User:Sobreira/PIE verbs b-h
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bʰebʰóydʰe (#bʰebʰóydʰe) bʰéreti (#bʰéreti) bʰéydʰeti (#bʰéydʰeti) bʰéydt (#bʰéydt) bʰinédti (#bʰinédti) bʰoréyeti (#bʰoréyeti) bʰúHt (#bʰúHt) dédeh₃ti (#dédeh₃ti) dedwóye (#dedwóye) déh₃t (#déh₃t) dḗyḱst (#dḗyḱst) déyḱti (#déyḱti) dʰédʰeh₁ti (#dʰédʰeh₁ti) dʰedʰórse (#dʰedʰórse) dʰedʰówgʰe (#dʰedʰówgʰe) dʰéh₁t (#dʰéh₁t) dʰéwgʰti (#dʰéwgʰti) ǵn̥h₃sḱéti (#ǵn̥h₃sḱéti) gʷegʷóme (#gʷegʷóme) gʷémt (#gʷémt) gʷʰédʰyeti (#gʷʰédʰyeti) gʷʰoréyeti (#gʷʰoréyeti) gʷíh₃weti (#gʷíh₃weti) gʷm̥sḱéti (#gʷm̥sḱéti) h₁édti (#h₁édti) h₁ḗdti (#h₁ḗdti) h₁ésti (#h₁ésti) h₁ludʰét (#h₁ludʰét) h₁regʷesyéti (#h₁regʷesyéti) h₁rudʰéh₁ti (#h₁rudʰéh₁ti) h₂éǵeti (#h₂éǵeti) h₂eh₂nóḱe (#h₂eh₂nóḱe) h₂eh₂ógʰe (#h₂eh₂ógʰe) h₂eh₂óyḱe (#h₂eh₂óyḱe) h₂életi (#h₂életi) h₂énh₁ti (#h₂énh₁ti) h₂éryeti (#h₂éryeti) h₂ḱh₂owsyéti (#h₂ḱh₂owsyéti) h₂lékseti (#h₂lékseti) h₂wḗh₁ti (#h₂wḗh₁ti) h₃méyǵʰeti (#h₃méyǵʰeti) h₃roǵéyeti (#h₃roǵéyeti) h₃yébʰeti (#h₃yébʰeti) Hréwpt (#Hréwpt) Hrunépti (#Hrunépti)
VERBS B-H
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This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. |
Proto-Indo-European
Etymology
Reduplicated stative of the root *bʰeydʰ- (“to trust”).
Verb
*PIE verbs b-h (stative)[1]
Inflection
| Stative | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 3rd singular | *bʰebʰóydʰe | |||
| 3rd plural | *bʰebʰidʰḗr | |||
| Active voice | Indicative | Imperative | Subjunctive | Optative |
| 1st singular | *bʰebʰóydʰh₂e | — | *bʰebʰéydʰoh₂ | *bʰebʰidʰyéh₁m̥ |
| 2nd singular | *bʰebʰóydʰth₂e | *bʰebʰóydʰ, *bʰebʰidʰdʰí | *bʰebʰéydʰesi | *bʰebʰidʰyéh₁s |
| 3rd singular | *bʰebʰóydʰe | *bʰebʰóydʰtu | *bʰebʰéydʰeti | *bʰebʰidʰyéh₁t |
| 1st dual | *bʰebʰidʰwé | — | *bʰebʰéydʰowos | *bʰebʰidʰih₁wé |
| 2nd dual | *? | *bʰebʰidʰtóm | *bʰebʰéydʰetes | *bʰebʰidʰih₁tóm |
| 3rd dual | *? | *bʰebʰidʰtā́m | *bʰebʰéydʰetes | *bʰebʰidʰih₁tā́m |
| 1st plural | *bʰebʰidʰmé | — | *bʰebʰéydʰomos | *bʰebʰidʰih₁mé |
| 2nd plural | *bʰebʰidʰé | *bʰebʰidʰté | *bʰebʰéydʰete | *bʰebʰidʰih₁té |
| 3rd plural | *bʰebʰidʰḗr | *bʰebʰidʰéntu | *bʰebʰéydʰonti | *bʰebʰidʰih₁ént |
| Participle | *bʰebʰidʰwṓs | |||
Descendants
References
- ^ Ringe, Donald (2006) From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic (A Linguistic History of English; 1), Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN
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This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. |
Proto-Indo-European
Etymology
Thematic root present of *bʰer- (“to bear, carry”).
Verb
*PIE verbs b-h (imperfective)[1]
- to be carrying
Inflection
| Imperfective, thematic | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 3rd singular | *bʰéreti | ||||
| 3rd plural | *bʰéronti | ||||
| Active voice | Present indicative | Past indicative | Imperative | Subjunctive | Optative |
| 1st singular | *bʰéroh₂ | *bʰérom | — | *bʰérōh₂ | *bʰéroyh₁m̥ |
| 2nd singular | *bʰéresi | *bʰéres | *bʰére | *bʰérēsi | *bʰéroys |
| 3rd singular | *bʰéreti | *bʰéret | *bʰéretu | *bʰérēti | *bʰéroyt |
| 1st dual | *bʰérowos | *bʰérowe | — | *bʰérōwos | *bʰéroywe |
| 2nd dual | *bʰéretes | *bʰéretom | *bʰéretom | *bʰérētes | *bʰéroytom |
| 3rd dual | *bʰéretes | *bʰéretām | *bʰéretām | *bʰérētes | *bʰéroytām |
| 1st plural | *bʰéromos | *bʰérome | — | *bʰérōmos | *bʰéroyme |
| 2nd plural | *bʰérete | *bʰérete | *bʰérete | *bʰérēte | *bʰéroyte |
| 3rd plural | *bʰéronti | *bʰéront | *bʰérontu | *bʰérōnti | *bʰéroyh₁n̥t |
| Participle | *bʰéronts | ||||
| Middle voice | Present indicative | Past indicative | Imperative | Subjunctive | Optative |
| 1st singular | *bʰéroh₂er | *bʰéroh₂e | — | *bʰérōh₂er | *bʰéroyh₂e |
| 2nd singular | *bʰéreth₂er | *bʰéreth₂e | *bʰéreso | *bʰérēth₂er | *bʰéroyth₂e |
| 3rd singular | *bʰéretor | *bʰéreto | *? | *bʰérētor | *bʰéroyto, *bʰéroyh₁o |
| 1st dual | *bʰérowosdʰh₂ | *bʰérowedʰh₂ | — | *bʰérōwosdʰh₂ | *bʰéroywedʰh₂ |
| 2nd dual | *? | *? | *? | *? | *? |
| 3rd dual | *? | *? | *? | *? | *? |
| 1st plural | *bʰéromosdʰh₂ | *bʰéromedʰh₂ | — | *bʰérōmosdʰh₂ | *bʰéroymedʰh₂ |
| 2nd plural | *bʰéredʰh₂we | *bʰéredʰh₂we | *bʰéredʰh₂we | *bʰérēdʰh₂we | *bʰéroydʰh₂we |
| 3rd plural | *bʰérontor | *bʰéronto | *? | *bʰérōntor | *bʰéroyro |
| Participle | *bʰéromnos | ||||
Descendants
- Proto-Albanian: *berja
- Albanian: bie (“to bring”)
- Proto-Armenian:
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *bírāˀtei
- Proto-Celtic: *bereti (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Germanic: *beraną (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Hellenic: *pʰérō (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰárati (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Italic: *ferō (see there for further descendants)
- Messapic: beran (“Bring!”)[2]
- Proto-Tocharian:
References
- ^ Ringe, Donald (2006) From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic (A Linguistic History of English; 1), Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN
- ^ Carlos Quiles, Kárlos Kūriákī, Fernando López-Menchero (2011) A Grammar of Modern Indo European, Indo-European Language Association, →ISBN, page 104
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This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. |
Proto-Indo-European
Etymology
Thematic root present of *bʰeydʰ- (“to trust”).
Verb
*PIE verbs b-h (imperfective)[1]
- to trust
Inflection
| Imperfective, thematic | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 3rd singular | *bʰéydʰeti | ||||
| 3rd plural | *bʰéydʰonti | ||||
| Active voice | Present indicative | Past indicative | Imperative | Subjunctive | Optative |
| 1st singular | *bʰéydʰoh₂ | *bʰéydʰom | — | *bʰéydʰōh₂ | *bʰéydʰoyh₁m̥ |
| 2nd singular | *bʰéydʰesi | *bʰéydʰes | *bʰéydʰe | *bʰéydʰēsi | *bʰéydʰoys |
| 3rd singular | *bʰéydʰeti | *bʰéydʰet | *bʰéydʰetu | *bʰéydʰēti | *bʰéydʰoyt |
| 1st dual | *bʰéydʰowos | *bʰéydʰowe | — | *bʰéydʰōwos | *bʰéydʰoywe |
| 2nd dual | *bʰéydʰetes | *bʰéydʰetom | *bʰéydʰetom | *bʰéydʰētes | *bʰéydʰoytom |
| 3rd dual | *bʰéydʰetes | *bʰéydʰetām | *bʰéydʰetām | *bʰéydʰētes | *bʰéydʰoytām |
| 1st plural | *bʰéydʰomos | *bʰéydʰome | — | *bʰéydʰōmos | *bʰéydʰoyme |
| 2nd plural | *bʰéydʰete | *bʰéydʰete | *bʰéydʰete | *bʰéydʰēte | *bʰéydʰoyte |
| 3rd plural | *bʰéydʰonti | *bʰéydʰont | *bʰéydʰontu | *bʰéydʰōnti | *bʰéydʰoyh₁n̥t |
| Participle | *bʰéydʰonts | ||||
| Middle voice | Present indicative | Past indicative | Imperative | Subjunctive | Optative |
| 1st singular | *bʰéydʰoh₂er | *bʰéydʰoh₂e | — | *bʰéydʰōh₂er | *bʰéydʰoyh₂e |
| 2nd singular | *bʰéydʰeth₂er | *bʰéydʰeth₂e | *bʰéydʰeso | *bʰéydʰēth₂er | *bʰéydʰoyth₂e |
| 3rd singular | *bʰéydʰetor | *bʰéydʰeto | *? | *bʰéydʰētor | *bʰéydʰoyto, *bʰéydʰoyh₁o |
| 1st dual | *bʰéydʰowosdʰh₂ | *bʰéydʰowedʰh₂ | — | *bʰéydʰōwosdʰh₂ | *bʰéydʰoywedʰh₂ |
| 2nd dual | *? | *? | *? | *? | *? |
| 3rd dual | *? | *? | *? | *? | *? |
| 1st plural | *bʰéydʰomosdʰh₂ | *bʰéydʰomedʰh₂ | — | *bʰéydʰōmosdʰh₂ | *bʰéydʰoymedʰh₂ |
| 2nd plural | *bʰéydʰedʰh₂we | *bʰéydʰedʰh₂we | *bʰéydʰedʰh₂we | *bʰéydʰēdʰh₂we | *bʰéydʰoydʰh₂we |
| 3rd plural | *bʰéydʰontor | *bʰéydʰonto | *? | *bʰéydʰōntor | *bʰéydʰoyro |
| Participle | *bʰéydʰomnos | ||||
Descendants
- Proto-Germanic: *bīdaną (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Hellenic: *péitʰō (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Italic: *feiðō (see there for further descendants)
References
- ^ Ringe, Donald (2006) From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic (A Linguistic History of English; 1), Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN
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This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. |
Proto-Indo-European
Etymology
Athematic root aorist of *bʰeyd- (“to split”).
Verb
*PIE verbs b-h (perfective)[1]
- to split
Inflection
| Perfective, athematic | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 3rd singular | *bʰéydt | |||
| 3rd plural | *bʰidént | |||
| Active voice | Indicative | Imperative | Subjunctive | Optative |
| 1st singular | *bʰéydm̥ | — | *bʰéydoh₂ | *bʰidyéh₁m̥ |
| 2nd singular | *bʰéyds | *bʰéyd, *bʰiddʰí | *bʰéydesi | *bʰidyéh₁s |
| 3rd singular | *bʰéydt | *bʰéydtu | *bʰéydeti | *bʰidyéh₁t |
| 1st dual | *bʰidwé | — | *bʰéydowos | *bʰidih₁wé |
| 2nd dual | *bʰidtóm | *bʰidtóm | *bʰéydetes | *bʰidih₁tóm |
| 3rd dual | *bʰidtā́m | *bʰidtā́m | *bʰéydetes | *bʰidih₁tā́m |
| 1st plural | *bʰidmé | — | *bʰéydomos | *bʰidih₁mé |
| 2nd plural | *bʰidté | *bʰidté | *bʰéydete | *bʰidih₁té |
| 3rd plural | *bʰidént | *bʰidéntu | *bʰéydonti | *bʰidih₁ént |
| Participle | *bʰidónts | |||
| Middle voice | Indicative | Imperative | Subjunctive | Optative |
| 1st singular | *bʰidh₂é | — | *bʰéydoh₂er | *bʰidih₁h₂é |
| 2nd singular | *bʰidth₂é | *bʰidsó | *bʰéydeth₂er | *bʰidih₁th₂é |
| 3rd singular | *bʰidtó, *bʰidó | *? | *bʰéydetor | *bʰidih₁tó, *bʰidih₁ó |
| 1st dual | *bʰidwédʰh₂ | — | *bʰéydowosdʰh₂ | *bʰidih₁wédʰh₂ |
| 2nd dual | *? | *? | *? | *? |
| 3rd dual | *? | *? | *? | *? |
| 1st plural | *bʰidmédʰh₂ | — | *bʰéydomosdʰh₂ | *bʰidih₁médʰh₂ |
| 2nd plural | *bʰiddʰh₂wé | *bʰiddʰh₂wé | *bʰéydedʰh₂we | *bʰidih₁dʰh₂wé |
| 3rd plural | *bʰidn̥tó, *bʰidró | *? | *bʰéydontor | *bʰidih₁ró |
| Participle | *bʰidm̥h₁nós | |||
Descendants
- Proto-Germanic: *bītaną (see there for further descendants)
- >? Proto-Hellenic:
- Ancient Greek: φείδομαι (pheídomai, “to spare”) (unclear semantic development)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hábʰayt
References
- ^ Ringe, Donald (2006) From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic (A Linguistic History of English; 1), Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN
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This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. |
Proto-Indo-European
Alternative reconstructions
Etymology
From *bʰeyd- (“to split”) + *-né- (nasal infix).
Verb
*PIE verbs b-h (imperfective)[1]
- to be splitting
Inflection
| Imperfective, athematic | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 3rd singular | *bʰinédti | ||||
| 3rd plural | *bʰindénti | ||||
| Active voice | Present indicative | Past indicative | Imperative | Subjunctive | Optative |
| 1st singular | *bʰinédmi | *bʰinédm̥ | — | *bʰinédoh₂ | *bʰindyéh₁m̥ |
| 2nd singular | *bʰinédsi | *bʰinéds | *bʰinéd, *bʰinddʰí | *bʰinédesi | *bʰindyéh₁s |
| 3rd singular | *bʰinédti | *bʰinédt | *bʰinédtu | *bʰinédeti | *bʰindyéh₁t |
| 1st dual | *bʰindwós | *bʰindwé | — | *bʰinédowos | *bʰindih₁wé |
| 2nd dual | *bʰindtés | *bʰindtóm | *bʰindtóm | *bʰinédetes | *bʰindih₁tóm |
| 3rd dual | *bʰindtés | *bʰindtā́m | *bʰindtā́m | *bʰinédetes | *bʰindih₁tā́m |
| 1st plural | *bʰindmós | *bʰindmé | — | *bʰinédomos | *bʰindih₁mé |
| 2nd plural | *bʰindté | *bʰindté | *bʰindté | *bʰinédete | *bʰindih₁té |
| 3rd plural | *bʰindénti | *bʰindént | *bʰindéntu | *bʰinédonti | *bʰindih₁ént |
| Participle | *bʰindónts | ||||
| Middle voice | Present indicative | Past indicative | Imperative | Subjunctive | Optative |
| 1st singular | *bʰindh₂ér | *bʰindh₂é | — | *bʰinédoh₂er | *bʰindih₁h₂é |
| 2nd singular | *bʰindth₂ér | *bʰindth₂é | *bʰindsó | *bʰinédeth₂er | *bʰindih₁th₂é |
| 3rd singular | *bʰindtór, *bʰindór | *bʰindtó, *bʰindó | *? | *bʰinédetor | *bʰindih₁tó, *bʰindih₁ó |
| 1st dual | *bʰindwósdʰh₂ | *bʰindwédʰh₂ | — | *bʰinédowosdʰh₂ | *bʰindih₁wédʰh₂ |
| 2nd dual | *? | *? | *? | *? | *? |
| 3rd dual | *? | *? | *? | *? | *? |
| 1st plural | *bʰindmósdʰh₂ | *bʰindmédʰh₂ | — | *bʰinédomosdʰh₂ | *bʰindih₁médʰh₂ |
| 2nd plural | *bʰinddʰh₂wé | *bʰinddʰh₂wé | *bʰinddʰh₂wé | *bʰinédedʰh₂we | *bʰindih₁dʰh₂wé |
| 3rd plural | *bʰindn̥tór, *bʰindrór | *bʰindn̥tó, *bʰindró | *? | *bʰinédontor | *bʰindih₁ró |
| Participle | *bʰindm̥h₁nós | ||||
Descendants
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰinátˢti (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Italic: *findō (see there for further descendants)
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Ringe, Donald (2006) From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic (A Linguistic History of English; 1), Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN
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This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. |
Proto-Indo-European
Etymology
From *bʰer- (“carry”) + *-éyeti (iterative verbal suffix).
