| Proto-Indo-European
|
Germanic
|
Latin
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Ancient Greek
|
other
|
| *bʰed- (improve)
|
boot (ety 2), Batavia (la), Passau (la > goh), batten (non), batful, battle (ety 2), better, bote
|
—
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—
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Bhadra (sa), Bhadrapada (sa), Bhadrakali (sa), bhadralok (sa > bn)
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| *bʰedʰh₂- (dig)
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bed
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fossa, fosse (fr), fossor, fossorial, fossil, fossula, fossulate
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—
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—
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| *bʰeg- (break)
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bitch, bicker (dum), bang, bangle
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—
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—
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bhang (sa > hi)
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| *bʰeg- (bend)
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bench, bank (fr < frk), banc (fr < frk), bank (fr < it < lng), bank, banco (it < lng), banquette (fr < it < lng), bunch, batch, beach, beck (non), back, bacon (fr < la < frk)
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—
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—
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—
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| *bʰegʷ- (flee)
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—
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—
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-phobe, phobia
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—
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| *bʰeh₁- (warm)
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bask, bath, bathe, beath
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—
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—
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—
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| *bʰeh₂- (shine)
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beacon, buoy (frk > fro > dum), beckon
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favor (xno), faun, infaust, focus
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Phaëthon, emphasis, emphatic, epiphany, phenomenon, fancy (la > fro), fantasia (la > it), fantastic (la > frm), fantasy (la > fro), sycophant, Aristophanes, phantasia, phantasm, phantom (la > fro), phosphorus, photo-, pheno-, phasmid (la), phase
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—
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| *bʰeh₂- (to speak, say)
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abandon (frk > fro), ban, bee, babble, banlieue (gem-pro > la > fr), bannition (gem-pro > la), banal (gem-pro > la > fro > fr), bando (frk > fro), bannum (gem-pro > la), banish (frk > fro), boon (non)
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nefast, affable, ineffable, nefandous, infandous, infant, fate, fey (fro), fairy (fro), féerie (fr), preface (fro), prefatory, fable (fro), fabulous, fabulation, fabulosity, favel (fro), fame, infamy, infamous, nefarious, confabulation, confess, confiteor, confession, confessor, profession, profess, professor,
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anthem (grc > la > fro > ang), antiphone, apophasis, -phone, blasphemy (la > fro), blame (la > fro >), euphemism, -phony, -phasia, phoneme, phonetic, phonate, phono-, prophecy (la > fro), prophesy (la > fro), prophet, prophetic, pseudoprophet, prophetize, phatic
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Bahasa (sa > ms)
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| *bʰeh₂g- (divide)
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book, bookstaff, bookstave, booker,
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—
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phago-, -phagous, phage, -phagia, -phagy, -phage, ichthyophage, coprophage, scatophage, scatophagous, omophagia, balanephagous, xerophagy, necrophage, sarcophagus, zoöphaga,
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bhakt (sa), bhagat (sa > pa), bhakti (sa), bhakta (sa), bhajan (sa), bagh (fa), Baghdad (fa > ar), Bhaga (sa), Bhagadatta (sa), Bhagavad Gita (sa), Bhagavata Purana (sa), bhagwaan (sa > hi), bhagwa (sa > hi), Bogdan (sla), Bogomil (sla), Dažbog (sla), nebbish (sla > yi), ban (ety 3, iir-pro > trk-pro > pannonian avar > xgn-pro > sla > zls > ro), ban (ety 4, iir-pro > trk-pro > pannonian avar > xgn-pro > sla > zls)
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| *bʰeh₃g- (bake)
