek, from Akkadian, from Sumerian.
- キャノン (kyanon, “cannon”) (Japanese, 7 links): from English, from Old French, from Italian, from Latin, from Ancient Greek, from Akkadian, from Sumerian.
- orendż, ʔo·linčas (“orange (fruit)”) (Kashubian, Makah, 7 links): from English, from Old French, from Italian, from Arabic, from Classical Persian, from Sanskrit, from an unknown Dravidian language.
- cukurs (“sugar”) (Latvian, 7 links): from Livonian, from German, from Latin, from Italian, from Arabic, from Persian, from Sanskrit.
- sabung (“soap”) (Makasar, 7 links): from Malay, from Arabic, from Syriac, from Aramaic, from Ancient Greek, from Latin, from Germanic.
- alanya (“orange (both color and fruit)”) (Sranan Tongo, 7 links): from Dutch, from Old French, from Italian, from Arabic, from Classical Persian, from Sanskrit, from an unknown Dravidian language.
- suga (“sugar”) (Takia, 7 links): from Tok Pisin, from English, from French, from Italian, from Arabic, from Persian, from Sanskrit.
- musa (“banana”) (Latin, 6+ links): from Arabic, from Middle Persian, from Sanskrit, from an unknown Dravidian source, from an unknown Malayo-Polynesian source, from an unknown Trans-New Guinean language.
- papirosa (English, 6-7 links): from Russian, from Polish, partly from Spanish, and partly from German, from Latin, from Greek, from Egyptian.
- sogal, juga, suga, shuga, suga, ᓲᑳᐤ (sookaaw), suka, tioka, ᓱᑲᒃ (sokak), sukol, huka, juga, suka, shuga, tswekere, shóogaa, suka, chukela, sukiri, suga, suka, ushukela (“sugar”) (Abenaki, Australian Kriol, Australian Kriol, Belizean Creole, Bislama, Cree, Fijian, Gilbertese, Inuktitut, Maori, Marshallese, Samoan, Shona, Sotho, Tlingit, Tongan, Tsonga, Tswana, Tok Pisin, Wallisian, Zulu, 6 links): from English, from French, from Italian, from Arabic, from Persian, from Sanskrit.
- oranje, oranje (“orange (color)”) (Afrikaans and Dutch, 6 links): from Old French, from Italian, from Arabic, from Classical Persian, from Sanskrit, from an unknown Dravidian language.
- ሙዝ (muz, “banana”) (Amharic, 6 links): from Arabic, from Middle Persian, from Sanskrit, from an unknown Dravidian source, from an unknown Malayo-Polynesian source, from an unknown Trans-New Guinean language.
- rais, rais, raes, ライス, rɛs, raihi and rais (“rice”) (Australian Kriol, Belizean Creole, Bislama, Japanese, Krio, Maori, and Tok Pisin, 6+ links): from English, from French, from Italian, from Greek, from Persian/Iranian, from some Eastern source .
- Taegris, Taigris (“Tigris river”) (Bislama and Tok Pisin, 6 links): from English, from Latin, from Greek, from Persian, from Elamite, from Sumerian.
- ора́нжев (oránžev), oranžs, oranj, ора́нжевый (oránževyj), orange (“orange (color)”) (Bulgarian, Latvian, Romanian, Russian, Swedish, 6 links): from Old French, from Italian, from Arabic, from Classical Persian, from Sanskrit, from an unknown Dravidian language.
- orange, orange, Orange, zoranj (“orange (color and fruit)”) (Danish, English, German, Louisiana Creole, 6 links): from Old French, from Italian, from Arabic, from Classical Persian, from Sanskrit, from an unknown Dravidian language.
- kanon (“cannon”) (Dutch, 6 links): from Middle French, from Italian, from Latin, from Ancient Greek, from Akkadian, from Sumerian.
- burnoose (English, 6 links): from French, from Arabic, from Aramaic, from Greek, from Latin, from Gaulish.
- cannon (English, 6 links): from Old French, from Italian, from Latin, from Ancient Greek, from Akkadian, from Sumerian.
- shaman (English, 6 links): from German, from Russian, from Evenki, from either Tocharian B or Chinese, ultimately (either way) from Pali, from Sanskrit.
- inkivääri (“ginger”) (Finnish, 6 links): from Swedish, from Low German, from Latin, from Greek, from Middle Indic, from Dravidian/Tamil.
- kanava (“canal”) (Finnish, 6 links) from Russian, from Polish, from Italian (inherited from Latin), from Ancient Greek, from Akkadian, from Sumerian.