Verb
*PIE verbs b-h (imperfective)[1]
Inflection
| Imperfective, thematic | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 3rd singular | *bʰoréyeti | ||||
| 3rd plural | *bʰoréyonti | ||||
| Active voice | Present indicative | Past indicative | Imperative | Subjunctive | Optative |
| 1st singular | *bʰoréyoh₂ | *bʰoréyom | — | *bʰoréyōh₂ | *bʰoréyoyh₁m̥ |
| 2nd singular | *bʰoréyesi | *bʰoréyes | *bʰoréye | *bʰoréyēsi | *bʰoréyoys |
| 3rd singular | *bʰoréyeti | *bʰoréyet | *bʰoréyetu | *bʰoréyēti | *bʰoréyoyt |
| 1st dual | *bʰoréyowos | *bʰoréyowe | — | *bʰoréyōwos | *bʰoréyoywe |
| 2nd dual | *bʰoréyetes | *bʰoréyetom | *bʰoréyetom | *bʰoréyētes | *bʰoréyoytom |
| 3rd dual | *bʰoréyetes | *bʰoréyetām | *bʰoréyetām | *bʰoréyētes | *bʰoréyoytām |
| 1st plural | *bʰoréyomos | *bʰoréyome | — | *bʰoréyōmos | *bʰoréyoyme |
| 2nd plural | *bʰoréyete | *bʰoréyete | *bʰoréyete | *bʰoréyēte | *bʰoréyoyte |
| 3rd plural | *bʰoréyonti | *bʰoréyont | *bʰoréyontu | *bʰoréyōnti | *bʰoréyoyh₁n̥t |
| Participle | *bʰoréyonts | ||||
| Middle voice | Present indicative | Past indicative | Imperative | Subjunctive | Optative |
| 1st singular | *bʰoréyoh₂er | *bʰoréyoh₂e | — | *bʰoréyōh₂er | *bʰoréyoyh₂e |
| 2nd singular | *bʰoréyeth₂er | *bʰoréyeth₂e | *bʰoréyeso | *bʰoréyēth₂er | *bʰoréyoyth₂e |
| 3rd singular | *bʰoréyetor | *bʰoréyeto | *? | *bʰoréyētor | *bʰoréyoyto, *bʰoréyoyh₁o |
| 1st dual | *bʰoréyowosdʰh₂ | *bʰoréyowedʰh₂ | — | *bʰoréyōwosdʰh₂ | *bʰoréyoywedʰh₂ |
| 2nd dual | *? | *? | *? | *? | *? |
| 3rd dual | *? | *? | *? | *? | *? |
| 1st plural | *bʰoréyomosdʰh₂ | *bʰoréyomedʰh₂ | — | *bʰoréyōmosdʰh₂ | *bʰoréyoymedʰh₂ |
| 2nd plural | *bʰoréyedʰh₂we | *bʰoréyedʰh₂we | *bʰoréyedʰh₂we | *bʰoréyēdʰh₂we | *bʰoréyoydʰh₂we |
| 3rd plural | *bʰoréyontor | *bʰoréyonto | *? | *bʰoréyōntor | *bʰoréyoyro |
| Participle | *bʰoréyomnos | ||||
Descendants
- Proto-Hellenic: *pʰoréyō
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰāráyati
- Proto-Indo-Aryan: *bʰāráyati
- Sanskrit: भारयति (bhāráyati)
- Proto-Indo-Aryan: *bʰāráyati
References
- ^ Ringe, Donald (2006) From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic (A Linguistic History of English; 1), Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN
|
This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. |
Proto-Indo-European
Etymology
Athematic root aorist of *bʰuH- (“to be, become, grow, appear”).
Verb
*PIE verbs b-h (perfective)[1]
- to become
Inflection
| Perfective, athematic, active only | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 3rd singular | *bʰúHt | |||
| 3rd plural | *?ént | |||
| Active voice | Indicative | Imperative | Subjunctive | Optative |
| 1st singular | *bʰúHm̥ | — | *bʰúHoh₂ | *?yéh₁m̥ |
| 2nd singular | *bʰúHs | *bʰúH, *?dʰí | *bʰúHesi | *?yéh₁s |
| 3rd singular | *bʰúHt | *bʰúHtu | *bʰúHeti | *?yéh₁t |
| 1st dual | *?wé | — | *bʰúHowos | *?ih₁wé |
| 2nd dual | *?tóm | *?tóm | *bʰúHetes | *?ih₁tóm |
| 3rd dual | *?tā́m | *?tā́m | *bʰúHetes | *?ih₁tā́m |
| 1st plural | *?mé | — | *bʰúHomos | *?ih₁mé |
| 2nd plural | *?té | *?té | *bʰúHete | *?ih₁té |
| 3rd plural | *?ént | *?éntu | *bʰúHonti | *?ih₁ént |
| Participle | *?ónts | |||
Derived terms
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *bū́ˀtei (suppletive) (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Germanic: *būaną (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *HábʰuHt
- Proto-Italic: *fūai (1sg.prf.act.ind of *ezom, *som)
References
- ^ Ringe, Donald (2006) From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic (A Linguistic History of English; 1), Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN
|
This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. |
Proto-Indo-European
Etymology
Athematic e-reduplicated present of *deh₃- (“to give”).
Verb
*PIE verbs b-h (imperfective)[1]
- to be giving
Inflection
| Imperfective, athematic | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 3rd singular | *dédeh₃ti | ||||
| 3rd plural | *dédh₃n̥ti | ||||
| Active voice | Present indicative | Past indicative | Imperative | Subjunctive | Optative |
| 1st singular | *dédeh₃mi | *dédeh₃m̥ | — | *dédeh₃oh₂ | *dédh₃yeh₁m̥ |
| 2nd singular | *dédeh₃si | *dédeh₃s | *dédeh₃, *dédh₃dʰi | *dédeh₃esi | *dédh₃yeh₁s |
| 3rd singular | *dédeh₃ti | *dédeh₃t | *dédeh₃tu | *dédeh₃eti | *dédh₃yeh₁t |
| 1st dual | *dédh₃wos | *dédh₃we | — | *dédeh₃owos | *dédh₃ih₁we |
| 2nd dual | *dédh₃tes | *dédh₃tom | *dédh₃tom | *dédeh₃etes | *dédh₃ih₁tom |
| 3rd dual | *dédh₃tes | *dédh₃tām | *dédh₃tām | *dédeh₃etes | *dédh₃ih₁tām |
| 1st plural | *dédh₃mos | *dédh₃me | — | *dédeh₃omos | *dédh₃ih₁me |
| 2nd plural | *dédh₃te | *dédh₃te | *dédh₃te | *dédeh₃ete | *dédh₃ih₁te |
| 3rd plural | *dédh₃n̥ti | *dédh₃n̥t | *dédh₃n̥tu | *dédeh₃onti | *dédh₃ih₁n̥t |
| Participle | *dédh₃n̥ts | ||||
| Middle voice | Present indicative | Past indicative | Imperative | Subjunctive | Optative |
| 1st singular | *dédh₃h₂er | *dédh₃h₂e | — | *dédeh₃oh₂er | *dédh₃ih₁h₂e |
| 2nd singular | *dédh₃th₂er | *dédh₃th₂e | *dédh₃so | *dédeh₃eth₂er | *dédh₃ih₁th₂e |
| 3rd singular | *dédh₃tor, *dédh₃or | *dédh₃to, *dédh₃o | *? | *dédeh₃etor | *dédh₃ih₁to, *dédh₃ih₁o |
| 1st dual | *dédh₃wosdʰh₂ | *dédh₃wedʰh₂ | — | *dédeh₃owosdʰh₂ | *dédh₃ih₁wedʰh₂ |
| 2nd dual | *? | *? | *? | *? | *? |
| 3rd dual | *? | *? | *? | *? | *? |
| 1st plural | *dédh₃mosdʰh₂ | *dédh₃medʰh₂ | — | *dédeh₃omosdʰh₂ | *dédh₃ih₁medʰh₂ |
| 2nd plural | *dédh₃dʰh₂we | *dédh₃dʰh₂we | *dédh₃dʰh₂we | *dédeh₃edʰh₂we | *dédh₃ih₁dʰh₂we |
| 3rd plural | *dédh₃n̥tor, *dédh₃ror | *dédh₃n̥to, *dédh₃ro | *? | *dédeh₃ontor | *dédh₃ih₁ro |
| Participle | *dédh₃m̥h₁nos | ||||
Descendants
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *dṓˀtei (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Celtic: *didāti (see there for further descendants)
- Hellenic:
- Ancient Greek: δίδωμι (dídōmi) (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dádaHti (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Italic: *didō (see there for further descendants)
References
- ^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “dō, dare”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 174
|
This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. |
Proto-Indo-European
Etymology
Reduplicated stative of the root *dwey- (“to fear”).
Verb
*PIE verbs b-h (stative)[1]
- to be afraid
Inflection
| Stative | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 3rd singular | *dedwóye | |||
| 3rd plural | *deduyḗr | |||
| Active voice | Indicative | Imperative | Subjunctive | Optative |
| 1st singular | *dedwóyh₂e | — | *dedwéyoh₂ | *dedwiyéh₁m̥ |
| 2nd singular | *dedwóyth₂e | *dedwóy, *dedwidʰí | *dedwéyesi | *dedwiyéh₁s |
| 3rd singular | *dedwóye | *dedwóytu | *dedwéyeti | *dedwiyéh₁t |
| 1st dual | *dedwiwé | — | *dedwéyowos | *deduyih₁wé |
| 2nd dual | *? | *dedwitóm | *dedwéyetes | *deduyih₁tóm |
| 3rd dual | *? | *dedwitā́m | *dedwéyetes | *deduyih₁tā́m |
| 1st plural | *dedwimé | — | *dedwéyomos | *deduyih₁mé |
| 2nd plural | *deduyé | *dedwité | *dedwéyete | *deduyih₁té |
| 3rd plural | *deduyḗr | *deduyéntu | *dedwéyonti | *deduyih₁ént |
| Participle | *dedwiwṓs | |||
Descendants
- Proto-Anatolian:
- Luwian: 𔕰𔓱 (kwa/i-ya- /kuwaya-/)
- Proto-Hellenic: *dédoika (rebuilt as k-aorist)
- Proto-Tocharian:
- Tocharian A: wiyo
References
- ^ Ringe, Donald (2006) From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic (A Linguistic History of English; 1), Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN
|
This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. |
Proto-Indo-European
Etymology
Athematic root aorist of *deh₃- (“to give”).
Verb
*PIE verbs b-h (perfective)[1]
- to give
Inflection
| Perfective, athematic | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 3rd singular | *déh₃t | |||
| 3rd plural | *dh₃ént | |||
| Active voice | Indicative | Imperative | Subjunctive | Optative |
| 1st singular | *déh₃m̥ | — | *déh₃oh₂ | *dh₃yéh₁m̥ |
| 2nd singular | *déh₃s | *déh₃, *dh₃dʰí | *déh₃esi | *dh₃yéh₁s |
| 3rd singular | *déh₃t | *déh₃tu | *déh₃eti | *dh₃yéh₁t |
| 1st dual | *dh₃wé | — | *déh₃owos | *dh₃ih₁wé |
| 2nd dual | *dh₃tóm | *dh₃tóm | *déh₃etes | *dh₃ih₁tóm |
| 3rd dual | *dh₃tā́m | *dh₃tā́m | *déh₃etes | *dh₃ih₁tā́m |
| 1st plural | *dh₃mé | — | *déh₃omos | *dh₃ih₁mé |
| 2nd plural | *dh₃té | *dh₃té | *déh₃ete | *dh₃ih₁té |
| 3rd plural | *dh₃ént | *dh₃éntu | *déh₃onti | *dh₃ih₁ént |
| Participle | *dh₃ónts | |||
| Middle voice | Indicative | Imperative | Subjunctive | Optative |
| 1st singular | *dh₃h₂é | — | *déh₃oh₂er | *dh₃ih₁h₂é |
| 2nd singular | *dh₃th₂é | *dh₃só | *déh₃eth₂er | *dh₃ih₁th₂é |
| 3rd singular | *dh₃tó, *dh₃ó | *? | *déh₃etor | *dh₃ih₁tó, *dh₃ih₁ó |
| 1st dual | *dh₃wédʰh₂ | — | *déh₃owosdʰh₂ | *dh₃ih₁wédʰh₂ |
| 2nd dual | *? | *? | *? | *? |
| 3rd dual | *? | *? | *? | *? |
| 1st plural | *dh₃médʰh₂ | — | *déh₃omosdʰh₂ | *dh₃ih₁médʰh₂ |
| 2nd plural | *dh₃dʰh₂wé | *dh₃dʰh₂wé | *déh₃edʰh₂we | *dh₃ih₁dʰh₂wé |
| 3rd plural | *dh₃n̥tó, *dh₃ró | *? | *déh₃ontor | *dh₃ih₁ró |
| Participle | *dh₃m̥h₁nós | |||
Descendants
- Armenian:
- Old Armenian: ետ (et)
- Proto-Celtic: *dāti (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Hellenic:
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *HádaHt
- Proto-Italic: *dōai (possibly)
- Venetic: 𐌃𐌏𐌕𐌏 (doto)
References
- ^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008) Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN
|
This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. |
Proto-Indo-European
Etymology
From *deyḱ- (“to point out, to show”) + *-st (perfective verbal suffix).
Verb
*PIE verbs b-h (perfective)[1]
- to point out
Inflection
| Perfective, athematic | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 3rd singular | *dḗyḱst | |||
| 3rd plural | *déyḱsn̥t | |||
| Active voice | Indicative | Imperative | Subjunctive | Optative |
| 1st singular | *dḗyḱsm̥ | — | *dḗyḱsoh₂ | *déyḱsyeh₁m̥ |
| 2nd singular | *dḗyḱs | *dḗyḱs, *déyḱsdʰi | *dḗyḱsesi | *déyḱsyeh₁s |
| 3rd singular | *dḗyḱst | *dḗyḱstu | *dḗyḱseti | *déyḱsyeh₁t |
| 1st dual | *déyḱswe | — | *dḗyḱsowos | *déyḱsih₁we |
| 2nd dual | *déyḱstom | *déyḱstom | *dḗyḱsetes | *déyḱsih₁tom |
| 3rd dual | *déyḱstām | *déyḱstām | *dḗyḱsetes | *déyḱsih₁tām |
| 1st plural | *déyḱsme | — | *dḗyḱsomos | *déyḱsih₁me |
| 2nd plural | *déyḱste | *déyḱste | *dḗyḱsete | *déyḱsih₁te |
| 3rd plural | *déyḱsn̥t | *déyḱsn̥tu | *dḗyḱsonti | *déyḱsih₁n̥t |
| Participle | *déyḱsn̥ts | |||
| Middle voice | Indicative | Imperative | Subjunctive | Optative |
| 1st singular | *déyḱsh₂e | — | *dḗyḱsoh₂er | *déyḱsih₁h₂e |
| 2nd singular | *déyḱsth₂e | *déyḱso | *dḗyḱseth₂er | *déyḱsih₁th₂e |
| 3rd singular | *déyḱsto, *déyḱso | *? | *dḗyḱsetor | *déyḱsih₁to, *déyḱsih₁o |
| 1st dual | *déyḱswedʰh₂ | — | *dḗyḱsowosdʰh₂ | *déyḱsih₁wedʰh₂ |
| 2nd dual | *? | *? | *? | *? |
| 3rd dual | *? | *? | *? | *? |
| 1st plural | *déyḱsmedʰh₂ | — | *dḗyḱsomosdʰh₂ | *déyḱsih₁medʰh₂ |
| 2nd plural | *déyḱsdʰh₂we | *déyḱsdʰh₂we | *dḗyḱsedʰh₂we | *déyḱsih₁dʰh₂we |
| 3rd plural | *déyḱsn̥to, *déyḱsro | *? | *dḗyḱsontor | *déyḱsih₁ro |
| Participle | *déyḱsm̥h₁nos | |||
Descendants
References
- ^ Ringe, Donald (2006) From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic (A Linguistic History of English; 1), Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN
|
This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. |
Proto-Indo-European
Etymology
Athematic root present of Proto-Indo-European *deyḱ- (“to show”).
