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Verbs
- Category:Greek verbs
- Appendix:Greek verbs
- Category:Greek verbs by inflection type
- Category:Greek verb inflection-table templates
- Wiktionary:Greek verb inflection-table templates
- Wiktionary:Greek verb inflection-table templates/Parameters
- Module:category tree/poscatboiler/data/lang-specific/el
Criteria for grouping Modern Greek verbs
- the phonetic description of stem's ending, the stem patterns and corresponding conjugation style
Also see other types of groups
4 stems produce all verb forms. The stems
- of present (for active and passive)
- of active past (or aorist)
- of passive past (or aorist)
- οf the passive perfect participle:
Here marked bold is their characteristic sound.
Legend
- Categories (CAT) with many verbs are marked with !!
- {...} curly braces include ancient forms
- square brackets include pronunciation as IPA(key): check: (like this), (like thorn), (like Scottish Lokh), (like arabic γain)
- €[1] stands for any vowel.
- $ stands for any consonant
- ∅ stands for zero sound
- ppp = passive perfect participle (CAT). The existence of ppp often depends on sense rather than grammar.
- i. is the Iordanidu(Jordanidou) code number for verbs. i.Verzeichnis.
1st conjugation
Consontant stems
Notes
Characteristic last consonant of stems, in phonetic alphabet are: IPA(key):
The orders by characteristic last consonant are:
- labials as (-πω & -πτω, -βω (& ‑αύω, ‑εύω) ‑φω & ‑φτω)
- dentals -τω, -δω, -θω (-τω except ‑πτω, ‑φτω and ‑ττω)
- velars (-κω, -γω, -χω & ‑γγω, ‑γχω)
- liquids: -λω, -ρω nasals -μω, -νω sibilants ‑σω, ‑ζω, (‑σσω alternates with ‑ττω)
The nu verbs acquired this -ν- in many ways[2] and from many groups.
p v f
to
- The and verbs belong to the SUPERgroup of labials (p f)
- Verbs with -ττ- alternate with -σσ-
- κηρύσσω (
{{R:Jordanidou 2004}}
codes i.27+28
- check πλήττω i.27+198 with aoristBeta πληγ-. Not clear if there is participle -γμένος (not at ΑΛΝΕ, ΛΚΝ, Μπαμπ). check@google.
- irregulars, like
δo
Category:Greek verb conjugation group 'διαψεύδω' -εύδω-ευσα-εύσθηκα-ευσμένος
i.128+129
Other
only passive:
The verbs -δω, -δομαι ancient verbs
|
(-δω, -σα, -θηκα, -μένος) Learned verbs. The colloquial equivalent is δίνω
List of verbs
The bisyllabics of this group (with augment) is
About compounds:
i.131+132
θo
- bisyllabic, only active, only present: βρίθω Cat:defective
ko
User:Sarri.greek/verbs/ko
γo
User:Sarri.greek/verbs/go still under construction
xo
(Also see -χνω verbs)
(-χομαι, -χτηκα, -χθηκα, (-γμένος)
List of verbs
About passive stem χτ - χθ:
- xθ is formal, and suitable for more formal verbs
About extra formal types:
i.31+32
irregulars -χω
- βρέχω, έβρεξα - βρέχομαι, βράχηκα & βρεμένος
- κατάσχω (etymological group of έχω)
- active+passive, -ppp: κατάσχω, no imperfect, κατάσχεσα, κατέσχεσα, κατάσχομαι κατασχέθηκα
- only passive (ppp): υπόσχομαι, υποσχέθηκα,
- i.168+169
- τρέχω, έτρεξα & compounds
lo
The verbs -λλω, -λλομαι / and -λω
|
With 2 λλ
With 1 λ, irregulars:
- only active, +ppp: θέλω, ήθελα, θέλησα & {ηθελημένος}/θελημένος with extra present types (i.157)
- only active, -ppp: οφείλω όφειλα (active imperfecitive only present stem)
With 2 λλ
Category:Greek verb conjugation group 'θάλλω' stems θαλλ-, θαλ-
Rare, ancient verbs.
