This is a Swadesh list of words in Old Church Slavonic, compared with definitions in English.
American linguist Morris Swadesh believed that languages changed at measurable rates and that these could be determined even for languages without written precursors. Using vocabulary lists, he sought to understand not only change over time but also the relationships of extant languages. To be able to compare languages from different cultures, he based his lists on meanings he presumed would be available in as many cultures as possible. He then used the fraction of agreeing cognates between any two related languages to compute their divergence time by some (still debated) algorithms. Starting in 1950 with 165 meanings, his list grew to 215 in 1952, which was so expansive that many languages lacked native vocabulary for some terms. Subsequently, it was reduced to 207, and reduced much further to 100 meanings in 1955. A reformulated list was published posthumously in 1971.
| № | English | Old Church Slavonic словѣньскъ (slověnĭskŭ) edit (187) |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | I (1sg) | азъ (azŭ) |
| 2 | you (2sg) | тꙑ (ty) |
| 3 | he, she, it (3sg) | онъ (onŭ), тъ (tŭ) |
| 4 | we (1pl) | мꙑ (my) |
| 5 | you (2pl) | вꙑ (vy) |
| 6 | they (3pl) | они (oni), ти (ti) |
| 7 | this | овъ (ovŭ), сь (sĭ) |
| 8 | that | тъ (tŭ), та (ta), то (to) |
| 9 | here | сьдє (sĭde), овъдє (ovŭde) |
| 10 | there | тоу (tu), онъдє (onŭde) |
| 11 | who | къто (kŭto) |
| 12 | what | чьто (čĭto) |
| 13 | where | къдє (kŭde) |
| 14 | when | къгда (kŭgda) |
| 15 | how | како (kako), ꙗко (jako) |
| 16 | not | нє (ne) |
| 17 | all | вьсь (vĭsĭ) |
| 18 | many | мъногъ (mŭnogŭ) |
| 19 | some | нѣколико (několiko) |
| 20 | few | малꙑ (maly) |
| 21 | other | инъ (inŭ) |
| 22 | one | ѥдинъ (jedinŭ) |
| 23 | two | дъва (dŭva) |
| 24 | three | триѥ (trije) |
| 25 | four | чєтꙑрє (četyre) |
| 26 | five | пѧть (pętĭ) |
| 27 | big | вєликъ (velikŭ) |
| 28 | long | дльгъ (dlĭgŭ) |
| 29 | wide | широкъ (širokŭ) |
| 30 | thick | дєбєлъ (debelŭ) |
| 31 | heavy | тѧжькъ (tęžĭkŭ) |
| 32 | small | малъ (malŭ) |
| 33 | short | кратъкъ (kratŭkŭ) |
| 34 | narrow | ѫзъкъ (ǫzŭkŭ) |
| 35 | thin | тьнъкъ (tĭnŭkŭ) |
| 36 | woman | жєна (žena) |
| 37 | man (adult male) | мѫжь (mǫžĭ) |
| 38 | man (human being) | чловѣкъ (člověkŭ) |
| 39 | child | дѣть (dětĭ), отрокъ (otrokŭ) |
| 40 | wife | жєна (žena) |
| 41 | husband | мѫжь (mǫžĭ) |
| 42 | mother | мати (mati) |
| 43 | father | отьць (otĭcĭ) |
| 44 | animal | звѣрь (zvěrĭ) |
| 45 | fish | рꙑба (ryba) |
| 46 | bird | пътица (pŭtica) |
| 47 | dog | пьсъ (pĭsŭ) |
| 48 | louse | въшь (vŭšĭ) |
| 49 | snake | змиꙗ (zmija) |
| 50 | worm | чрьвь (črĭvĭ) |
| 51 | tree | дрѣво (drěvo) |
| 52 | forest | лѣсъ (lěsŭ) |
| 53 | stick | палица (palica) |
| 54 | fruit | овощє (ovošte) |
| 55 | seed | сѣмѧ (sěmę) |
| 56 | leaf | листъ (listŭ) |
| 57 | root | корєнь (korenĭ) |
| 58 | bark (of a tree) | кора (kora) |
| 59 | flower | цвѣтъ (cvětŭ) |
| 60 | grass | трава (trava) |
| 61 | rope | вьрвь (vĭrvĭ) |
| 62 | skin | кожа (koža) |
| 63 | meat | мѧсо (męso) |
| 64 | blood | крꙑ (kry), руда (ruda) |
| 65 | bone | кость (kostĭ) |
| 66 | fat (noun) | тоукъ (tukŭ) |
| 67 | egg | аицє (aice) |
| 68 | horn | рогъ (rogŭ) |
| 69 | tail | опашъ (opašŭ), хвостъ (xvostŭ) |
| 70 | feather | перїе (perie) |
| 71 | hair | власъ (vlasŭ) |
| 72 | head | глава (glava) |
| 73 | ear | оухо (uxo) |
| 74 | eye | око (oko) |
| 75 | nose | носъ (nosŭ) |
| 76 | mouth | оуста (usta) |
| 77 | tooth | зѫбъ (zǫbŭ) |
| 78 | tongue (organ) | ѩзꙑкъ (językŭ) |
| 79 | fingernail | ногъть (nogŭtĭ) |
| 80 | foot | стопа (stopa) |
| 81 | leg | нога (noga) |
| 82 | knee | колѣно (kolěno) |
| 83 | hand | рѫка (rǫka) |
| 84 | wing | крило (krilo) |
| 85 | belly | чрѣво (črěvo) |
| 86 | guts | ѫтроба (ǫtroba), чрѣво (črěvo) |
| 87 | neck | шїѧ (šię) |
| 88 | back | хребетъ (xrebetŭ) |
| 89 | breast | прьси (prĭsi) |
| 90 | heart | срьдьцє (srĭdĭce) |
| 91 | liver | |
| 92 | to drink | пити (piti) |
| 93 | to eat | ꙗсти (jasti) |
| 94 | to bite | хапати (xapati) |
| 95 | to suck | съсати (sŭsati) |
| 96 | to spit | пльвати (plĭvati) |
| 97 | to vomit | бльвати (blĭvati) |
| 98 | to blow | доухати (duxati) |
| 99 | to breathe | дꙑхати (dyxati) |
| 100 | to laugh | смиꙗти (smijati) |
| 101 | to see | видѣти (viděti) |
| 102 | to hear | слꙑшати (slyšati) |
| 103 | to know | вѣдѣти (věděti), знати (znati) |
| 104 | to think | мꙑслити (mysliti) |
| 105 | to smell | |
| 106 | to fear | боꙗти (bojati) |
| 107 | to sleep | съпати (sŭpati) |
| 108 | to live | жити (žiti) |
| 109 | to die | оумрѣти (umrěti) |
| 110 | to kill | оубити (ubiti) |
| 111 | to fight | брати (brati) |
| 112 | to hunt | ловити (loviti) |
| 113 | to hit | оударити (udariti) |
| 114 | to cut | сѣщи (sěšti), рѣзати (rězati) |
| 115 | to split | |
| 116 | to stab | бости (bosti) |
| 117 | to scratch | чєсати (česati) |
| 118 | to dig | копати (kopati) |
| 119 | to swim | плавати (plavati) |
| 120 | to fly | лєтѣти (letěti) |
| 121 | to walk | ходити (xoditi) |
| 122 | to come | |
| 123 | to lie (as in a bed) | лєжати (ležati) |
| 124 | to sit | сѣдѣти (sěděti) |