Verb
*PIE verbs b-h (imperfective)[1]
- to be pointing out
Inflection
| Imperfective, athematic, active only | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 3rd singular | *déyḱti | ||||
| 3rd plural | *diḱénti | ||||
| Active voice | Present indicative | Past indicative | Imperative | Subjunctive | Optative |
| 1st singular | *déyḱmi | *déyḱm̥ | — | *déyḱoh₂ | *diḱyéh₁m̥ |
| 2nd singular | *déyḱsi | *déyḱs | *déyḱ, *diḱdʰí | *déyḱesi | *diḱyéh₁s |
| 3rd singular | *déyḱti | *déyḱt | *déyḱtu | *déyḱeti | *diḱyéh₁t |
| 1st dual | *diḱwós | *diḱwé | — | *déyḱowos | *diḱih₁wé |
| 2nd dual | *diḱtés | *diḱtóm | *diḱtóm | *déyḱetes | *diḱih₁tóm |
| 3rd dual | *diḱtés | *diḱtā́m | *diḱtā́m | *déyḱetes | *diḱih₁tā́m |
| 1st plural | *diḱmós | *diḱmé | — | *déyḱomos | *diḱih₁mé |
| 2nd plural | *diḱté | *diḱté | *diḱté | *déyḱete | *diḱih₁té |
| 3rd plural | *diḱénti | *diḱént | *diḱéntu | *déyḱonti | *diḱih₁ént |
| Participle | *diḱónts | ||||
Descendants
References
- ^ Ringe, Donald (2006) From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic (A Linguistic History of English; 1), Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN
|
This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. |
Proto-Indo-European
Etymology
Athematic e-reduplicated present of *dʰeh₁- (“to do; to put, place”).
Verb
*PIE verbs b-h (imperfective)[1]
Inflection
| Imperfective, athematic | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 3rd singular | *dʰédʰeh₁ti | ||||
| 3rd plural | *dʰédʰh₁n̥ti | ||||
| Active voice | Present indicative | Past indicative | Imperative | Subjunctive | Optative |
| 1st singular | *dʰédʰeh₁mi | *dʰédʰeh₁m̥ | — | *dʰédʰeh₁oh₂ | *dʰédʰh₁yeh₁m̥ |
| 2nd singular | *dʰédʰeh₁si | *dʰédʰeh₁s | *dʰédʰeh₁, *dʰédʰh₁dʰi | *dʰédʰeh₁esi | *dʰédʰh₁yeh₁s |
| 3rd singular | *dʰédʰeh₁ti | *dʰédʰeh₁t | *dʰédʰeh₁tu | *dʰédʰeh₁eti | *dʰédʰh₁yeh₁t |
| 1st dual | *dʰédʰh₁wos | *dʰédʰh₁we | — | *dʰédʰeh₁owos | *dʰédʰh₁ih₁we |
| 2nd dual | *dʰédʰh₁tes | *dʰédʰh₁tom | *dʰédʰh₁tom | *dʰédʰeh₁etes | *dʰédʰh₁ih₁tom |
| 3rd dual | *dʰédʰh₁tes | *dʰédʰh₁tām | *dʰédʰh₁tām | *dʰédʰeh₁etes | *dʰédʰh₁ih₁tām |
| 1st plural | *dʰédʰh₁mos | *dʰédʰh₁me | — | *dʰédʰeh₁omos | *dʰédʰh₁ih₁me |
| 2nd plural | *dʰédʰh₁te | *dʰédʰh₁te | *dʰédʰh₁te | *dʰédʰeh₁ete | *dʰédʰh₁ih₁te |
| 3rd plural | *dʰédʰh₁n̥ti | *dʰédʰh₁n̥t | *dʰédʰh₁n̥tu | *dʰédʰeh₁onti | *dʰédʰh₁ih₁n̥t |
| Participle | *dʰédʰh₁n̥ts | ||||
| Middle voice | Present indicative | Past indicative | Imperative | Subjunctive | Optative |
| 1st singular | *dʰédʰh₁h₂er | *dʰédʰh₁h₂e | — | *dʰédʰeh₁oh₂er | *dʰédʰh₁ih₁h₂e |
| 2nd singular | *dʰédʰh₁th₂er | *dʰédʰh₁th₂e | *dʰédʰh₁so | *dʰédʰeh₁eth₂er | *dʰédʰh₁ih₁th₂e |
| 3rd singular | *dʰédʰh₁tor, *dʰédʰh₁or | *dʰédʰh₁to, *dʰédʰh₁o | *? | *dʰédʰeh₁etor | *dʰédʰh₁ih₁to, *dʰédʰh₁ih₁o |
| 1st dual | *dʰédʰh₁wosdʰh₂ | *dʰédʰh₁wedʰh₂ | — | *dʰédʰeh₁owosdʰh₂ | *dʰédʰh₁ih₁wedʰh₂ |
| 2nd dual | *? | *? | *? | *? | *? |
| 3rd dual | *? | *? | *? | *? | *? |
| 1st plural | *dʰédʰh₁mosdʰh₂ | *dʰédʰh₁medʰh₂ | — | *dʰédʰeh₁omosdʰh₂ | *dʰédʰh₁ih₁medʰh₂ |
| 2nd plural | *dʰédʰh₁dʰh₂we | *dʰédʰh₁dʰh₂we | *dʰédʰh₁dʰh₂we | *dʰédʰeh₁edʰh₂we | *dʰédʰh₁ih₁dʰh₂we |
| 3rd plural | *dʰédʰh₁n̥tor, *dʰédʰh₁ror | *dʰédʰh₁n̥to, *dʰédʰh₁ro | *? | *dʰédʰeh₁ontor | *dʰédʰh₁ih₁ro |
| Participle | *dʰédʰh₁m̥h₁nos | ||||
Descendants
- Proto-Celtic: *didīti (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Germanic: *dedē (past tense of *dōną, from imperfect; possibly also the source of the past tense suffix of weak verbs) (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Hellenic: *t(e/i)tʰēmi
- Ancient Greek: τίθημι (títhēmi)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dʰádʰaHti (see there for further descendants)
References
- ^ Ringe, Donald (2006) From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic (A Linguistic History of English; 1), Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN
|
This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. |
Proto-Indo-European
Etymology
Reduplicated stative of the root *dʰers- (“to be bold, to dare”).
Verb
*PIE verbs b-h (stative)[1]
- to dare
Inflection
| Stative | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 3rd singular | *dʰedʰórse | |||
| 3rd plural | *dʰedʰr̥sḗr | |||
| Active voice | Indicative | Imperative | Subjunctive | Optative |
| 1st singular | *dʰedʰórsh₂e | — | *dʰedʰérsoh₂ | *dʰedʰr̥syéh₁m̥ |
| 2nd singular | *dʰedʰórsth₂e | *dʰedʰórs, *dʰedʰr̥sdʰí | *dʰedʰérsesi | *dʰedʰr̥syéh₁s |
| 3rd singular | *dʰedʰórse | *dʰedʰórstu | *dʰedʰérseti | *dʰedʰr̥syéh₁t |
| 1st dual | *dʰedʰr̥swé | — | *dʰedʰérsowos | *dʰedʰr̥sih₁wé |
| 2nd dual | *? | *dʰedʰr̥stóm | *dʰedʰérsetes | *dʰedʰr̥sih₁tóm |
| 3rd dual | *? | *dʰedʰr̥stā́m | *dʰedʰérsetes | *dʰedʰr̥sih₁tā́m |
| 1st plural | *dʰedʰr̥smé | — | *dʰedʰérsomos | *dʰedʰr̥sih₁mé |
| 2nd plural | *dʰedʰr̥sé | *dʰedʰr̥sté | *dʰedʰérsete | *dʰedʰr̥sih₁té |
| 3rd plural | *dʰedʰr̥sḗr | *dʰedʰr̥séntu | *dʰedʰérsonti | *dʰedʰr̥sih₁ént |
| Participle | *dʰedʰr̥swṓs | |||
Descendants
- Proto-Germanic: *durzaną (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dʰadʰárša
References
- ^ Ringe, Donald (2006) From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic (A Linguistic History of English; 1), Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN
|
This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. |
Proto-Indo-European
Etymology
Reduplicated stative of the root *dʰewgʰ- (“to produce”).
Verb
*PIE verbs b-h (stative)[1]
- to be productive
Inflection
| Stative | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 3rd singular | *dʰedʰówgʰe | |||
| 3rd plural | *dʰedʰugʰḗr | |||
| Active voice | Indicative | Imperative | Subjunctive | Optative |
| 1st singular | *dʰedʰówgʰh₂e | — | *dʰedʰéwgʰoh₂ | *dʰedʰugʰyéh₁m̥ |
| 2nd singular | *dʰedʰówgʰth₂e | *dʰedʰówgʰ, *dʰedʰugʰdʰí | *dʰedʰéwgʰesi | *dʰedʰugʰyéh₁s |
| 3rd singular | *dʰedʰówgʰe | *dʰedʰówgʰtu | *dʰedʰéwgʰeti | *dʰedʰugʰyéh₁t |
| 1st dual | *dʰedʰugʰwé | — | *dʰedʰéwgʰowos | *dʰedʰugʰih₁wé |
| 2nd dual | *? | *dʰedʰugʰtóm | *dʰedʰéwgʰetes | *dʰedʰugʰih₁tóm |
| 3rd dual | *? | *dʰedʰugʰtā́m | *dʰedʰéwgʰetes | *dʰedʰugʰih₁tā́m |
| 1st plural | *dʰedʰugʰmé | — | *dʰedʰéwgʰomos | *dʰedʰugʰih₁mé |
| 2nd plural | *dʰedʰugʰé | *dʰedʰugʰté | *dʰedʰéwgʰete | *dʰedʰugʰih₁té |
| 3rd plural | *dʰedʰugʰḗr | *dʰedʰugʰéntu | *dʰedʰéwgʰonti | *dʰedʰugʰih₁ént |
| Participle | *dʰedʰugʰwṓs | |||
Descendants
- Proto-Germanic: *duganą (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dʰudʰáwǰʰa
References
- ^ Ringe, Donald (2006) From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic (A Linguistic History of English; 1), Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN
|
This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. |
Proto-Indo-European
Etymology
Athematic root aorist of *dʰeh₁- (“to do; to put, place”).
Verb
*PIE verbs b-h (perfective)[1]
Inflection
| Perfective, athematic | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 3rd singular | *dʰéh₁t | |||
| 3rd plural | *dʰh₁ént | |||
| Active voice | Indicative | Imperative | Subjunctive | Optative |
| 1st singular | *dʰéh₁m̥ | — | *dʰéh₁oh₂ | *dʰh₁yéh₁m̥ |
| 2nd singular | *dʰéh₁s | *dʰéh₁, *dʰh₁dʰí | *dʰéh₁esi | *dʰh₁yéh₁s |
| 3rd singular | *dʰéh₁t | *dʰéh₁tu | *dʰéh₁eti | *dʰh₁yéh₁t |
| 1st dual | *dʰh₁wé | — | *dʰéh₁owos | *dʰh₁ih₁wé |
| 2nd dual | *dʰh₁tóm | *dʰh₁tóm | *dʰéh₁etes | *dʰh₁ih₁tóm |
| 3rd dual | *dʰh₁tā́m | *dʰh₁tā́m | *dʰéh₁etes | *dʰh₁ih₁tā́m |
| 1st plural | *dʰh₁mé | — | *dʰéh₁omos | *dʰh₁ih₁mé |
| 2nd plural | *dʰh₁té | *dʰh₁té | *dʰéh₁ete | *dʰh₁ih₁té |
| 3rd plural | *dʰh₁ént | *dʰh₁éntu | *dʰéh₁onti | *dʰh₁ih₁ént |
| Participle | *dʰh₁ónts | |||
| Middle voice | Indicative | Imperative | Subjunctive | Optative |
| 1st singular | *dʰh₁h₂é | — | *dʰéh₁oh₂er | *dʰh₁ih₁h₂é |
| 2nd singular | *dʰh₁th₂é | *dʰh₁só | *dʰéh₁eth₂er | *dʰh₁ih₁th₂é |
| 3rd singular | *dʰh₁tó, *dʰh₁ó | *? | *dʰéh₁etor | *dʰh₁ih₁tó, *dʰh₁ih₁ó |
| 1st dual | *dʰh₁wédʰh₂ | — | *dʰéh₁owosdʰh₂ | *dʰh₁ih₁wédʰh₂ |
| 2nd dual | *? | *? | *? | *? |
| 3rd dual | *? | *? | *? | *? |
| 1st plural | *dʰh₁médʰh₂ | — | *dʰéh₁omosdʰh₂ | *dʰh₁ih₁médʰh₂ |
| 2nd plural | *dʰh₁dʰh₂wé | *dʰh₁dʰh₂wé | *dʰéh₁edʰh₂we | *dʰh₁ih₁dʰh₂wé |
| 3rd plural | *dʰh₁n̥tó, *dʰh₁ró | *? | *dʰéh₁ontor | *dʰh₁ih₁ró |
| Participle | *dʰh₁m̥h₁nós | |||
Descendants
- Proto-Anatolian: *dǣ́di (see there for further descendants)
- Armenian:
- Old Armenian: եդ (ed)
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *dḗˀtei
- Proto-Slavic: *děti (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Germanic: *dōną (from o-grade) (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Hellenic: *étʰēka (rebuilt as k-aorist)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *HádʰaHt
- Proto-Italic: *(fe)ðō
- Latin: -dō (see there for further descendants)
References
- ^ Ringe, Donald (2006) From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic (A Linguistic History of English; 1), Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN
|
This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. |
Proto-Indo-European
Etymology
Athematic root present of *dʰewgʰ- (“to produce”).
Verb
*PIE verbs b-h (imperfective)[1]
- to be productive
Inflection
| Imperfective, athematic, active only | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 3rd singular | *dʰéwgʰti | ||||
| 3rd plural | *dʰugʰénti | ||||
| Active voice | Present indicative | Past indicative | Imperative | Subjunctive | Optative |
| 1st singular | *dʰéwgʰmi | *dʰéwgʰm̥ | — | *dʰéwgʰoh₂ | *dʰugʰyéh₁m̥ |
| 2nd singular | *dʰéwgʰsi | *dʰéwgʰs | *dʰéwgʰ, *dʰugʰdʰí | *dʰéwgʰesi | *dʰugʰyéh₁s |
| 3rd singular | *dʰéwgʰti | *dʰéwgʰt | *dʰéwgʰtu | *dʰéwgʰeti | *dʰugʰyéh₁t |
| 1st dual | *dʰugʰwós | *dʰugʰwé | — | *dʰéwgʰowos | *dʰugʰih₁wé |
| 2nd dual | *dʰugʰtés | *dʰugʰtóm | *dʰugʰtóm | *dʰéwgʰetes | *dʰugʰih₁tóm |
| 3rd dual | *dʰugʰtés | *dʰugʰtā́m | *dʰugʰtā́m | *dʰéwgʰetes | *dʰugʰih₁tā́m |
| 1st plural | *dʰugʰmós | *dʰugʰmé | — | *dʰéwgʰomos | *dʰugʰih₁mé |
| 2nd plural | *dʰugʰté | *dʰugʰté | *dʰugʰté | *dʰéwgʰete | *dʰugʰih₁té |
| 3rd plural | *dʰugʰénti | *dʰugʰént | *dʰugʰéntu | *dʰéwgʰonti | *dʰugʰih₁ént |
| Participle | *dʰugʰónts | ||||
Descendants
- Proto-Hellenic: *téukʰō (thematized)
- Ancient Greek: τεύχω (teúkhō)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dʰáwgdʰi (“to milk”) (see there for further descendants)
References
- ^ Ringe, Donald (2006) From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic (A Linguistic History of English; 1), Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 154
|
This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. |
Proto-Indo-European
Etymology
From *ǵneh₃- (“to recognise, to know”) + *-sḱéti (durative verbal suffix).