User:Sarri.greek/verbs/lo - Category:Greek verb conjugation group 'αγγέλλω'
στέλλω compounds stems στελ-, σταλ- like αποστέλλω, απέστειλα - αποστέλλομαι, {απεστάλην} & {απεσταλμένος} (with aoristB)
i.85+91
Category:Greek verb conjugation group 'ψάλλω' stems ψαλλ-, ψαλθ- & ψαλ- aoristΒ
ψάλλωψέλνω, έψαλα - ψάλλομαι, ψάλθηκα/{εψάλην} & ψαλμένος
ro
User:Sarri.greek/verbs/ro ΕΚΚΡΕΜΕΙ
Irregulars
- ξέρω, ήξερα (only active, imperfective, -ppp) i.217
mo
See at .
Irregulars:
(-μω-σα-στηκα-σμένος) =
- only passive, imperfective: -ομαι
-{νέμω}: -ένειμα-ένειμα-νείμω -νέμομαι-νεμήθηκα-νεμημένος
no
User:Sarri.greek/verbs/no
so
zo
User:Sarri.greek/verbs/zo
- z-ks-xt-γ = i.codes for 21+22, 23+24, 25+26, 27+28, 29+30, 31+32
Vowel stems
OK
- NOTE: the i.codes of actives 05 (διαλύω) and 40 (αποκλείω) are identical: the only difference is the ppp. Their passives differ.
PLUS:
νύω from νυμι
2nd conjugation
2nd Categories
Template:el-conjug-sub5/Table
Category:Greek 2nd conjugation verbs by inflection type - Category:Greek 2nd conjugation groups
2nd A1
2nd Class A1 -άω/ώ-άς-ά/άει, passive -ιέμαι. Imperfect -ούσα / -αγα, or only -ούσα.
The 2nd A1 verbs -άω/-ώ, -άς, -ά... passive -ιέμαι
|
Also, characteristic active imperfect with two forms: in -ούσα & -αγα.
-άω/ώ-άς...
αξ
Category:Greek verb conjugation group 'κοιτάω-κοιτώ'
αξ-άχτ-αγ -άω.-ώ, (-ούσα/-αγα), -αξα * -ιέμαι, -άχτηκα & -αγμένος
- act+pass
- only active:
- +ppp:
- EXCEPTION λυσσάω (uncommon λυσσώ) active only, +ppp: -ούσα/-αγα, -αξα & -ασμένος (as from 69)
i.64+65
ασ
- -ασ-, -άστ- & -ασ-
- And see variant νάω/νώ
List of verbs
ν+
ν+άω/ώ ασ-άστ-ασ -άω.-ώ, (-ούσα/-αγα), -ασα, -ιέμαι, -άστηκα & -ασμένος
List of verbs
And see: without v (n) Category:Greek verb conjugation group 'γελάω-γελώ'
i68+69 περνάω with n
εσ
εσ-εθ-ε -άω.-ώ, (-ούσα/-αγα), -εσα * -ιέμαι, -έθηκα & -εμένος)
List of verbs
- act+pass
- +ppp: φοράω ούσα/γα, -εσα, -ιέμαι, -έθηκα & -εμένος
- only passive, -ppp: βαριέμαι
i.62+63
ησ
ησ-ηθ-η -άω.-ώ, -άω/-ώ, (-ούσα/-αγα), -ησα * -ιέμαι, -ήθηκα & -ημένος)
List of verbs
i.58+59
Exceptions:
!! αγαπάω-ώ verbs where -ώ is not used (taken off the conjugation table:
+ισμένος
- similar to Category:Greek verb conjugation group 'αγαπάω-αγαπώ' but with different participle: -ισμένος instead of -ημένος
- ησ-ήθ-ισ
List of verbs
+ίστηκα +ισμένος
- act+pass, +ppp: τυραννάω.τυραννώ+ίστηκα See verbs. άω/ώ, -ησ-, -ήθ/-ίστ & -ισμένος, γνισμένος
Verbs with parallel form -ίζω, which gives the -ισμένος participle:
ηξ
- ηξ-ήχτ-ηγ -άω.ώ, (-ούσα/αγα), -ηξα * -ιέμαι, -ήχτηκα & -ηγμένος
List of verbs
i.66+67
ισ
- -ισ-, -ίστ- & ισ -ν+άω.-ν+ώ, (-νούσα/-ναγα), -ισα * -ν+ιέμαι, -ίστηκα & -ισμένος
- (ισ 70+ γυρνάω) & see -ίζω verbs 1st Conjugation
i.70.173 = ίζω (ορίζω) 1st. zo
plus
- see -ησ- forms with +ίστηκα +ισμένος
2nd A1 double infix
About past (perfective) imperatives:
- colloquial verbs get extra imperatives: singular apocopic -χ' +accusative of article & noun or weak pronoun, plural -χτε.
i.58+59 & 66.