| 125 | to stand | стати (stati) |
| 126 | to turn (intransitive) | |
| 127 | to fall | пасти (pasti), падати (padati) |
| 128 | to give | дати (dati), даꙗти (dajati) |
| 129 | to hold | дрьжати (drĭžati) |
| 130 | to squeeze | |
| 131 | to rub | трьти (trĭti) |
| 132 | to wash | мꙑти (myti) |
| 133 | to wipe | |
| 134 | to pull | |
| 135 | to push | |
| 136 | to throw | |
| 137 | to tie | вѧзати (vęzati) |
| 138 | to sew | |
| 139 | to count | |
| 140 | to say | рєщи (rešti) |
| 141 | to sing | пѣти (pěti) |
| 142 | to play | играти (igrati) |
| 143 | to float | |
| 144 | to flow | тєшти (tešti) |
| 145 | to freeze | помръзнѫти (pomrŭznǫti) |
| 146 | to swell | |
| 147 | sun | слъньцє (slŭnĭce) |
| 148 | moon | мѣсѧць (měsęcĭ), лоуна (luna) |
| 149 | star | звѣзда (zvězda) |
| 150 | water | вода (voda) |
| 151 | rain | дъждь (dŭždĭ) |
| 152 | river | рѣка (rěka) |
| 153 | lake | ѥзєръ (jezerŭ) |
| 154 | sea | морѥ (morje) |
| 155 | salt | соль (solĭ) |
| 156 | stone | камꙑ (kamy) |
| 157 | sand | пѣсъкъ (pěsŭkŭ) |
| 158 | dust | прахъ (praxŭ) |
| 159 | earth | зємлꙗ (zemlja) |
| 160 | cloud | облакъ (oblakŭ) |
| 161 | fog | мьгла (mĭgla) |
| 162 | sky | нєбо (nebo) |
| 163 | wind | вѣтръ (větrŭ) |
| 164 | snow | снѣгъ (sněgŭ) |
| 165 | ice | лєдъ (ledŭ) |
| 166 | smoke | дꙑмъ (dymŭ) |
| 167 | fire | огнь (ognĭ) |
| 168 | ash | |
| 169 | to burn | горѣти (gorěti) |
| 170 | road | пѫть (pǫtĭ) |
| 171 | mountain | гора (gora) |
| 172 | red | чръвєнъ (črŭvenŭ) |
| 173 | green | зєлєнъ (zelenŭ) |
| 174 | yellow | |
| 175 | white | бѣлъ (bělŭ) |
| 176 | black | чрънъ (črŭnŭ) |
| 177 | night | нощь (noštĭ) |
| 178 | day | дьнь (dĭnĭ) |
| 179 | year | лѣто (lěto) |
| 180 | warm | топлъ (toplŭ) |
| 181 | cold | хладьнъ (xladĭnŭ), стоудєнъ (studenŭ) |
| 182 | full | испльнь (isplĭnĭ) |
| 183 | new | новъ (novŭ) |
| 184 | old | старъ (starŭ) |
| 185 | good | добръ (dobrŭ) |
| 186 | bad | зълъ (zŭlŭ) |
| 187 | rotten | |
| 188 | dirty | |
| 189 | straight | правъ (pravŭ), равьнъ (ravĭnŭ) |
| 190 | round | |
| 191 | sharp (as a knife) | остръ (ostrŭ) |
| 192 | dull (as a knife) | |
| 193 | smooth | гладъкъ (gladŭkŭ) |
| 194 | wet | мокръ (mokrŭ) |
| 195 | dry | соухъ (suxŭ) |
| 196 | correct | правъ (pravŭ) |
| 197 | near | близъ (blizŭ) |
| 198 | far | дальнии (dalĭnii), дальнъ (dalĭnŭ) |
| 199 | right | дєснъ (desnŭ), правъ (pravŭ) |
| 200 | left | лѣвъ (lěvŭ) |
| 201 | at | оу (u), при (pri) |
| 202 | in | въ (vŭ) |
| 203 | with | съ (sŭ) |
| 204 | and | и (i) |
| 205 | if | ащє (ašte) |
| 206 | because | пон҄єжє (ponʹeže) |
| 207 | name | имѧ (imę) |