Verb
*PIE verbs b-h (imperfective)[1][2]
- to recognise
Inflection
| Imperfective, thematic | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 3rd singular | *ǵn̥h₃sḱéti | ||||
| 3rd plural | *ǵn̥h₃sḱónti | ||||
| Active voice | Present indicative | Past indicative | Imperative | Subjunctive | Optative |
| 1st singular | *ǵn̥h₃sḱóh₂ | *ǵn̥h₃sḱóm | — | *ǵn̥h₃sḱṓh₂ | *ǵn̥h₃sḱóyh₁m̥ |
| 2nd singular | *ǵn̥h₃sḱési | *ǵn̥h₃sḱés | *ǵn̥h₃sḱé | *ǵn̥h₃sḱḗsi | *ǵn̥h₃sḱóys |
| 3rd singular | *ǵn̥h₃sḱéti | *ǵn̥h₃sḱét | *ǵn̥h₃sḱétu | *ǵn̥h₃sḱḗti | *ǵn̥h₃sḱóyt |
| 1st dual | *ǵn̥h₃sḱówos | *ǵn̥h₃sḱówe | — | *ǵn̥h₃sḱṓwos | *ǵn̥h₃sḱóywe |
| 2nd dual | *ǵn̥h₃sḱétes | *ǵn̥h₃sḱétom | *ǵn̥h₃sḱétom | *ǵn̥h₃sḱḗtes | *ǵn̥h₃sḱóytom |
| 3rd dual | *ǵn̥h₃sḱétes | *ǵn̥h₃sḱétām | *ǵn̥h₃sḱétām | *ǵn̥h₃sḱḗtes | *ǵn̥h₃sḱóytām |
| 1st plural | *ǵn̥h₃sḱómos | *ǵn̥h₃sḱóme | — | *ǵn̥h₃sḱṓmos | *ǵn̥h₃sḱóyme |
| 2nd plural | *ǵn̥h₃sḱéte | *ǵn̥h₃sḱéte | *ǵn̥h₃sḱéte | *ǵn̥h₃sḱḗte | *ǵn̥h₃sḱóyte |
| 3rd plural | *ǵn̥h₃sḱónti | *ǵn̥h₃sḱónt | *ǵn̥h₃sḱóntu | *ǵn̥h₃sḱṓnti | *ǵn̥h₃sḱóyh₁n̥t |
| Participle | *ǵn̥h₃sḱónts | ||||
| Middle voice | Present indicative | Past indicative | Imperative | Subjunctive | Optative |
| 1st singular | *ǵn̥h₃sḱóh₂er | *ǵn̥h₃sḱóh₂e | — | *ǵn̥h₃sḱṓh₂er | *ǵn̥h₃sḱóyh₂e |
| 2nd singular | *ǵn̥h₃sḱéth₂er | *ǵn̥h₃sḱéth₂e | *ǵn̥h₃sḱéso | *ǵn̥h₃sḱḗth₂er | *ǵn̥h₃sḱóyth₂e |
| 3rd singular | *ǵn̥h₃sḱétor | *ǵn̥h₃sḱéto | *? | *ǵn̥h₃sḱḗtor | *ǵn̥h₃sḱóyto, *ǵn̥h₃sḱóyh₁o |
| 1st dual | *ǵn̥h₃sḱówosdʰh₂ | *ǵn̥h₃sḱówedʰh₂ | — | *ǵn̥h₃sḱṓwosdʰh₂ | *ǵn̥h₃sḱóywedʰh₂ |
| 2nd dual | *? | *? | *? | *? | *? |
| 3rd dual | *? | *? | *? | *? | *? |
| 1st plural | *ǵn̥h₃sḱómosdʰh₂ | *ǵn̥h₃sḱómedʰh₂ | — | *ǵn̥h₃sḱṓmosdʰh₂ | *ǵn̥h₃sḱóymedʰh₂ |
| 2nd plural | *ǵn̥h₃sḱédʰh₂we | *ǵn̥h₃sḱédʰh₂we | *ǵn̥h₃sḱédʰh₂we | *ǵn̥h₃sḱḗdʰh₂we | *ǵn̥h₃sḱóydʰh₂we |
| 3rd plural | *ǵn̥h₃sḱóntor | *ǵn̥h₃sḱónto | *? | *ǵn̥h₃sḱṓntor | *ǵn̥h₃sḱóyro |
| Participle | *ǵn̥h₃sḱómnos | ||||
Descendants
- Proto-Albanian: *gnāska
- Albanian: njoh
- Armenian:
- Old Armenian: ճանաչեմ (čanačʻem), ճանաչենամ (čanačʻenam) — post-Classical (< earlier *ծանաչեմ (*canačʻem))
- Armenian: ճանաչել (čanačʻel), ճանչնալ (čančʻnal) — Western Armenian
- Old Armenian: ճանաչեմ (čanačʻem), ճանաչենամ (čanačʻenam) — post-Classical (< earlier *ծանաչեմ (*canačʻem))
- ⇒ Proto-Hellenic: *gignṓskō (with secondary reduplication)
- Ancient Greek: γιγνώσκω (gignṓskō)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́naHsćáti (with full-grade root)
- Proto-Italic: *gnōskō (see there for further descendants)
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Ringe, Donald (2006) From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic (A Linguistic History of English; 1), Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN
- ^ Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 169
|
This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. |
Proto-Indo-European
Etymology
Reduplicated stative of the root *gʷem- (“to step”).
Verb
*PIE verbs b-h (stative)[1][2]
Inflection
| Stative | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 3rd singular | *gʷegʷóme | |||
| 3rd plural | *gʷegʷmḗr | |||
| Active voice | Indicative | Imperative | Subjunctive | Optative |
| 1st singular | *gʷegʷómh₂e | — | *gʷegʷémoh₂ | *gʷegʷm̥yéh₁m̥ |
| 2nd singular | *gʷegʷómth₂e | *gʷegʷóm, *gʷegʷm̥dʰí | *gʷegʷémesi | *gʷegʷm̥yéh₁s |
| 3rd singular | *gʷegʷóme | *gʷegʷómtu | *gʷegʷémeti | *gʷegʷm̥yéh₁t |
| 1st dual | *gʷegʷm̥wé | — | *gʷegʷémowos | *gʷegʷmih₁wé |
| 2nd dual | *? | *gʷegʷm̥tóm | *gʷegʷémetes | *gʷegʷmih₁tóm |
| 3rd dual | *? | *gʷegʷm̥tā́m | *gʷegʷémetes | *gʷegʷmih₁tā́m |
| 1st plural | *gʷegʷm̥mé | — | *gʷegʷémomos | *gʷegʷmih₁mé |
| 2nd plural | *gʷegʷmé | *gʷegʷm̥té | *gʷegʷémete | *gʷegʷmih₁té |
| 3rd plural | *gʷegʷmḗr | *gʷegʷméntu | *gʷegʷémonti | *gʷegʷmih₁ént |
| Participle | *gʷegʷm̥wṓs | |||
Descendants
- Proto-Germanic: *kwam (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ǰagā́ma
- Proto-Italic:
- Proto-Tocharian:
- Tocharian B: kekamu (ppp.)
References
- ^ Ringe, Donald (2006) From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic (A Linguistic History of English; 1), Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, pages 34, 156
- ^ Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 209
|
This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. |
Proto-Indo-European
Etymology
Athematic root aorist of *gʷem- (“to step”).
Verb
*PIE verbs b-h (perfective)[1]
Inflection
| Perfective, athematic, active only | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 3rd singular | *gʷémt | |||
| 3rd plural | *gʷmént | |||
| Active voice | Indicative | Imperative | Subjunctive | Optative |
| 1st singular | *gʷḗm | — | *gʷémoh₂ | *gʷm̥yéh₁m̥ |
| 2nd singular | *gʷéms | *gʷém, *gʷm̥dʰí | *gʷémesi | *gʷm̥yéh₁s |
| 3rd singular | *gʷémt | *gʷémtu | *gʷémeti | *gʷm̥yéh₁t |
| 1st dual | *gʷm̥wé | — | *gʷémowos | *gʷmih₁wé |
| 2nd dual | *gʷm̥tóm | *gʷm̥tóm | *gʷémetes | *gʷmih₁tóm |
| 3rd dual | *gʷm̥tā́m | *gʷm̥tā́m | *gʷémetes | *gʷmih₁tā́m |
| 1st plural | *gʷm̥mé | — | *gʷémomos | *gʷmih₁mé |
| 2nd plural | *gʷm̥té | *gʷm̥té | *gʷémete | *gʷmih₁té |
| 3rd plural | *gʷmént | *gʷméntu | *gʷémonti | *gʷmih₁ént |
| Participle | *gʷmónts | |||
Descendants
- Armenian:
- Old Armenian: եկն (ekn)
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *gimtei
- Proto-Germanic: *kwemaną (from aorist subjunctive) (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Háǰant
References
- ^ Ringe, Donald (2006) From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic (A Linguistic History of English; 1), Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN
|
This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. |
Proto-Indo-European
Etymology
From *gʷʰedʰ- (“to request, ask for”) + *-yeti.
Verb
*PIE verbs b-h (imperfective)[1]
- to keep requesting, to keep asking for
Inflection
| Imperfective, thematic | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 3rd singular | *gʷʰédʰyeti | ||||
| 3rd plural | *gʷʰédʰyonti | ||||
| Active voice | Present indicative | Past indicative | Imperative | Subjunctive | Optative |
| 1st singular | *gʷʰédʰyoh₂ | *gʷʰédʰyom | — | *gʷʰédʰyōh₂ | *gʷʰédʰyoyh₁m̥ |
| 2nd singular | *gʷʰédʰyesi | *gʷʰédʰyes | *gʷʰédʰye | *gʷʰédʰyēsi | *gʷʰédʰyoys |
| 3rd singular | *gʷʰédʰyeti | *gʷʰédʰyet | *gʷʰédʰyetu | *gʷʰédʰyēti | *gʷʰédʰyoyt |
| 1st dual | *gʷʰédʰyowos | *gʷʰédʰyowe | — | *gʷʰédʰyōwos | *gʷʰédʰyoywe |
| 2nd dual | *gʷʰédʰyetes | *gʷʰédʰyetom | *gʷʰédʰyetom | *gʷʰédʰyētes | *gʷʰédʰyoytom |
| 3rd dual | *gʷʰédʰyetes | *gʷʰédʰyetām | *gʷʰédʰyetām | *gʷʰédʰyētes | *gʷʰédʰyoytām |
| 1st plural | *gʷʰédʰyomos | *gʷʰédʰyome | — | *gʷʰédʰyōmos | *gʷʰédʰyoyme |
| 2nd plural | *gʷʰédʰyete | *gʷʰédʰyete | *gʷʰédʰyete | *gʷʰédʰyēte | *gʷʰédʰyoyte |
| 3rd plural | *gʷʰédʰyonti | *gʷʰédʰyont | *gʷʰédʰyontu | *gʷʰédʰyōnti | *gʷʰédʰyoyh₁n̥t |
| Participle | *gʷʰédʰyonts | ||||
| Middle voice | Present indicative | Past indicative | Imperative | Subjunctive | Optative |
| 1st singular | *gʷʰédʰyoh₂er | *gʷʰédʰyoh₂e | — | *gʷʰédʰyōh₂er | *gʷʰédʰyoyh₂e |
| 2nd singular | *gʷʰédʰyeth₂er | *gʷʰédʰyeth₂e | *gʷʰédʰyeso | *gʷʰédʰyēth₂er | *gʷʰédʰyoyth₂e |
| 3rd singular | *gʷʰédʰyetor | *gʷʰédʰyeto | *? | *gʷʰédʰyētor | *gʷʰédʰyoyto, *gʷʰédʰyoyh₁o |
| 1st dual | *gʷʰédʰyowosdʰh₂ | *gʷʰédʰyowedʰh₂ | — | *gʷʰédʰyōwosdʰh₂ | *gʷʰédʰyoywedʰh₂ |
| 2nd dual | *? | *? | *? | *? | *? |
| 3rd dual | *? | *? | *? | *? | *? |
| 1st plural | *gʷʰédʰyomosdʰh₂ | *gʷʰédʰyomedʰh₂ | — | *gʷʰédʰyōmosdʰh₂ | *gʷʰédʰyoymedʰh₂ |
| 2nd plural | *gʷʰédʰyedʰh₂we | *gʷʰédʰyedʰh₂we | *gʷʰédʰyedʰh₂we | *gʷʰédʰyēdʰh₂we | *gʷʰédʰyoydʰh₂we |
| 3rd plural | *gʷʰédʰyontor | *gʷʰédʰyonto | *? | *gʷʰédʰyōntor | *gʷʰédʰyoyro |
| Participle | *gʷʰédʰyomnos | ||||
Descendants
- Proto-Celtic: *gʷedyeti (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Germanic: *bidjaną (“to bid, make a request (of); ask”) (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ǰʰádʰyati
References
- ^ Ringe, Donald (2006) From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic (A Linguistic History of English; 1), Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN
|
This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. |
Proto-Indo-European
Etymology
From *gʷʰer- (“hot, warm”) + *-éyeti (causative verbal suffix).
Verb
*PIE verbs b-h (imperfective)[1]
- to heat
Inflection
| Imperfective, thematic | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 3rd singular | *gʷʰoréyeti | ||||
| 3rd plural | *gʷʰoréyonti | ||||
| Active voice | Present indicative | Past indicative | Imperative | Subjunctive | Optative |
| 1st singular | *gʷʰoréyoh₂ | *gʷʰoréyom | — | *gʷʰoréyōh₂ | *gʷʰoréyoyh₁m̥ |
| 2nd singular | *gʷʰoréyesi | *gʷʰoréyes | *gʷʰoréye | *gʷʰoréyēsi | *gʷʰoréyoys |
| 3rd singular | *gʷʰoréyeti | *gʷʰoréyet | *gʷʰoréyetu | *gʷʰoréyēti | *gʷʰoréyoyt |
| 1st dual | *gʷʰoréyowos | *gʷʰoréyowe | — | *gʷʰoréyōwos | *gʷʰoréyoywe |
| 2nd dual | *gʷʰoréyetes | *gʷʰoréyetom | *gʷʰoréyetom | *gʷʰoréyētes | *gʷʰoréyoytom |
| 3rd dual | *gʷʰoréyetes | *gʷʰoréyetām | *gʷʰoréyetām | *gʷʰoréyētes | *gʷʰoréyoytām |
| 1st plural | *gʷʰoréyomos | *gʷʰoréyome | — | *gʷʰoréyōmos | *gʷʰoréyoyme |
| 2nd plural | *gʷʰoréyete | *gʷʰoréyete | *gʷʰoréyete | *gʷʰoréyēte | *gʷʰoréyoyte |
| 3rd plural | *gʷʰoréyonti | *gʷʰoréyont | *gʷʰoréyontu | *gʷʰoréyōnti | *gʷʰoréyoyh₁n̥t |
| Participle | *gʷʰoréyonts | ||||
| Middle voice | Present indicative | Past indicative | Imperative | Subjunctive | Optative |
| 1st singular | *gʷʰoréyoh₂er | *gʷʰoréyoh₂e | — | *gʷʰoréyōh₂er | *gʷʰoréyoyh₂e |
| 2nd singular | *gʷʰoréyeth₂er | *gʷʰoréyeth₂e | *gʷʰoréyeso | *gʷʰoréyēth₂er | *gʷʰoréyoyth₂e |
| 3rd singular | *gʷʰoréyetor | *gʷʰoréyeto | *? | *gʷʰoréyētor | *gʷʰoréyoyto, *gʷʰoréyoyh₁o |
| 1st dual | *gʷʰoréyowosdʰh₂ | *gʷʰoréyowedʰh₂ | — | *gʷʰoréyōwosdʰh₂ | *gʷʰoréyoywedʰh₂ |
| 2nd dual | *? | *? | *? | *? | *? |
| 3rd dual | *? | *? | *? | *? | *? |
| 1st plural | *gʷʰoréyomosdʰh₂ | *gʷʰoréyomedʰh₂ | — | *gʷʰoréyōmosdʰh₂ | *gʷʰoréyoymedʰh₂ |
| 2nd plural | *gʷʰoréyedʰh₂we | *gʷʰoréyedʰh₂we | *gʷʰoréyedʰh₂we | *gʷʰoréyēdʰh₂we | *gʷʰoréyoydʰh₂we |
| 3rd plural | *gʷʰoréyontor | *gʷʰoréyonto | *? | *gʷʰoréyōntor | *gʷʰoréyoyro |
| Participle | *gʷʰoréyomnos | ||||
Descendants
- Proto-Celtic: *gʷorīti
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *gʰaráyati (though the absence of Brugmann's law lengthening to produce *gʰāráyati implies that this formation may be secondary or that some leveling occurred)[2]
- Proto-Indo-Aryan: *gʰaráyati
References
- ^ Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, pages 219-220
- ^ Monier Williams (1899) “Sobreira/PIE verbs b-h”, in A Sanskrit–English Dictionary, , new edition, Oxford: At the Clarendon Press, →OCLC, page 376.
|
This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. |
Proto-Indo-European
Etymology
Apparently from the adjective *gʷih₃wós (“alive, living”), ultimately from the root *gʷeyh₃- (“to live”).
However, Gąsiorowski (2006)[1] takes this verb (and thus the root) to be an irregular dissimilation of *gʷígʷwe-, an isolated reduplicating thematic present from a lost *gʷew- (“move”) (?) with an o-grade root noun in *gʷṓws.