- (ησ & εσ) Cat?
- act+pass, +ppp: συγχωρώ 73 2ndConjg.ClassB double infix -ησ-, -εσ-
- also see καταφρονώ -ησ-, -εσ- PLUS -ιέμαι passive.
2nd A2
The 2nd A2 verbs -ώ, -άς, -ά... passive -ώμαι
|
2nd Class A2 -ώ-άς-ά, passive -ώμαι imperfect only -ούσα
ασ
-ασ-άστ-ασ ??+άω??, ΝΟάω??
- act+pass , (-ούσα), -ασα -ώμαι-άστηκα-ασμένος
- act+pass only imperfective : προδοκώ ?? *ησα???
- only active
i.70+71 ανακλώ
ησ
-ησ-ήθ-η- Category:Greek verb conjugation group 'ανακτώ'
About internatl augments
i.60+61 ανακτώ / infix ησ2 at {{el-conjug-2nd-A2}}
/
2nd A combinations
Class A combinations
2nd-A1-A2 = -ώ + άω only s1, passive -ώμαι
2nd-A1-Α1A2 = -άω/ώ, passive -ιέμαι / -ώμαι
its reverse???:
2nd-A1-A2A1 = -άω/ώ, passive -ώμαι, -ιέμαι
2nd-A1r-A2Α1 = -ώ/-άω (-ώ more frequent), passive -ώμαι / -ιέμαι
A1 Reversed sequence of -άω/-ώ to ώ/-άω (-ώ more frequent) like αναγεννώ, perhaps κυβερνώ etc
2nd-A2-A2A1 = -ώ (no -άω), passive -ώμαι / -ιέμαι (colloquial) Category:Greek verbs conjugating like 'εξαρτώ'
2nd-A2 with A1 only colloquially
- A1 note at the A2 tables. E.g:
2nd B
2nd Class B Present endings: -ώ, -είς, -εί, -ούμε, -είτε-, -ούν, passive: -ούμαι, -είσα, -είτε, -ούμαστε, -είστε, -ούνται
2B ησ
Present endings: -ώ, -είς, -εί, ... Interfix: -ησ-, -ηθ-. This group includes verbs with
-ώ, -είς...ησ-ηθ-η Category:Greek verb conjugation group 'ασκώ'
ασκώ, άσκησα, ασκούμαι, ασκήθηκα & ασκημένος
List of verbs
i.73+74
Variants:
-ώ, -είς...ησ-ηθ-η Category:Greek verb conjugation group 'ποιώ' - ποιώ
The active, like 'ασκώ'. The passive, imperfect -ούμουν plus -όμουν
i.73+75
2B ησ combinations
Present endings: -ώ, -είς, -εί, ... Interfix: -ησ-, -ηθ-. This group includes verbs with
List of verbs
Present endings: -ώ, -είς, -εί, ... Interfix: -ησ-, -ηθ-. This group includes verbs with
List of verbs
2B εσ
εσ-εστ-εσ Category:Greek verb conjugation group 'τελώ' - τελώ)
i.76+78
εσ-εθ-ε Category:Greek verb conjugation group 'διαιρώ' - διαιρώ)
i.76+77
καλεσ-καλεστ-κληθ Category:Greek verb conjugation group 'καλώ' - καλώ)
About
- ppp: often, compounds of ancient participle κεκλημένος (keklēménos) of καλέω (kaléō).
i.76+163 (at 164 no προκαλέσου imperative)
2nd combinations
Category:Greek 2nd conjugation combinations
Class A (2A) -άω/ώ, -άς, -ά, ... present endings combined with Class B (2B) -ώ, -είς, -εί, ... present endings
A1Β-A1
Verb A1 (act+pass) with dated A2 (-ώ-είς-εί..) active present forms: πατάω.πατώ
A1B
Mixed Class A + Class B
Doube Class Α-άω/ώ, -άς, -άς... & Β -ώ, -είς, -εί
These verbs conjugate as 2nd Conjugation Class A1 (with -α, -ιέμαι endings) and as Class B (with -είς, -ούμαι endings)
- The sense of active and passive is different in some verbs.
