Appendix:English doublets

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This lists English doublets, English words that etymologically descend from the same ancestral word without much morphological change. To make the page easier to navigate, the doublets are grouped by the language of the ancestral word or by sound changes that they have undergone.

Old English palatalization

In Old English, c, g, and sc were palatalized in certain cases. See Old English palatalization on Wikipedia for more information. In the examples below, four changes are seen:

  • /k(k)//(t)tʃ/
  • /ɡɡ//ddʒ/
  • /ɡ//j/
  • /sk//ʃ/
Proto-Germanic Latin palatalized in Old English not palatalized in Old English
*agjō edge egg (to incite, from Old Norse)
beseech beseek
*dīkaz ditch dyke (from Old Norse)
*kirikǭ church kirk (possibly from Old Norse)
shatter scatter
*skurtijǭ shirt skirt (from Old Norse)
shrub scrub
uncia inch ounce (palatalized in Vulgar Latin), uncia
*wagnaz wain wagon (from Dutch)
*wikkōną witch Wicca (modern borrowing)
Proto-Germanic Latin palatalized in Old English not palatalized in Old English

Scottish

Old English English From Scottish, Northern English, or Old Norse
hāl whole hale
stān stone stane
blǣwen blow (dialectal), blue blae
ġēa yea aye (perhaps related. May also be from the archaic adverbial aye.)
no naw/nay

Frankish

Proto-Germanic From Old English From Frankish, through French, Middle French, or Old French
*kribjǭ crib crèche, cratch (noun)
*wardō ward guard
*wimpilaz wimple guimpe
*witaną wit (verb) guide
*wīsǭ wise (noun) guise
guaranty, guarantee, warranty
*walkaną walk gauche
*hringaz ring (noun) rank