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bake
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—
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—
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—
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| *bʰel- (sound)
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buller (sco)
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—
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—
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—
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| *bʰel- (shiny)
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black ?, blow (ety 2), blue (fro), blaze, blemish (frk > fro), blithe, blatch ?, blanc (frk > la > fr), bale (ety 2), bald ?,
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fulminate, fulgid, enfouldered (fro), refulgent, effulge, effulgent, flame (fro), fulgurate, flagrant, flagrate, inflammation, flamen, flavedo, flavid, flavone, Flavia, fulgent, fulgor, profulgent, coup de foudre (fr), fulminous, fulmineous, fulvous, interfulgent, prefulgency, fulvescent, fulmine, flare, in flagrante delicto, inflammable, flammeous, flammivomous, flammiferous, inflame, flambé (fr), flamboyant (fr), flamingo (es, pt), oriflamme (fro),
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phlegmatic, phlegm, phlegmon, phlox, phlogiston, phlogopite, phalacrosis, phalarope, phlegmasia
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Baltic (bsl > la), Balaton (sla > hu), beluga (ru), Belgorod (ru), Belgrade (sla), Beograd (sh), Belarus (sla), Berat (cu > tr > sq), Białystok (pl)
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| *bʰel- (blow)
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thrapple, boule (frk > fro > fr), blead (ety 2)boulangerie (frk > fro > fr), buller (sco), bold, bield, bawd (frk > fro), palla (frk > ML. > it), ball (frk > ML. > oc > it > frm), blag (nl > fr), blague (nl > fr), poltroon (lng > it > frm), bull, blain, boll (dum), bowl
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—
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phallus, polyphloisbic, phloem, phlebo-
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bung (cel-gau > la > fro), bolgia (cel-gau > la > fro > it), bulla (cel-gau > la), boil (cel-gau > la > fro), bulletin (cel-gau > la > fr), bill (cel-gau > la > fro) billet (ety 1 cel-gau > la > xno), billet (ety 2 cel-gau > la > frm), ebullient (cel-gau > la), parboil (cel-gau > la > fro), bouillabaisse (cel-gau > la > oc > fr), bouillon (cel-gau > la > fr), bullate (cel-gau > la), bull (ety 2 cel-gau > la > fro), bull (ety 4 cel-gau > la > fro), bowl (ety 2 cel-gau > la > fro),
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| *bʰelǵ- (balk)
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balk (non), debauch (frk > fro), block (dum > fro), bloc (dum > fr), bulk (non), balcony (lng > it)
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fulcrum,
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phalange, palanka (la > gmh > hu > tr), phalanx, plank (la > fro), falanghina (la > nap > it), planche (la > fr), planch (la > fr)
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—
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| *bʰelǵʰ- (swell)
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bell, belly, bolster, bellow, ballow, bellows, billow (non),
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fool (fro), follis, fils (grc > arc > ar), fals (grc > arc > ar), folly (fro), folie à deux (fr), follicle,
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—
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bulge (cel-gau > la > fro), budget (cel-gau > la > fro), budge (cel-gau > la > fro), Belgae (cel-pro > la), Belgic (cel-pro > la), Belgium (cel-pro > la),
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| *bʰendʰ- (bind)
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bandage (frk > fr), bindle, bundle, bound, bundt (de), bonnet (frk > fro), bind, unbind, band (ety 1), band (ety 2 frk > pro > fro), bandy (frk > fr), Bund (yi), bund (de), bend, bond,
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funicular, funambulist, funicle, funiculus, fundiform, frondeur (fr), honda (es)
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—
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bund (fa > hi,ur), bandh (sa > hi), bandha (sa), bandana (sa > hi), turban (fa > ota > it > frm), tulip (fa > ota > fro)
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| *bʰenǵʰ- (thick)
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bunch, bunion (frk > fro > lmo), bunny (2 frk > fro), bunker (sco), bunk (sco)
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—
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pachy-