Verb
*PIE verbs b-h (imperfective)[2]
Inflection
| Imperfective, thematic, active only | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 3rd singular | *gʷíh₃weti | ||||
| 3rd plural | *gʷíh₃wonti | ||||
| Active voice | Present indicative | Past indicative | Imperative | Subjunctive | Optative |
| 1st singular | *gʷíh₃woh₂ | *gʷíh₃wom | — | *gʷíh₃wōh₂ | *gʷíh₃woyh₁m̥ |
| 2nd singular | *gʷíh₃wesi | *gʷíh₃wes | *gʷíh₃we | *gʷíh₃wēsi | *gʷíh₃woys |
| 3rd singular | *gʷíh₃weti | *gʷíh₃wet | *gʷíh₃wetu | *gʷíh₃wēti | *gʷíh₃woyt |
| 1st dual | *gʷíh₃wowos | *gʷíh₃wowe | — | *gʷíh₃wōwos | *gʷíh₃woywe |
| 2nd dual | *gʷíh₃wetes | *gʷíh₃wetom | *gʷíh₃wetom | *gʷíh₃wētes | *gʷíh₃woytom |
| 3rd dual | *gʷíh₃wetes | *gʷíh₃wetām | *gʷíh₃wetām | *gʷíh₃wētes | *gʷíh₃woytām |
| 1st plural | *gʷíh₃womos | *gʷíh₃wome | — | *gʷíh₃wōmos | *gʷíh₃woyme |
| 2nd plural | *gʷíh₃wete | *gʷíh₃wete | *gʷíh₃wete | *gʷíh₃wēte | *gʷíh₃woyte |
| 3rd plural | *gʷíh₃wonti | *gʷíh₃wont | *gʷíh₃wontu | *gʷíh₃wōnti | *gʷíh₃woyh₁n̥t |
| Participle | *gʷíh₃wonts | ||||
Descendants
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *gīˀwetei
- Celtic:
- Proto-Hellenic: *ďṓwō (< *gʷyṓw-ō < *gʷyéh₃w-oh₂)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ǰíHwati (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Italic: *gʷīwō
- Latin: vīvō (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Tocharian: *śāw-[3]
References
- ^ Gąsiorowski, Piotr (2007) The Meaning of Life: PIE *gʷih₃u̯- in Indogermanische Forschungen Volume 112 (2007), 39-46
- ^ Ringe, Donald (2006) From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic (A Linguistic History of English; 1), Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN
- ^ Adams, Douglas Q. (1999) “śāw-”, in A dictionary of Tocharian B (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 10), Amsterdam, Atlanta: Rodopi, →ISBN
|
This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. |
Proto-Indo-European
Etymology
From *gʷem- (“to step”) + *-sḱéti (durative or iterative verbal suffix).
Verb
*PIE verbs b-h (imperfective)[1][2]
Inflection
| Imperfective, thematic, active only | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 3rd singular | *gʷm̥sḱéti | ||||
| 3rd plural | *gʷm̥sḱónti | ||||
| Active voice | Present indicative | Past indicative | Imperative | Subjunctive | Optative |
| 1st singular | *gʷm̥sḱóh₂ | *gʷm̥sḱóm | — | *gʷm̥sḱṓh₂ | *gʷm̥sḱóyh₁m̥ |
| 2nd singular | *gʷm̥sḱési | *gʷm̥sḱés | *gʷm̥sḱé | *gʷm̥sḱḗsi | *gʷm̥sḱóys |
| 3rd singular | *gʷm̥sḱéti | *gʷm̥sḱét | *gʷm̥sḱétu | *gʷm̥sḱḗti | *gʷm̥sḱóyt |
| 1st dual | *gʷm̥sḱówos | *gʷm̥sḱówe | — | *gʷm̥sḱṓwos | *gʷm̥sḱóywe |
| 2nd dual | *gʷm̥sḱétes | *gʷm̥sḱétom | *gʷm̥sḱétom | *gʷm̥sḱḗtes | *gʷm̥sḱóytom |
| 3rd dual | *gʷm̥sḱétes | *gʷm̥sḱétām | *gʷm̥sḱétām | *gʷm̥sḱḗtes | *gʷm̥sḱóytām |
| 1st plural | *gʷm̥sḱómos | *gʷm̥sḱóme | — | *gʷm̥sḱṓmos | *gʷm̥sḱóyme |
| 2nd plural | *gʷm̥sḱéte | *gʷm̥sḱéte | *gʷm̥sḱéte | *gʷm̥sḱḗte | *gʷm̥sḱóyte |
| 3rd plural | *gʷm̥sḱónti | *gʷm̥sḱónt | *gʷm̥sḱóntu | *gʷm̥sḱṓnti | *gʷm̥sḱóyh₁n̥t |
| Participle | *gʷm̥sḱónts | ||||
Descendants
- Proto-Albanian: *en-gaska (+ *en-)
- Albanian: ngah
- Proto-Hellenic: *gʷə́skō
- Ancient Greek: βάσκω (báskō)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *gasćáti
References
- ^ Ringe, Donald (2006) From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic (A Linguistic History of English; 1), Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN
- ^ Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 209
- ^ Rastorgujeva, V. S., Edelʹman, D. I. (2007) Etimologičeskij slovarʹ iranskix jazykov [Etymological Dictionary of Iranian Languages] (in Russian), volume 3, Moscow: Vostochnaya Literatura, page 118
|
This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. |
Proto-Indo-European
Alternative reconstructions
Etymology
Athematic root present of *h₁ed- (“to eat”).
Verb
*PIE verbs b-h (imperfective)[1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8]
- to eat
Inflection
| Imperfective, athematic | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 3rd singular | *h₁édti | ||||
| 3rd plural | *h₁dénti | ||||
| Active voice | Present indicative | Past indicative | Imperative | Subjunctive | Optative |
| 1st singular | *h₁édmi | *h₁édm̥ | — | *h₁édoh₂ | *h₁dyéh₁m̥ |
| 2nd singular | *h₁édsi | *h₁éds | *h₁éd, *h₁ddʰí | *h₁édesi | *h₁dyéh₁s |
| 3rd singular | *h₁édti | *h₁édt | *h₁édtu | *h₁édeti | *h₁dyéh₁t |
| 1st dual | *h₁dwós | *h₁dwé | — | *h₁édowos | *h₁dih₁wé |
| 2nd dual | *h₁dtés | *h₁dtóm | *h₁dtóm | *h₁édetes | *h₁dih₁tóm |
| 3rd dual | *h₁dtés | *h₁dtā́m | *h₁dtā́m | *h₁édetes | *h₁dih₁tā́m |
| 1st plural | *h₁dmós | *h₁dmé | — | *h₁édomos | *h₁dih₁mé |
| 2nd plural | *h₁dté | *h₁dté | *h₁dté | *h₁édete | *h₁dih₁té |
| 3rd plural | *h₁dénti | *h₁dént | *h₁déntu | *h₁édonti | *h₁dih₁ént |
| Participle | *h₁dónts | ||||
| Middle voice | Present indicative | Past indicative | Imperative | Subjunctive | Optative |
| 1st singular | *h₁dh₂ér | *h₁dh₂é | — | *h₁édoh₂er | *h₁dih₁h₂é |
| 2nd singular | *h₁dth₂ér | *h₁dth₂é | *h₁dsó | *h₁édeth₂er | *h₁dih₁th₂é |
| 3rd singular | *h₁dtór, *h₁dór | *h₁dtó, *h₁dó | *? | *h₁édetor | *h₁dih₁tó, *h₁dih₁ó |
| 1st dual | *h₁dwósdʰh₂ | *h₁dwédʰh₂ | — | *h₁édowosdʰh₂ | *h₁dih₁wédʰh₂ |
| 2nd dual | *? | *? | *? | *? | *? |
| 3rd dual | *? | *? | *? | *? | *? |
| 1st plural | *h₁dmósdʰh₂ | *h₁dmédʰh₂ | — | *h₁édomosdʰh₂ | *h₁dih₁médʰh₂ |
| 2nd plural | *h₁ddʰh₂wé | *h₁ddʰh₂wé | *h₁ddʰh₂wé | *h₁édedʰh₂we | *h₁dih₁dʰh₂wé |
| 3rd plural | *h₁dn̥tór, *h₁drór | *h₁dn̥tó, *h₁dró | *? | *h₁édontor | *h₁dih₁ró |
| Participle | *h₁dm̥h₁nós | ||||
Descendants
- Proto-Anatolian: *ʔed- ~ *ʔd-[9] (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *ḗˀdtei (earlier)
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *ḗˀstei (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Celtic: *essi (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Germanic: *etaną (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Hellenic: *édō (thematic)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hátˢti (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Italic: *edō (see there for further descendants)
References
- ^ Guus Kroonen (2013) “*etan-”, in Alexander Lubotsky, editor, Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 119
- ^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “edō”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 185-186
- ^ Derksen, Rick (2008) “*ě̀sti”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 154
- ^ Derksen, Rick (2015) “ėsti”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 157-158
- ^ Sihler, Andrew L. (1995) New Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin, Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN
- ^ Matasović, Ranko (2009) “*ed-o-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 113
- ^ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “ἔδω”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), volume I, with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 375
- ^ Mallory, J. P., Adams, D. Q., editors (1997), “*h₁édmi”, in Encyclopedia of Indo-European culture, London, Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers, page 175
- ^ Kloekhorst, Alwin (2008) “ed-zi / ad-”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Hittite Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 5), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 309-311
|
This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. |
Proto-Indo-European
Verb
*PIE verbs b-h (imperfective)[1][2][3]
- alternative reconstruction of *h₁édti
Inflection
| Imperfective, athematic | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 3rd singular | *h₁ḗdti | ||||
| 3rd plural | *h₁édn̥ti | ||||
| Active voice | Present indicative | Past indicative | Imperative | Subjunctive | Optative |
| 1st singular | *h₁ḗdmi | *h₁ḗdm̥ | — | *h₁ḗdoh₂ | *h₁édyeh₁m̥ |
| 2nd singular | *h₁ḗdsi | *h₁ḗds | *h₁ḗd, *h₁éddʰi | *h₁ḗdesi | *h₁édyeh₁s |
| 3rd singular | *h₁ḗdti | *h₁ḗdt | *h₁ḗdtu | *h₁ḗdeti | *h₁édyeh₁t |
| 1st dual | *h₁édwos | *h₁édwe | — | *h₁ḗdowos | *h₁édih₁we |
| 2nd dual | *h₁édtes | *h₁édtom | *h₁édtom | *h₁ḗdetes | *h₁édih₁tom |
| 3rd dual | *h₁édtes | *h₁édtām | *h₁édtām | *h₁ḗdetes | *h₁édih₁tām |
| 1st plural | *h₁édmos | *h₁édme | — | *h₁ḗdomos | *h₁édih₁me |
| 2nd plural | *h₁édte | *h₁édte | *h₁édte | *h₁ḗdete | *h₁édih₁te |
| 3rd plural | *h₁édn̥ti | *h₁édn̥t | *h₁édn̥tu | *h₁ḗdonti | *h₁édih₁n̥t |
| Participle | *h₁édn̥ts | ||||
| Middle voice | Present indicative | Past indicative | Imperative | Subjunctive | Optative |
| 1st singular | *h₁édh₂er | *h₁édh₂e | — | *h₁ḗdoh₂er | *h₁édih₁h₂e |
| 2nd singular | *h₁édth₂er | *h₁édth₂e | *h₁édso | *h₁ḗdeth₂er | *h₁édih₁th₂e |
| 3rd singular | *h₁édtor, *h₁édor | *h₁édto, *h₁édo | *? | *h₁ḗdetor | *h₁édih₁to, *h₁édih₁o |
| 1st dual | *h₁édwosdʰh₂ | *h₁édwedʰh₂ | — | *h₁ḗdowosdʰh₂ | *h₁édih₁wedʰh₂ |
| 2nd dual | *? | *? | *? | *? | *? |
| 3rd dual | *? | *? | *? | *? | *? |
| 1st plural | *h₁édmosdʰh₂ | *h₁édmedʰh₂ | — | *h₁ḗdomosdʰh₂ | *h₁édih₁medʰh₂ |
| 2nd plural | *h₁éddʰh₂we | *h₁éddʰh₂we | *h₁éddʰh₂we | *h₁ḗdedʰh₂we | *h₁édih₁dʰh₂we |
| 3rd plural | *h₁édn̥tor, *h₁édror | *h₁édn̥to, *h₁édro | *? | *h₁ḗdontor | *h₁édih₁ro |
| Participle | *h₁édm̥h₁nos | ||||
References
- ^ Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “*h₁ed-”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, pages 230-231
- ^ Ringe, Donald (2006) From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic (A Linguistic History of English; 1), Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN
- ^ Fortson, Benjamin W. (2004) Indo-European Language and Culture: An Introduction, first edition, Oxford: Blackwell
|
This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. |
Proto-Indo-European
Etymology
Athematic root present of *h₁es- (“to be”).
Verb
*PIE verbs b-h (imperfective)[1]
- to be
Inflection
| Imperfective, athematic, active only | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 3rd singular | *h₁ésti | ||||
| 3rd plural | *h₁sénti | ||||
| Active voice | Present indicative | Past indicative | Imperative | Subjunctive | Optative |
| 1st singular | *h₁ésmi | *h₁ésm̥ | — | *h₁ésoh₂ | *h₁syéh₁m̥ |
| 2nd singular | *h₁ési | *h₁és | *h₁és, *h₁sdʰí | *h₁ésesi | *h₁syéh₁s |
| 3rd singular | *h₁ésti | *h₁ést | *h₁éstu | *h₁éseti | *h₁syéh₁t |
| 1st dual | *h₁swós | *h₁swé | — | *h₁ésowos | *h₁sih₁wé |
| 2nd dual | *h₁stés | *h₁stóm | *h₁stóm | *h₁ésetes | *h₁sih₁tóm |
| 3rd dual | *h₁stés | *h₁stā́m | *h₁stā́m | *h₁ésetes | *h₁sih₁tā́m |
| 1st plural | *h₁smós | *h₁smé | — | *h₁ésomos | *h₁sih₁mé |
| 2nd plural | *h₁sté | *h₁sté | *h₁sté | *h₁ésete | *h₁sih₁té |
| 3rd plural | *h₁sénti | *h₁sént | *h₁séntu | *h₁ésonti | *h₁sih₁ént |
| Participle | *h₁sónts | ||||
Descendants
- Proto-Anatolian: *ʔésti (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Albanian: *esmi
- Armenian:
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *bū́ˀtei (*esmi, *esi, *esti)
- Proto-Celtic: *esti (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Germanic: *wesaną (*immi, *izi, *isti etc.) (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Hellenic: *ehmi
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hásti (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Italic: *som, *ezom (see there for further descendants)
- Tocharian:
- Tocharian B: ste (“is”)
References
- ^ Ringe, Donald (2006) From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic (A Linguistic History of English; 1), Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN
|
This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. |
Proto-Indo-European
Etymology
Thematic root aorist of *h₁lewdʰ- (“to grow, climb”).
Verb
*PIE verbs b-h (perfective)[1][2]
- to arrive
Inflection
| Perfective, thematic, active only | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 3rd singular | *h₁ludʰét | |||
| 3rd plural | *h₁ludʰónt | |||
| Active voice | Indicative | Imperative | Subjunctive | Optative |
| 1st singular | *h₁ludʰóm | — | *h₁ludʰṓh₂ | *h₁ludʰóyh₁m̥ |
| 2nd singular | *h₁ludʰés | *h₁ludʰé | *h₁ludʰḗsi | *h₁ludʰóys |
| 3rd singular | *h₁ludʰét | *h₁ludʰétu | *h₁ludʰḗti | *h₁ludʰóyt |
| 1st dual | *h₁ludʰówe | — | *h₁ludʰṓwos | *h₁ludʰóywe |
| 2nd dual | *h₁ludʰétom | *h₁ludʰétom | *h₁ludʰḗtes | *h₁ludʰóytom |
| 3rd dual | *h₁ludʰétām | *h₁ludʰétām | *h₁ludʰḗtes | *h₁ludʰóytām |
| 1st plural | *h₁ludʰóme | — | *h₁ludʰṓmos | *h₁ludʰóyme |
| 2nd plural | *h₁ludʰéte | *h₁ludʰéte | *h₁ludʰḗte | *h₁ludʰóyte |
| 3rd plural | *h₁ludʰónt | *h₁ludʰóntu | *h₁ludʰṓnti | *h₁ludʰóyh₁n̥t |
| Participle | *h₁ludʰónts | |||
Descendants
References
- ^ Ringe, Donald (2006) From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic (A Linguistic History of English; 1), Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 29
- ^ Matasović, Ranko (2017) “Part 2: Proto-Indo-European and language typology”, in Kapović, Mate, editor, The Indo-European Languages (Routledge Language Family Series), 2nd edition, London, New York: Routledge, →ISBN, page 169
- ^ Kortlandt, Frederik (2007) Italo-Celtic Origins and Prehistoric Development of the Irish Language (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 14), Leiden: Rodopi, →ISBN, page 100
- ^ Adams, Douglas Q. (2013) “lät-”, in A Dictionary of Tocharian B: Revised and Greatly Enlarged (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 10), Amsterdam, New York: Rodopi, →ISBN, pages 598-599
|
This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. |
Proto-Indo-European
Etymology
From *h₁régʷos (“darkness”) + *-yéti (denominative verbal suffix).