- Reversed, with more common Class B endings: cf. Category:Greek verbs conjugating like 'κληρονομώ'
-άω/-ώ, -ούσα/-αγα, -ησα, passive -ιέμαι, -ήθηκα & -ημένος plus -ώ, -είς, εί..., passive -ούμαι
Also see variant widh different participle in ισμένος at #group αγρυπνώ
i.58.73+59.74
κληρονομώ/κληρονομάω - κληρονομούμαι/κληρονομιέμαι (ησ 73.58+74.59)
|
These verbs conjugate as 2nd Conjugation Class B (with -είς, -ούμαι endings) and colloquially as Class A1 (with -α, -ιέμαι endings).
- The sense of active and passive is different in some verbs.
- Reversed, with more common Class A endings: cf. Category:Greek verbs conjugating like 'ζητάω-ζητώ'
Category:Greek verb conjugation group 'αγρυπνώ' ?????????? act+pass + ισμένος???
Like #group 'ζητάω-ζητώ' but with different participle: -ισμένος
- also, with double forms -ηθ- & -ιστ-, -ημένος & -ισμένος: τυραννάω.τυραννώ
- i.58 with -ισμένος
παρακαλώ (76.62 εσ + 78, 163 καλούμαι)
A1-A1B
A1-A2A1
Α2-Α2Α1
Β-ΒΑ1
Β-A1B
BA1
Combinations 2nd B + A passive
??
BA1-A1
-ώ / -άω/-ώ, passive -ιέμαι (act: 2nd Class B, A, passive: 2nd Class A)
BA1-B
2nd C
deponent verbs (only passive voice)
i.79
verb λυπώ, λύπησα, λυπάμαι / λυπούμαι, λυπήθηκα & λυπημένος (active B + passive C)
Notes Class 1
Class 1 with two variant endings: -άω / -ώ.
Lemma is the -άω or the -ώ form?
- -άω is a modern suffix to -ώ verbs, from ancient contracted -ῶ from -έω, -άω, -όω forms. This modern -άω is not related to ancient uncontracted -άω forms. The modern -ώ is not a contraction of the modern -άω, but an earlier form, an earlier contraction.
- Printed dictionaries tend to lemmatise
- Modern Greek: the -ώ forms
- earlier Greek: the old uncontracted forms, regardless of attestation (e.g. medieval verbs were already contracted to -ῶ. Also Hellenistic verbs. Still, dictionaries lemmatize their uncontracted paradigm which indicates the type of conjugation.
In Modern Greek the sequence of the two 2nd conjugation verb endings -άω or -ώ may be
- 1) Interchangeable. The -άω variant is more demotic, more colloquial and the -ώ is more formal, but both are used.
- 2) The -άω takes precedence for more common, demotic or non-formal verbs. Here, the -ώ is somewhat dated.
- 3) The -ώ takes precedence for older or formal verbs
- Some variants have different meanings: λαχταρώ-λαχταράω, λειτουργώ2nd Class-λειτουργάω, μαρτυρώ-μαρτυράω, συμπαθώ2nd Class-συμπαθάω
These nuances are described at Alternative forms section. cf. (γελάω#Alternative_forms_2)
Printed dictionaries traditionarlly lemmatize the -ώ variant, as it was the older one. But for demotic verbs, they lemmatize the -άω variant first (see Topics: -άω).
In en.wiktionary the conjugation is presented at -άω, unless -ώ takes precedence.
Their etymology: e.g. for γελάω / γελώ
«With ending -άω to γελώ (geló) in the pattern of 3rd person -άει. From Ancient Greek γελῶ (gelô), contracted form of γελάω (geláō).»
Note, that the -ώ ending is NOT a contraction of -άω as it happened in ancient verbs.
The chronological sequence is:
- ancient uncontracted -άω, -έω, -όω > ancient contracted -ῶ > mediaeval and modern -ῶ (monotonic -ώ) > mediaeval and modern -άω in the pattern of 3rd person -άει
- e.g. γελάω (geláō) > γελῶ (gelô) > med/mod.polytonic γελῶ monotonic γελώ (geló) > med/mod γελάω (geláo)
άω Holton
Holton (Comprehensive Grammar) chooses -ώ-άω.
- at 7.3.1.1. (p.150) he comments: ... the choice between alternative forms is largely a matter of personal preference, with some regional variation.
άω Iordanidou
Anna Iordanidou[3] indexes 1st Class verbs as -άω/-ώ for Modern Greek. She adds specific notes like (σπάνιο (rare) or δεν συνηθίζεται (it is not 'done', it is not used) which is stronger than rare.
