This is a Swadesh list of words in Udmurt, compared with definitions in English.
American linguist Morris Swadesh believed that languages changed at measurable rates and that these could be determined even for languages without written precursors. Using vocabulary lists, he sought to understand not only change over time but also the relationships of extant languages. To be able to compare languages from different cultures, he based his lists on meanings he presumed would be available in as many cultures as possible. He then used the fraction of agreeing cognates between any two related languages to compute their divergence time by some (still debated) algorithms. Starting in 1950 with 165 meanings, his list grew to 215 in 1952, which was so expansive that many languages lacked native vocabulary for some terms. Subsequently, it was reduced to 207, and reduced much further to 100 meanings in 1955. A reformulated list was published posthumously in 1971.
| № | English | Udmurt Удмурт кыл (Udmurt kyl) edit (207) |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | I (1sg) | мон (mon) |
| 2 | you (2sg) | тон (ton) |
| 3 | he, she, it (3sg) | со (so) |
| 4 | we (1pl) | ми (mi) |
| 5 | you (2pl) | тӥ (ti) |
| 6 | they (3pl) | соос (soos) |
| 7 | this | та (ta) |
| 8 | that | со (so) |
| 9 | here | татын (tatyn) |
| 10 | there | отын (otyn) |
| 11 | who | кин (kin) |
| 12 | what | ма (ma), мар (mar) |
| 13 | where | кытын (kytyn) |
| 14 | when | ку (ku) |
| 15 | how | кызьы (kyźy) |
| 16 | not | ӧвӧл (övöl) |
| 17 | all | ваньзы (vańzy), ваньмыз (vańmyz) |
| 18 | many | уно (uno), трос (tros) |
| 19 | some | куд-ог (kud-og) |
| 20 | few | ӧжыт (öžyt) |
| 21 | other | мукет (muket) |
| 22 | one | одӥг (odig) |
| 23 | two | кык (kyk) |
| 24 | three | куинь (kuiń) |
| 25 | four | ньыль (ńyľ) |
| 26 | five | вить (viť) |
| 27 | big | бадӟым (baddźym) |
| 28 | long | кузь (kuź) |
| 29 | wide | паськыт (paśkyt) |
| 30 | thick | зӧк (zök) |
| 31 | heavy | секыт (śekyt) |
| 32 | small | пичи (pići) |
| 33 | short | вакчи (vakći) |
| 34 | narrow | сюбег (śubeg) |
| 35 | thin | векчи (vekći) |
| 36 | woman | кышно (kyšno), кышномурт (kyšnomurt), нылкышно (nylkyšno) |
| 37 | man (adult male) | пиосмурт (piosmurt), воргорон (vorgoron) |
| 38 | man (human being) | адями (aďami), мурт (murt) |
| 39 | child | нылпи (nylpi), пинал (pinal) |
| 40 | wife | кышно (kyšno) |
| 41 | husband | карт (kart) |
| 42 | mother | анай (anaj), нэнэй (nenej), меми (memi) |
| 43 | father | атай (ataj) |
| 44 | animal | пудо (pudo), пӧйшур (pöjšur) |
| 45 | fish | чорыг (ćoryg) |
| 46 | bird | тылобурдо (tyloburdo) |
| 47 | dog | пуны (puny) |
| 48 | louse | тэй (tej) |
| 49 | snake | кый (kyj) |
| 50 | worm | нумыр (numyr) |
| 51 | tree | писпу (pispu) |
| 52 | forest | нюлэс (ńules), тэль (teľ), сик (śik) |
| 53 | stick | боды (body) |
| 54 | fruit | емыш (jemyš) |
| 55 | seed | кидыс (kidys) |
| 56 | leaf | куар (kuar) |
| 57 | root | выжы (vyžy) |
| 58 | bark (of a tree) | сул (sul), кур (kur) |
| 59 | flower | сяська (śaśka) |
| 60 | grass | турын (turyn) |
| 61 | rope | гозы (gozy) |
| 62 | skin | ку (ku) |
| 63 | meat | сӥль (siľ) |
| 64 | blood | вир (vir) |
| 65 | bone | лы (ly) |
| 66 | fat (noun) | кӧй (köj) |
| 67 | egg | пуз (puz), курегпуз (kuregpuz), кукей (kukej) |
| 68 | horn | сюр (śur) |
| 69 | tail | быж (byž) |
| 70 | feather | тылы (tyly) |
| 71 | hair | йырси (jyrśi) |
| 72 | head | йыр (jyr) |
| 73 | ear | пель (peľ) |
| 74 | eye | син (śin) |
| 75 | nose | ныр (nyr) |
| 76 | mouth | ым (ym) |
| 77 | tooth | пинь (piń) |
| 78 | tongue (organ) | кыл (kyl) |
| 79 | fingernail | гижы (gižy) |
| 80 | foot | пыд (pyd), пыдэс (pydes) |
| 81 | leg | пыд (pyd) |
| 82 | knee | пыдес (pyďes) |
| 83 | hand | ки (ki) |
| 84 | wing | бурд (burd) |
| 85 | belly | кӧт (köt) |
| 86 | guts | сюл (śul) |
| 87 | neck | чырты (ćyrty) |
| 88 | back | тыбыр (tybyr) |
| 89 | breast | гадь (gaď) |
| 90 | heart | сюлэм (śulem) |
| 91 | liver | мус (mus) |
| 92 | to drink | юыны (juyny) |