Verb
*PIE verbs b-h (imperfective)[1]
- to be getting dark
Inflection
| Imperfective, thematic, active only | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 3rd singular | *h₁regʷesyéti | ||||
| 3rd plural | *h₁regʷesyónti | ||||
| Active voice | Present indicative | Past indicative | Imperative | Subjunctive | Optative |
| 1st singular | *h₁regʷesyóh₂ | *h₁regʷesyóm | — | *h₁regʷesyṓh₂ | *h₁regʷesyóyh₁m̥ |
| 2nd singular | *h₁regʷesyési | *h₁regʷesyés | *h₁regʷesyé | *h₁regʷesyḗsi | *h₁regʷesyóys |
| 3rd singular | *h₁regʷesyéti | *h₁regʷesyét | *h₁regʷesyétu | *h₁regʷesyḗti | *h₁regʷesyóyt |
| 1st dual | *h₁regʷesyówos | *h₁regʷesyówe | — | *h₁regʷesyṓwos | *h₁regʷesyóywe |
| 2nd dual | *h₁regʷesyétes | *h₁regʷesyétom | *h₁regʷesyétom | *h₁regʷesyḗtes | *h₁regʷesyóytom |
| 3rd dual | *h₁regʷesyétes | *h₁regʷesyétām | *h₁regʷesyétām | *h₁regʷesyḗtes | *h₁regʷesyóytām |
| 1st plural | *h₁regʷesyómos | *h₁regʷesyóme | — | *h₁regʷesyṓmos | *h₁regʷesyóyme |
| 2nd plural | *h₁regʷesyéte | *h₁regʷesyéte | *h₁regʷesyéte | *h₁regʷesyḗte | *h₁regʷesyóyte |
| 3rd plural | *h₁regʷesyónti | *h₁regʷesyónt | *h₁regʷesyóntu | *h₁regʷesyṓnti | *h₁regʷesyóyh₁n̥t |
| Participle | *h₁regʷesyónts | ||||
Descendants
- Proto-Germanic: *rikwizjaną (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hraǰasyáti
- Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hraȷ́asyáti
- Sanskrit: रजस्यति (rajasyáti)
- Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hraȷ́asyáti
References
- ^ Ringe, Donald (2006) From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic (A Linguistic History of English; 1), Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN
|
This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. |
Proto-Indo-European
Etymology
From *h₁rewdʰ- (“red”) + *-éh₁ti (inchoative or fientive verbal suffix).
Verb
*PIE verbs b-h (imperfective)[1]
- to be red
Inflection
| Imperfective, athematic, active only | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 3rd singular | *h₁rudʰéh₁ti | ||||
| 3rd plural | *h₁rudʰéh₁n̥ti | ||||
| Active voice | Present indicative | Past indicative | Imperative | Subjunctive | Optative |
| 1st singular | *h₁rudʰéh₁mi | *h₁rudʰéh₁m̥ | — | *h₁rudʰéh₁oh₂ | *h₁rudʰéh₁yeh₁m̥ |
| 2nd singular | *h₁rudʰéh₁si | *h₁rudʰéh₁s | *h₁rudʰéh₁, *h₁rudʰéh₁dʰi | *h₁rudʰéh₁esi | *h₁rudʰéh₁yeh₁s |
| 3rd singular | *h₁rudʰéh₁ti | *h₁rudʰéh₁t | *h₁rudʰéh₁tu | *h₁rudʰéh₁eti | *h₁rudʰéh₁yeh₁t |
| 1st dual | *h₁rudʰéh₁wos | *h₁rudʰéh₁we | — | *h₁rudʰéh₁owos | *h₁rudʰéh₁ih₁we |
| 2nd dual | *h₁rudʰéh₁tes | *h₁rudʰéh₁tom | *h₁rudʰéh₁tom | *h₁rudʰéh₁etes | *h₁rudʰéh₁ih₁tom |
| 3rd dual | *h₁rudʰéh₁tes | *h₁rudʰéh₁tām | *h₁rudʰéh₁tām | *h₁rudʰéh₁etes | *h₁rudʰéh₁ih₁tām |
| 1st plural | *h₁rudʰéh₁mos | *h₁rudʰéh₁me | — | *h₁rudʰéh₁omos | *h₁rudʰéh₁ih₁me |
| 2nd plural | *h₁rudʰéh₁te | *h₁rudʰéh₁te | *h₁rudʰéh₁te | *h₁rudʰéh₁ete | *h₁rudʰéh₁ih₁te |
| 3rd plural | *h₁rudʰéh₁n̥ti | *h₁rudʰéh₁n̥t | *h₁rudʰéh₁n̥tu | *h₁rudʰéh₁onti | *h₁rudʰéh₁ih₁n̥t |
| Participle | *h₁rudʰéh₁n̥ts | ||||
Descendants
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *rudḗˀtei
- Proto-Slavic: *rъděti (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Celtic: *rudīti
- Old Irish: ruidid
- Proto-Germanic: *rudāną (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Italic: *ruðēō
- Latin: rubeō
References
- ^ Ringe, Donald (2006) From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic (A Linguistic History of English; 1), Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN
|
This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. |
Proto-Indo-European
Etymology
Thematic root present of *h₂eǵ- (“to drive”).
Verb
*PIE verbs b-h (imperfective)[1]
- to be driving
Inflection
| Imperfective, thematic | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 3rd singular | *h₂éǵeti | ||||
| 3rd plural | *h₂éǵonti | ||||
| Active voice | Present indicative | Past indicative | Imperative | Subjunctive | Optative |
| 1st singular | *h₂éǵoh₂ | *h₂éǵom | — | *h₂éǵōh₂ | *h₂éǵoyh₁m̥ |
| 2nd singular | *h₂éǵesi | *h₂éǵes | *h₂éǵe | *h₂éǵēsi | *h₂éǵoys |
| 3rd singular | *h₂éǵeti | *h₂éǵet | *h₂éǵetu | *h₂éǵēti | *h₂éǵoyt |
| 1st dual | *h₂éǵowos | *h₂éǵowe | — | *h₂éǵōwos | *h₂éǵoywe |
| 2nd dual | *h₂éǵetes | *h₂éǵetom | *h₂éǵetom | *h₂éǵētes | *h₂éǵoytom |
| 3rd dual | *h₂éǵetes | *h₂éǵetām | *h₂éǵetām | *h₂éǵētes | *h₂éǵoytām |
| 1st plural | *h₂éǵomos | *h₂éǵome | — | *h₂éǵōmos | *h₂éǵoyme |
| 2nd plural | *h₂éǵete | *h₂éǵete | *h₂éǵete | *h₂éǵēte | *h₂éǵoyte |
| 3rd plural | *h₂éǵonti | *h₂éǵont | *h₂éǵontu | *h₂éǵōnti | *h₂éǵoyh₁n̥t |
| Participle | *h₂éǵonts | ||||
| Middle voice | Present indicative | Past indicative | Imperative | Subjunctive | Optative |
| 1st singular | *h₂éǵoh₂er | *h₂éǵoh₂e | — | *h₂éǵōh₂er | *h₂éǵoyh₂e |
| 2nd singular | *h₂éǵeth₂er | *h₂éǵeth₂e | *h₂éǵeso | *h₂éǵēth₂er | *h₂éǵoyth₂e |
| 3rd singular | *h₂éǵetor | *h₂éǵeto | *? | *h₂éǵētor | *h₂éǵoyto, *h₂éǵoyh₁o |
| 1st dual | *h₂éǵowosdʰh₂ | *h₂éǵowedʰh₂ | — | *h₂éǵōwosdʰh₂ | *h₂éǵoywedʰh₂ |
| 2nd dual | *? | *? | *? | *? | *? |
| 3rd dual | *? | *? | *? | *? | *? |
| 1st plural | *h₂éǵomosdʰh₂ | *h₂éǵomedʰh₂ | — | *h₂éǵōmosdʰh₂ | *h₂éǵoymedʰh₂ |
| 2nd plural | *h₂éǵedʰh₂we | *h₂éǵedʰh₂we | *h₂éǵedʰh₂we | *h₂éǵēdʰh₂we | *h₂éǵoydʰh₂we |
| 3rd plural | *h₂éǵontor | *h₂éǵonto | *? | *h₂éǵōntor | *h₂éǵoyro |
| Participle | *h₂éǵomnos | ||||
Descendants
- Armenian:
- Proto-Celtic: *ageti (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Germanic: *akaną (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Hellenic: *ágō (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Háȷ́ati (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Italic: *agō (see there for further descendants)
- Tocharian:
References
- ^ Ringe, Donald (2006) From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic (A Linguistic History of English; 1), Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN
|
This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. |
Proto-Indo-European
Alternative reconstructions
Etymology
Reduplicated stative of the root *h₂neḱ- (“to reach, to attain”).
Verb
*PIE verbs b-h (stative)[3]
Inflection
| Stative | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 3rd singular | *h₂eh₂nóḱe | |||
| 3rd plural | *h₂eh₂n̥ḱḗr | |||
| Active voice | Indicative | Imperative | Subjunctive | Optative |
| 1st singular | *h₂eh₂nóḱh₂e | — | *h₂eh₂néḱoh₂ | *h₂eh₂n̥ḱyéh₁m̥ |
| 2nd singular | *h₂eh₂nóḱth₂e | *h₂eh₂nóḱ, *h₂eh₂n̥ḱdʰí | *h₂eh₂néḱesi | *h₂eh₂n̥ḱyéh₁s |
| 3rd singular | *h₂eh₂nóḱe | *h₂eh₂nóḱtu | *h₂eh₂néḱeti | *h₂eh₂n̥ḱyéh₁t |
| 1st dual | *h₂eh₂n̥ḱwé | — | *h₂eh₂néḱowos | *h₂eh₂n̥ḱih₁wé |
| 2nd dual | *? | *h₂eh₂n̥ḱtóm | *h₂eh₂néḱetes | *h₂eh₂n̥ḱih₁tóm |
| 3rd dual | *? | *h₂eh₂n̥ḱtā́m | *h₂eh₂néḱetes | *h₂eh₂n̥ḱih₁tā́m |
| 1st plural | *h₂eh₂n̥ḱmé | — | *h₂eh₂néḱomos | *h₂eh₂n̥ḱih₁mé |
| 2nd plural | *h₂eh₂n̥ḱé | *h₂eh₂n̥ḱté | *h₂eh₂néḱete | *h₂eh₂n̥ḱih₁té |
| 3rd plural | *h₂eh₂n̥ḱḗr | *h₂eh₂n̥ḱéntu | *h₂eh₂néḱonti | *h₂eh₂n̥ḱih₁ént |
| Participle | *h₂eh₂n̥ḱwṓs | |||
Descendants
- Albanian: kënaq
- Proto-Celtic: *ānonke
- Italic:
- Latin: nancīscor
- Proto-Germanic: *ganuganą (*ga- + unattested *nōgaz) (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *HaHnā́ća, *HaHnánća
References
- ^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “nancīscor”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 399
- ^ Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 282
- ^ Ringe, Donald (2006) From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic (A Linguistic History of English; 1), Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 34
|
This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. |
Proto-Indo-European
Etymology
Reduplicated stative of the root *h₂egʰ- (“to be upset, afraid”).
Verb
*PIE verbs b-h (stative)[1][2]
Inflection
| Stative | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 3rd singular | *h₂eh₂ógʰe | |||
| 3rd plural | *h₂eh₂gʰḗr | |||
| Active voice | Indicative | Imperative | Subjunctive | Optative |
| 1st singular | *h₂eh₂ógʰh₂e | — | *h₂eh₂égʰoh₂ | *h₂eh₂gʰyéh₁m̥ |
| 2nd singular | *h₂eh₂ógʰth₂e | *h₂eh₂ógʰ, *h₂eh₂gʰdʰí | *h₂eh₂égʰesi | *h₂eh₂gʰyéh₁s |
| 3rd singular | *h₂eh₂ógʰe | *h₂eh₂ógʰtu | *h₂eh₂égʰeti | *h₂eh₂gʰyéh₁t |
| 1st dual | *h₂eh₂gʰwé | — | *h₂eh₂égʰowos | *h₂eh₂gʰih₁wé |
| 2nd dual | *? | *h₂eh₂gʰtóm | *h₂eh₂égʰetes | *h₂eh₂gʰih₁tóm |
| 3rd dual | *? | *h₂eh₂gʰtā́m | *h₂eh₂égʰetes | *h₂eh₂gʰih₁tā́m |
| 1st plural | *h₂eh₂gʰmé | — | *h₂eh₂égʰomos | *h₂eh₂gʰih₁mé |
| 2nd plural | *h₂eh₂gʰé | *h₂eh₂gʰté | *h₂eh₂égʰete | *h₂eh₂gʰih₁té |
| 3rd plural | *h₂eh₂gʰḗr | *h₂eh₂gʰéntu | *h₂eh₂égʰonti | *h₂eh₂gʰih₁ént |
| Participle | *h₂eh₂gʰwṓs | |||
Descendants
- Proto-Celtic: *āgetor
- ⇒ Old Irish: ad·ágathar
- Proto-Germanic: *aganą
References
- ^ Ringe, Donald (2006) From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic (A Linguistic History of English; 1), Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN
- ^ Guus Kroonen (2013) Alexander Lubotsky, editor, Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN
|
This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. |
Proto-Indo-European
Etymology
Reduplicated stative of the root *h₂eyḱ- (“to obtain, possess, own”).
Verb
*PIE verbs b-h (stative)[1][2]
Inflection
| Stative | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 3rd singular | *h₂eh₂óyḱe | |||
| 3rd plural | *h₂eh₂iḱḗr | |||
| Active voice | Indicative | Imperative | Subjunctive | Optative |
| 1st singular | *h₂eh₂óyḱh₂e | — | *h₂eh₂éyḱoh₂ | *h₂eh₂iḱyéh₁m̥ |
| 2nd singular | *h₂eh₂óyḱth₂e | *h₂eh₂óyḱ, *h₂eh₂iḱdʰí | *h₂eh₂éyḱesi | *h₂eh₂iḱyéh₁s |
| 3rd singular | *h₂eh₂óyḱe | *h₂eh₂óyḱtu | *h₂eh₂éyḱeti | *h₂eh₂iḱyéh₁t |
| 1st dual | *h₂eh₂iḱwé | — | *h₂eh₂éyḱowos | *h₂eh₂iḱih₁wé |
| 2nd dual | *? | *h₂eh₂iḱtóm | *h₂eh₂éyḱetes | *h₂eh₂iḱih₁tóm |
| 3rd dual | *? | *h₂eh₂iḱtā́m | *h₂eh₂éyḱetes | *h₂eh₂iḱih₁tā́m |
| 1st plural | *h₂eh₂iḱmé | — | *h₂eh₂éyḱomos | *h₂eh₂iḱih₁mé |
| 2nd plural | *h₂eh₂iḱé | *h₂eh₂iḱté | *h₂eh₂éyḱete | *h₂eh₂iḱih₁té |
| 3rd plural | *h₂eh₂iḱḗr | *h₂eh₂iḱéntu | *h₂eh₂éyḱonti | *h₂eh₂iḱih₁ént |
| Participle | *h₂eh₂iḱwṓs | |||
Descendants
- Proto-Germanic: *aiganą (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *HiHićay (middle voice)
References
- ^ Ringe, Donald (2006) From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic (A Linguistic History of English; 1), Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 153
- ^ Guus Kroonen (2013) “*aigan-”, in Alexander Lubotsky, editor, Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 8
- ^ Lubotsky, Alexander (2011) “īś”, in The Indo-Aryan Inherited Lexicon (in progress) (Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Project), Leiden University
|
This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. |
Proto-Indo-European
Etymology
Thematic root present of *h₂el- (“to grow, nourish”).
