Appendix:Samogitian Swadesh list

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This is a Swadesh list of words in Samogitian, compared with definitions in English.

Presentation

For further information, including the full final version of the list, read the Wikipedia article: Swadesh list.

American linguist Morris Swadesh believed that languages changed at measurable rates and that these could be determined even for languages without written precursors. Using vocabulary lists, he sought to understand not only change over time but also the relationships of extant languages. To be able to compare languages from different cultures, he based his lists on meanings he presumed would be available in as many cultures as possible. He then used the fraction of agreeing cognates between any two related languages to compute their divergence time by some (still debated) algorithms. Starting in 1950 with 165 meanings, his list grew to 215 in 1952, which was so expansive that many languages lacked native vocabulary for some terms. Subsequently, it was reduced to 207, and reduced much further to 100 meanings in 1955. A reformulated list was published posthumously in 1971.

List

No. English Samogitian
1 I aš
2 you (singular) to
3 he ons
4 we -
5 you jūs
6 they anėi
7 this -
8 that tas
9 here šen
10 there -
11 who kas
12 what kas
13 where kamė, kor
14 when kumet
15 how kāp
16 not ne
17 all sovėsam
18 many daug
19 some -
20 few -
21 other kėts
22 one vėins
23 two do, dvė
24 three -
25 four -
26 five -
27 big dėdėlis
28 long -
29 wide pluots
30 thick -
31 heavy smagoms
32 small mažos
33 short -
34 narrow -
35 thin tēvs
36 woman muotrėška
37 man
(adult| male) 		-
38 man
(human being) 		žemalieniškis
39 child vāks
40 wife -
41 husband vīrs
42 mother muotina
43 father tievs
44 animal -
45 fish žovs
46 bird paukštis
47 dog šou
48 louse utis
49 snake -
50 worm -
51 tree medis
52 forest gėrė, medė
53 stick
(of wood) 		-
54 fruit -
55 seed -
56 leaf -
57 root -
58 bark
(of tree) 		-
59 flower žeids, kvietka
60 grass žuolė
61 rope šniurs, štrekis
62 skin
(of a person) 		-
63 meat
(as in flesh) 		mēsa
64 blood kraus
65 bone -
66 fat
(noun) 		-
67 egg -
68 horn -
69 tail -
70 feather -
71 hair -
72 head galva, kramė
73 ear -
74 eye akis
75 nose -
76 mouth -
77 tooth
(rather not molar) 		dontės
78 tongue -
79 fingernail -
80 foot -
81 leg staibis
82 knee -
83 hand ronka
84 wing -
85 belly -
86 guts -
87 neck -
88 back -
89 breast -
90 heart šėrdis
91 liver -
92 to drink -
93 to eat jiestė
94 to bite -
95 to suck solptė
96 to spit -
97 to vomit vemtė
98 to blow
(as wind) 		-
99 to breathe -
100 to laugh -
101 to see matītė, iveizietė, primatītė
102 to hear -
103 to know
(a fact) 		žėnoutė
104 to think mėslītė
105 to smell -
106 to fear -
107 to sleep mėiguotė
108 to live -
109 to die mėrtė, mėrtė žemien
110 to kill zurduotė
111 to fight -
112 to hunt -
113 to hit -
114 to cut -
115 to split -
116 to stab
(or stick) 		-
117 to scratch
(an itch) 		-
118 to dig -
119 to swim -
120 to fly liektė
121 to walk ėitė
122 to come -
123 to lie
(as in a bed) 		-
124 to sit -
125 to stand -
126 to turn
(intransitive) 		-
127 to fall kristė, kristė žemien
128 to give doutė
129 to hold torietė
130 to squeeze -
131 to rub -
132 to wash plautė
133 to wipe -
134 to pull -
135 to push -
136 to throw laistė
137 to tie -
138 to sew -
139 to count skaitlioutė
140 to say -
141 to sing dainioutė
142 to play -
143 to float -
144 to flow -
145 to freeze šaltė
146 to swell porptė
147 sun saulė
148 moon mienolis
149 star žvaizdė
150 water ondou
151 rain lītos
152 river -
153 lake ežers
154 sea jūra
155 salt droska
156 stone kūlis
157 sand smėltės
158 dust -
159 earth žemė
160 cloud drankis
161 fog megla
162 sky dongos
163 wind vies, viesos
164 snow sneigs
165 ice leds
166 smoke -
167 fire ognes
168 ash -
169 to burn -
170 road -
171 mountain kalns
172 red rauduons
173 green -
174 yellow geltuons
175 white balts
176 black juods
177 night -
178 day
(daytime) 		dīna
179 year metā
180 warm -
181 cold šalts
182 full -
183 new -
184 old sens
185 good gerā
186 bad bluogs
187 rotten -
188 dirty -
189 straight statē
190 round ožvės
191 sharp
(as a knife) 		-
192 dull
(as a knife) 		-
193 smooth -
194 wet -
195 dry -
196 correct -
197 near šalėp
198 far tuolėi
199 right
(side) 		-
200 left
(side) 		-
201 at i
202 in i
203 with -
204 and -
205 if -
206 because todėl, dėl to
207 name -
Swadesh lists
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