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bahuvrihi (sa)
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| *bʰer- (to bear, carry)
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birle, bring, birr (non), barm, burgeon (frk > fro), bear, birth (non), barrow, burden, burthen, bier, forbear, abear, barn, bairn, bairnless, stepbarn, stepbairn, bier,
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fertile, preference, preferans (fr > ru), prefer, profert, profer, proffer (fro), transfer, ferret (fro), efferent, efference, afferent, circumfer, circumference, afference, infer, inference, inferent, inferible, inferrible, offer (fro > ang), offertory, refer, reference, transfer, differ, difference, different, differential, lauriferous, ligniferous, luciferous, Lucifer, lucifer, margaritiferous, melliferous, metalliferous, morbiferous, mortiferous, nimbiferous, noctiferous, nuciferous, odoriferous, odiferous, omniferous, aestiferous, -ferous, auriferous, bacciferous, belliferous, breba (es), palmiferous, conifer, coniferous, dactyliferous, ensifer, ensiferous, falciferous, fatiferous, flammiferous, fructiferous, frugiferous, furciferous, gemmiferous, glandiferous, glanduliferous, herbiferous, igniferous, imbriferous, lactiferous, transference, pestiferous, pomiferous, racemiferous, roriferous, scutiferous, sensiferous, setiferous, signifer, somniferous, soporiferous, spiniferous, viniferous, spumiferous, stoloniferous, sudoriferous, umbriferous, unciferous, velifer, veliferous, veneniferous, confer, conference, defer (ety 1), defer (ety 2), deferent, deference, vas deferens, referent, suffer, sufferance, furtive, fortune, Fortuna, fortunate, fortuitous,
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phoresy, -phor, phoresis, phoront, -phoresis, phorophyte, periphery, euphoria, acanthophorous, -phore, anaphora, semaphore, pheromone, metaphor, varnish, Berenice, Veronica (la), Pherecydes, pherogram, paraphernalia, parapherna, anaphora, epiphora, cataphora, diaphoresis, diaphoretic, prophoric, prosphora, hypophora, ecphory, ecphoria, epanaphora, cataphor, criophore, kriophoros, canephora, Christopher, mastigophorous, amphora (la), ampoule (la > fr), ampullaceous (la), ampullary (la), pastophorus, ampulla (la)
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Bharani (? sa)
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| *bʰergʰ- (protect)
|
bury, borrow, burrow (?), harbor, auberge (la > fro), albergo (la > it), harbinger (frk > fro), aubergiste (la > fr), bargain (fro)
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—
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—
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—
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| *bʰerǵʰ- (rise)
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barrow, rugby, bergh, burgher, burrow (?), berry, berg (af), belfry (LL. > gmh > fro), bergfried (de), borough, -borough, Brough, burg, bur-, burgh, bury (ety 2), -bury, -burg, -burgh, burglar (ML. > fro > BML.), burgessy (la > fro), bourgeoisie (la > fr), bourgeois (la > fr), burgess (la > xno), borgo (la > it), Berg (de), Berg (no), iceberg (nl), Bourgogne (la > fr), Burgundy (la), burgundy (la),
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fort (fro), fortitude, fortification, fortis, fortress (fro), fortalice, forte (it), forte (frm), a fortiori, fortify, effort,
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—
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Brigantia (cel-pro > la), Brigid (ga), Bridget (ga), Briançon (cel > la > fr), Bragança (cel > la > pt), Bregenz (cel > la > de), Brianza (cel > la > it), Brendan (owl > sga > la), Brill (cel-bry-pro), brio (cel-gau > pro > es > it), Brahma (sa), Brahman (sa), brahmin (sa), Brahmana (sa), also (many Galician toponyms)
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| *bʰerH- (pierce)
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berry, barling (non), bore
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foramen, foraminate, foraminifera, foraminifer, perforate
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—
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—
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| *bʰerH- (brown)
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bear, brown, brunneous (la), beaver
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—
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—
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—
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| *bʰers- (tip)
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bristle, brad (non), brush (la > fro), barse, bass (ety 2), embroider (got > la > fro), board (?), smorgasbord (? sv), bordure (? frk > la > fr), border (? frk > la > fro), bordage (? frk > la), bordarius (? frk > la), bordar (? frk > la), bordel (? frk > la > fro), bordello (? frk > la > it),