Verb
*PIE verbs b-h (imperfective)[1]
- to be nourishing
Inflection
| Imperfective, thematic | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 3rd singular | *h₂életi | ||||
| 3rd plural | *h₂élonti | ||||
| Active voice | Present indicative | Past indicative | Imperative | Subjunctive | Optative |
| 1st singular | *h₂éloh₂ | *h₂élom | — | *h₂élōh₂ | *h₂éloyh₁m̥ |
| 2nd singular | *h₂élesi | *h₂éles | *h₂éle | *h₂élēsi | *h₂éloys |
| 3rd singular | *h₂életi | *h₂élet | *h₂életu | *h₂élēti | *h₂éloyt |
| 1st dual | *h₂élowos | *h₂élowe | — | *h₂élōwos | *h₂éloywe |
| 2nd dual | *h₂életes | *h₂életom | *h₂életom | *h₂élētes | *h₂éloytom |
| 3rd dual | *h₂életes | *h₂életām | *h₂életām | *h₂élētes | *h₂éloytām |
| 1st plural | *h₂élomos | *h₂élome | — | *h₂élōmos | *h₂éloyme |
| 2nd plural | *h₂élete | *h₂élete | *h₂élete | *h₂élēte | *h₂éloyte |
| 3rd plural | *h₂élonti | *h₂élont | *h₂élontu | *h₂élōnti | *h₂éloyh₁n̥t |
| Participle | *h₂élonts | ||||
| Middle voice | Present indicative | Past indicative | Imperative | Subjunctive | Optative |
| 1st singular | *h₂éloh₂er | *h₂éloh₂e | — | *h₂élōh₂er | *h₂éloyh₂e |
| 2nd singular | *h₂életh₂er | *h₂életh₂e | *h₂éleso | *h₂élēth₂er | *h₂éloyth₂e |
| 3rd singular | *h₂életor | *h₂életo | *? | *h₂élētor | *h₂éloyto, *h₂éloyh₁o |
| 1st dual | *h₂élowosdʰh₂ | *h₂élowedʰh₂ | — | *h₂élōwosdʰh₂ | *h₂éloywedʰh₂ |
| 2nd dual | *? | *? | *? | *? | *? |
| 3rd dual | *? | *? | *? | *? | *? |
| 1st plural | *h₂élomosdʰh₂ | *h₂élomedʰh₂ | — | *h₂élōmosdʰh₂ | *h₂éloymedʰh₂ |
| 2nd plural | *h₂éledʰh₂we | *h₂éledʰh₂we | *h₂éledʰh₂we | *h₂élēdʰh₂we | *h₂éloydʰh₂we |
| 3rd plural | *h₂élontor | *h₂élonto | *? | *h₂élōntor | *h₂éloyro |
| Participle | *h₂élomnos | ||||
Descendants
- Proto-Celtic: *aleti (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Germanic: *alaną (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Italic: *alō
- Latin: alō
References
- ^ Ringe, Donald (2006) From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic (A Linguistic History of English; 1), Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN
|
This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. |
Proto-Indo-European
Etymology
Athematic root present of *h₂enh₁- (“to breathe”).
Verb
*PIE verbs b-h (imperfective)[1]
- to breathe
Inflection
| Imperfective, athematic, active only | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 3rd singular | *h₂énh₁ti | ||||
| 3rd plural | *h₂n̥h₁énti | ||||
| Active voice | Present indicative | Past indicative | Imperative | Subjunctive | Optative |
| 1st singular | *h₂énh₁mi | *h₂énh₁m̥ | — | *h₂énh₁oh₂ | *h₂n̥h₁yéh₁m̥ |
| 2nd singular | *h₂énh₁si | *h₂énh₁s | *h₂énh₁, *h₂n̥h₁dʰí | *h₂énh₁esi | *h₂n̥h₁yéh₁s |
| 3rd singular | *h₂énh₁ti | *h₂énh₁t | *h₂énh₁tu | *h₂énh₁eti | *h₂n̥h₁yéh₁t |
| 1st dual | *h₂n̥h₁wós | *h₂n̥h₁wé | — | *h₂énh₁owos | *h₂n̥h₁ih₁wé |
| 2nd dual | *h₂n̥h₁tés | *h₂n̥h₁tóm | *h₂n̥h₁tóm | *h₂énh₁etes | *h₂n̥h₁ih₁tóm |
| 3rd dual | *h₂n̥h₁tés | *h₂n̥h₁tā́m | *h₂n̥h₁tā́m | *h₂énh₁etes | *h₂n̥h₁ih₁tā́m |
| 1st plural | *h₂n̥h₁mós | *h₂n̥h₁mé | — | *h₂énh₁omos | *h₂n̥h₁ih₁mé |
| 2nd plural | *h₂n̥h₁té | *h₂n̥h₁té | *h₂n̥h₁té | *h₂énh₁ete | *h₂n̥h₁ih₁té |
| 3rd plural | *h₂n̥h₁énti | *h₂n̥h₁ént | *h₂n̥h₁éntu | *h₂énh₁onti | *h₂n̥h₁ih₁ént |
| Participle | *h₂n̥h₁ónts | ||||
Descendants
- Proto-Celtic: *anati (“to remain”) (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Germanic: *ananą (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *HánHti
References
- ^ Ringe, Donald (2006) From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic (A Linguistic History of English; 1), Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN
|
This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. |
Proto-Indo-European
Etymology
From *h₂erh₃- (“to plough”) + *-yeti, with regular deletion of the laryngeal between a consonant and *y (Pinault's law).[1]
Verb
*PIE verbs b-h (imperfective)
- to be ploughing
Alternative reconstructions
- *h₂érh₃yeti[2]
Inflection
| Imperfective, thematic | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 3rd singular | *h₂éryeti | ||||
| 3rd plural | *h₂éryonti | ||||
| Active voice | Present indicative | Past indicative | Imperative | Subjunctive | Optative |
| 1st singular | *h₂éryoh₂ | *h₂éryom | — | *h₂éryōh₂ | *h₂éryoyh₁m̥ |
| 2nd singular | *h₂éryesi | *h₂éryes | *h₂érye | *h₂éryēsi | *h₂éryoys |
| 3rd singular | *h₂éryeti | *h₂éryet | *h₂éryetu | *h₂éryēti | *h₂éryoyt |
| 1st dual | *h₂éryowos | *h₂éryowe | — | *h₂éryōwos | *h₂éryoywe |
| 2nd dual | *h₂éryetes | *h₂éryetom | *h₂éryetom | *h₂éryētes | *h₂éryoytom |
| 3rd dual | *h₂éryetes | *h₂éryetām | *h₂éryetām | *h₂éryētes | *h₂éryoytām |
| 1st plural | *h₂éryomos | *h₂éryome | — | *h₂éryōmos | *h₂éryoyme |
| 2nd plural | *h₂éryete | *h₂éryete | *h₂éryete | *h₂éryēte | *h₂éryoyte |
| 3rd plural | *h₂éryonti | *h₂éryont | *h₂éryontu | *h₂éryōnti | *h₂éryoyh₁n̥t |
| Participle | *h₂éryonts | ||||
| Middle voice | Present indicative | Past indicative | Imperative | Subjunctive | Optative |
| 1st singular | *h₂éryoh₂er | *h₂éryoh₂e | — | *h₂éryōh₂er | *h₂éryoyh₂e |
| 2nd singular | *h₂éryeth₂er | *h₂éryeth₂e | *h₂éryeso | *h₂éryēth₂er | *h₂éryoyth₂e |
| 3rd singular | *h₂éryetor | *h₂éryeto | *? | *h₂éryētor | *h₂éryoyto, *h₂éryoyh₁o |
| 1st dual | *h₂éryowosdʰh₂ | *h₂éryowedʰh₂ | — | *h₂éryōwosdʰh₂ | *h₂éryoywedʰh₂ |
| 2nd dual | *? | *? | *? | *? | *? |
| 3rd dual | *? | *? | *? | *? | *? |
| 1st plural | *h₂éryomosdʰh₂ | *h₂éryomedʰh₂ | — | *h₂éryōmosdʰh₂ | *h₂éryoymedʰh₂ |
| 2nd plural | *h₂éryedʰh₂we | *h₂éryedʰh₂we | *h₂éryedʰh₂we | *h₂éryēdʰh₂we | *h₂éryoydʰh₂we |
| 3rd plural | *h₂éryontor | *h₂éryonto | *? | *h₂éryōntor | *h₂éryoyro |
| Participle | *h₂éryomnos | ||||
Descendants
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *árˀtei
- Proto-Celtic: *aryeti (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Germanic: *arjaną (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Hellenic: *aroyō (with restored laryngeal)
- Ancient Greek: ἀρόω (aróō)
- Proto-Italic: *araō (with restored laryngeal)
- Latin: arō (see there for further descendants)
References
- ^ Ringe, Donald (2006) From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic (A Linguistic History of English; 1), Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 15
- ^ Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “*h₂erh₃-”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 272
|
This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. |
Proto-Indo-European
Etymology
From *h₂eḱ- (“sharp”) + *h₂ṓws (“ear”) and + *-yéti (denominative verbal suffix).
Verb
*PIE verbs b-h (imperfective)
Inflection
| Imperfective, thematic, active only | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 3rd singular | *h₂ḱh₂owsyéti | ||||
| 3rd plural | *h₂ḱh₂owsyónti | ||||
| Active voice | Present indicative | Past indicative | Imperative | Subjunctive | Optative |
| 1st singular | *h₂ḱh₂owsyóh₂ | *h₂ḱh₂owsyóm | — | *h₂ḱh₂owsyṓh₂ | *h₂ḱh₂owsyóyh₁m̥ |
| 2nd singular | *h₂ḱh₂owsyési | *h₂ḱh₂owsyés | *h₂ḱh₂owsyé | *h₂ḱh₂owsyḗsi | *h₂ḱh₂owsyóys |
| 3rd singular | *h₂ḱh₂owsyéti | *h₂ḱh₂owsyét | *h₂ḱh₂owsyétu | *h₂ḱh₂owsyḗti | *h₂ḱh₂owsyóyt |
| 1st dual | *h₂ḱh₂owsyówos | *h₂ḱh₂owsyówe | — | *h₂ḱh₂owsyṓwos | *h₂ḱh₂owsyóywe |
| 2nd dual | *h₂ḱh₂owsyétes | *h₂ḱh₂owsyétom | *h₂ḱh₂owsyétom | *h₂ḱh₂owsyḗtes | *h₂ḱh₂owsyóytom |
| 3rd dual | *h₂ḱh₂owsyétes | *h₂ḱh₂owsyétām | *h₂ḱh₂owsyétām | *h₂ḱh₂owsyḗtes | *h₂ḱh₂owsyóytām |
| 1st plural | *h₂ḱh₂owsyómos | *h₂ḱh₂owsyóme | — | *h₂ḱh₂owsyṓmos | *h₂ḱh₂owsyóyme |
| 2nd plural | *h₂ḱh₂owsyéte | *h₂ḱh₂owsyéte | *h₂ḱh₂owsyéte | *h₂ḱh₂owsyḗte | *h₂ḱh₂owsyóyte |
| 3rd plural | *h₂ḱh₂owsyónti | *h₂ḱh₂owsyónt | *h₂ḱh₂owsyóntu | *h₂ḱh₂owsyṓnti | *h₂ḱh₂owsyóyh₁n̥t |
| Participle | *h₂ḱh₂owsyónts | ||||
Descendants
- Proto-Germanic: *hauzijaną (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Hellenic: *akouhō (see there for further descendants)
- Tocharian:
References
- ^ Adams, Douglas Q. (2013) “āks-”, in A Dictionary of Tocharian B: Revised and Greatly Enlarged (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 10), Amsterdam, New York: Rodopi, →ISBN, pages 41-42
- Ringe, Donald (2006) From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic (A Linguistic History of English; 1), Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN
|
This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. |
Proto-Indo-European
Etymology
From *h₂lek- (“to protect”) + *-seti.
Verb
*PIE verbs b-h (imperfective)[1]
- to be protecting
Inflection
| Imperfective, thematic | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 3rd singular | *h₂lékseti | ||||
| 3rd plural | *h₂léksonti | ||||
| Active voice | Present indicative | Past indicative | Imperative | Subjunctive | Optative |
| 1st singular | *h₂léksoh₂ | *h₂léksom | — | *h₂léksōh₂ | *h₂léksoyh₁m̥ |
| 2nd singular | *h₂léksesi | *h₂lékses | *h₂lékse | *h₂léksēsi | *h₂léksoys |
| 3rd singular | *h₂lékseti | *h₂lékset | *h₂léksetu | *h₂léksēti | *h₂léksoyt |
| 1st dual | *h₂léksowos | *h₂léksowe | — | *h₂léksōwos | *h₂léksoywe |
| 2nd dual | *h₂léksetes | *h₂léksetom | *h₂léksetom | *h₂léksētes | *h₂léksoytom |
| 3rd dual | *h₂léksetes | *h₂léksetām | *h₂léksetām | *h₂léksētes | *h₂léksoytām |
| 1st plural | *h₂léksomos | *h₂léksome | — | *h₂léksōmos | *h₂léksoyme |
| 2nd plural | *h₂léksete | *h₂léksete | *h₂léksete | *h₂léksēte | *h₂léksoyte |
| 3rd plural | *h₂léksonti | *h₂léksont | *h₂léksontu | *h₂léksōnti | *h₂léksoyh₁n̥t |
| Participle | *h₂léksonts | ||||
| Middle voice | Present indicative | Past indicative | Imperative | Subjunctive | Optative |
| 1st singular | *h₂léksoh₂er | *h₂léksoh₂e | — | *h₂léksōh₂er | *h₂léksoyh₂e |
| 2nd singular | *h₂lékseth₂er | *h₂lékseth₂e | *h₂lékseso | *h₂léksēth₂er | *h₂léksoyth₂e |
| 3rd singular | *h₂léksetor | *h₂lékseto | *? | *h₂léksētor | *h₂léksoyto, *h₂léksoyh₁o |
| 1st dual | *h₂léksowosdʰh₂ | *h₂léksowedʰh₂ | — | *h₂léksōwosdʰh₂ | *h₂léksoywedʰh₂ |
| 2nd dual | *? | *? | *? | *? | *? |
| 3rd dual | *? | *? | *? | *? | *? |
| 1st plural | *h₂léksomosdʰh₂ | *h₂léksomedʰh₂ | — | *h₂léksōmosdʰh₂ | *h₂léksoymedʰh₂ |
| 2nd plural | *h₂léksedʰh₂we | *h₂léksedʰh₂we | *h₂léksedʰh₂we | *h₂léksēdʰh₂we | *h₂léksoydʰh₂we |
| 3rd plural | *h₂léksontor | *h₂léksonto | *? | *h₂léksōntor | *h₂léksoyro |
| Participle | *h₂léksomnos | ||||
Descendants
References
- ^ Ringe, Donald (2006) From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic (A Linguistic History of English; 1), Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN
|
This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. |
Proto-Indo-European
Etymology
Athematic Narten root present of *h₂weh₁- (“to blow”).
Verb
*PIE verbs b-h (imperfective)[1]
- to blow (of wind)
Inflection
| Imperfective, athematic, active only | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 3rd singular | *h₂wḗh₁ti | ||||
| 3rd plural | *h₂wéh₁n̥ti | ||||
| Active voice | Present indicative | Past indicative | Imperative | Subjunctive | Optative |
| 1st singular | *h₂wḗh₁mi | *h₂wḗh₁m̥ | — | *h₂wḗh₁oh₂ | *h₂wéh₁yeh₁m̥ |
| 2nd singular | *h₂wḗh₁si | *h₂wḗh₁s | *h₂wḗh₁, *h₂wéh₁dʰi | *h₂wḗh₁esi | *h₂wéh₁yeh₁s |
| 3rd singular | *h₂wḗh₁ti | *h₂wḗh₁t | *h₂wḗh₁tu | *h₂wḗh₁eti | *h₂wéh₁yeh₁t |
| 1st dual | *h₂wéh₁wos | *h₂wéh₁we | — | *h₂wḗh₁owos | *h₂wéh₁ih₁we |
| 2nd dual | *h₂wéh₁tes | *h₂wéh₁tom | *h₂wéh₁tom | *h₂wḗh₁etes | *h₂wéh₁ih₁tom |
| 3rd dual | *h₂wéh₁tes | *h₂wéh₁tām | *h₂wéh₁tām | *h₂wḗh₁etes | *h₂wéh₁ih₁tām |
| 1st plural | *h₂wéh₁mos | *h₂wéh₁me | — | *h₂wḗh₁omos | *h₂wéh₁ih₁me |
| 2nd plural | *h₂wéh₁te | *h₂wéh₁te | *h₂wéh₁te | *h₂wḗh₁ete | *h₂wéh₁ih₁te |
| 3rd plural | *h₂wéh₁n̥ti | *h₂wéh₁n̥t | *h₂wéh₁n̥tu | *h₂wḗh₁onti | *h₂wéh₁ih₁n̥t |
| Participle | *h₂wéh₁n̥ts | ||||
Derived terms
Descendants
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *wḗˀtei (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Germanic: *wēaną (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Hellenic: *awēmi (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hwā́ti
References
- ^ Ringe, Donald (2006) From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic (A Linguistic History of English; 1), Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN
|
This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. |
Proto-Indo-European
Etymology
Thematic root present of *h₃meyǵʰ- (“to urinate”).