- sokeri (“sugar”) (Finnish, 6 links): from Swedish, from Low German, from Italian, from Arabic, from Persian, from Sanskrit.
- zoranj, Ransch, Orange (“orange (fruit)”) (Haitian Creole, Hunsrik, Luxembourgish, 6 links): from Old French, from Italian, from Arabic, from Classical Persian, from Sanskrit, from an unknown Dravidian language.
- oca (“oka”) (Italian, 6 links): from French, from Turkish, possibly from Arabic, from Classical Syriac, from Greek, from Latin.
- sukker (“sugar”) (Livonian, 6 links): from German, from Latin, from Italian, from Arabic, from Persian, from Sanskrit.
- sabun (“soap”) (Malay, 6 links): from Arabic, from Syriac, from Aramaic, from Ancient Greek, from Latin, from Germanic.
- cukier (“sugar”) (Polish, 6 links): from German, from Latin, from Italian, from Arabic, from Persian, from Sanskrit.
Longest words
The above list excludes spellings of sign language terms, the longest of which is in American Sign Language: FlatB@InsideChesthigh-PalmAcross-FlatB@InsideChesthigh-PalmAcross FlatB@InsideTrunkhigh-FlatB@InsideTrunkhigh FlatB@DistalCenterChesthigh-PalmBack-FlatB@NearCenterChesthigh-PalmBack FlatB@DistalCenterTrunkhigh-PalmBack-FlatB@NearCenterTrunkhigh-PalmBack (253 characters).
Most anagrams
Most borrowings of the same word into the same language
Direct repeat borrowings
- Cases where one language repeatedly borrowed the same word from another language.
- Vietnamese borrowed Chinese 卷 (“to roll; a roll”) 8 times: as cuốn, as cuộn, as cuợn, as quận, as quấn, as quyển, as quyền, and as quyến.
- English borrowed Narragansett mishcùp (plural mishcùppaûog) 4 times: as mishcup, as scup, as paugie, and as scuppaug (all names for the porgy, Stenotomus chrysops).
Other repeated acquisitions (including through inheritance)
Latin macula made its way into Portuguese at least 7 times:
- mancha (“stain, mark, spot”) is a regular Portuguese descendant,
- mágoa (“grief, sorrow”) is another regular descendant,
- and malha (“stain in animal fur”) is a third regular descendant,
- while mangra (“mildew”) came (possibly via Spanish) from a reduced Vulgar Latin form macla;
- meanwhile, malha (“mail”) arrived via French,
- mácula (“stain, blemish”) was borrowed directly from Latin,
- and maquis was borrowed via French from Corsican.
- Furthermore, macla (“crystal twinning”), which comes from French macle, is of unclear origin; it may derive from macula (“spot”), or it may derive from mascula (“mesh”).
Latin macula also made its way into English at least 5 times:
- macula (“a spot on skin, the eye, a planet or a moon”) was borrowed directly,
- macule (“blur or double impression in printing”) (and variant form mackle) came via French macule,
- mail (“chainmail”) passed through Old French maille (losing the 'c'),
- macchia (“Mediterranean scrubland”) came via Corsican (losing the 'l')
- and maquis (“(French) resistance movement”) came via the same Corsican route but with an added detour through French.
- Furthermore, macle (“crystal, twin crystal”), which comes from French macle, is of unclear origin; it may derive from macula (“spot”), or it may derive from mascula (“mesh”).
Most descendants
- widely borrowed words
- Proto-Indo-European *ḱorkeh₂ ("gravel, boulder"; in descendants: "sugar") (260 descendants, of which 174 are instances of borrowing)
- Proto-Germanic *saipǭ (“soap”) (201 descendants, mostly through borrowing)
- Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s-la (the source of "tea"; 168 descendants, mostly instances of borrowing)
- widely inherited, inherited by a large number of child languages
- Proto-Indo-European *kʷetwóres (191 descendants, mostly instances of inheritance)
- Proto-Bantu *màjíjɪ̀ (94 descendants, mostly instances of inheritance)
- Latin *metipsimus (68 descendants, mostly instances of inheritance)
Most etymology sections a.k.a. most homographs
- Terms of more than one character
- da (Yoruba, 20)
- here (Middle English, 15)
- won (Middle English, 15)
- zꜣ (Egyptian, 15)
- wane (Middle English, 14)
- 고비 (gobi) (Korean, 14)
- 上下 (Japanese, 13)
- 지대 (jidae) (Korean, 13)
- 정식 (jeongsik) (Korean, 13)
- wan (Middle English, 13)
- chỉ (Vietnamese, 13)
- bi (Yoruba, 13)
- -er (English, 12)
- her (Middle English, 12)
- tau (Tokelau, 12)
- sin (Yoruba, 12)
- 𑜁𑜧 (khaw) (Ahom, 11)
- 幾許 (Japanese, 11)
- 사화 (sahwa) (Korean, 11)
- ta (Yoruba, 11)
- yọ (Yoruba, 11)
- con (English, 10)
- 𑜁𑜩 (khay) (Ahom, 10)
- ردن (Arabic, 10)
- لعب (Arabic, 10)
- 감수 (gamsu) (Korean, 10)
- brede (Middle English, 10)
- hure (Middle English, 10)
- lo (Norwegian Bokmål, 10)
- 𒋼 (Sumerian, 10)
- bẹ (Yoruba, 10)
- ja (Yoruba, 10)
- re (Yoruba, 10)
- tọ (Yoruba, 10)
- dun (English, 9)
- سر (Urdu, 9)
- کل (Urdu, 9)
- 연기 (yeon'gi) (Korean, 9)
- dag (English, 8)
- es (Old Irish, 8)
- lay (English, 8)
- rout (English, 8)
- ver (Icelandic, 8)
- חרש (Hebrew, 8)
- 食物 (Japanese, 8)
- 달다 (dalda) (Korean, 8)
- calão (Portuguese, 7)
- lease (English, 7)
- mole (English, 7)
- peel (English, 7)
- weer (Dutch, 7)
- چک (Persian, 7)
- ܥܪܒܐ (Classical Syriac, 7)
- ܩܦܠܐ (Classical Syriac, 7)
- ܩܪܝܬܐ (Classical Syriac, 7)
- 수도 (sudo) (Korean, 7)
- 켜다 (kyeoda) (Korean, 7)
- Single characters
- 哈 (Chinese, 18)
- 私 (Japanese, 17)
- a (English, 16)
- 敦 (Chinese, 15)
- 이 (i) (Korean, 14)
- a- (English, 11)
- 靖 (Japanese, 11)
- 頭 (Japanese, 11)
- 장 (jang) (Korean, 11)
- 수 (su) (Korean, 11)
- 咪 (Chinese, 10)
- 賁 / 贲 (Chinese, 10)
- K (Chinese, 10)
- Q (Chinese, 10)
- 平 (Japanese, 10)
- 가 (ga) (Korean, 10)
- 전 (jeon) (Korean, 10)
- 신 (sin) (Korean, 10)
- 상 (sang) (Korean, 10)
- 수 (su) (Korean, 10)
- 요 (yo) (Korean, 10)
- 양 (yang) (Korean, 10)
- 柄 (Japanese, 9)
- 질 (jil) (Korean, 9)
- -a (English, 8)
- 守 (Japanese, 8)
- 尿 (Japanese, 8)
- 幸 (Japanese, 8)
- 전 (jeon) (Korean, 8)
- X (English, 7)
- 匙 (Japanese, 7)
- 母 (Japanese, 7)
- 苧 (Japanese, 7)
- 말 (mal) (Korean, 7)
- स (sa) (Sanskrit, 7)
Most homophones
- For Japanese and French, only the top 8 per language are listed.
- Chinese has not yet been counted.