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fastigium
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—
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—
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| *bʰew-
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beat, butt
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refute
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—
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batter (Gaulish)
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| *bʰewdʰ- (awake)
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forbid, verboten (de), forbode, bizen, bode (ety 1), bode (ety 2), bode (ety 3), bid (ety 2), bede (ety 2), beadle, bedel (frk > la > fro),
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—
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pysma
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Buddha (sa), buddhi (sa), bodhi (sa), bodai (sa > ltc > ja), bodhisattva (sa), bodhicitta (sa), Bodhipathapradīpa (sa),
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| *bʰewg- (flee)
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—
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fugacious, fugue (it > fr), fugitive, refuge, refugium, subterfuge, tempus fugit, transfuge, centrifuge, -fugal, refugee
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apophyge
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—
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| *bʰewg- (enjoy)
|
—
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function, fungible, defunct, perfunctory
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—
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—
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| *bʰewgʰ- (bend)
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bow, bebay, bight, akimbo, bought (ety 2), bee (ety 3), badge (osx > ML. > xno), badger (osx > ML. > xno), bagel (yi), beag (ang), elbow, rainbow, buck (ety 2, dum), bout
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—
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—
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bog (sga)
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| *bʰey- (bee)
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bee
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—
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—
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—
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| *bʰeyd- (split)
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bitter, boat, bateau (ang > fro), bit, bait (non), bite, abet (non > fro)
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bifid, centifidous, fission, fissile, fissiparous, fissure, fissiped, fistule, fester (fro), multifid, quadrifid, trifid, fistulose
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—
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—
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| *bʰeydʰ- (to compel, force; to trust)
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bide, abide,
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Fido, confide, confident, confidence, confidant, diffide, diffidence, diffident, defy (fro), defiance (fro), defiant (fro), fidelity, fealty (fro), feal (ety 4 fro), faith (fro), bona fide, bona fides, fiduciary, fiducial, federal, confederacy, confederation, foederatus, fedifragous, federation, affy (xno), affiance, affidavit, fideism, infidel, infidelity
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Peitho, Peisistratus, Pistis, pistic, pisteology, apistevist, pithiatism, pithiatic
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—
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| *bʰeyh₂- (fear)
|
bive, bever, bibber
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fedity
|
—
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abhayamudra (sa), Bhima (sa), Bhishma (sa)
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| *bʰeyh₂- (strike, cut)
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bone, ridgebone, bain (non)
|
—
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—
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—
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| *bʰleh₁- (bleat)
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bleat, blea, blatant (sco)
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feeble (fr), foible (fr)
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—
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—
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| *bʰleh₁- (blow)
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blow, blaze, blasé (fr < nl), blast, bladder
|
soufflé (fr), sufflate, afflate, conflate, conflation, efflate, flabile, flabellum, flageolet, flabel, flatus, flatulence, flatulate, afflatus, afflation, inflate, inflation, exsufflate, insufflate, perflate, flautist (pro > it), flatus, flute (pro > fro), flavor
|
—
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—
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| *bʰleh₃- (bloom)
|
blead, blow (ety 4), bloom (ety 1 non), bloom (ety 2), blade, blossom
|
flower (fro), flour (fro)), flourish (fro), florid, Florida (es), floscule, folio, foil (fro), foliaceous, foliature, foliage (frm), foliate, foliose, florescent, florescence, Flora, floricomous, florulent, floscule, effloresce, exfoliate, floral, flora, Florence
|
-phyllous, phyllon, Phyllis, phyllo (el), phyllode
|
belladonna (cel-gau > ML. > it)
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| *bʰlendʰ- (blend)
|
blend, blind, blond (frk > ML. > fro), bland (ety 2-3)
|
—
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—
|
—
|
| *bʰlewH- (overflow)
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—
|
fluid, flux, affluent, affluence, circumfluent, circumfluence, confluent, confluence, deflux, defluous, defluxion, afflux, conflux, defluent, diffluent, diffluence, fluctus, fluctuous, fluctuate, fluctuation, fluctuant, fluent, fluency, fluence, effluous, effluent, efflux, effluvium, effluence, effluxion, flume (fro), fluorite, fluorine, fluoride, fluvio-, Trifluvian, influence, influx, influent, influxion, interfluent, interfluence, preterfluent, fluorescent, fluorescence, profluent, profluence, profluvium, reflux, refluent, refluence, refluous, subterfluent, superfluous, superfluity, superflux, superfluent, superfluence, transfluent, transfluence, transflux,
|
—
|
—
|
| *bʰleyǵ- (shine)
|
blike, blink, blench, blank, blank (frk > la > xno), blake (non), bleak (non), bleach, blanch, Bianca (frk > la > it), Blanche (frk > la > fr), blick (de)
|
—
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—
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—
|
| *bʰreg- (break)
|
break, breach, breakle, forbreak, brake (ety 2), brigand (> it > fro), brigade (> it > fro), brigadier (> it > fr), breccia (frk > fro > it), breech, breeches, britches, brail (> xtg > la > fro), bragget (> xtg > la > fro), bracket (> xtg > la > fro), broekies (af)
|
fracture, fract, fraktur (de), fraction, frangible, fragile, frail (fro), fragility, frailty (fro), fragment, refrain (fro), infringe, infraction, irrefragable, refract, refringence, diffract, diffraction
|
—
|
—
|
| *bʰreHg- (smell)
|
—
|
flair (fro), fragrant, fragrance
|
—
|
bray (cel-gau > la > fro)
|
| *bʰrekʷ- (crowd)
|
—
|
frequent, frequency, farce (fro),
|
diaphragm, phragma
|
—
|
| *bʰrem- (make noise)
|
breme
|
fremitus
|
—
|
—
|
| *bʰrewh₁- (boil)
|
brew, burn (? ety 1), bren (?) burn (ety 2), bourn, broth, broil (frk > VL. > xno), embroil (frk > VL. > fr), imbroglio (frk > VL. > fr > it), bread (?),
|
fervor, conferva, comfrey, defervesce, fervent, fervor, effervesce, effervescent, defrutum, effervescence, ferment, fervid,
|
phreatic
|
bourbon (cel-gau > fr)
|
| *bʰrews- (break)
|
bruise, byrnie (non), Brunhild (de), bruise (part), brisket (non)
|
frustum, frush (fro), frustule
|
—
|
bruise (cel-gau > xno, part)
|
| *bʰreyH- (cut)
|
brine
|
frivolous, friable, fray (fro), affricate, fricative, frication, friction, perfricate,
|
—
|
—
|
| *bʰruHg- (make use of)
|
brook (ety 1)
|
frugal, fruit (fro), fructification, fructify, fructuous, fruticose, frumentation, frumenty (fro), fructose
|
—
|
—
|
| *bʰuH- (become)
|
be, bush, bosk (frk > ML. > BL.), by- (non), bosque (frk > ML. > es), bouquet (frk > ML. > fr), been, beeth, bin, bist, beest, booth (non), bower, boun (non), gebur (ang), neighbor, bottle (ety 2), boodle (nl), build, Boer (af), boor (nl), Suebi (gem-pro > la), Swabia (gem-pro > la), beat, butt (frk > VL. > xno), button (frk > VL. > fro),
|
future, superb, furibund, ridibund, cogitabund, moribund, tribus, tribe (fro), tribune, tribunal, tribal, tribunitial, attribute, attribution, attributor, contribute, contribution, distribute, distribution, retribute, retribution, tributary, probe, prove (fro), proof (fro), probity, reprobate, reprove (fro), probable, probability, probation, probator, approve (fro), approbate, approbation, improbate, improbation, fiat, Samnium, Sabine,
|
physics, physique (fr), metaphysics, phyto-, -phyte, phylum, phyle, physis, physician, physical, physiognomy, imp (VL. > gmw-pro), physiology, monophysitism, physio-, apophysis, hypophysis, -physis, symphysis, physic, phylon, neophyte, epiphyte,
|
Bhumi (sa), bhumi (sa), bumiputra (sa > ms), bhoot (sa), Prabhu (sa)
|
| Proto-Indo-European
|
Germanic
|
Latin
|
Ancient Greek
|
other
|