Verb
*PIE verbs b-h (imperfective)[1]
- to be urinating
Inflection
| Imperfective, thematic, active only | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 3rd singular | *h₃méyǵʰeti | ||||
| 3rd plural | *h₃méyǵʰonti | ||||
| Active voice | Present indicative | Past indicative | Imperative | Subjunctive | Optative |
| 1st singular | *h₃méyǵʰoh₂ | *h₃méyǵʰom | — | *h₃méyǵʰōh₂ | *h₃méyǵʰoyh₁m̥ |
| 2nd singular | *h₃méyǵʰesi | *h₃méyǵʰes | *h₃méyǵʰe | *h₃méyǵʰēsi | *h₃méyǵʰoys |
| 3rd singular | *h₃méyǵʰeti | *h₃méyǵʰet | *h₃méyǵʰetu | *h₃méyǵʰēti | *h₃méyǵʰoyt |
| 1st dual | *h₃méyǵʰowos | *h₃méyǵʰowe | — | *h₃méyǵʰōwos | *h₃méyǵʰoywe |
| 2nd dual | *h₃méyǵʰetes | *h₃méyǵʰetom | *h₃méyǵʰetom | *h₃méyǵʰētes | *h₃méyǵʰoytom |
| 3rd dual | *h₃méyǵʰetes | *h₃méyǵʰetām | *h₃méyǵʰetām | *h₃méyǵʰētes | *h₃méyǵʰoytām |
| 1st plural | *h₃méyǵʰomos | *h₃méyǵʰome | — | *h₃méyǵʰōmos | *h₃méyǵʰoyme |
| 2nd plural | *h₃méyǵʰete | *h₃méyǵʰete | *h₃méyǵʰete | *h₃méyǵʰēte | *h₃méyǵʰoyte |
| 3rd plural | *h₃méyǵʰonti | *h₃méyǵʰont | *h₃méyǵʰontu | *h₃méyǵʰōnti | *h₃méyǵʰoyh₁n̥t |
| Participle | *h₃méyǵʰonts | ||||
Descendants
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *miźtei
- Proto-Germanic: *mīganą (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Hellenic: *oméikʰō
- Ancient Greek: ὀμείχω (omeíkhō)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hmáyȷ́ʰati
- Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hmáyźʰati
- Sanskrit: मेहति (méhati) (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Iranian: *Hmáyjati
- Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hmáyźʰati
References
- ^ Ringe, Donald (2006) From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic (A Linguistic History of English; 1), Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN
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This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. |
Proto-Indo-European
Etymology
From *h₃reǵ- (“to straighten”) + *-éyeti (causative verbal suffix).
Verb
*PIE verbs b-h (imperfective)
- to straighten, to make straight, to cause to be straight
Inflection
| Imperfective, thematic | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 3rd singular | *h₃roǵéyeti | ||||
| 3rd plural | *h₃roǵéyonti | ||||
| Active voice | Present indicative | Past indicative | Imperative | Subjunctive | Optative |
| 1st singular | *h₃roǵéyoh₂ | *h₃roǵéyom | — | *h₃roǵéyōh₂ | *h₃roǵéyoyh₁m̥ |
| 2nd singular | *h₃roǵéyesi | *h₃roǵéyes | *h₃roǵéye | *h₃roǵéyēsi | *h₃roǵéyoys |
| 3rd singular | *h₃roǵéyeti | *h₃roǵéyet | *h₃roǵéyetu | *h₃roǵéyēti | *h₃roǵéyoyt |
| 1st dual | *h₃roǵéyowos | *h₃roǵéyowe | — | *h₃roǵéyōwos | *h₃roǵéyoywe |
| 2nd dual | *h₃roǵéyetes | *h₃roǵéyetom | *h₃roǵéyetom | *h₃roǵéyētes | *h₃roǵéyoytom |
| 3rd dual | *h₃roǵéyetes | *h₃roǵéyetām | *h₃roǵéyetām | *h₃roǵéyētes | *h₃roǵéyoytām |
| 1st plural | *h₃roǵéyomos | *h₃roǵéyome | — | *h₃roǵéyōmos | *h₃roǵéyoyme |
| 2nd plural | *h₃roǵéyete | *h₃roǵéyete | *h₃roǵéyete | *h₃roǵéyēte | *h₃roǵéyoyte |
| 3rd plural | *h₃roǵéyonti | *h₃roǵéyont | *h₃roǵéyontu | *h₃roǵéyōnti | *h₃roǵéyoyh₁n̥t |
| Participle | *h₃roǵéyonts | ||||
| Middle voice | Present indicative | Past indicative | Imperative | Subjunctive | Optative |
| 1st singular | *h₃roǵéyoh₂er | *h₃roǵéyoh₂e | — | *h₃roǵéyōh₂er | *h₃roǵéyoyh₂e |
| 2nd singular | *h₃roǵéyeth₂er | *h₃roǵéyeth₂e | *h₃roǵéyeso | *h₃roǵéyēth₂er | *h₃roǵéyoyth₂e |
| 3rd singular | *h₃roǵéyetor | *h₃roǵéyeto | *? | *h₃roǵéyētor | *h₃roǵéyoyto, *h₃roǵéyoyh₁o |
| 1st dual | *h₃roǵéyowosdʰh₂ | *h₃roǵéyowedʰh₂ | — | *h₃roǵéyōwosdʰh₂ | *h₃roǵéyoywedʰh₂ |
| 2nd dual | *? | *? | *? | *? | *? |
| 3rd dual | *? | *? | *? | *? | *? |
| 1st plural | *h₃roǵéyomosdʰh₂ | *h₃roǵéyomedʰh₂ | — | *h₃roǵéyōmosdʰh₂ | *h₃roǵéyoymedʰh₂ |
| 2nd plural | *h₃roǵéyedʰh₂we | *h₃roǵéyedʰh₂we | *h₃roǵéyedʰh₂we | *h₃roǵéyēdʰh₂we | *h₃roǵéyoydʰh₂we |
| 3rd plural | *h₃roǵéyontor | *h₃roǵéyonto | *? | *h₃roǵéyōntor | *h₃roǵéyoyro |
| Participle | *h₃roǵéyomnos | ||||
Descendants
- Proto-Celtic: *rogīti (see there for further descendants)[1]
- Proto-Germanic: *rakjaną[2] (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hrāȷ́áyati
- Proto-Iranian: *Hrājáyati
- Avestan: 𐬭𐬁𐬰𐬀𐬌𐬌𐬈𐬌𐬙𐬈 (rāzaiieite, “to direct, lead”)
- Proto-Iranian: *Hrājáyati
References
- ^ Schumacher, Stefan, Schulze-Thulin, Britta (2004) Die keltischen Primärverben: ein vergleichendes, etymologisches und morphologisches Lexikon [The Celtic Primary Verbs: A comparative, etymological and morphological lexicon] (Innsbrucker Beiträge zur Sprachwissenschaft; 110) (in German), Innsbruck: Institut für Sprachen und Literaturen der Universität Innsbruck, →ISBN, page 280
- ^ Friedrich Kluge (1989) “recken”, in Elmar Seebold, editor, Etymologisches Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache [Etymological Dictionary of the German Language] (in German), 22nd edition, Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, →ISBN
|
This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. |
Proto-Indo-European
Etymology
Thematic root present of *h₃yebʰ- (“to enter into, penetrate; to copulate”).
Verb
*PIE verbs b-h (imperfective)
Inflection
| Imperfective, thematic | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 3rd singular | *h₃yébʰeti | ||||
| 3rd plural | *h₃yébʰonti | ||||
| Active voice | Present indicative | Past indicative | Imperative | Subjunctive | Optative |
| 1st singular | *h₃yébʰoh₂ | *h₃yébʰom | — | *h₃yébʰōh₂ | *h₃yébʰoyh₁m̥ |
| 2nd singular | *h₃yébʰesi | *h₃yébʰes | *h₃yébʰe | *h₃yébʰēsi | *h₃yébʰoys |
| 3rd singular | *h₃yébʰeti | *h₃yébʰet | *h₃yébʰetu | *h₃yébʰēti | *h₃yébʰoyt |
| 1st dual | *h₃yébʰowos | *h₃yébʰowe | — | *h₃yébʰōwos | *h₃yébʰoywe |
| 2nd dual | *h₃yébʰetes | *h₃yébʰetom | *h₃yébʰetom | *h₃yébʰētes | *h₃yébʰoytom |
| 3rd dual | *h₃yébʰetes | *h₃yébʰetām | *h₃yébʰetām | *h₃yébʰētes | *h₃yébʰoytām |
| 1st plural | *h₃yébʰomos | *h₃yébʰome | — | *h₃yébʰōmos | *h₃yébʰoyme |
| 2nd plural | *h₃yébʰete | *h₃yébʰete | *h₃yébʰete | *h₃yébʰēte | *h₃yébʰoyte |
| 3rd plural | *h₃yébʰonti | *h₃yébʰont | *h₃yébʰontu | *h₃yébʰōnti | *h₃yébʰoyh₁n̥t |
| Participle | *h₃yébʰonts | ||||
| Middle voice | Present indicative | Past indicative | Imperative | Subjunctive | Optative |
| 1st singular | *h₃yébʰoh₂er | *h₃yébʰoh₂e | — | *h₃yébʰōh₂er | *h₃yébʰoyh₂e |
| 2nd singular | *h₃yébʰeth₂er | *h₃yébʰeth₂e | *h₃yébʰeso | *h₃yébʰēth₂er | *h₃yébʰoyth₂e |
| 3rd singular | *h₃yébʰetor | *h₃yébʰeto | *? | *h₃yébʰētor | *h₃yébʰoyto, *h₃yébʰoyh₁o |
| 1st dual | *h₃yébʰowosdʰh₂ | *h₃yébʰowedʰh₂ | — | *h₃yébʰōwosdʰh₂ | *h₃yébʰoywedʰh₂ |
| 2nd dual | *? | *? | *? | *? | *? |
| 3rd dual | *? | *? | *? | *? | *? |
| 1st plural | *h₃yébʰomosdʰh₂ | *h₃yébʰomedʰh₂ | — | *h₃yébʰōmosdʰh₂ | *h₃yébʰoymedʰh₂ |
| 2nd plural | *h₃yébʰedʰh₂we | *h₃yébʰedʰh₂we | *h₃yébʰedʰh₂we | *h₃yébʰēdʰh₂we | *h₃yébʰoydʰh₂we |
| 3rd plural | *h₃yébʰontor | *h₃yébʰonto | *? | *h₃yébʰōntor | *h₃yébʰoyro |
| Participle | *h₃yébʰomnos | ||||
Descendants
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *jebtei
- Proto-Hellenic: *oyépʰō
- Ancient Greek: οἴφω (oíphō)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hyábʰati
|
This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. |
Proto-Indo-European
Etymology
Athematic root aorist of *Hrewp- (“to break, tear up”).
Verb
*PIE verbs b-h (perfective)[1]
- to break
Inflection
| Perfective, athematic | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 3rd singular | *Hréwpt | |||
| 3rd plural | *Hrupént | |||
| Active voice | Indicative | Imperative | Subjunctive | Optative |
| 1st singular | *Hréwpm̥ | — | *Hréwpoh₂ | *Hrupyéh₁m̥ |
| 2nd singular | *Hréwps | *Hréwp, *Hrupdʰí | *Hréwpesi | *Hrupyéh₁s |
| 3rd singular | *Hréwpt | *Hréwptu | *Hréwpeti | *Hrupyéh₁t |
| 1st dual | *Hrupwé | — | *Hréwpowos | *Hrupih₁wé |
| 2nd dual | *Hruptóm | *Hruptóm | *Hréwpetes | *Hrupih₁tóm |
| 3rd dual | *Hruptā́m | *Hruptā́m | *Hréwpetes | *Hrupih₁tā́m |
| 1st plural | *Hrupmé | — | *Hréwpomos | *Hrupih₁mé |
| 2nd plural | *Hrupté | *Hrupté | *Hréwpete | *Hrupih₁té |
| 3rd plural | *Hrupént | *Hrupéntu | *Hréwponti | *Hrupih₁ént |
| Participle | *Hrupónts | |||
| Middle voice | Indicative | Imperative | Subjunctive | Optative |
| 1st singular | *Hruph₂é | — | *Hréwpoh₂er | *Hrupih₁h₂é |
| 2nd singular | *Hrupth₂é | *Hrupsó | *Hréwpeth₂er | *Hrupih₁th₂é |
| 3rd singular | *Hruptó, *Hrupó | *? | *Hréwpetor | *Hrupih₁tó, *Hrupih₁ó |
| 1st dual | *Hrupwédʰh₂ | — | *Hréwpowosdʰh₂ | *Hrupih₁wédʰh₂ |
| 2nd dual | *? | *? | *? | *? |
| 3rd dual | *? | *? | *? | *? |
| 1st plural | *Hrupmédʰh₂ | — | *Hréwpomosdʰh₂ | *Hrupih₁médʰh₂ |
| 2nd plural | *Hrupdʰh₂wé | *Hrupdʰh₂wé | *Hréwpedʰh₂we | *Hrupih₁dʰh₂wé |
| 3rd plural | *Hrupn̥tó, *Hrupró | *? | *Hréwpontor | *Hrupih₁ró |
| Participle | *Hrupm̥h₁nós | |||
Descendants
- Proto-Germanic: *reufaną (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hárawpt
- Proto-Italic: *roupai
- Latin: rūpī
References
- ^ Ringe, Donald (2006) From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic (A Linguistic History of English; 1), Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN
|
This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. |
Proto-Indo-European
Etymology
From *Hrewp- (“to break, tear up”) + *-né- (nasal infix).
Verb
*PIE verbs b-h (imperfective)[1]
- to be breaking
Inflection
| Imperfective, athematic | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 3rd singular | *Hrunépti | ||||
| 3rd plural | *Hrumpénti | ||||
| Active voice | Present indicative | Past indicative | Imperative | Subjunctive | Optative |
| 1st singular | *Hrunépmi | *Hrunépm̥ | — | *Hrunépoh₂ | *Hrumpyéh₁m̥ |
| 2nd singular | *Hrunépsi | *Hrunéps | *Hrunép, *Hrumpdʰí | *Hrunépesi | *Hrumpyéh₁s |
| 3rd singular | *Hrunépti | *Hrunépt | *Hrunéptu | *Hrunépeti | *Hrumpyéh₁t |
| 1st dual | *Hrumpwós | *Hrumpwé | — | *Hrunépowos | *Hrumpih₁wé |
| 2nd dual | *Hrumptés | *Hrumptóm | *Hrumptóm | *Hrunépetes | *Hrumpih₁tóm |
| 3rd dual | *Hrumptés | *Hrumptā́m | *Hrumptā́m | *Hrunépetes | *Hrumpih₁tā́m |
| 1st plural | *Hrumpmós | *Hrumpmé | — | *Hrunépomos | *Hrumpih₁mé |
| 2nd plural | *Hrumpté | *Hrumpté | *Hrumpté | *Hrunépete | *Hrumpih₁té |
| 3rd plural | *Hrumpénti | *Hrumpént | *Hrumpéntu | *Hrunéponti | *Hrumpih₁ént |
| Participle | *Hrumpónts | ||||
| Middle voice | Present indicative | Past indicative | Imperative | Subjunctive | Optative |
| 1st singular | *Hrumph₂ér | *Hrumph₂é | — | *Hrunépoh₂er | *Hrumpih₁h₂é |
| 2nd singular | *Hrumpth₂ér | *Hrumpth₂é | *Hrumpsó | *Hrunépeth₂er | *Hrumpih₁th₂é |
| 3rd singular | *Hrumptór, *Hrumpór | *Hrumptó, *Hrumpó | *? | *Hrunépetor | *Hrumpih₁tó, *Hrumpih₁ó |
| 1st dual | *Hrumpwósdʰh₂ | *Hrumpwédʰh₂ | — | *Hrunépowosdʰh₂ | *Hrumpih₁wédʰh₂ |
| 2nd dual | *? | *? | *? | *? | *? |
| 3rd dual | *? | *? | *? | *? | *? |
| 1st plural | *Hrumpmósdʰh₂ | *Hrumpmédʰh₂ | — | *Hrunépomosdʰh₂ | *Hrumpih₁médʰh₂ |
| 2nd plural | *Hrumpdʰh₂wé | *Hrumpdʰh₂wé | *Hrumpdʰh₂wé | *Hrunépedʰh₂we | *Hrumpih₁dʰh₂wé |
| 3rd plural | *Hrumpn̥tór, *Hrumprór | *Hrumpn̥tó, *Hrumpró | *? | *Hrunépontor | *Hrumpih₁ró |
| Participle | *Hrumpm̥h₁nós | ||||
Descendants
References
- ^ Ringe, Donald (2006) From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic (A Linguistic History of English; 1), Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN