Appendix:Kumyk Swadesh list

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This is a Swadesh list of words in Kumyk, compared with definitions in English.

Presentation

For further information, including the full final version of the list, read the Wikipedia article: Swadesh list.

American linguist Morris Swadesh believed that languages changed at measurable rates and that these could be determined even for languages without written precursors. Using vocabulary lists, he sought to understand not only change over time but also the relationships of extant languages. To be able to compare languages from different cultures, he based his lists on meanings he presumed would be available in as many cultures as possible. He then used the fraction of agreeing cognates between any two related languages to compute their divergence time by some (still debated) algorithms. Starting in 1950 with 165 meanings, his list grew to 215 in 1952, which was so expansive that many languages lacked native vocabulary for some terms. Subsequently, it was reduced to 207, and reduced much further to 100 meanings in 1955. A reformulated list was published posthumously in 1971.

List

EnglishKumyk
къумукъ тил (qumuq til)
edit (207)
1I (1sg)мен (men)
2you (2sg)сен (sen)
3he, she, it (3sg)ол (ol)
4we (1pl)биз (biz)
5you (2pl)сиз (siz)
6they (3pl)олар (olar)
7thisбу (bu)
8thatшо (şo), ол (ol)
9hereмунда (munda), шунда (şunda)
10thereонда (onda)
11whoким (kim)
12whatне (ne), не зат (ne zat)
13whereкъайда (qayda)
14whenкъачан (qaçan)
15howнечик (neçik)
16notтюгюл (tügül)
17allбары (barı), бютюн (bütün)
18manyкёп (köp)
19someбир нече (bir neçe)
20fewаз (az)
21otherбашгъа (başğa), оьзге (özge)
22oneбир (bir)
23twoэки (eki)
24threeуьч (üç)
25fourдёрт (dört)
26fiveбеш (beş)
27bigуллу (ullu)
28longузун (uzun)
29wideгенг (geñ), энли (enli)
30thickкъалын (qalın)
31heavyавур (awur)
32smallгиччи (giççi)
33shortкъысгъа (qısğa)
34narrowтар (tar)
35thinинче (inçe), назик (nazik), юкъкъа (yuqqa)
36womanкъатын гиши (qatın gişi)
37man (adult male)эркек (erkek), эр гиши (er gişi)
38man (human being)адам (adam) (Arabic), гиши (gişi)
39childбала (bala)
40wifeкъатын (qatın)
41husbandэр (er)
42motherана (ana)
43fatherата (ata)
44animalгьайван (haywan)
45fishбалыкъ (balıq)
46birdкъуш (quş)
47dogит (it)
48louseбит (bit)
49snakeйылан (yılan)
50wormхурт (xurt)
51treeтерек (terek)
52forestорман (orman), агъачлыкъ (ağaçlıq)
53stickтаякъ (tayaq)
54fruitемиш (yemiş)
55seedурлукъ (urluq)
56leafяпыракъ (yapıraq)
57rootтамур (tamur)
58bark (of a tree)къабукъ (qabuq)
59flowerчечек (çeçek)
60grassот (ot)
61ropeйип (yip), аркъан (arqan)
62skinтери (teri)
63meatэт (et)
64bloodкъан (qan)
65boneсюек (süyek)
66fat (noun)май (may), яв (yaw)
67eggйымырткъа (yımırtqa)
68hornмююз (müyuz)
69tailкъуйрукъ (quyruq)
70featherтюк (tük)
71hairчач (çaç), тюк (tük), къыл (qıl)
72headбаш (baş)
73earкъулакъ (qulaq)
74eyeгёз (göz)
75noseбурун (burun)
76mouthавуз (awuz)
77toothтиш (tiş)
78tongue (organ)тил (til)
79fingernailтырнакъ (tırnaq)
80footаякъ (ayaq)
81legаякъ (ayaq), бут (but)
82kneeтобукъ (tobuq), тиз (tiz)
83handкъол (qol)
84wingкъанат (qanat)
85bellyкъарын (qarın), къурсакъ (qursaq)
86gutsичек (içek)
87neckбоюн (boyun)
88backаркъа (arqa)
89breastкёкюрек (kökürek), тёш (töş)
90heartюрек (yurek)
91liverбавур (bawur)
92to drinkичмек (içmek)
93to eatашамакъ (aşamaq)
94to biteхапмакъ (xapmaq)
95to suckэммек (emmek), сормакъ (sormaq)
96to spitтюкюрмек (tükürmek)
97to vomitкъусмакъ (qusmaq)
98to blowуьфюрмек (üfürmek), эшмек (eşmek)
99to breatheтыныш алмакъ (tınış almaq)
100to laughкюлемек (külemek)
101to seeгёрмек (görmek)
102to hearэшитмек (eşitmek)
103to knowбилмек (bilmek)
104to thinkойламакъ (oylamaq)
105to smellийислемек (iyislemek)
106to fearкъоркъмакъ (qorqmaq)
107to sleepюхламакъ (yuxlamaq)
108to liveяшамакъ (yaşamaq)
109to dieоьлмек (ölmek)
110to killоьлтюрмек (öltürmek)
111to fightябушмакъ (yabuşmaq), эришмек (erişmek)
112to huntав этмек (aw etmek)
113to hitурмакъ (urmaq)
114to cutгесмек (gesmek)
115to splitбёлмек (bölmek)
116to stabчанчмакъ (çançmaq), къадамакъ (qadamaq)
117to scratchтырнамакъ (tırnamaq)
118to digкъазмакъ (qazmaq)
119to swimюзмек (yuzmek)
120to flyучмакъ (uçmaq)
121to walkюрюмек (yurümek)
122to comeгелмек (gelmek)
123to lie (as in a bed)ятмакъ (yatmaq)
124to sitолтурмакъ (olturmaq)
125to standтурмакъ (turmaq)
126to turn (intransitive)бурмакъ (burmaq), бурулмакъ (burulmaq)
127to fallйыгъылмакъ (yığılmaq)
128to giveбермек (bermek)
129to holdтутмакъ (tutmaq)
130to squeezeкъысмакъ (qısmaq)
131to rubишымакъ (işımaq)
132to washжувмакъ (juwmaq)
133to wipeсибирмек (sibirmek)
134to pullтартмакъ (tartmaq)
135to pushтюртмек (türtmek), тебермек (tebermek)
136to throwташламакъ (taşlamaq), атмакъ (atmaq)
137to tieбайламакъ (baylamaq)
138to sewтикмек (tikmek)
139to countсанамакъ (sanamaq)
140to sayайтмакъ (aytmaq), демек (demek)
141to singйырламакъ (yırlamaq)
142to playойнамакъ (oynamaq)
143to floatюзмек (yuzmek)
144to flowакъмакъ (aqmaq)
145to freezeбузламакъ (buzlamaq), уьшюмек (üşümek)
146to swellшишмек (şişmek), гёпмек (göpmek)
147sunгюн (gün), гюнеш (güneş)
148moonай (ay)
149starюлдуз (yulduz)
150waterсув (suw)
151rainянгур (yañur), явун (yawun)
152riverоьзен (özen)
153lakeкёл (köl)
154seaденгиз (deñiz)
155saltтуз (tuz)
156stoneташ (taş)
157sandхум (xum), къайыр (qayır)
158dustчанг (çañ)
159earthтопуракъ (topuraq)
160cloudбулут (bulut)
161fogтуман (tuman)
162skyкёк (kök)
163windел (yel)
164snowкъар (qar)
165iceбуз (buz)
166smokeтютюн (tütün)
167fireот (ot), ялын (yalın)
168ashкюл (kül)
169to burnянмакъ (yanmaq), гюймек (güymek)
170roadёл (yol)
171mountainтав (taw)
172redкъызыл (qızıl)
173greenяшыл (yaşıl), гёк (gök)
174yellowсары (sarı)
175whiteакъ (aq)
176blackкъара (qara)
177nightгече (geçe)
178dayгюн (gün)
179yearйыл (yıl)
180warmйылы (yılı)
181coldсувукъ (suwuq)
182fullтолу (tolu)
183newянгы (yañı)
184oldэсги (esgi)
185goodяхшы (yaxşı)
186badяман (yaman)
187rottenчирик (çirik)
188dirtyкир (kir), нас (nas)
189straightтувра (tuwra), тюз (tüz)
190roundдёгерек (dögerek)
191sharp (as a knife)итти (itti)
192dull (as a knife)томакъ (tomaq)
193smoothтегиш (tegiş)
194wetсув (suw), дым (dım)
195dryкъургъакъ (qurğaq), къуру (quru)
196correctдурус (durus)
197nearювукъ (yuwuq)
198farузакъ (uzaq), йыракъ (yıraq)
199rightонг ()
200leftсол (sol)
201at-да/-де (-da/-de), уьстюнде (üstünde)
202in-да/-де (-da/-de), ичинде (içinde)
203withбулан (bulan)
204andва (wa), -да/-де (-da/-de)
205ifэгер (eger)
206becauseнеге тюгюл (nege tügül)
207nameат (at)
Swadesh lists
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