άω DSMG
DSMG[4] like most dictionaries lemmatizes -ώ. But its example-phrases are mostly of the -άω variant. Notable exceptions for very informal verbs:
- -άω, -ώ: βαράω.ώ, βρομάω.ώ, βρομοκοπάω.ώ, βουτάω.ώ, γρατζουνάω.ώ& γρατσουνάω.ώ, κοπανάω.ώ, κοτάω.ώ, κωλοβαράω.ώ, λυσσάω.ώ, λυσσομανάω.ώ, νογάω.ώ (see νοώ), πηδάω.ώ, πονάω.ώ, πουλάω.ώ, προγκάω.ώ, σαβουρντάω.ώ (at σαβουρντίζω, στουμπάω.ώ (at στουμπίζω), συμπαθάω (2nd.a class with no ώ but συμπαθώ 2nd.b class), τσαγκρουνάω.ώ (see γρατσουνάω.ώ), τσαμπουνάω.ώ, τσιγκλάω.ώ (and τσιγκλίζω), τσιλημπουρδάω.ώ (and τσιλημπουρδίζω), τσινάω.ώ, φελάω.ώ (also see ωφελώ b.class), φυσάω.ώ (although there is ancient φυσῶ), φυσομανάω.ώ, χυμάω.ώ & χιμάω.ώ
- only -άω without -ώ: κονομάω._ (but οικονομώ.άω), κουδουνάω._ (at κουδουνίζω), κουτσουλάω._ (at κουτσουλίζω), μουρμουράω._, νογάω.ώ (see νοώ), πιπιλάω._ (at πιπιλίζω), συμπαθάω (2nd.a class with no ώ but συμπαθώ 2nd.b class), συνηθάω._ (also see συνηθίζω), συχωρνάω._ & σχωρνάω._ (also see συγχωρώ 2nd.b class, συχωρώ.άω), τηράω._, τουφεκάω._ & ντουφεκάω._ (see τουφεκίζω)
Irregulars
α...ω (alphabetically) -also their compounds- (Category:Greek irregular verbs) [5]
User:Sarri.greek/verbs/vowel_stems#Irregular_with_contracted_present
Irregular dependent
Category:Greek irregular verbs with short dependent
With monosyllabic active dependent in compounds: oxytone: the stress is at last syllable (templates needed)
They also have other irregularities. They are:
# |
present |
dependent |
past |
passive |
p-dependent |
p-past |
ppp
|
01) |
..-{βαίνω} |
..-βω |
-έβηκα{-έβην} |
..-βαίνομαι |
.. |
..{-εβάθην} |
..{-βεβασμένος}
|
01.-) |
ανεβαίνω |
ανεβώ |
ανέβηκα |
.. |
.. |
.. |
ανεβασμένος
|
01.-) |
διαβαίνω |
διαβώ |
διάβηκα |
.. |
.. |
.. |
..
|
01.-) |
συμβαίνει only 3rd |
συμβεί |
συνέβη(κε) |
.. |
.. |
.. |
..
|
02) |
βγαίνω |
βγω |
βγήκα |
.. |
βγαλθώ |
βγάλθηκα |
βγαλμένος
|
03) |
βλέπω |
δω |
είδα |
βλέπομαι |
ειδωθώ |
ειδώθηκα |
ιδωμένος
|
04) |
βρίσκω |
βρω |
βρήκα |
βρίσκομαι |
βρεθώ |
βρέθηκα |
..
|
05) |
.. |
.. |
.. |
έρχομαι |
'ρθώ & έρθω |
ήρθα/ήλθα |
..
|
06) |
λέω & λέγω |
πω |
είπα |
λέγομαι |
ειπωθώ |
ειπώθηκα/λέχθηκα |
ειπωμένος
|
07) |
μπαίνω < {ἐμβαίνω} |
μπω |
μπήκα |
.. |
.. |
.. |
μπασμένος
|
08) |
πίνω |
πιω |
ήπια |
πίνομαι |
(πιωθώ) |
(πιώθηκα) |
πιωμένος
|
09) |
συγχαίρω {χαίρω} |
συγχαρώ |
{συνεχάρην}/συγχάρηκα |
..{-ομαι} |
..{-χαρώ} |
..{-εχάρην} |
..{κεχαρμένος}
|
and their compounds.
Defective
Types of groups
- bisyllabic: Cat:?
- defective verbs (CAT): may be the following groups, but also, verbs which have only specific tenses or persons
- 3rd person verbs (CAT)
- impersonal verbs (CAT): only in 3rd persons
- active forms only (CAT)
- passive forms only. Called deponent verbs (CAT)
- imperfective at active and passive CAT?
- imperfective, only active CAT?
- imperfective, only passive CAT?
- irregular verbs (CAT) may belong to a conjugation, but have unique characteristics. The lists may vary. See Irregulars.
- suppletive verbs CAT
lists
Imperatives apocopic active 2nd forms + weak pronouns: never for formal or ancient verbs.
DOUBLE conjugations
- short endings and uncontracted: ακούω-ούς/ακούω-ούεις
- interchangeable forms with double conjugation (1st and 2nd-conjugation, class B): CAT like φωτογραφίζω/φωτογραφώ
Double conjugation full:
Double conjugation at passive:
- -άρω, άρομαι & αρίζομαι act+pass, +ppp: πουδράρω, πουδράρομαι/πουδραρίζομαι
DOUBLE forms for tenses of past time (imperfect, past/aorist):
- ξανα-..., ξανά-.../ξαναέ... ξαναγράφω
- παρα-..., παρά-.../παραέ...(& 2nd sense) παραβλέπω
- κουτσο- κουτσοπίνω, κουτσόπινα/κουτσοέπινα, κουτσόπια/κουτσοήπια
- κρυφο-, λιγο-, μικρο- but μεγαλο-?
νύω νυμαι
aorist ην
Verbs with plus stem from the ancient aorist beta (second aorist). In Modern Greek, the 3rd persons (singular: -η, plural: -ησαν) are used. More forms may be included in the conjugation tables for reference.
- άπτω συνάπτω - συνήφθην
- γράφω, γράφτηκα & γράφηκα, {εγράφην} - compounds
- -μι ancient verbs > ύω like δεικνύω - Group 'αποδεικνύω'
- διαμείβομαι, διαμείφθηκα, {διημείφθην}
- εγείρω ηγέρθην
- εκλέγω, εκλέχτ(χθ)ηκα *να εκλεγώ, {εξελέγην}
- εκρήγνυμαι, {εξερράγην}
- θάβω{θάπτω}, θάφτηκα, τάφθηκα & {ετάφην}
- ανακαλύπτω-ανεκαλύφθη3
- καταλύω, καταλύθηκα & {κατελύθην}
- κλέβω{κλέπτω}, κλέφτηκα & κλάπηκα, {εκλάπην}
- -κόπτω (διακόπτω) -κόπηκα & {-εκόπην)
- {-λύω}, {-ελύθην}
- πλέκω: εμπλέκω - ενεπλάκην
- {-στέλλω}, {-εστάλην}
- στρέφω, στράφηκα & {-εστράφην}
- συγχαίρω, συγχάρηκα, να συγχαρώ & {συνεχάρην}
- συνθλίβω, συνθλίφτηκα & {συνεθλίβην}
- συντρίβω, συντρίφτηκα, συντρίφθηκα & {συνετρίβην}
- τρέπω, τράπηκα & {ετράπην}
- τρέφω, τράφηκα & {ετράφην}
Similar imperfect & past active:
-...
imp aor
imperfect = aorist
augment η- for imperfect = aorist
stress shift imperfect = aorist
pronunciation
Notes on pronunciation of participles ending in:
-σμένος About pronunciation of the participle:
- σμένος * becomes : apoklizmenos (αποκλεισμένος) because:
- RULE: σ before voiced consonant (as is) becomes voiced too: >
-υσμένος About pronunciation of the participle:
- ευσμ * becomes : embnevzménos (εμπνευσμένος) because:
- RULE: σ before voiced consonant (as is) becomes voiced too: >
- RULE: (as in ευ..) before voiced consonant (as is) becomes voiced too: >
1st conjugation patterns
From the ROOT, we have 4 stems: of present, past active, past passive and passive perfect participle.
The character is the characteristic last consonant of the stem.
The sequence of the stems, their character bold:
ACTIVE: 1:of present, 2:of past - PASSIVE: repeated active present stem, 3:of passive past & 4:of passive perfect participle
- 1: ορίζ-ω, 2: όρισ-α - ορίζ-ομαι, 3: ορίστ-ηκα & 4: ορισ-μένος
In active past, a stress shift. If the verb is bisyllabic, the augment ε- is added (λύ-ν-ω, έ-λυ-σ-α) serving as an extra syllable for the shifted stress.
done
- vowel ending, Labials: fo, fto, po, pto, ro, zo, vo1 with β, vo2 without comments on combinations.
- ko,
- xno
zero
- (Group 'φέρω') φέρω, έφερα - φέρομαι, φέρθηκα & φερμένος (with identical imperfect and past)
- (Group 'φθείρω') φθείρω, έφθειρα - φθείρομαι, φθάρθηκα/φθάρηκα/εφθάρην & φθαρμένος (with identical imperfect and past & 2 passive past stem-grades)
s-θ
...ω, -σα, -θηκα, -μένος (the sa-θe verbs)
- (Group 'λύω') διαλύω, διέλυσα - διαλύομαι, διαλύθηκα & διαλυμένος
- (Group:XXX) λύνω, έλυσα - λύνομαι, λύθηκα & λυμένος
s-θ-s
verbs -σα, -θηκα, -σμένος (the sa-θe-sa verbs)
s-st-s
verbs -σα, -στηκα, -σμένος (the sa-ste-sa verbs)
- (Group 'κλείω') αποκλείω απέκλεισα - αποκλείομαι, αποκλείστηκα & αποκλεισμένος
- irr: ακούω, άκουσα - ακούγομαι, ακούστηκα & ακουσμένος
- (Group:XXX) πλάθω, έπλασα - πλάθομαι, πλάστηκα & πλασμένος
- (Group:XXX) κλείνω, έκλεισα - κλείνομαι, κλείστηκα & κλεισμένος
- (Group '-άζω, ίζω') ορίζω, όρισα - ορίζομαι, ορίστηκα & ορισμένος
fs-fθ-v
verbs -υσα, -υθηκα, -υμένος (the fsa-fθe-va verbs)
fs-fst-fs
verbs -υσα, -υσθηκα, -υσμένος (the fsa-fste-fsa verbs)
ks
verbs -ξα, -χτηκα, -γμένος (the ksa-xte-γa vebs)
- (Group 'πλέκω') πλέκω, έπλεξα - πλέκομαι, πλέχτηκα/-χθηκα & πλεγμένος
- (Group 'περιπλέκω') περιπλέκω, περιέπλεξα - περιπλέκομαι, περιπλέχθηκα/-χτηκα/περιεπλάκην & περιπλεγμένος, {περιπεπλεγμένος} (with 2 stem-grades πλεκ-, πλακ-)
- (Group 'τυλίγω') τυλίγω, τύλιξα - τυλίγομαι, τυλίχτηκα & τυλιγμένος
- (CAT 'ψάχνω') ψάχνω, έψαξα - ψάχνομαι, ψάχτηκα & ψαγμένος
- (Group 'αλλάζω') αλλάζω, άλλαξα - αλλάζομαι αλλάχτηκα/αλλάχθηκα & αλλαγμένος
verbs -ξα/-σα, -χτηκα/-στηκα, -γμένος/-σμένος (the ksa-xte-γa & sa-ste-sa vebs)
verbs -ξα, -γηκα, -γμένος (the ksa-ji-γa vebs)
verbs -ξα, -στηκα, -σμένος (the ksa-ste-sa verbs)
ps-ft
verbs -ψα, -φτηκα, -μένος (the psa-fte verbs)
ps-ft-m
verbs -ψα, -φτηκα / -φθηκα, -μμένος (the psa-fte-ma verbs)
ft (φτ) or the more formal fθ (φθ) (a matter of style and ancient origin of the verb)
- (Group 'αλείφω') αλείφω, άλειψα - αλείφομαι, αλείφτηκα & αλειμμένος
- (Group 'βλάφτω') βλάφτω, έβλαψα - βλάφτομαι, βλάφτηκα & βλαμμένος
- () (Group 'λείπω') εγκαταλείπω, εγκατέλειψα - εγκαταλείπομαι, εγκαταλείφθηκα, (-φτηκα) & {εγκατελελειμμένος}
- (Group 'καλύπτω') καλύπτω, κάλυψα - καλύπτομαι, καλύφθηκα/καλύφτηκα & καλυ-μμένος
- 1 (Group 'σκάβω') σκάβω, έσκαψα - σκάβομαι, σκάφτηκα & σκαμμένος
ps-f-m
verbs -ψα, -φηκα, -μμένος (the psa-fe-ma verbs)
With 2 stem-grades at passive past
- (Group 'στρέφω') στρέφω, έστρεψα - στρέφομαι, στράφηκα & στραμμένος (with 2 stem-grades στρεφ- στραφ-)
Plus 2 stems at passive past
- 1 (Cat: irreg) θάβω, έθαψα - θάβομαι, θάφτηκα/τάφηκα & θαμμένος (1.Labials-irregular) passive past θαφτ-, ταφ-
ps-f/ft-m
ps-p-m
verbs -ψα, -πηκα, -μμένος (the psa-pe-ma verbs)
With 2 stem-grades at passive past
- (Group 'τρέπω') τρέπω, έτρεψα - τρέπομαι, τράπηκα/{ετράπην}, {-τετραμμένος} (with 2 stem-grades: τρεπ-, τραπ-)
- (Group 'κλέπτω') υποκλέπτω, υπέκλεψα - υποκλέπτομαι, υποκλάπηκα/{υπεκλάπην} & — (with 2 stem-grades: κλεπ- κλαπ-)
- 1 (CAT:irregular) κλέβω, έκλεψα - κλέβομαι, κλέφτηκα/κλάπηκα & κλεμμένος (Labials-irregular with 2 stem-grades: κλεφτ-, κλαπ-)
ps-v-m
- 1 (Group 'τρίβω') συντρίβω, σύντριψα/συνέτριψα - συντρίβομαι, συντρίφτηκα/συντρίφθηκα/συνετρίβην & συν{τε}τριμμένος ; (plus v at passive past)
without s sound
n-θ
...νω, -να, -θηκα, -μένος (the na-θe verbs)
with 2 stems:
- (-αίνω) with upsilon: -αίνω, -υσα, -ύθηκα, -υμένος (αρταίνω)
- (είνω) (Group 'τείνω') προτείνω, πρότεινα - προτείνομαι, προτάθηκα & {προτεταμένος} (with 2 stem-grades: τεν-j > τειν, τα-)
r-is
verbs (-ρω, -ρισα, -ρίστηκα, -ρισμένος (the -άρω, ίρω verbs)
irregular
- (Group 'φέρω') φέρω, έφερα, φέρθηκα & φερμένος (with identical imperfect and past)
References
- ^ € for any vowel and $ for any consonant are NOT official symbols (V for Vowel and C for Consonant). They are used here, for convenience.
- ^ Note on the -νω verbs: the character n may be: 1. part of the stem. 2. a historical change of a stem into -νω ({πληρόω/πληρῶ} > πληρώνω). 2. an addition to an older stem (λύω > λύνω)
- ^ Jordanidou, Anna (2004) Τα ρήματα της νέας ελληνικής, Athens: Patakis Publishers
- ^ -άω (-ώ, -άω), in Λεξικό της κοινής νεοελληνικής , Triantafyllidis Foundation, 1998 at the Centre for the Greek language
- ^ The list of irregulars, as in Holton's Comprehensive Grammar, 7.13 at and Babiniotis' Dictionary (lemma ρήμα).
Sources
- The indispensable Jordanidou, Anna (2004) Τα ρήματα της νέας ελληνικής, Athens: Patakis Publishers
- Sarri.greek/lab - Babiniotis, Georgios (2002) Λεξικό της νέας ελληνικής γλώσσας: (in Greek), 2nd edition, Athens: Kentro Lexikologias , 1st edition 1998, →ISBN.
- Holton, David, Mackridge, Peter, Philippaki-Warburton, Irene (1997) Greek: A Comprehensive Grammar of the Modern Language, London: Routledge
difficult to decide
- αληθεύω Georgakas +μαι full
- καταφέρνω καταφέρω καταφέρομαι
- συγκόπτω Present only (DSMG) or present-stem (present+imerfect+etc) or also aorist stem? / Passive only? (Babiniotis)
- categorization at group 'γράφω'
- the so-called 'learned' forms: Katharevousa, or ancient: HOW many?
- link to the ancient conjugation.
taxa
επικράτεια|domain - el
- βασίλειο|kingdom - part of speech: verbs, nouns, adjectives, etc.
- συνομοταξία|phylum - noun genders / verb conjugations 1st, 2nd, irregular
- ομοταξία|classis|class - nomina: parisyllabic imparisyllabic irreg / 1st.verbs ...ending stems (in vowel, consonants) 2nd.classes
- τάξη|ordo|order - of nouns:stress shifts / verbs: labials, dentals p, v, f - t, δ, θ ...
- οικογένεια|familia|family - of patterns? supergroups?
- γένος|genus - group (Category:Greek verb conjugation group 'ωωω')
- είδος|species - like... (Category:Greek verbs conjugating like 'ωωω' & unique)