- Japanese (35): 庚, 鸛, 公, 爻, 功, 巧, 甲, 交, 行, 劫, 孝, 更, 抗, 効, 幸, 侯, 紅, 香, 候, 校, 貢, 項, 項, 綱, 稿, 蝗, 蝗, 薨, 講, 恋う, 請う, 乞う, 恍, 皎, 斯う
- Japanese (24): 将官, 小官, 小寒, 小感, 少閑, 小閑, 召喚, 召還, 招喚, 昇官, 荘官, 庄官, 哨艦, 峭寒, 消閑, 商館, 娼館, 掌管, 傷寒, 照鑑, 賞鑑, 霄漢, 償還, 檣竿
- Japanese (22): 世紀, 正気, 正規, 生気, 生起, 成規, 西紀, 制規, 性器, 青旗, 凄気, 旌旗, 清気, 清奇, 清規, 清暉, 清輝, 盛期, 腥気, 精気, 精機, 精騎
- Japanese (22): 鍵, けん, 件, 見, 券, 妍, 県, 兼, 剣, 拳, 乾, 険, 嶮, 圏, 間, 腱, 権, 賢, 壎, 塤, 顕, 軒
- Japanese (21): 亥, イ, 井, 胆, 猪, 豬, 堰, 藺, 伊, 夷, 衣, 医, 易, 威, 胃, 帷, 異, 偉, 意, 緯, 彝
- Korean (19-20): (낭 (nang) (used only as a syllable?),) 嚢, 囊, 娘, 廊, 曩, 朗, 榔, 浪, 狼, 琅, 瑯, 硠, 稂, 莨, 蜋, 螂, 郎, 郞, 閬
- Japanese (19): 性徴, 正丁, 正調, 生長, 成長, 成鳥, 声調, 征鳥, 性徴, 青鳥, 政庁, 清帳, 清澄, 清聴, 聖朝, 聖寵, 静聴, 整腸, 整調
- Japanese (19): 火星, 化生, 化成, 化性, 化政, 火成, 火勢, 加勢, 仮声, 仮性, 河清, 苛性, 苛政, 家世, 家声, 家政, 家勢, 歌声, 歌聖
- Japanese (19): 蝶, 金魚蝨, 魚蝨, 丁, 庁, 兆, 町, 疔, 長, 帳, 張, 朝, 牒, 腸, 徴, 調, 寵, 鵰, 趙
- Korean (18): 각 (gak), 刻, 却, 卻, 各, 咯, 埆, 恪, 搉, 擱, 慤, 桷, 殼, 珏, 脚, 覺, 角, 閣
- French (18): alésai, alésé, alésée, alésées, aléser, alésés, alésez, alézé, alézée, alézées, alézés, allésai, allésé, allésée, allésées, alléser, allésés, allésez
- French (15): air, aire, airent, aires, airs, ère, ères, erre, errent, erres, ers, haire, haires, hère, hères
- French (14): dégoutter, dégoûtai, dégoûté, dégoûtée, dégoûtées, dégoûter, dégoûtés, dégoûtez, dégouttai, dégoutté, dégouttée, dégouttées, dégouttés, dégouttez
- French (13): déjeûnai, déjeûné, déjeuner, déjeûner, déjeûners, déjeûnez, déjeusnai, déjeusné, déjeusnée, déjeusnées, déjeusner, déjeusnés, déjeusnez
- French (13): compté, comptée, comptées, comptés, comptez, comté, comtés, conté, contée, contées, conter, contés, contez
- French (12): au, aulx, aux, eau, eaux, haut, hauts, ho, o, ô, oh, os
- French (12): penser, pansé, pansée, pansées, pansés, panser, pansez, pensé, pensée, pensées, pensés, pensez
- French (12): tinter, teinté, teintée, teintées, teinter, teintés, tintez, tinté, tintée, tintées, tintés, tintez
- English (10): Cy, psi, sai, scye, Si, sie, sigh, Sy, xi, Sye
Most senses
- take (English, 100 senses: 88 verb senses, 12 noun sense)
- set (English, 85 senses)
- go (English, 74 senses: 61 verb and 13 noun senses)
- run (English, 67 senses, including 30 noun senses, 4 adjective senses, 33 verb senses)
- line (English, 40 senses: 36 noun and 12 verb senses)
Most parts of speech
- a (English): 13: letter, cardinal number, noun, article, preposition, verb, pronoun, 2 different preposition sections, adverb, adjective, symbol, particle, interjection
- Additionally a- (prefix), A (proper noun), -a (suffix), -a- (interfix and infix) can bring the total number to 18.
- a (Irish): 10: 4 different determiner sections, 4 particle sections, preposition, pronoun
- a (Portuguese): 8: letter, noun, article, pronoun, preposition, interjection, verb, contraction
- a (Old Irish): 6 or 7: article, pronoun, conjunction, determiner, particle, particle (2), preposition
- segundo (Portuguese): 6: noun, adjective, adverb, preposition, conjunction, verb
Most plurals
- رَاجِل (rājil) (Arabic, 13)
- جَاهِل (jāhil, “ignorant”) (Arabic, 7) (1 common plural; four masculine plurals; two feminine plurals)
- parashah (English, 7) (different English spellings of three Hebrew pronunciations)
- ذَكَر (ḏakar, “male”) (Arabic, 6)
- Obolus (German, 6)
- rete mirabile (English, 5) (four non-standard Latin plurals)
Most pronunciations
- phonemic
- 龍眼 / 龙眼 (lêng-géng) (Hokkien, 14)
- pecan (English, 10–12)
- quahog (English, at least 10 phonemic pronunciations)
- asphalt (English, 9)
- eschew (English, 8)
- pwn (English, 5 phonemic pronunciations)
- phonetic
- ârbro (Franco-Provençal) (185 (some may be repeated more than once))
- háček (English, 10)
Most spellings
(Counting the main/lemma spelling.)