Latin

Latin direct borrowing or borrowing of a learned borrowing in a Romance language borrowing of a natural French, Middle French, or Old French form other
acūtus acute ague
advocō advoke avow, avouch
antecessor antecessor ancestor
antīquus antique antic (Italian)
aquārius Aquarius, aquarium ewer
arcus arc arch arrow (Old English), arco (Italian)
armārium armarium almery, ambry, armoire almirah (Portuguese, through Hindi)
armāta army armada (Spanish)
armātūra armature armor
asphodelus asphodel daffodil (Dutch)
balsamum (from Greek) balsam balm
benedictiō benediction benison
blasphēmō blaspheme blame
Bulgarus Bulgar bugger
caballārius chevalier cavalier (Italian), caballero (Spanish)
*cadentia chance cadence (Italian, through French), cadenza (Italian)
Caesar Caesar czar and tsar (Russian), Kaiser (German)
calamellus chalumeau, shawm
caldārium caldarium cauldron, chowder (perhaps) caldera (Spanish)
calumnia calumny challenge
cambium cambium change
camera camera chamber
campus campus camp (Old English)
canālis canal channel
cancer cancer chancre canker (Old English)
candēlābrum candelabrum chandelier
capitālis capital chattel, cattle
capitāneus captain chieftain
Capitolium capitol capitoul
capitulum capitulum chapter, chapiter
cappellānus chaplain capelin (Old Provençal, through French)
captīvus captive caitiff
caput caput chief, chef, cape jefe (Spanish), capo (Italian), kaput (German)
castellum castle château
cathedra cathedra chair, chaise
cauda queue coda (Italian)
caulis caulis cole (Old English)
centēnārius centenary kantar (Arabic)
charta card, chart, carte
chorus chorus choir
claustrum claustrum cloister
clausūra clausure closure, cloture
clāvis clavis, claves clef
clēricus cleric clerk
colōnia colony Cologne, cologne
comes comes count (nobleman), comte
comitātus comitatus county
complēmentum complement compliment (Spanish, through French, through Italian)
computō compute count (verb)
cōnsuētūdō consuetude custom costume (Italian, through French)
cōpula copula couple
corōna corona crown koruna (Czech), krona (Swedish), krone (Danish and Norwegian)
corpus corpus corpse, corps
costa costa coast cuesta (Spanish)
crispus crisp (through Old English) crêpe
cubiculum cubiculum, cubicle
cuneus cuneus coin
cūrātiō curation curaçao (Portuguese)
datus datum, data date, dice
debitum debit debt
decānus decan dean, doyen
dēclīnātiō declination declension
dēnārius denarius denier denar (South Slavic), denary (Middle English), dinar (Arabic)
dignitās dignity dainty
dīluvium diluvium deluge
dīrēctus direct derecho (Spanish)
discus discus, disc, disk dais dish (Old English), desk (Italian, through Medieval Latin)
displicō display, deploy
districtus district Detroit
diurnālis diurnal journal
domina domina dame donna (Italian), duenna (Old Spanish)
dominus dominus, domine, dominie, dom, don dom (Portuguese)
*domnicella damsel, demoiselle, damoiselle donzella (Italian), doncella (Spanish)
*domnicellus damoiseau donzel (Italian)
dormītōrium dormitory dorter
dracō Draco dragon, dragoon drake (Old English)
ducātus duchy ducat (Italian, through Old and Middle French)
dux dux duke doge (Venetan, through Italian)
ēlēctus elect elite
erēmīta hermit, eremite
extrāneus extraneous strange
fabrica fabrica, fabric forge
factīcius factitious fetish (Portuguese, through French)
factiō faction fashion
factum fact feat
factūra facture (dated) feature
fascia fascia fess (heraldry)
fātum fate fay
flascō flask, flagon fiasco (Italian)
folium folio foil
fragilis fragile frail
fūsiō fusion foison
genus genus gender, genre
gravis grave grief
gravitās gravitas, gravity
hospitālis hospital hostel, hotel
humilitās humility omertà (Italian)
imperātrīx imperatrix empress
influentia influence influenza (Italian)
ingenium ingenium engine
inodiō annoy, ennui
īnsignis insignis, insignia, insigne ensign
īnsula insula isle
integer integer entire
invidiōsus invidious envious
labium labium, labia la (solfège note, via clipping)
lacertus lacertus lizard alligator (Spanish)
lacūna lacuna lagoon
Latīnitās Latinity latinidad (Spanish)
lavātōrium lavatorium, lavatory
lēctiō lection lesson
lēgālis legal loyal, leal
legiō legion León (Spanish)
leō Leo lion leu (Romanian), lev (Bulgarian)
lībra libra livre
ligātiō ligation liaison
macula macula, mackle, macule mail macchia (Italian), maquis (French, from Corsican)
magister magister master and mister (also through Old English) maestro (Italian), meister (German)
magistrālis magistral mistral
maior major mayor
malva mauve mallow (Old English)
manēre manor, manoir
masculus male macho (Spanish)
mediānus median mean, means mizzen (Old Catalan through Middle French, with spelling influenced by Italian)
medietās mediety moiety
minor minor, minus
minūtus minute menu menudo (Spanish)
mixtus metis mestizo (Spanish)
modulus module, modulus, modulo mold
molīnum moulin mill (Old English)
monēta money mint (Old English), manat (Russian through Azeri and Turkmen)
mōns mons mount
*montānius mountain Montana (Spanish)
musculus muscle, mussel
nāta née nada (Spanish)
nātālis natal Noel, Natalie Natalya (Russian)
nātīvus native naive, naif
opus, opera opus ure, oeuvre opera (Italian)
ōrātiō oration orison
pālus palus, pale (heraldry) peel pole (Old English)
papȳrus papyrus paper
parabola parabola, parable parole palaver (Portuguese), palabra (Spanish)
pasta paste pasta (Italian)
patella patella paella (Catalan, through Spanish), padelle (Italian)
patrōnus patron pattern
pax pax, pace peace
paenitentia penitence penance
persōna persona, person, parson
phantasia fantasia, fantasy, fancy
phrenēticus frenetic, frantic
pietās piety pity pietà (Italian)
pigmentum pigment pimento, pimiento (Spanish and Portuguese)
pistillum pistil pestle
planta plant clan (Scottish Gaelic, through Welsh and Irish)
plānus plan, plane plain piano (Italian)
platēa place piazza (Italian), plaza (Spanish)
podium podium pew
pondus pound (Old English), pood (Russian)
pōtiō potion poison
precārius precarious prayer
prehensiō prehension prison
presbyter presbyter priest, prester
prīmārius primary premier, primer
prīvātus private privy
prōprietās propriety, property
prōvideō provide purvey
prūnum prune plum (Old English)
quiētus quiet, quit, quietus coy
radius radio, radius ray
rādīx radix radish
ratiō ratio, ration reason
reālitās reality realty
regālitās regality royalty
redemptiō redemption ransom
rēgālis regal royal real (Spanish; the currency)
rēgnum regnum reign (noun)
regula rule rail (Old English)
respectus respect respite
rotundus rotund, rotunda round
salsus sauce salsa (Spanish)
sēcūrus secure sure sicker (through Old English, dialectal)
senātus senate Senedd (Welsh)
scūtum scutum scute escudo (Portuguese)
senior senior sire and sir (Old French nominative), seignior and seigneur (Old French oblique) signor (Italian), señor (Spanish), senhor (Portuguese)
serēnus serene serein
sextus sexto, sext siesta (Spanish)
sigillum sigil seal
solidus solidus, solid sou, sol soldo (Italian), sold (Italian, through French)
solus sole solo (Italian)
solvō solve sol (solfège note, via clipping)
spatula spatula epaule
status status, estate, state
strātus stratum, stratus (cloud) street (Old English), estrade (Spanish, through French)
strictus strict strait
studium study étude studio (Italian)
subtīlitās subtility subtlety
*superānus sovereign soprano (Italian)
tēgula tegula tuile tile (Old English)
territōrium territory terroir
thesaurus thesaurus treasure
tinctus tinct, tint taint, teint
titulus title, tittle, titulus titre tilde (Spanish)
tractus tract trait
trāditiō tradition treason
triplus triple treble
viāticum viaticum voyage
vīnum vine wine (Old English)
vīpera viper, weever (fish), wyvern
viridis virid vert
vocālis vocal vowel
volūta vault volute (Italian, through French)
vōtum vote vow
Latin direct borrowing or borrowing of a learned borrowing in a Romance language borrowing of a natural French, Middle French, or Old French form other