| 93 | to eat | сиыны (śiyny) |
| 94 | to bite | куртчыны (kurtćyny) |
| 95 | to suck | сюпсьыны (śupśyny) |
| 96 | to spit | сяланы (śalany) |
| 97 | to vomit | кесяны (keśany) |
| 98 | to blow | пельтыны (peľtyny) |
| 99 | to breathe | шоканы (šokany) |
| 100 | to laugh | серекъяны (śerekjany) |
| 101 | to see | адӟыны (addźyny) |
| 102 | to hear | кылыны (kylyny) |
| 103 | to know | тодыны (todyny) |
| 104 | to think | малпаны (malpany) |
| 105 | to smell | зынъяны (zynjany) |
| 106 | to fear | кышканы (kyškany) |
| 107 | to sleep | изьыны (iźyny), кӧлыны (kölyny) |
| 108 | to live | улыны (ulyny) |
| 109 | to die | кулыны (kulyny) |
| 110 | to kill | вийыны (vijyny) |
| 111 | to fight | жугиськыны (žugiśkyny) |
| 112 | to hunt | пӧйшураны (pöjšurany) |
| 113 | to hit | жугыны (žugyny) |
| 114 | to cut | вандыны (vandyny) |
| 115 | to split | пильыны (piľyny) |
| 116 | to stab | бышкалтыны (byškaltyny) |
| 117 | to scratch | ӵабъяны (čabjany) |
| 118 | to dig | гудыны (gudyny) |
| 119 | to swim | уяны (ujany) |
| 120 | to fly | лобаны (lobany) |
| 121 | to walk | ветлыны (vetlyny) |
| 122 | to come | лыктыны (lyktyny) |
| 123 | to lie (as in a bed) | кылльыны (kylľyny) |
| 124 | to sit | пукыны (pukyny) |
| 125 | to stand | сылыны (sylyny) |
| 126 | to turn (intransitive) | берыктыны (beryktyny) |
| 127 | to fall | усьыны (uśyny) |
| 128 | to give | сётыны (śotyny) |
| 129 | to hold | кутыны (kutyny) |
| 130 | to squeeze | зӥбыны (zibyny) |
| 131 | to rub | вуштыны (vuštyny) |
| 132 | to wash | миськыны (miśkyny) |
| 133 | to wipe | ӵушылыны (čušylyny) |
| 134 | to pull | нуыны (nuyny), кыскыны (kyskyny) |
| 135 | to push | донгыны (dongyny) |
| 136 | to throw | куштыны (kuštyny) |
| 137 | to tie | керттыны (kerttyny) |
| 138 | to sew | вурыны (vuryny) |
| 139 | to count | лыдъяны (lydjany) |
| 140 | to say | шуыны (šuyny), вераны (verany) |
| 141 | to sing | кырӟаны (kyrdźany) |
| 142 | to play | шудыны (šudyny) |
| 143 | to float | уяны (ujany) |
| 144 | to flow | вияны (vijany) |
| 145 | to freeze | кынмыны (kynmyny) |
| 146 | to swell | кӧёмыны (köomyny) |
| 147 | sun | шунды (šundy) |
| 148 | moon | толэзь (toleź) |
| 149 | star | кизили (kiźiľi) |
| 150 | water | ву (vu) |
| 151 | rain | зор (zor) |
| 152 | river | шур (šur) |
| 153 | lake | ты (ty) |
| 154 | sea | зарезь (zareź) |
| 155 | salt | сылал (sylal) |
| 156 | stone | кӧльы (köľy) |
| 157 | sand | луо (luo) |
| 158 | dust | тузон (tuzon) |
| 159 | earth | му (mu), музъем (muzjem) |
| 160 | cloud | пилем (piľem) |
| 161 | fog | бус (bus) |
| 162 | sky | ин (in), инбам (inbam) |
| 163 | wind | тӧл (töl) |
| 164 | snow | лымы (lymy) |
| 165 | ice | йӧ (jö) |
| 166 | smoke | ӵын (čyn) |
| 167 | fire | тыл (tyl) |
| 168 | ash | пень (peń) |
| 169 | to burn | ӝуаны (džuany) |
| 170 | road | сюрес (śures) |
| 171 | mountain | гурезь (gureź) |
| 172 | red | горд (gord) |
| 173 | green | вож (vož) |
| 174 | yellow | ӵуж (čuž) |
| 175 | white | тӧдьы (töďy) |
| 176 | black | сьӧд (śöd) |
| 177 | night | уй (uj) |
| 178 | day | нунал (nunal) |
| 179 | year | ар (ar) |
| 180 | warm | шуныт (šunyt) |
| 181 | cold | кезьыт (keźyt) |
| 182 | full | быдэс (bydes) |
| 183 | new | выль (vyľ) |
| 184 | old | вуж (vuž) |
| 185 | good | умой (umoj), ӟеч (dźeć) |
| 186 | bad | алама (alama), урод (urod) |
| 187 | rotten | сисьмем (śiśmem) |
| 188 | dirty | кырсь (kyrś), жоб (žob) |
| 189 | straight | шонер (šońer) |
| 190 | round | котрес (kotres), котырес (kotyres) |
| 191 | sharp (as a knife) | лэчит (lećit), йылсо (jylso) |
| 192 | dull (as a knife) | ныж (nyž) |
| 193 | smooth | вольыт (voľyt) |
| 194 | wet | кот (kot) |
| 195 | dry | кӧс (kös) |
| 196 | correct | шонер (šońer) |
| 197 | near | матын (matyn) |
| 198 | far | кыдёкын (kyďokyn) |
| 199 | right | бур (bur) |
| 200 | left | паллян (palľan) |
| 201 | at | вӧзаз (vözaz) |
| 202 | in | -ын (-yn) |
| 203 | with | огинын (oginyn), ӵош (čoš) |
| 204 | and | но (no) |
| 205 | if | ке (ke) |
| 206 | because | понна (ponna) |
| 207 | name | ним (ńim) |