Appendix:Proto-Brythonic Swadesh list

Hello, you have come here looking for the meaning of the word Appendix:Proto-Brythonic Swadesh list. In DICTIOUS you will not only get to know all the dictionary meanings for the word Appendix:Proto-Brythonic Swadesh list, but we will also tell you about its etymology, its characteristics and you will know how to say Appendix:Proto-Brythonic Swadesh list in singular and plural. Everything you need to know about the word Appendix:Proto-Brythonic Swadesh list you have here. The definition of the word Appendix:Proto-Brythonic Swadesh list will help you to be more precise and correct when speaking or writing your texts. Knowing the definition ofAppendix:Proto-Brythonic Swadesh list, as well as those of other words, enriches your vocabulary and provides you with more and better linguistic resources.

This is a Swadesh list of words in Proto-Brythonic, compared with definitions in English.

Presentation

For further information, including the full final version of the list, read the Wikipedia article: Swadesh list.

American linguist Morris Swadesh believed that languages changed at measurable rates and that these could be determined even for languages without written precursors. Using vocabulary lists, he sought to understand not only change over time but also the relationships of extant languages. To be able to compare languages from different cultures, he based his lists on meanings he presumed would be available in as many cultures as possible. He then used the fraction of agreeing cognates between any two related languages to compute their divergence time by some (still debated) algorithms. Starting in 1950 with 165 meanings, his list grew to 215 in 1952, which was so expansive that many languages lacked native vocabulary for some terms. Subsequently, it was reduced to 207, and reduced much further to 100 meanings in 1955. A reformulated list was published posthumously in 1971.

List

EnglishProto-Brythonic
edit (92)
1I (1sg)*mi
2you (2sg)*ti
3he, she, it (3sg)*eβ̃
4we (1pl)*ni
5you (2pl)*hwi
6they (3pl)
7this
8that
9here
10there
11who*puɨ
12what
13where
14when
15how
16not*ni
17all
18many
19some
20few
21other
22one*ʉn
23two*dọw
24three*tri
25four*pedwar
26five*pɨmp
27big*mọr
28long*hir
29wide*llɨdan
30thick*teɣ
31heavy*trum
32small*bɨx
33short*bɨrr
34narrow*kʉl
35thin
36woman*ben, *gwrėg
37man (adult male)*gwur
38man (human being)*dün
39child
40wife*gwrėg
41husband*gwur
42mother*mamm
43father*tad
44animal*mil
45fish*uɨsk
46bird*edn
47dog*ki
48louse
49snake
50worm*prɨβ̃
51tree*prenn
52forest*koɨd
53stick
54fruit
55seed
56leaf
57root
58bark (of a tree)*rrisk
59flower*blọd
60grass*gwellt
61rope
62skin*krʉn
63meat
64blood*krow
65bone
66fat (noun)
67egg
68horn
69tail
70feather
71hair*gwollt
72head*penn
73ear*klʉst
74eye*llugad
75nose*froɨn
76mouth*gen
77tooth*dant
78tongue (organ)
79fingernail*ėɣwin
80foot
81leg*koɨs
82knee*glin
83hand*llọβ̃
84wing
85belly*bolɣ
86guts
87neck
88back
89breast*bronn
90heart*kalwon
91liver
92to drink*ɨβɨd
93to eat
94to bite
95to suck
96to spit
97to vomit
98to blow*hwɨθɨd
99to breathe
100to laugh
101to see
102to hear*klüwid
103to know*gwɨbod
104to think
105to smell
106to fear
107to sleep*kuskɨd
108to live
109to die*marwọd
110to kill*gwėnɨd
111to fight
112to hunt
113to hit
114to cut
115to split
116to stab
117to scratch
118to dig*klėðɨd
119to swim
120to fly
121to walk
122to come
123to lie (as in a bed)
124to sit
125to stand
126to turn (intransitive)
127to fall
128to give*rroðọd
129to hold
130to squeeze
131to rub
132to wash
133to wipe
134to pull
135to push
136to throw
137to tie
138to sew
139to count
140to say
141to sing*kėnɨd
142to play
143to float
144to flow
145to freeze
146to swell
147sun
148moon*lloɨr
149star*ster
150water*duβr
151rain
152river*aβon
153lake
154sea*mor
155salt
156stone*klog
157sand
158dust
159earth
160cloud
161fog
162sky*neβ̃
163wind*gwɨnt
164snow*ėrɣ
165ice*jaɣ
166smoke
167fire
168ash
169to burn
170road*hɨnt
171mountain*mönɨð
172red*rrʉð
173green*glas
174yellow
175white*gwɨnn
176black*duβ
177night
178day*dið
179year
180warm
181cold
182full*llọn
183new*nöwɨð
184old*hen
185good*mad
186bad*drug
187rotten*braɨn
188dirty
189straight
190round*krunn
191sharp (as a knife)
192dull (as a knife)
193smooth
194wet*gwlɨb
195dry*sɨx
196correct
197near
198far
199right
200left*kleð
201at
202in*ɨn
203with
204and
205if
206because
207name*anw
Swadesh lists
Individual languages
Language families, family branches, and geographic groupings
Constructed languages
Reconstructed proto-languages
(edit this template)