Present and perfect passive participial stem

Latin present stem perfect passive participial stem
advocō, advocātus avouch (Old French) advocate
alleviō, alleviātus alegge (Old French) alleviate
applicō, applicātus apply (Old French) applicate
appretiō, appretiātus appraise appreciate
assimulō, assimulātus assemble (Old French) assimilate
audiō, audītus audio audit
collocō, collocātus couch (Old French) collocate
cōnstruō, cōnstructus construe construct
convincō, convictus convince convict
dēsignō, dēsignātus design designate
ēlongō, ēlongātus eloign (Old French, rare) elongate
ēvincō, ēvictus evince evict
exprimō, expressus sprain (Old French) express
implicō, implicātus imply (Old French), employ (Middle French) implicate
intrīcō, intrīcātus intrigue (Italian, through French) intricate
invocō, invocātus invoke invocate
iungō, iūnctum join (Old French) joint (Old French)
plicō, plicātus ply (Old French) plicate
prōdūcō, prōductus produce product
prōvocō, prōvocātus provoke provocate (rare)
pulsō, pulsātus push pulsate
recipiō, receptus receive (Old French) receipt (Old French)
repatriō, repatriātus repair (“to return”, Old French) repatriate
repellō, repulsus repel repulse
resonō, resonātus resound (Old French), re (solfège note, via clipping) resonate
revocō, revocātus revoke revocate (rare)
scrībō, scrīptus shrive (Old English) script
sēparō, sēparātus sever (Old French) separate
solidō, solidātus solder (Old French) solidate
tingō, tinctus tinge tinct, tint
videō, vīsum video view (Old French), visa and vista (Italian)
vindicō, vindicātus venge (Old French) vindicate
Latin present stem perfect passive participial stem

Proto-Indo-European

Proto-Indo-European From Germanic From Latin From Ancient Greek other
*dʰéh₁tis deed thesis
*dn̥ǵʰwéh₂s tongue langue (French)
*éǵh₂ I ego
*-eh₂tos -ed -ate
*ǵn̥h₁yo- kin genius
*ǵr̥h₂nóm corn grain
*gʰóstis guest host
*gʷṓws cow beef
*h₂éǵros acre agri-
*h₂énti and ante, ante- anti-
*h₂epó of, off ab- apo-
*h₁nómn̥ name noun
*h₂wéh₁n̥ts wind vent
*-iHnos -en -ine
*-ikos -y -ic
*ḱr̥sós horse car (Celtic via Latin)
*kʷékʷlos wheel cycle chakra (Sanskrit)
*krépos riff corpus, corpse, corps
*ḱolh₂mos haulm culm calame[1]
*ḱom-moy-nis mean common (Old French)
*médʰyos mid- medio- meso-
*mréǵʰus merry brief brachy-
*n̥- un- in- a-
*péh₂wr̥ fire pyre
*pértus ford, fjord (Norwegian), firth (Old Norse) port
*sēmi semi- hemi-
*stéh₂tis stead stasis
*swonh₂os swan sound
*udrós otter Hydra
*upér over super- (Latin), sur- (Old French) hyper-
*werdʰh₁om word verb
*wĺ̥kʷos wolf lupus
*wódr̥ water hydro- vodka (Russian), whiskey (Irish)
*wobʰseh₂ wasp Vespa
Proto-Indo-European From Germanic From Latin From Ancient Greek other

Other

  • Proto-Germanic *hringaz: ring (from Old English), harangue (from Gothic through Italian and French)
  • Proto-Germanic *þunraz: thunder (inherited), Thor (from Old Norse)
  • Proto-West Germanic *pīpā: pipe (from Old English), fife (recent borrowing from German)
  • Old Chinese (*rlaː): tea (through Amoy Min-Nan and Dutch), chai (through Hindi–Urdu), cha (through Hindi–Urdu and a northern variety of Chinese or through Cantonese)

Footnotes

  1. ^ Through Latin. From *ḱl̥h₂mos, zero-grade variant.