- words
- Old French: iluec (271)
- English: voivode (64)
- Middle English: seien (44)
- Old French: gingembre (43)
- English: kaymakam (39)
- English: ambergris (35)
- English: kinnikinnick (34)
- Middle English: milwell (34)
- Portuguese: babaçu (33)
- English: scion (28)
- English: Kabballah (26)
- Portuguese: ambaíba (26)
- Persian: اسفناج (esfanâj, esfenâj) (26)
- English: djellaba (24)
- English: motherfucker (24)
- English: Sue, Grabbit and Runne (24)
- Portuguese: signo de Salomão (24)
- Old French: amiral (22)
- English: poppadom (22)
- English: khoomei (21)
- English: Hanukkah (19)
- English: whoop-de-doo (19)
- Armenian: բադրիջան (badriǰan) (18)
- Chinese: 疙瘩 (18)
- English: you (17)
- Asturian: anguaño (17)
- English: knowledge (16)
- English: everything (15)
- English: Portuguese man-of-war (15)
- English: yarmulke (15)
- personal names and related terms
- English: Muhammad (102)
- Indonesian: Rizki (68)
- English: Gaddafi (61)
- English: Farquhar (28)
- English: Husayn (26)
- English: Dostoyevskian (24)
- Portuguese: Gengis Khan (21)
- English: Muammar (14)
- English: Tchaikovsky (11)
Most syllables in one character
- Japanese: 承 (uketamawari) (6 syllables; 6 morae)
- Japanese: 慮 (omonpakari) (5 syllables; 6 morae)
- Japanese: 志 (kokorozashi) (5 syllables; 5 morae)
- Japanese: 詔 (mikotonori) (5 syllables; 5 morae)
- Japanese: 忝 (katajikena) (5 syllables; 5 morae)
- Japanese: 忇 (kōrōgaō) (4 syllables; 7 morae)
- Chinese:
— 招財進寶/招财进宝 (zhāocáijìnbǎo) (single-character version not encoded in Unicode; 4 syllables)
Most translations
Terms which have translations into the greatest number of languages.
(as of April 15, 2016)
- water as of 06:43, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
- woman - as of 03:22, 22 August 2016 (UTC)
- dog
- fish
- rain
- corpse
- one
- fire
- smoke
- horse
- mouth
- coffee
- eye
- sun
- ear
- iron
- butterfly
- tree
- four
- bear
- father
- I
- house
- language
- man (2)
- bee
- heart
- book
- mountain
- five
Oldest citations
- sḏꜣ from the Second Dynasty of Egypt, c. 2690 BCE, quoting what may possibly be the oldest known complete sentence in any language
- 𒄠𒋛 from c. 2nd millennium BCE about animals discussing pooping
Honorable mentions
- citations
- háček (attestation is exceptionally comprehensive)
- ek→ég (continuous attestation begins exceptionally early)
- semantic relations
- iron, water (exceptionally many kinds of semantic relations)
Anteroom of Silliness
- Things which are technically correct, but comically phrased, incomplete, etc. Made-up senses and joke entries can go in WT:BJAODN.
Silly definitions
- Agrilus: "a genus of boring insects"
- abstème: "refusing to communicate with wine in church"
- cope: "to cover a joint or structure with coping", with the usex "I wanted to become a finish carpenter, but I just couldn't cope"
- trampolo: "not the bird"
- vy-: "a Czech prefix"
- English
Silly spellings
- a very un-English-looking English word: kthxbye
- a very Klingon-looking non-Klingon word: Q'anjob'al
- surprisingly not the result of keyboard mashing: gjyq
- something which is the result of keyboard-mashing, across two scripts: くぁwせdrftgyふじこlp
- Who needs vowel sounds? Not one Bella Coola speaker, because xłp̓x̣ʷłtłpłłskʷc̓ (“he had had in his possession a bunchberry plant”) .
- an ancient word (attested ~2280 years ago) that looks like an emoji: 𑀇𑀥 ("here")
- a Luxembourgish word with 5 e's in a row: zweeeeëg
Words created in error
Other silliness
See also